PSP-00TR022个人软体过程(PSP)

H n L(Personal Software Process, PSP) AbstractL(Personal Software Process, PSP)¦b u v Y s nH u[C PSP L]A k B P A i H e n u v N ui W B q P z k C PSP O z L P N]p PJ C PSP]p i H M]p y]p k A B i H b nu j h W A]A g D B B w q L B HC u v F PSP¡A L q p B p w a s sC M n L(Team Software Process, TSP)¨A PSP N w g b U u vF o W F Ci b y z PSP¡A¥H¤ÎPSP B C i a PSP Pz Y l A A PSP O p o i A z k CM O PSP B PSP B PSP g B PSP jB H PSP J p K nC i H PSP iy C1.A A bC b S O A b A BC19701980N A(W. Edwards Deming)»P(J.M. Juran) A F u A N I m H u k W[Deming 82, Juran 88]¡C bA N J I m u L k A t_TB q l j h L AW d j C u P v(test-and-fix)µA b b]p P sW A w O B B B S G Cj h u A e w g F N z A O n(software community)«o H D n z k C N n A b PW n j B A O J k(Michael Fagan)©A L b1976F n(software inspections)[Fagan 76, Fagan 86]¡C k A w R a F nC b n W A n t B A O1987n O(Capability Maturity Model, CMM)ªJ[Humphrey 89, Paulk 95]¡C CMM D nJ I O b z(management system)¡A H o u v P U W CCMM b n W A w g F G C[Herbsleb 97]¡Cn i B n B J A O H n L(Personal Software Process,PSP)[Humphrey 95]C PSP N L(improvement process)Âi u H—q u u v--¨W C PSP I z D O G n n t A CP t i s y u v A u(²)¡CPSP]p b U n M H A L t a B T u W A nM H W P l u B B w q n A B B q p U L B q w i qB o l kC i H iD u H A p q u lY z B p R C u G B H p B o G U ML C2. P SP Lb CMM l i A(Watts Humphrey)¨M w N CMM z bp W W C h H b A n p N CMM p A p nu W C A b N CMM o s W A n u W A hT C O A M w v N CMM z j p(module-sized program)ªo W A H F k O_i A s A n u vo W k Cb j p o A H N n CMM25W W CA L b1989o M A n u(Software Engineering Institute, SEI)´N SEI s A L i H N b PSP sW C b g L T s A L F62o p e A w q F15PSP LC L Pascal¡B Object Pascal¡B C++µy A o F j25,000Cq o g A L k A P L z z(process management principles)¡A M b L A i H b O n u v u W CA p e PSP P A g F C1993E AD(Howie Dow)¦b j(University of Massachusetts)(Lowell)¹sF PSP C]b d j(Carnegie Mellon University) 1993-1994W(winter semester)±PSP A P N(Nazim Madhavji) b J N j(McGill University)¡B d(Soheil Khajanoori)¦b w oj(Embry Riddle Aeronautical University)±P C gA q F PSP A b1994o F[Humphrey 95]¡C j b P A SEI N i U(Jim Over)¡B(Neil Reizer)»P i T A (Advanced Information Services, AIS)ªB S j(Robert Powels)¬q b PSP v M mC P SEI b PSP o i W W s A BP z b u u s C u n L(Team Software Process)¡C3. P SPPSP O U C W P z]p G(²)¡Cn H T k n u u A u v b l u e A u iW e A B w g w q n L W u C F A H A u vq O b C u B J B y H h B s W CF P a s A u v i W B q l AB b u l A N N J I b WC A u H C uG i R A B B R G A H L(personal processes)¡C4. P SP L cPSP L c A b[h W N p1A l D A PSP L BJ N O W(planning)¡C b L A W u W A H W pe K n C u v i W u A L n N P bP x W C b u A b q(postmortem phase, PM)¡A u v q xP B q W B N o J p e K n C bo u A L n N A H p e K n_h C PSP1 p e K n p1CCMU/SEI-2000-TR-022K n i 1¡G PSP L y(Process Flow)1¡PSP1M p e n_________________________________ _________________p e s#_________________p e _________________________________v _________________________________ »y _________________K n p e I eLOC/¤p___________________________________________________W(LOC)¡p e I e(B) __________________________________(¶q) (¶q) R(D) __________________________________(¹w) (-p) (M) __________________________________(¹w) (-p) W[(A) __________________________________(T-B+D-R)(N-M)A(R) ___________________________________________________(¹w) (-p) s W P p(N) ___________________________________________________(¹w) (A+M)LOC p(T) ___________________________________________________(¶q) (N+B-M-D+R)s W A p___________________________________________________ LOC p(E) _________________q(¤) p e I e I e%_____________W ____________________________________________________]p _______________________________________s _________________________________________________________________s ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ p _______________________________________I e I e%_____________W__________________________]p____________________________________________________s_______________________________________s______________________________________________________________________________ o p__________________________h I e I e%_____________W__________________________]p____________________________________________________s_______________________________________s______________________________________________________________________________ o p__________________________o__________________________PSP L h k A u v M A PSP k O H t C C LC o O H PSP0PSP3A C A N p P2Ax B B A H C L w q F L C B J Ax P O P x s A A h O u v b q u C2¡G PSP L nPSP d p2C PSP N O L(operational process)[Deming 82]¡C y A o O]p B L C Oc A u(¤u)«C O b y z u A LO d A O C o]A g m CO b u v A P a B L A L C iA N PSP H WB B B z]p U U k C2¡G PSP1Lq s b h o W AL l(Entry Criteria) z(¤) z PSP1M p e K nzzzzz(¿)1 W zz PROBE k A s W P LOCCzzzz2 o zzzz3 H B B W A M p e K ng CL(Exit Criteria) zzzzz PIP z4.1. PSPPSP W L p3C U C U q N u C3¡G M W LD C u v W u B A O N u A i H a w q C p G LA O y D A h N M O W e C M A u vu F A P W A j v T C]p C F P W A u v n w q]p P c k C M AW q A L k]p A]A u v]pF C Y O n D u v w n L e c A h A o OC A b]p q A u v U]p A]p CW P C W P o p A u AC M A O u v A p C]A PSP l u v v o W A M A H W P O A u v nI u C b PSP A o W P O H PROBE k i C4.2. ¥PROBEPROBE N PROxy Based Estimating(¥H e)¡A O Ni W[Humphrey 95]¡C B PROBE¡A u v M w c H]p y z C M A A M w C i k P q C Le o W v A H u j k k p ui W C3W d A C F PSP i Wd C W O g A H PROBE k i H A u v NH o A B b W d H C LW A N i H u j k k L p e o q C F B u jk k A u v n T e A W W v C4.3. -3¡G C++ªWC k C++ªLOC pO p p j jp 2.34 5.13 11.25 24.66 54.042.60 4.79 8.84 16.31 30.09 I/O 9.01 12.06 16.15 21.62 28.937.55 10.98 15.98 23.25 33.833.88 5.04 6.56 8.53 11.09 r 3.75 8.00 17.07 36.41 77.664.4. ¥PROBEPROBE k u j k o C P O T eM A W H O(¤H)ªA o i W P oz p C PSP n D A N p r20.5¡Cu A u v n v v A H u C qC o N O1M p e K n A u I e%¡v C u I e%¡v bC u v A b C o q o s b(running tally)¡C HA u v N o A t W B]p B]p f dB sB f B s B q WC A N i H o W Bo B C q p Cs s C o C L B J A u v n C C g O b u WC T A N u t m A W A H s s CCMU/SEI-2000-TR-022 u w C j M A PSP k(earned-value method)¡A i uP l C[Boehm 81, Humphrey 95]¡Co C b o B J A u v p e u C M u AO W L A O A u v L A H qp e CR L C b u A u v n u i R C b A u vn H A s M p e K n A p n L A pe f d u C A u v H s v v W P O w A W¶¥¬qªº³Ì«á¤@-Ó¨BÆJ¡C¦¹®É¡A¤uµ{®v-Ì¥çÀËÅç¤F©Ò¦³ªº¹Lµ{§ïµ½«Øij®Ñ(process improvement proposals, PIPs)¡A i L C P A f d F s P oA s H f d d A H K b U LB C5. P SPb PSP A u v B H v u A H U v q w n p e CI A u v n v b C L q O B H s WB H oC b H U U A N v oD C5.1. ®b PSP A u v H q C L q O C b Au v O U u l B u B H_C p A_i O]q B u Y H D C z L T l A u v N i H lO b M u W H O(effort)¡C_W O H A oA b W[j q t AB d z T C5.2. ³A b O A A b PSP A uv n L w o W C M A b u A L n q sW C u i H u v T W C M A F oA W q A o o p C(lines of code, LOC)¬PSP D n W q k A u n o P W Az p W q k i H B C k y q W C5.2.1. µ(LOC)b PSP A u LOC¡v Y y c(logical construct F constructc G)¡C w q c k h A u v T w q nLOC q k[Park92]¡C P M b j n u A u vM LOC C p G S o A PSP u v w v LOC C PSP n D u v v s i W q A]H H uM W J S T A PSP]b u v PSPLOC p g W C5.2.2. ³OA LOC U O J q n C oO]A Gz(Base)¡C A LOC e W Cz(Added)¡C A O g s Cz(Modified)¡C LOC D O s Cz(Deleted)¡C R LOC O w R s Cz(New and Changed)¡C u v b o n A sR A O h C A b PSP A u vW W C s W P LOC¡C z(reused)¡C b PSP A A LOC D O A b s A q A](reuse library)¨A g C A(µ)¤qe O d U A g p b A]N g L Ap b Cz(New reuse)¡C s A A n N u v o ALOC p b Cz(total)¡C LOC¡A D O W C5.2.3. ³b A CP B O B C A PSP W k A l W B R B H C[Humphrey 95]n W k A u v n C W O q C p A Y n100,000LOC A o s A P R12,000LOC B23,000LOCW B5,000LOC B3,000LOC A A h s W PLOC N O GN&C LOC = Added + Modified28,000= 23,000+5,000b q W A p p U GTotal LOC = Base – Deleted + Added + ReusedP u s W A v LOC]t b p C o O]LOC i H R P W LOC A u s W A v LOC¡A h w p b W LOC AA W LOC¡A N O GTotal = 100,000 – 12,000 + 23,000 + 3,000 = 114,000 LOCY114 KLOC¡A KLOC 1,000 LOC¡C5.3. «PSP J I D n m W C F z A u v n v yA v y qB v o o q B H nC H PSP¡A u v O U C q(¥]A f d B B s B P)©o CC o n O b O W Cu v(defect)¤N C i O r B I BT z(statement)¡C i H b B]p W B O b D BW L C b L q i H o A o i H Oh l z B T z B O D q C W A N Oi B D O C C G A O sb A u v i H B y z p CF W B P A b W A N h k i H q B B Pz C PSP F q A i H U u v q c_C S q i H R A O A PSP q p A O i H H C PSPD n q p U Gz(Defect density)z(Review rate)z(Development time ratios)z(Defect ratios)z(Yield)z(Defects per hour)z(Defect removal leverage)z(Appraisal to failure ratio, A/FR)C q N b U C q y z CK C K O A A C s W P KLOC C]A p G150LOC A18A K N O1000*18/150 = 120 /KLOCK b o L P w L q q CA A h i q A b q A d U hC]A q o A O q A d bn C4IBM b D n W A o e F Y[Kaplan 94]¡C o N b A o A h i H w u v w R AL C b PSP A A C KLOCA N n C L PSP m u v A bA C KLOC¡A2040h C4¡G o F IBM o1(r2=.9267)f d v(Review rate)¡C b PSP]p P f d A u v H n f d v CPSP A u v f d]p P t C p150200s W P LOC A L L h C PSP¡A u v i H N H f d iu A M w H f d t A H B j Co v(Development time ratios)¡C o v A O u v b oA O v C b PSP A L T o v A]ps B]p f d]p B f d s C]p s q A b P_u v]p u S O C]pO s A u v b s A j O b]p u C o N N O A]p A]p L k I f d A]pi t C PSP A u v i]p O A M H]p is O h C]p f d]p v A O4PSP C b PSPA u v b]p A C p y 1.76A b]p f d AC p o 2.96C]A n]p q y A u vb]p W h59%ªq]p f d u C PSP A u v]ph b]p f d W C4PSP P/¤p/¤pp 1.76 0.10 ]p f d0.11 2.96 s 4.20 0.51 f d0.11 6.52 s0.60 15.840.38 2.21G o o PSP A H t m2,386A308,023LOC¡B15,534o p A H22,644Cf d s v L q C b sA u v C p 4.20AB b f d AC p o6.52C]A4C PSP A u v b f d sh65%ªC PSP H50%§f d s v Cv(Defect ratios)¡C PSP v O N Y q o P t q oC D n v O N f d o A H s o A H]p f d o A H o C z k D O A u vb f d o A s o C s oO[q C u v b f d o A WL s o H W A A N u v w R fd A O u v s o O C PSP N A]pf d v j C p G u v b]p f d o Oo A h L i w i]p f d CPSP o q A P v K q G A O_w K iP t C f d s v A i A]p f dv A h i H]p C q t A h gPSP W d(criteria)¥i b A i o D Cq v(Yield)¡C b PSP A q v i H k q C q q v q q oP h C p A]i J e20A io F9A h q q v O45%¡C P a A]i Jf d e50Ag L f d o F28Ah f d q q v56%¡C Lq v O b s P e h C PSP bs A]A L q v n b70%¥H W Cq v q R g A O L k T p C]A F A jw o B C M A p G A h z B Tq v M O i H C p A]p5C A PSPq v n A i N d w q oC p A N p5A b7d b C5¡G h dq hp f d 11f d 28s 127p 58p q v A u v n o q C L]]A bd A P o A O b P q C6CA]A s q1A]p q6o C6¡G y P h dq y hp 26 0]p f d 0 11s 39 0f d 0 28s 0 120 70 7p 65 65p7A y A]t p d A65¡C b]p f d i J I AO26¡A]A]p f d q v N O100*11/26=42.3%¡C b f d i JI A O p65¡A h]p f d h A O65-11=54¡AH f d q v100*28/54=51.9%C P a A s q v O100*12/(65-11-28)=46.2%¡C L q v L q G A O s e yA b s e h C N7C A L q v100*39/65=60.0%C7¡G q v pq y h b i I vp 26 0 0]p f d 0 11 26 42.3%s 39 0 15f d 0 28 54 51.9%s 0 12 26 46.2%0 7 14 50.0%0 7 7p 65 65C p(Defects per hour)¡C F PSP A u v N i H p H C py P h C A L i H q H u W Cp A]b s q A u v C p y4A b f d A C p8A h L C p s A N30b f d W C L i N On O o h i y C C p v i q M p e Kn A g L p o Ch b(Defect removal leverage, DRL)¡C h b A b hC p A e l A p f d h b3.06/1.71=1.79¡C o N O A u v b]p f d o O o1.79C DRL q i H U u v q h p e Cv(Appraisal to failure ratio, A/FR)¡C v(A/FR)¦b H(cost-of-quality)°A q u L[Juran 88]¡C A(appraisal quality cost)¡A O o C b PSP A]p Pf d O A]A b f d o D CA/FR F(failure quality cost)¡A O_P z O Cs P O A]A s P o A M BB s s B P s O CA/FR q F k A O O A O No L M C A/FR u v b o L q AM C b PSP A u v i A W A/FR 2.0C o b T O u v i H W R A H q]p P f d u C6. P SPA O[Leveson95]¡C C j p A i o Y D C t oU U B U U B[B o j a A i N U U B iy a]U j[Perrow 84]¡C D b A j P c j pC]A F s j A C t d to u v A n C o N A u v z n H uC U u v F nD A PSP u v b C l P z WC6.1. ¯Pb A a B L t aB C O A b B AO S C A B A C An h h A u v n D A w O M P C PSPA Y K O g u v A C710A N[Hayes97]¡C M A b s P A u v j o A On k A M b w d U F h Cs D a H o C A h]pA q i H e a C G O S p A N s L D A]o Y t C o I S O n A]j h n A OP C]p D n A P j q A s oA]p O h C F A PSP m A i D u v pl P z b C6.2. ¤PSP z N O A u v H s t d C o O]g n u v A D a x A]A u v i v B ao B C PSP F t C W P q A H U u vq v s A B u v a C Fq P l A PSP z k h A H w C6.3. ¦PSP D n A O n b s e C PSP L]A Gb u I B s e A u v H v f d]p P f d歩 PSP f d L I z A D O H P C]A R Py A s o o I d A u v N i H va Cg L PSP m u v A b H f d A C p i H 6.52Ab H]p f d A C p i H 2.96C n P C p o2.21[Humphrey 98]¡C H PSP A u v J i A S i HC p A PSP A b h10045p A b f d100A h n15p C6.4. ¯A O C b PSP A T P Aw k C k O u v b C o A N O UC M A u v f d o A H P__]A L H o]C z L y q A u v[N A LG[P A B L]F b A P C bPSP p e w k A t a C CG w k O]p k A H s]p C a N]p U A u v]p k A C p n]p(¤)¡F]i H o CT w k O G k G G F]p A s Yu A]o C o298g I u v PSP n]pb C o A b]p A u v C p y 1.76Ab s A C p y 4.20C N]p s OA g z]p A u v y s[Humphrey 98]¡C7. P SPb PSP i H]p k A]p O C]p(¤)©w q8W c4c A PSP]p u w g[De Champeaux 93]C o4O M W c p9C PSP4]pO o c C8¡G W cW(Object Specification) b(Internal) b(External)R A(Static)(Attributes Constraints)O c(Inheritance Class Structure)A(Dynamic) A(State Machine) A(Services)T(Messages) 9¡G PSP O cW O b bR A(Static) O W O(ÄO c)A(Dynamic) A O W O(¨)O(Operational ScenarioTemplate)z(operational scenario template)¦b w q P t Cz(function specification template)¦b w B O O cI s(call-return behavior)¡Cz(state specification template)¦b w q A(state machine)¦Cz(logic specification template)¦b w A Oy(pseudocode language)¡Co O B k A[Humphrey 95]¡C8. P SPb A b a L Cb PSP A o k]A G w g w q n L B u W B B H Bo A R L C o b[W M_A b W o D Co N O PSP J A I D n O m i H PSP u W C oN O SEI o i n L D n]G n D u v n T B PSP k C9. PSPPSP J j l PSP A A n g105R i [Humphrey 95]¡C j n A b o A5 PSP L A H10m C PSP0L l A L H]pW A N v b C L q O U A N o O U CPSP L7L j A H C PSP g C CA H J L k A H e L k g C bA10A o PSP L k k C O sP j]p C5¡G PSP/TSP ct A]j s A H]p PSP[Humphrey 97]¡C M A J P iA O P PSP z A O O Y A]np PSP k C M A L w n b]p A l Bu W C M A L N i o i H W A B LPSP A N e h L Y u W Cb J PSP A u v n PSP A B g PSP W A A t C ]p D10D[Humphrey 95]¡C j n120150u pA B q n14u C L h g A u v b g L PSP m A Lw i H A z P U A T a b u B PSP[Ferguson 97]¡C F U uu v B M g z H A T a B PSP k A SEI w g o i nL(Team Software Process, TSP)¡C10. PSPP PSP A M a v T O A O W i HT u A H h[Hayes 97]¡C T G N p6C b u v PSP A L n g10A v u Cb6H A1C A10F G h C k CO H e]p W]p1¡A H PSP k]p10¡A_w O F]PSP k C b g o10D A p7A H C O G h p8C o O SEI PSP298W C6¡G H O T7¡G8¡G O GPSP s A G w v[Ferguson 97, Seshagiri 00]¡Ce L s i P PSP k A t PSP¡A gP G C M A b v U A G P a eC]A b PSP m A u e[Ferguson 97, Seshagiri 00]¡C p A i PSP m b W t d PSP A n h C11. PSP P LPSP O t C T L k C o T L k Gz(Capability Maturity Model, CMM)A b z n z D [Humphrey 89, Paulk 95]¡Cz PSP¡A i y z Cz(Team Software Process, TSP)¡A k D O g L PSP m u v BB P z A N o n K CM o k p A L y z O O P c CA n s u A z h n T P p e A Hi H n C p G S o A N L S A i CG A n s u A z h n q u v W o u C o nO H A B o H A B L B H CT A u v n b P A B D p T as CA u w n A m AB Y u u CS o A i u C b e C M A CMM O]pG O A TSP O T B PSP h O C D u v PSP mO A_h A L L k A a A T i a a s C DA a s P A_h A L u N L k z l A W C AF A z P z A F L O A L k C12. PSP A Pb A s B B B CO a P A A O A O P AL s Cu N N n A C u v H]N w nC n A BD C u v O s A_h O L k C z N O n u m iC u v H q k A H p B o q A H s W SCPSP]p O H n M H b n A Y W C e w gb J o k A Y k s x J A l j C PSPN A e O J i[Humphrey 95, Humphrey 97]¡C b B w D w A h j b l PSP A w]h c bJ C SEI F h j b n PSP H A g LO CPSP J SEI w u v P v]p PSP CC A H Y w n A C SEI]PSP v I A Hb J PSP U A SEI O PSP v U W[SEI 00]¡C M PSP M s o A G O H P e n C P NA_b i C o_A b i H K PSP¡B TSP P CMM k A H PSP N P s x q M n u KC。