Discussionandconclusion讲解学习
英文的结论部分写作要点教学文案
英文论文的结论部分写作要点英文论文的结论部分写作要点（结论、致谢）8.1 如何写结论学术文章的结论部分(Conclusion)是作者对有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
结论必须具有严密的科学性和客观性，它反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。
如果文章中的Discussion一节已对研究结果进行了全面的分析、综合、归纳、推理和总结，那么Conclusion则可以比较简短。
从某种意义上说，Conclusion与Introduction遥相呼应，因为Introduction部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么Conclusion要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什么，建议如何解决等。
8.1.1 结论部分的内容与结构布局一般来说，结论部分的具体内容及其组织框架如下。
(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。
(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。
(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。
(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。
(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。
在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。
第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。
例Overall, our study has revealed a variety of patterns at the community and population levels, none of which seem to indicate obvious decline in southeastern Ohio's oak-hickory (橡树与山核桃科树木) forests. 2Clearly, sporadic insect outbreaks, pathogens (病菌), and climatic events have caused excessive mortality of certain species in certain stands (树林). 3Some stands exhibited mortality as high as 40%. 4However, an average of 20% dead stems in a stand appears to be reasonable without inferring excessive mortality or decline. 5Likewise, certain species were in an obvious state of decline, but these generally had a clear pathogenic explanation. 6Changes occurring due to insects and pathogens may be a natural and necessary phenomenon (Castello et al. 1995). 7Evaluation of decline symptoms in smaller size classes might provide additional useful information to be used in understanding the oak regeneration problem.分析：例3摘自一篇关于俄亥俄东南部地区橡树与山核桃科树木生长状况的研究论文。
Lesson 10 Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion and Conclusions∙What is the purpose of a Discussion Section?∙The purpose of a Discussion section is to interpret the results, relating them to previous studies that the author and other authors have done∙The author should begin the Discussion section by re-stating the hypothesis∙Then interpret the results in light of this hypothesis∙The Discussion section should synthesize the whole paper∙The author should re-address the major issues he/she discussed in the introduction, and re-interpret them in light of the results∙In the Discussion section, you are free to explain what the results mean or why they differ from what other workers have found∙Y ou should always interpret your results in light of other published results, by adding additional information from sources you cited in the Introduction section as well as by introducing new sources∙Make sure you provide accurate citations ∙Relate your discussion back to the objectives and questions you raised in the Introduction section∙However, do not simply re-state the objectives∙Make statements that synthesize all the evidence (including previous work and the current work)∙Suggest future directions for research, new methods, explanations for deviations from previously published results, etc.∙If necessary, note problems with the methods and explain anomalies in the data∙Do not simply list the problems but provide thoughtful discussion about the implications of the errors in terms of your conclusionsTo interpret the results, the author should address the following questions:1.Did the results provide answers to the hypotheses?2.If so, what does this mean for the hypothesis?3.If not, do the results suggest analternative hypothesis? What is it? Why do the results suggest it? What further results might solidify this hypothesis?Have others proposed it before?4.Do these results agree with what othershave shown? If so, do other authorssuggest an alternative explanation toexplain the results? If not, how does this experiment differ from others? Is therea design flaw in this experiment? Inothers?5.How do these results fit in with resultsfrom other studies? Do results fromrelated studies affect the way theseresults are being interpreted?In addition to simply interpreting the results, the author should discuss the following questions (though the order may vary):1.What factors or sources of error might have influenced these results?2.What anomalous data turned up and howcan it be explained? Is it explained by the author’s theory? Someone else’s theory?Error?3.Was this experiment the most effectiveway to test this hypothesis? (Obviously the author thought so at the beginning, butdoes he/she still think so?) How could the experiment be improved to gain furtherinsight?4.How have the results and conclusions ofthis study influenced our knowledge or understanding of the problem beingexamined?5.What would be the next step in thisstudy?6.What experiments could be run (ordata found) that would lend furthersupport to the author’s hypothesis?(Either the original hypothesis, orthe new one designed to explainthe results)What experiments could be run (or data found) that would disprove the author’s hypothesis?bining Discussion with Results∙The Results and Discussion sections cannot be combined∙They have two very different purposes:•The Results section is for fact•The Discussion section is forinterpretation2.Adding new results∙All results must be reported in the Results section∙They can be restated in the Discussion section, but they must appear in theResults3.Making broad statements∙Sometimes an author will drawsweeping conclusions based on his/her one tiny study∙“Our study of rock compositionuncovers the fate of the liquid water that once ran on the surface of Mars.”4.The “Inconclusive” Cop-Out∙Months of research and pages of words, all leading up to a: “The results areinconclusive.”∙The author needs to draw whatconclusions he/she can, then suggesthow the experiment should be changed to properly test the hypothesis5.Ambiguous data sources∙Often, an author will get so wound up in their discussion, that it’s hard to tellwhen they are talking about the results of this study and when they are talkingabout the results of other studies∙Whose study is being discussed is vital information6.Missing information∙Authors often leave out criticalinformation from the Discussion section∙For example, they might forget to re-state their hypothesis and motivation,might not tie their work into the larger field of research, might not comparetheir work to other’s, etc.∙Use the active voice whenever possible in this section∙Use of the first person is okay, but too much use of the first person may actually distract the reader from the main points∙Watch out for wordy phrases; be concise and make your points clearly∙The order in the Discussion may differ from that in Results, just make sure the order is logical∙Place your results in a wider context∙How do your data compare with those in the literature?∙Finish with the “take-home-message”∙The purpose of the Conclusions section is to summarize your results and discussion in a succinct way∙Usually, this will follow the same order as your objectives∙A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best∙A conclusion should:•stress the importance of the thesis statement •give the article a sense of completeness •leave a final impression on the reader∙Answer the question “So what?”∙Show your readers why this paper was important∙Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful∙Synthesize, don't summarize∙Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper, they have already read it∙Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together∙Redirect your readers∙Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the “real world”∙If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general∙Think globally∙Create a new meaning∙Y ou don't have to give new information to create a new meaning∙By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture∙Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts1.Echo the introduction∙Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle∙If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful increating a new understanding2.Challenge the readerBy issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect theinformation in the paper, and they may apply it to their own situation,circumstances, or research3.Pose questions∙Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readersgain a new perspective on the topic,which they may not have held beforereading your conclusion∙It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning∙Never, ever, ever add any new information in the conclusion section∙Don’t reuse exact words from your objectives or hypothesis。
discussion知识点总结
discussion知识点总结In this paper, we will summarize the key points related to discussions. Discussions play a critical role in various settings such as educational institutions, workplaces, and social gatherings. They involve the exchange of ideas, opinions, and information among individuals with different perspectives on a particular topic. Therefore, it is essential to understand the key elements and skills required for effective discussions.Key elements of a discussion1. Purpose: The purpose of a discussion is to exchange ideas, information, and opinions on a specific topic. It aims to facilitate the decision-making process, problem-solving, and knowledge-sharing among participants.2. Participants: Discussions involve individuals with diverse backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. This diversity contributes to the richness of the discussion by bringing different viewpoints and ideas to the table.3. Structure: Discussions should have a clear structure to ensure that all participants have the opportunity to express their views and that the conversation stays focused on the topic at hand. Common structures include opening statements, rebuttals, and closing remarks.4. Active listening: Active listening is an essential skill in discussions. It involves paying attention to the speaker, understanding their viewpoint, and responding appropriately. Active listening creates a conducive environment for open and respectful communication.5. Communication skills: Effective communication skills, including verbal and non-verbal communication, are crucial in discussions. Participants should be able to articulate their thoughts clearly, ask relevant questions, and engage in active dialogue with others.6. Critical thinking: Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating information, ideas, and arguments. It helps participants to assess the validity of different viewpoints and contribute to the discussion with well-reasoned points.7. Respect and empathy: Respect and empathy are key components of successful discussions. Participants should show respect for others' opinions, even if they disagree, and demonstrate empathy towards different perspectives.Key skills for effective discussions1. Active listening: Active listening involves paying full attention to the speaker, showing interest in their viewpoint, and responding appropriately. It helps to create a supportive and inclusive atmosphere for discussions.2. Clear communication: Clear communication is essential for expressing ideas, asking questions, and engaging in dialogue with others. Participants should communicate their thoughts effectively using language that is concise, precise, and easy to understand.3. Critical thinking: Critical thinking enables participants to analyze, evaluate, and contribute to discussions with well-reasoned arguments. It involves questioning assumptions, considering different viewpoints, and reaching informed conclusions.4. Conflict resolution: Discussions may involve disagreements and conflicts among participants. Therefore, the ability to resolve conflicts in a constructive manner is crucial for maintaining a productive and harmonious environment.5. Collaboration: Collaboration skills are important for working together with others to achieve common goals and objectives. In discussions, collaboration involves sharing ideas, building on each other's contributions, and reaching consensus on key issues.6. Flexibility: Flexibility is essential for adapting to different perspectives, changing circumstances, and new information that may arise during discussions. It helps to maintain an open-minded and adaptive approach to the topic at hand.7. Time management: Time management skills are important for ensuring that discussions are conducted within a specified timeframe and that all participants have the opportunity to contribute.Common challenges in discussions1. Dominant personalities: Some participants may dominate discussions, making it difficult for others to express their views. This can lead to a lack of diversity in ideas and perspectives.2. Lack of active listening: When participants do not actively listen to each other, it can lead to misunderstandings, miscommunications, and a failure to build on each other's ideas.3. Emotional reactions: Discussions may evoke strong emotions, such as anger, frustration, or defensiveness, which can derail the conversation and hinder constructive dialogue.4. Off-topic discussions: Participants may veer off the main topic, leading to a loss of focus and a waste of time.Strategies for effective discussions1. Establish ground rules: Setting clear ground rules for discussions, such as taking turns to speak, actively listening to others, and respecting diverse viewpoints, can help to create a respectful and inclusive environment.2. Facilitate the conversation: A facilitator can help to guide the discussion, ensure that all participants have the opportunity to contribute, and keep the conversation focused on the topic.3. Encourage diversity of perspectives: Encouraging and valuing diverse perspectives can enrich discussions and lead to a broader understanding of the topic.4. Manage conflicts: Addressing conflicts in a constructive and respectful manner can help to maintain a positive and productive atmosphere in discussions.In conclusion, effective discussions require a combination of key elements, skills, and strategies. By understanding the purpose of discussions, engaging in active listening, communicating clearly, and utilizing critical thinking, participants can contribute to meaningful and productive conversations. Additionally, being mindful of common challenges and employing appropriate strategies can help to ensure that discussions are respectful, inclusive, and conducive to the exchange of diverse ideas and viewpoints.。
英文学术文章 discussion
在英文学术文章中，Discussion通常指的是对所引用文献或数据进行的深入分析和解释，以及作者对相关主题的个人见解和观点。
Discussion部分旨在展示作者对所研究主题的理解和见解，同时为文章的结论提供支持和论证。
在撰写Discussion时，作者通常会按照以下步骤进行：
1.简要概述所引用的文献或数据。
2.对所引用文献或数据进行深入分析和解释。
3.阐述作者的个人见解和观点，并与所引用文献或数据进行比较和
分析。
4.说明作者的结论，并对其进行支持和论证。
在Discussion中，作者需要注意以下几点：
1.保持客观中立的态度，避免主观臆断和偏见。
2.对所引用文献或数据进行深入分析和解释，而不是简单地罗列和
陈述。
3.保持论述的逻辑性和连贯性，确保论证过程清晰明了。
4.使用恰当的引用格式，遵循学术规范。
总之，Discussion是英文学术文章中非常重要的一个部分，它不仅展示了作者对所研究主题的理解和见解，还为文章的结论提供了支持和论证。
因此，在撰写Discussion时，作者需要认真对待每一个细节，确保论述的准确性和有效性。
discussion的用法初中
discussion的用法初中
在初中教育中，discussion（讨论）是一种常见的教学方法。
通过discussion，学生们可以分享自己的想法和观点，也可以从其他同学的观点中学习和获得灵感。
下面是一些discussion的用法：
1. 在课堂中，老师可以通过提出问题或话题来引导学生进行discussion。
例如，在地理课上，老师可以让学生讨论不同区域的气候和地形对当地人的生活产生的影响。
2. 在小组活动中，discussion也是一种有效的合作学习方式。
例如，在语文课上，老师可以让学生分组讨论小说中的某个主题或情节，然后展示他们的讨论结果。
3. 在写作课上，discussion也可以帮助学生提高写作技能。
例如，在写作课上，老师可以让学生互相交换作文，并进行讨论和反馈。
这样可以帮助学生发现自己的写作问题并改进他们的写作技能。
总之，discussion是一种非常有用的教学方法，它可以激发学生的兴趣和思考，并提高他们的学习效果。
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lecture_12_Discussion_&_Conclusion_091125
Typical expressions
• A model for … was developed. • This paper provides a description of… the principal result of this paper is… • We have proposed a new approach to… • We have presented empirical studies of a … • We have examined some of the properties of…. • We have explored the relationship between… and … • This paper compared the effectiveness of…
1.3 Components of the Discussion (P70)
2. Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation and define unsettled points. Never take the high-risk alternative of trying to cover up or fudge data that do not quite fit. • fudge : [transitive] to change important figures or facts to deceive people: • Sibley has been fudging his data for years now.
Typical expressions
• The main contribution of the paper is… • In the longer run, we believe that the ideas presented in this paper may have wider application to such areas of robotics. • Two interesting future research lines are as follows… • It is believed that further research into… will improve the performance of…
英语discussion讨论技巧
英语discussion讨论技巧摘要：1.讨论的重要性2.英语讨论的技巧3.提高英语讨论能力的方法4.结论正文：【讨论的重要性】在英语学习中，讨论扮演着至关重要的角色。
它不仅能帮助我们巩固所学知识，提高思维能力，还能让我们在与他人交流中，更好地理解和掌握英语语言。
因此，掌握英语讨论技巧至关重要。
【英语讨论的技巧】1.倾听：在讨论中，倾听对方的观点是尊重他人的表现。
通过倾听，我们可以更好地理解对方的观点，从而有针对性地提出自己的看法。
2.表达清晰：在表达自己的观点时，要保持语言清晰、条理分明。
避免使用过于复杂的句子和模糊的词汇，以确保对方能更好地理解我们的观点。
3.逻辑思维：讨论中，我们需要用逻辑思维来组织自己的观点。
这可以帮助我们更有说服力地表达自己的看法，让对方信服。
4.善于应对：在讨论中，我们要学会应对不同观点和意见。
面对反对意见，要保持冷静，分析其合理性，并调整自己的观点。
同时，学会接受他人的批评，并在必要时进行道歉。
5.提问：提问是推动讨论进行的重要手段。
通过提问，我们可以更深入地探讨问题，挖掘更多观点和见解。
【提高英语讨论能力的方法】1.积累词汇和表达：丰富的词汇和表达能让我们在讨论中更加自信。
可以通过阅读、听力、背单词等方式，不断提高自己的词汇量。
2.加强语法能力：语法是英语讨论的基础。
掌握语法规则，能让我们的表达更加准确，避免因语法错误而导致的沟通障碍。
3.多参加讨论活动：多参与英语讨论活动，可以让我们在实际操作中锻炼自己的讨论技巧，提高英语交流能力。
4.学习优秀讨论者的特质：观察和分析优秀讨论者的表现，学习他们的优点，如表达清晰、逻辑思维强、善于倾听等，以便将这些优点融入到自己的讨论中。
【结论】掌握英语讨论技巧，不仅能提高我们的英语交流能力，还能让我们在学习和生活中更好地与他人沟通交流。
Discussion and Conclusion-ppt
Past COULD NOT Simple COULD negative NOT HAVE
Notes:
• The modal verb can only forms these two tenses when it refers to ABILITY or CAPABILITY. If you need other tenses, you will need to switch to be capable of or be able to. e.g. It is believed that this software will eventually be capable of distinguishing between different viruses. • Could means „was generally capable of doing/able to do something in the past‟, whereas was able to is used in relation to specific past events or past occasions. e.g. The result suggests that in this case, the viruses were able to multiply freely. If you‟re not sure whether to use can or be able to, use be able to — it‟s safer.
The material should not decompose unless heated above 30°C.
Writing the Discussion /Conclusion
1.Introduction 2.Grammar and writing skills: model verbs 3.Building a model 4.Vocabulary
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Organizations of the discussion
A comparison and contrast of the results of the present study with the original research design (hypothesis or assumption) a general review of main purpose or hypothesis, and the most important findings in the present study main differences and similarity between the present study and the original design
Possible explanations for or speculations about the findings.
Limitations of the study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalized.
Later Information Elements in Discussion General Statements about the study
Implications of the study (generalizations from the results);
Recommendations for future research and practical applications.
Continued:
(6) Conclusions and future work (结论及后 续工作)
(7)Conclusions and future/further research (结论及后续研究)
(8)Conclusions and open problems/ questions (结论及存在的问题)
6. Are there any practical applications of these results? What are they?
First Information Elements In Discussion Specific Reference to the Study
A reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study.
Alternative titles:
Discussions (讨论) (2) Results and discussion (结果与讨论) (3) Evaluation of results (对结果的评价) (4) Analysis (分析) (5) Growth arguments (引发的论题) (6) Application and analysis (应用与分析) (7) Performance analysis (性能分析)
A review of the most important findings, whether or not they support the original hypothesis, and whether they agree with the findings of other researchers.
(9) Conclusion and future directions (结论及 后续研究方向)
(10) Open problems (不足之处)
What should be discussed?
1. Do the results of the present study accord with the original research design? If not, why?
It moves the readers back from the specific information reported in the methods and results sections to a more general view of how the findings should be interpreted.
4. Is there any suggestion of further study or research methodology to identify or provide disproof for the results?
5. Do these results support or disagree with the present assumptions or theories?
Alternative titles:
Conclusions: (1) Conclusions (结论) (2) Summary (总结) (3) Summary and conclusions (概括及总结) (4) Concluding remarks (总结) (5) Final remarks (总结)
Discussionandconclusion
Cont'd
It can be treated as a pair with the Introduction part. The Introduction part should have posed one or more questions. The discussion part should indicate what the findings say about the answers.
2. According to these results, what conclusion or inferences may be made? And why?
3. Do these results or theoretical analysis accord with the ones of other researchers? If not, why?
The writing approacrt should be written from specific to general, which is just the opposite of the Introduction part.