翻译常用之八大技amplification
翻译的八种技巧
conceit makes one lag behind.
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4. 交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改 的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.
no peace. ❖ 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和
平。 ❖ Nels had it all written out neatly. ❖ 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。
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1. 这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure.
2. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 A large family has its difficulties.
3. 天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。 The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam.
How hard to calm the heart!
（译文2）
翻译常用之八大技amplification
* For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds’ eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界 第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。 (Attention: amplification for purpose of style or manner of writing.) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.
* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定 羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终 导致通货膨胀。 （Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
英文翻译技巧之Amplification(增益法)
Amplification , also called addition, means supplying necessary words in our translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. As a matter of principle, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work. However, this does not mean that a translator should refrain from supplying necessary words to make his/her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the language to be translated into. In fact, it is precisely for the purpose of “faithful representation” of the thought of the author that we often resort to “amplification”. This is because English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each has its own historical and cultural background. Besides, many ideas, idiomatic expressions and shorthand words, etc. That are well understood in the country of their origin can hardly make sense to people abroad. Therefore, it is unimaginable for a translator to stick to the orginal pattern without alteration.Ⅰ. Amplification in English-Chinese Translation1.Amplification by Supplying Words Omitted in the Original"if so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?" “既然那么阔，干吗要叫穷？既然那么穷，干吗摆阔气？”·Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。
2013 Translation_amplification 英语翻译技巧
你刚才为什么不回我的电话？
我 那会儿 在睡觉。
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Let’s Translate!
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1. The strongest man cannot alter (改变) the law of nature. 2. Potatoes are an important source of starchy (淀粉的）food in temperate （温带的） countries and bananas in the tropics（热带）. 3. A microscopic (显微镜的）examination of urine (尿液）determines the presence of nephritis （肾炎）. 4. When the muscles contract（收缩）, the bones acting as lever （杠杆）produce movement. 5. 这个学生反复用电子邮件和老师讨论问题，最后终于 完成了论文。 6. 无法忍受朝九晚五，毫无变化的办公室生涯而去创 办公司的人不在少数。
E-C Formal amplification 虚加 1. Add connecters, prep, etc
• 2. 老师在等我，我得走了。 • The teacher is expecting me, so I must be off now.
3. Mistakes had been made, bad ones. • 已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误。
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• 3） In the past few years, the laser has made great progress. 近几年来，对激光的研究取得了巨大的进展。 • 4). You must come back before nine. Period! • period! [AmE spoken] = full stop! • used to emphasize that you have made a decision and that you do not want to discuss the subject any more E.g. I'm not going, period! • 你必须九点前回来。没有什么可商量的余地。
文字增益法(Amplification)
2）在形容词前面增补名词 He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beatiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样到很漂亮。 Though, very likely, the heroic character which ladies admire is a more glorious and beautiful object than the kind, fresh, smiling, artless, tender little domestic goddes,whom men are inclined to worship.
6.增补概括词 汉语在罗列了两个以上的事物之后，往往在后 面加上概括词，如“二人”、“双方”、 “等”。
Proteins are composed of carbon,hydrogen,oxgen and nitrogen. 蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮四种元素组成的。 China and Canada have reached an understanding on the exchange of returened students. 中加双方就互派留学生问题达成了谅解。
3.增补形容词（诠释性增补，修辞性增补）
Courage is the thing. All goes if courage goes. 勇气是最重要的东西。丧失了勇气，就失去了一切。 We need time to make preparations for the project. 我们要做好工程的准备工作需要一些时日。
The first and the hardest task of the new government was to deal with the ever-growing unemployment. 新政府最紧迫、最艰巨的任务是解决日益增加的失业 问题。 Under the leadership of the CPC, the chinese people have suceeded in their liberation. 在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民完成了解放事业。
常用翻译技巧
1)Diction（选词用字）2)Amplification（增词法）3)Omission（省略法）4)Conversion（转换法）5)Repetition（重复法）6)Inversion(语序调整)7)Negation（正说反译，反说正译）8)Division (长句拆译) & Subordination（分清主从）例1. Neat people buy everything in expensive little single portions.意译：办事讲究的人买什么都讲少而精，愿买贵的。
√例2．They want quality, but at a budget price.意译：他们又要货好，又要价格合算。
√people at budget:精打细算过日子的人例3．On Taiwan there was little grace and less give between the two sides.在台湾问题上，双方几乎没有多少客气可讲，更谈不上让步了。
例4. Whichever way you choose to visit Zhengzhou , you will reach here quickly and enjoy a comfortable stay, because Zhengzhou has a wide range of accommodation to suit all budgets and tastes…试译：无论乘坐何种交通工具都能迅速抵达郑州，下榻此处会让你倍感舒适，这里的住宿条件能充分满足各种档次和品味的要求……。
例4．New HSR and Maglev would have all-new, state-of-the-art train control system. The Accelerail options were estimate with train control systems providing speed and authority enforcement.译文：新型高速列车或磁浮列车须装置全新的、造形精美的列车操纵系统，可供选用的列车操纵系统必须能提供速度和（威力）强大的加速力。
英译汉翻译技巧
1.重译法(Repetition)：为了忠实表达原文的意思，重复某些关键词。
作用：明确；强调；生动。
2. 增译法(Amplification)和减译法(Omission)增加或减少原文的一些词。
目的：使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯。
3. 词类转译法(Conversion)由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不变的情况下，译文必须改变词类，这种方法不仅指词类的改变，而且还包括词类作用的改变和一定词序的变化。
Eg:(1)n.→v. the promotion of gender equality 促进性别平等(2)adj.→v. be independent of society 脱离社会(3)v.→n. be characterized by 特点是(4)adj→n. eloquent and elegant 既有口才，又有风度(5)n.→adj. independent thinking独立思考的能力注：词类转移要遵守忠实与通顺的原则。
4. 词序调整法(Inversion)翻译时对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是纯粹的颠倒词序或倒装。
5. 正义反译，反义正译(Negation)为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。
Eg: 正义反译:deny 否决，否定→不给予miss 错过→没赶上(交通工具)；没听(看到)或没听(看懂)live up to one’s expectations 不(没)辜负……的希望divert attention from 将注意力从……移开→没有意识到be absent 未出席，没来far from 远非；完全不final 最终的→不可改变的idly 漫不经心地，无所事事地be at a loss 不知所措rather than/instead of 而不是absent-minded 心不在焉的but for 要不是；如果没有(2)反义正译no less than 实在是；正如；不少于no less…than 和……一样；不亚于no other than 只有；正是none other than (用以加强语气) 正是，恰恰是，不是别人，正是……nothing but 只有(是)；只不过no choice but 别无选择，只(好)得unfold 展开，呈现disappear 消失，失踪carelessly 马马虎虎地，粗心地6. 分译法(Division)分译法主要用于长句的翻译。
(完整版)翻译常用八大技巧
第六讲翻译常用八大技巧翻译技巧来自翻译实践。
由于中外语言在词法、句法等方面的不同，表达相同的意思或思想内容就会有不同的句子结构。
在英汉互译时，要做到译文忠实地道，符合译语习惯，就要遵循一定的规律。
翻译技巧就是就是使译文忠实地道的种种方法，这些方法都是人们根据原语和译语的语言差别总结出来的。
因此，原语和译语的共性是翻译之所以能进行的基础，语言的差别也是翻译技巧存在的原因。
中外学者和翻译家在研究各种语言的互译中，找出了不少忠实传达信息的俄规律，总结出了各种各样的翻译技巧。
其中，比较常用的就是不少研究翻译的书中提到的八种方法，即：1. Repetition 重译法;2. Amplification 增译法;3. Omission 减译法;4. Conversion 词类转译法;5. Inversion 词序调整法;6. Division 分译法;7. Negation 正说反译、反说正译法;8. the changes of the voices 语态变换法；在我国出版的不少关于翻译理论语技巧的论著中，其作者对于上述的英文表达有种种相应的汉语说法。
如：ampification——增益（钟述孔），增词法（张培基等），增译法（钱歌川），补译和增词（马祖毅），增文字（陈廷佑）；omission ——省略法（钟述孔和张培基等），省译法（钱歌川），减词（马祖毅），减文字（陈廷佑）；conversion——转换（钟述孔），词类转移法（张培基等），词类转换（马祖毅），语部变换法（香港：刘天民）；inversion——词序调整（钟述孔），倒译法（钱歌川），倒译（马祖毅），颠倒顺序（陈廷佑）；negation——正说反译、反说正译（钟述孔），正说、反说表达法（张培基等），正面着笔与反面着笔（马祖毅），改换说法（陈廷佑），反义译法（彭启良）；division——长句拆译（钟述孔），分句、合句法（张培基等），拆译与并译（马祖毅），拆开句子（陈廷佑），长句的处理（彭启良）；repetition——重复（钟述孔），重复法（张培基等），重译（马祖毅）。
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Homework
1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position. 2) First of all, we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments, examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs. 3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth, the modernization of industry, and a proper balance between public and private expenditure. 4) Thirdly by refusing to take refuge – as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years – in panic-stricken stop-gap measures, we stimulated the return of international confidence. 5) As a result of those immediate measures, and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm, we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization.
夏之眠
夏之眠
冬日里我夜里起床， 借这昏黄的烛光穿衣裳。 夏日里可不一样， 我不得不白日里就睡觉上床。
小鸟儿仍在树上蹦蹦跳跳， 大人们的脚步声 还在大街上回响， 我却得早早睡觉上床。 天空还那么蔚蓝、明亮， 我多么想嬉戏、玩耍， 你是否觉得 这时候就睡觉难入梦乡？！
冬天起床还未天亮， 穿衣需借黄色烛光。 夏天的情形完全两样， 上床睡觉还有日光。
Bed in Summer
In winter I get up at night And dress by yellow candle-light In summer, quite the other way, I have to go to bed by day.
I have to go to bed and see The birds still hopping on the tree, Or hear the grown-up people’s feet Still going past me in the street. And does it seem hard to you, When all the sky is clear and blue, And I should like so much to play, To have to go to bed by day?
* Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement. 毛泽东是活动家，是原动力，是创始者，是交替运用出其不意、紧张松弛而取 得成功的战略家。 (Attention: verbs are more frequently used in Chinese than in English.)
* I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own. (Ann Blackmore, Lambing Time) 我原以为这不过是表示亲昵,但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定 羊羔是不是自己生的。 (Attention: tense in English needs to be added by adverbs to show different time in Chinese.) The English language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree. * To attract foreign investment, the United States must offer higher interest rate, adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs, which boost inflation. 为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终 导致通货膨胀。 （Attention: for logic purpose of the sentence; to show relationship between the elements of the sentence.) The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.
* Not to educate him (the child) is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance. 如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话，那就会使他们沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。 (Attention: some English abstract nouns must be added by category words so as to be clarified in meaning.) The arrogance of the aristocracy helped to lead to the French Revolution.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
* You can almost put it down as a general rule that presidents often invite “honest criticism” from their aides. 你几乎可以把这一点看成一种倾向：历届总统经常请他们的助手们提出“直 率的批评“。 (Attention: English plural forms have to be clarified by more Chinese words.) The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble again. The simple perception of natural forms is a delight. The influence of the forms and actions in nature is so needful to man, that, in its lowest functions, it seems to lie on the confines of commodity and beauty.
翻译常用之八大技巧
二 增译法 Amplification
增词不能蛇足，减词不能损意。
Syntactically, semantically, rhetorically or customarily necessary words No extra information or meaning or no unfaithful to the original Information indirectly hiding in the original
* For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the worlds’ eleventh largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对于国际社会来说，这些变化所带来的最为引人注目的结果是，中国已跃居世界 第十一位经济大国，而且今后定会更强。 (Attention: amplification for purpose of style or manner of writing.) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.
* The daily newspaper guides, educates and encourages the masses.