【二轮推荐】2013届高中新课标生物二轮总复习(湖南用)限时训练：综合测试卷(三)

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【精校】2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标卷Ⅱ)生物-含答案

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标卷Ⅱ)理综生物（适用地区：贵州、甘肃、青海、西藏、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、宁夏、内蒙古、新疆、云南）1.关于DNA和RNA的叙述，正确的是（）A.DNA有氢键，RNA没有氢键B.一种病毒同时含有DNA和RNAC.原核细胞中既有DNA，也有RNAD.叶绿体、线粒体和核糖体都含有DNA【答案】C2.关于叶绿素的叙述，错误．．的是（）A.叶绿素a和叶绿素b都含有镁元素B.被叶绿素吸收的光可用于光合作用C.叶绿素a和叶绿素b在红光区的吸收峰值不同D.植物呈现绿色是由于叶绿素能有效地吸收绿光【答案】D3.下列与微生物呼吸有关的叙述，错误．．的是（）A.肺炎双球菌无线粒体，但能进行有氧呼吸B.与细菌呼吸有关的酶由拟核中的基因编码C.破伤风芽孢杆菌适宜生活在有氧的环境中D.有氧和无氧时，酵母菌呼吸作用产物不同【答案】C4.关于免疫细胞的叙述，错误．．的是（）A.淋巴细胞包括B细胞、T细胞和吞噬细胞B.血液和淋巴液中都含有T细胞和B细胞C.吞噬细胞和B细胞都属于免疫细胞D.浆细胞通过胞吐作用分泌抗体【答案】A5. 在生命科学发展过程中，证明DNA是遗传物质的实脸是（）①孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验②摩尔根的果蝇杂交实脸③肺炎双球菌转化实验④T2噬菌体侵染大肠杆菌实验⑤ DNA的X光衍射实脸A.①②B.②③C.③④D.④⑤【答案】C6. 关于酶的叙述，错误．．的是（）A. 同一种酶可存在于分化程度不同的适细胞中B.低温能降低酶活性的原因是其破坏了酶的空间结构C.酶通过降低化学反应的活化能来提高化学反应速度D.酶既可以作为催化剂，也可以作为另一个反应的底物【答案】B29.（10分）已知大麦在萌芽过程中可以产生α-淀粉酶，用GA（赤霉素）溶液处理大麦可使其不用发芽就产生α-淀粉酶。

为验证这一结论，某同学做了如下实验：注：实验结果中“+”越多表示颜色越深。

表中液体量的单位均为mL。

回答下列问题：（1）α-淀粉酶催化_____ 水解可生成二糖，该二糖是_____ 。

2013全国高考新课标2卷生物部分解析(含答案)

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试注意事项：1.本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。

答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2.回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号框涂黑。

如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号框。

写在本试卷上无效。

3.回答第二卷时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

4.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第Ⅰ卷一、选择题：本题共6小题，每小题6分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.关于DNA和RNA的叙述，正确的是（）A.DNA有氢键，RNA没有氢键B.一种病毒同时含有DNA和RNAC.原核细胞中既有DNA，也有RNAD.叶绿体、线粒体和核糖体都含有DNA解析：RNA在翻译成蛋白质的过程中还有，故A错。

一种病毒只能还有一种核酸，故B 错。

核糖体没有DNA故D错2.关于叶绿素的叙述，错误的是（）A.叶绿素a和叶绿素b都含有镁元素B.被叶绿素吸收的光可用于光合作用C.叶绿素a和叶绿素b在红光区的吸收峰不同D.植物呈现绿色是由于叶绿素能有效地吸收绿光解析：镁是组成叶绿素中重要的成分，故A正确。

叶绿素吸收的光能绝大部分用也光能，特殊状态的叶绿素a能将光能转化为电能，故B正确。

植物呈现绿色是因为叶绿素放射绿光，吸收较少的绿光，故D是错误的3.下列与微生物呼吸有关的叙述，错误的是（）A.肺炎双球菌无线粒体，但能进行有氧呼吸B.与细胞呼吸有关的酶由拟核中的基因编码C.破伤风芽孢杆菌适宜生活在有氧的环境中D.有氧和无氧时，酵母菌呼吸作用产物不同解析：肺炎双球菌死原核生物故没有线粒体，但有于有氧呼吸有关的酶。

C答案的破伤风杆菌是适宜在无氧环境中4.关于免疫细胞的叙述，错误的是（）A.淋巴细胞包括B细胞、T细胞和吞噬细胞B.血液和淋巴液中都含有T细胞和B细胞C.吞噬细胞和B细胞都属于免疫细胞D.浆细胞通过胞吐作用分泌抗体解析：A答案淋巴细胞不包括吞噬细胞。

2013届高考化学二轮总复习限时训练第11课时盐类的水解和离子浓度大小的比较新人教版(湖南专用)

第11课时盐类的水解和离子浓度大小的比较1.下列说法中错误的是( )A．在0.1 mol ·L－1的氢氟酸中加入适量的蒸馏水，溶液中c(OH－)减小B．室温下，CH3COOH分子可以存在于酸性、碱性、中性溶液中C．在由水电离出的c(OH－)＝1×10－12mol ·L－1的溶液中，NH＋4可能大量存在D．在NaAlO2溶液中，NaHCO3不可能大量存在2.(2011·福建)常温下0.1 mol·L－1醋酸溶液的pH＝a，下列能使溶液pH＝(a＋1)的措施是( )A．将溶液稀释到原体积的10倍B．加入适量的醋酸钠固体C．加入等体积0.2 mol·L－1盐酸D．提高溶液的温度3.向25 mL 0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液中逐滴加入0.2 mol/L CH3COOH溶液，曲线如图所示，有关粒子浓度关系比较正确的是( )A．在A、B间任一点，溶液中一定都有c(Na＋)>c(CH3COO－)>c(OH－)>c(H＋)B．在B点，a>12.5，且有c(Na＋)＝c(CH3COO－)＝c(OH－)＝c(H＋)C．在C点：c(CH3COO－)>c(Na＋)>c(H＋)>c(OH－)D．在D点：c(CH3COO－)＋c(CH3COOH)＝c(Na＋)4.(2012·江苏)25℃时，有c(CH3COOH)＋c(CH3COO－)＝0.1mol·L－1的一组醋酸和醋酸钠混合溶液，溶液中c(CH3COOH)、c(CH3COO－)与pH的关系如图所示。

下列有关离子浓度关系叙述正确的是( )A．pH＝5.5溶液中：c(CH3COOH)＞c(CH3COO－)＞c(H＋)＞c(OH－)B．只有W点溶液中存在下列关系：c(Na＋)＋c(H＋)＝c(CH3COO－)＋c(OH－)C．pH＝3.5溶液中：c(Na＋)＋c(H＋)－c(OH－)＋c(CH3COOH)＝0.1mol·L－1D．向W点所表示溶液中通入0.05molHCl气体(溶液体积变化可忽略)：c(H＋)＝c(CH3COOH)＋c(OH－)5.下列各溶液中，微粒的物质的量浓度关系正确的是( )A．0.1 mol ·L－1Na2CO3溶液：c(OH－)＝c(HCO－3)＋c(H＋)＋c(H2CO3)B．0.1 mol ·L－1NH4Cl溶液：c(NH＋4)＝c(Cl－)C．向醋酸钠溶液中加入适量醋酸，得到的酸性混合溶液：c(Na＋)＞c(CH3COO－)＞c(H＋)＞c(OH－)D．向硝酸钠溶液中滴加稀盐酸得到的pH＝5的混合溶液：c(Na＋)＝c(NO－3)6.下列溶液中有关物质的量浓度关系正确的是( )A．将稀氨水逐滴加入稀硫酸中，当溶液的pH＝7时，c(SO2－4)>c(NH＋4)B．两种醋酸溶液的物质的量浓度分别为c1和c2，pH分别为a和a＋1，则c1＝10c2C．物质的量浓度相等的CH3COOH和CH3COONa溶液等体积混合：c(CH3COO－)＋c(OH－)＝2c(H ＋)＋c(CH3COOH)D．NaB溶液的pH＝8，c(Na＋)－c(B－)＝0.99×10－6mol·L－17.(2012·四川)常温下，下列溶液中的微粒浓度关系正确的是( )A．新制氯水中加入固体NaOH：c(Na＋)＝c(Cl－)＋c(ClO－)＋c(OH－)B．pH＝8.3的NaHCO3溶液：c(Na＋)＞c(HCO－3)＞c(CO2－3)＞c(H2CO3)C．pH＝11的氨水与pH＝3的盐酸等体积混合：c(Cl－)＝c(NH＋4)＞c(OH－)＝c(H＋)D．0.2mol·L－1CH3COOH溶液与0.1mol·L－1NaOH溶液等体积混合：2c(H＋)－2c(OH－)＝c(CH3COO－)－c(CH3COOH)8.将0.2 mol·L－1HA溶液与0.2 mol·L－1NaOH溶液等体积混合，测得混合溶液中c(Na ＋)>c(A－)，则(用“>”、“<”或“＝”填写下列空白)。

2013届近年高考生物真题综合训练(必修2)

近年高考生物真题综合训练（必修2）2-1 遗传的细胞基础考点 1（1）细胞的减数分裂第 2、24 题学生反思小结能力要求Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 学生反思小结 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 学生反思小结 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ 学生反思小结 Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ 学生反思小结 Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ 学生反思小结1考点 2（2）动物配子的形成过程第 14 题考点 3（3）动物的受精过程第 14、24 题 2-2 遗传的分子基础考点 1（1）人类对遗传物质的探索过程第 1 题考点 2（2）DNA 分子结构的主要特点第 7 题考点 3（3）基因的的概念第 17 题考点 4（4）DNA 分子的复制第 4、7、15 题考点 5（5）遗传信息的转录和翻译第 3、4、5、6、9、18、22 题 2-3 遗传的基本规律考点 1（1）孟德尔遗传实验的科学方法第题考点 2（2）基因的分离定律和自由组合定律第 24 题考点 3（3）基因与性状的关系第 24 题考点 4（4）伴性遗传第 23 题 2-4 生物的变异考点 1（1）基因重组及其意义第 15、22 题考点 2（2）基因突变的特征和原因第 13、16、22、24 题考点 3（3）染色体结构变异和数目变异第 15、22、24 题考点 5（4）生物变异在育种上应用第 13、15、22 题考点 6（5）转基因食品的安全第 22 题 2-5 人类遗传病考点 1（1）人类遗传病的类型第 2 题考点 2（2）人类遗传病的监测和预防第 23 题考点 3（3）人类基因组计划及其意义第 23、24 题 2-6 生物的进化考点 1（1）现代生物进化理论的主要内容第 8、10 题考点 2（2）生物进化与生物多样性的形成第 11 题Ⅱ Ⅱ一、单项选择题（本大题 8 小题，每小题 3 分，共 24 分）（2012江苏）1、人类对遗传物质本质的探索经历了漫长的过程，下列有关叙述正确的是（） A. 孟德尔发现遗传因子并证实了其传递规律和化学本质 B. 噬菌体侵染细菌实验比肺炎双球菌体外转化实验更具说服力 C. 沃森和克里克提出在 DNA 双螺旋结构中嘧啶数不等于嘌呤数 D. 烟草花叶病毒感染烟草实验说明所有病毒的遗传物质是 RNA （2012 江苏）2. 下列关于人类性别决定与伴性遗传的叙述，正确的是（） A. 性染色体上的基因都与性别决定有关 B. 性染色体上的基因都伴随性染色体遗传 C. 生殖细胞中只表达性染色体上的基因 D. 初级精母细胞和次级精母细胞中都含Y染色体（2012 新课标）3.同一物种的两类细胞各产生一种分泌蛋白，组成这两种蛋白质的各种氨基酸含量相同，但排列顺序不同。

2013高考生物二轮专题1-8

请回答：
(1)在配制培养基时，要加入尿素和酚红指示剂，这是因为Hp含有________，它能以尿素作为氮源；若有Hp，则菌落周围会出现山东金太阳书业有限公司
________色环带。
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高考新课标专题复习 ·生物
练真题感悟高考
研要点立体透视建网络总览全局悟典例融会贯通巧演练素能提升
的细胞分裂素有6BA、KT等。
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山东金太阳书业有限公司
高考新课标专题复习 ·生物
练真题感悟高考
研要点立体透视建网络总览全局悟典例融会贯通巧演练素能提升
(2)该实验中，各组6-BA浓度均为0.5 mg·L－1，IAA的浓度不相同，故自变量为IAA浓度，IAA浓度范围为0～0.5 mg·L－1。据表可知，
B．将毛霉菌液接种在切成小块的鲜豆腐上
C．将转基因植物叶片接种到无菌培养基上 D．将土壤浸出液涂布在无菌的选择培养基上
解析：本题主要考查几种常见生物学实验对无菌操作的要求。生
产果酒和腐乳时对无菌的要求不是很高，接种不需要进行严格的无菌操作；土壤浸出液中含有多种杂菌，所以利用选择培养基筛选土壤浸出液中特定微生物时，不进行严格无菌操作也不会影响实验结果；植物组织培养技术成功的关键是无菌条件，若接种时不进行严格无菌操作将可能导致实验失败，故C项符合题意。答案：C
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高考新课标专题复习 ·生物
练真题感悟高考
研要点立体透视建网络总览全局悟典例融会贯通巧演练素能提升

2013届高考英语二轮总复习第19讲细节理解题限时训练讲义新课标(湖南专用)

第十九讲细节理解题(1)(8 min.)(原创)There are hundreds of travel writers. It will not be easy for you to make a mark, unless you are different. Reading the works of great travel writers and getting inspired by them are not a bad thing, but you should not copy their style and their approach. The world needs something new. Greatness is not achieved through following, it is achieved through leading, and to lead you need to choose your own approach!Being a travel writer can be _exacting. You must realize that you will not be the first one in a long line. Flights will not arrive on time for you, every hotel will not have a room for you, and you may not be able to make a living out of your work. So, you should be prepared mentally and physically before you begin your quest to explore the world.When you write a travel guide, you should remember that you are not the subject in your guide! You should always focus on the place that you are exploring. What is the difference between visiting a place and exploring it? The answer is very simple, when you visit a place you ask the question ‘where to go？’ and when you explore, you ask ‘why to go there？’ Your work should not turn out to be just a map which shows directions. It should explain why you chose a specific direction. If you are not curious while traveling, you will never have something new for your readers.I believe that every individual has a unique style of writing. You should dare to have a different approach. Avoid long personal stories and do not neglect grammar and punctuations.You should also take efforts to promote your work. You should make use of blogs, and popular social networking sites to promote your work. Try to establish contact with major publications. Once your work gets published in a big magazine, there is no stopping.There are many travel writers who say that this is the best job in the world. If you love traveling, you will love this job!1. According to the first paragraph, what do you need to do if you want to be a good travel writer?A. Develop your own style.B. Try to imitate others' approach.C. Read a lot of others' works.D. Get instructed by other writers.2. The underlined word “exacting” can be best replaced by “______”．A. interestingB. excitingC. rewardingD. challenging3. When you travel everywhere, what should you keep in mind according to Para.3?A. Patience.B. Curiosity.C. Judgment.D. Excitement.4. We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ______.A. places visited by thousands of writers have no untold storiesB. no one really has the time to read books with hundreds of pagesC. your reputation will be the same even with grammatical mistakesD. you can expect any miracles right after your first work is published5. What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Making a good preparation.B. Visiting and exploring.C. Marketing yourself.D. Remembering some writing tips.(2)(8 min.)(2012·长郡中学月考五)Increasingly over the last few years, we have become familiar with the range of small electronic devices or “smart” accessories (附件，饰品). Pocket heartrate monitors for joggers and electronic maps are just the first examples of many new products that promise to change our lives in all sorts of surprising ways.As a scientist at New York University, Rosalind Picard tries out different smart accessories before they go on the market. One of these was the socalled “frown (皱眉) headband”. Rosalind was shocked to realize just how often she frowned. Stuck in a traffic jam recently, Rosalind kept hearing the sounds of the tiny sensor inside the band worn around her forehead —each time she frowned in annoyance, the sensor gave out a signal.Another computer scientist, Steven Feiner, is working on a pair of glasses that will do more than help you to see. Imagine you want to try a restaurant in a foreign city but you're not familiar with the dishes on the menu. If you are wearing a pair of Steven's glasses, all you have to do is glance above the restaurant's doorway and your glasses will immediately become windows to the Internet, offering you full details of the meals served inside. The glasses could also be used to help people make speeches, give chefs access to the latest recipes and even provide doctors with patient information while they carry out operations.At the moment, Steven's invention looks more like a large ski mask than a pair of glasses.It's a headset connected to a handheld computer and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, which tracks the wearer's position. But he says that these headworn displays will eventually get smaller and lighter as technology improves.And, of course, this new technology has a fashionable as well as a useful application. A chemical engineer named Robert Langer has invented a new microchip that, if put inside a ring, can give off different smells according to a person's mood. That, of course, may or may not appeal to you. And, in the end, it is shoppers, not scientists, who will determine which of these smart accessories will succeed as fashionable items and which are sure to join history's long list of crazy inventions.It is clear, however, that as computers get smaller and cheaper, they will pop up in all sorts of easilywearable accessories, even in the buttons on your coat. What's more, this is something that's going to happen a lot sooner than we all expect.1. When Rosalind wore the headband, she was surprised at ______.A. how well the sensor workedB. how she was affected by trafficC. how strong the signal wasD. how comfortable it was2. For people eating out, Steven's glasses can ______.A. give them a restaurant's locationB. let them see a restaurant's environmentC. inform them about a restaurant's menuD. tell them about a restaurant's quality3. What is the current problem with Steven's glasses?A. Limited function.B. Inconvenience.C. High cost.D. Poor Internet access.4. In general, what does the writer think about smart accessories?A. They will soon be widely available.B. Much more research is needed into them.C. Only a few of them will appeal to shoppers.D. Most of them are considered to be crazy inventions.5. What's the writer's purpose in writing this passage?A. To advertise some smart accessories.B. To tell interesting stories about smart accessories.C. To argue that smart accessories are fashionable.D. To introduce the ideas of smart accessories.(3)(8 min.)(原创)From the car park at the foot of the Range of the Awful Hand, it is a short walk to what may be the darkest place in Scotland. The site is famous among a small group of enthusiasts who come here in black nights to stand, watch and wonder.The patch of ground is surrounded by 300 square miles of moorland(沼泽地), woods and lakes that form the rough wilderness of Galloway Forest Park in southern Scotland, and in a few weeks, officials at the park will take steps towards making it Europe's first dark sky park.Only two other parks in the world, one in Pennsylvania, the other in Utah, have been recognized by the International DarkSky Association, a USbased organization that seeks to preserve the darkest corners of the Earth. To earn dark sky park status, officials will submit digital photographs of the night sky taken through a fisheye lens(超广角镜头). Their application must also be supported by readings from light meters at different points in the park.In 1989, the British Astronomical Society set up a group called the Campaign for Dark Skies to highlight the growing issue of light pollution. W ith increasing urbanization come betterlit streets, roads and buildings, which send light needlessly up into the sky, hiding all but the brightest stars. According to some estimates, the amount of light sent into space costs around $110 million a year.“I f you go out in an urban street and look up at night, you might see 50, maybe 100 stars at best. But come to our park and when you look up, there are so many stars you can't count them. You can see shooting stars, satellites and the Milky Way, with its billions of stars. You don't even need a highpowered telescope: a pair of binoculars is brilliant，” said Keith Muir, an official at Galloway Forest Park.Steven Owens, a British astronomer, also said, “We've become a very urban population, and in doing so we've cut ourselves off from experiences people have had for hundreds and thousands of years.”“People have been looking up at the night sky, telling stories and passing on myths and legends for the whole recorded human history. But when we moved into cities, we lost that deepconnection with the universe. In setting up dark sky parks, we're trying to reconnect people with nature.”1. What attracts people most in Galloway Forest Park?A. The dark nights.B. The wonderful scenery.C. 300 square miles of moorland.D. The rough wilderness.2. What must be included for Galloway Forest Park to gain dark sky status?A. Some myths and legends.B. Some pictures of the Milky Way.C. Digital photographs of the night sky.D. Light meters used at different points in the park.3. Why was the Campaign for Dark Skies set up?A. To highlight the growing issue of light pollution.B. To preserve the wildlife in Scotland.C. To attract world's attention to the dark corners on earth.D. To prevent urbanization.4. In comparison with urban nights, people can ______ at Galloway nights.A. enjoy all the rough wildernessB. breathe fresh airC. enjoy countless starsD. count all the stars 5. What can be the best title for the passage?A. Observing StarsB. Europe's First Dark Sky ParkC. The International DarkSky AssociationD. Three Dark Sky Parks in the World(4)(8 min.)Electric cars are dirty. In fact, not only are they dirty, they might even be more dirty than their gasolinepowered cousins.People in California love to tal k about “zeroemissions vehicles”， but people in California seem to be clueless about where electricity comes from. Power plants mostly use fire to make it. Aside from the new folks who have their roofs covered with solar cells, we get our electricity from generators. Generators are fueled by something — usually coal, oil, but also by heat generated in nuclear power plants. There are a few wind farms and geothermal(地热的) plants as well, but by far we get electricity mainly by burning something.In other word s, those “zeroemissions” cars are likely coalburning cars. It's just because the coal is burned somewhere else that it looks clean. It is not. It's as if the California Greensare covering their eyes —“If I can't see it, it's not happening.” Gasoline is an incredibly efficient way to power a vehicle; a gallon of gas has a lot of energy in it. But when you take that gas (or another fuel) and first use it to make electricity, you waste a nice part of that energy, mostly in the form of wasted heat — at the generator, through the transmission lines, etc.A gallon of gas may propel your car 25 miles. But the electricity you get from that gallon of gas won't get you nearly as far —so electric cars burn more fuel than gaspowered ones. If our electricity came mostly from nukes(核能发电厂), or geothermal, or hydro, or solar, or wind, then an electric car truly would be clean. But for political, technical, and economic reasons, we don't use much of those energy sources.In addition, electric cars' batteries which are poisonous for a long time will eventually end up in a landfill. And finally, when cars are the polluters, the pollution is spread across all the roads. When it's a power plant, though, all the junk is in one place. Nature is very good at cleaning up when things are too concentrated, but it takes a lot longer when all the garbage is in one spot.1. What does “clueless” mean in paragraph 2?A. People are seeing the California Greens everywhere.B. People in California love to talk about “zeroemissions vehicles”．C. People in California love to have their roofs covered with solar cells.D. People there have no idea that so far electricity mainly comes from burning coal, oil, etc.2. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Electric cars are not clean at all.B. Electric cars are better than gasolinepowered ones.C. People cast doubts on electric cars' batteries.D. Gasoline is an efficient way to power a vehicle.3. The electricity we get from a gallon of gas may make our car run ______.A. not less than 25 milesB. more than 25 milesC. no more than 25 milesD. not more than 25 miles4. According to the passage, electric cars ______.A. do not burn fuel and more environmentallyfriendlyB. are toxic because it is difficult for nature to clean it up when their batteries are buried in one spotC. are very good at cleaning up when things are not too concentratedD. are poisonous for a long time and will eventually end up in a landfill5. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.A. being green is good and should be encouraged in communicationB. electric cars are not clean in that we get electricity mainly by burning somethingC. zeroemissions vehicles should be chosen to protect our environmentD. electric cars are now the dominant vehicle compared with g asolinepowered cousins答案第十九讲细节理解题(1)怎样成为一个优秀的旅游作家？作者给出了自己的建议。

【二轮推荐】2013届高中新课标生物二轮总复习(湖南用)限时训练11生物的变异.DOC

小专题11生物的变异1.人体细胞内含有抑制癌症发生的P53(P＋)基因。

下图表示从正常人和患者体内获取的P53基因的部分区域。

癌症患者的P53基因突变后为P－。

已知限制酶E识别序列为CCGG。

现有某人的P53基因部分区域经限制酶E 完全切割后，共出现170、220、290和460个碱基对的四种片段，那么他的基因型是A．P＋P＋B．P＋P－C．P－P－D．P＋P＋P－2.假如人工诱导某健康雄性小鼠成功地发生了1个基因突变，测得相关的蛋白质分子中有1个氨基酸改变，但该个体性状完全没有变化，则后代的情况可能的组合是①仍然没有变化②其下一代雄性个体中约有1/2发生改变③杂交后代之间相交，出现性状改变的个体④杂交后代之间相交，性状改变的个体全部为雌性A．①②B．②③C．③④D．①③3.生物的某些变异可通过细胞分裂某一时刻染色体的行为来识别。

甲、乙两模式图分别表示细胞分裂过程中出现的“环形圈”、“十字形结构”现象，图中字母表示染色体上的基因。

下列有关叙述正确的是A．甲图所示现象是因为发生了个别碱基对的增添或缺失B．甲图所示现象是因为发生染色体片段的易位C．乙图所示现象是因为非同源染色体之间进行了交叉互换D．乙图所示现象是因为同源染色体非姐妹染色单体之间发生交叉互换4.(2012·江苏卷)某植株的一条染色体发生缺失突变，获得该缺失染色体的花粉不育，缺失染色体上具有红色显性基因B，正常染色体上具有白色隐性基因b(见下图)。

如以该植株为父本，测交后代中部分表现为红色性状。

下列解释合理的是A．减数分裂时染色单体1或2上的基因b突变为BB．减数第二次分裂时姐妹染色单体3与4自由分离C．减数第二次分裂时非姐妹染色单体之间自由组合D．减数第一次分裂时非姐妹染色单体之间交叉互换5.图甲为果蝇体细胞中染色体结构模式图，图乙为该个体减数分裂形成配子时某细胞中的两对染色体。

下列说法正确的是A．图甲含有两个染色体组，图乙含有四个染色体组B．基因A、W之间遗传时遵循基因的自由组合定律C．图乙减数分裂完成后，若形成Da的卵细胞，则同时产生的三个极体的基因型是Da、dA、dAD．图乙减数分裂完成后，若形成了Dda的卵细胞，其原因只是减数第一次分裂后期同源染色体①和②没有分离6.(2012·广东卷)科学家用人工合成的染色体片段，成功替代了酵母菌的第6号和第9号染色体的部分片段，得到的重组酵母菌能存活，未见明显异常。

2013届高考英语二轮总复习第22讲推理判断题限时训练讲义新课标(湖南专用)

第二十二讲推理判断题(1)(8 min.)(2012·师大附中一模)Back in the old days, when I was a child, we sat around the family round table at dinner time and exchanged our daily experiences. It wasn't very organized, but everyone was recognized and all the news that had to be told was told by each family member.We listened to each other and the interest was not puton; it was real. Our family was a unit and we supported each other, and nurtured each other, and liked each other, and — we were even willing to admit — we loved each other.Today, the family round table has moved to the local fastfood restaurant and talk is not easy, much less encouraged.Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager fouryearold.So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as “What have you been doing, Bobby？” have been replaced by “I'm busy, go to watch television.”And watch TV they do; count them by the millions.But it's usually not children's television that children watch. Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing.Where are they to be found? Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch. That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p. m．， not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission.Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense. When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner. When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off.Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed. Parents need to intervene. Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at all.1. From the first two paragraphs one may infer that the writer's a attitude towards “the old days” is ______.A. preferringB. hatingC. being tired ofD. disappointing2. The working parent is not willing to listen to her (his) fouryearold chil d talking about his sandbox games because she (he) is ______.A. boringB. very tiredC. busyD. angry3. According to the writer, the responsibility for the kid's watching adult television and watching it for a long time should be undertaken by ______.A. the television stationsB. the societyC. TV programsD. their parents4. If we use television with some ______， television can provide our young people with much knowledge.A. instruction of expertsB. judgment of our ownC. direction of engineersD. indication of teachers5. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Parental nonintervention will not be praised.B. Nonintervention may be a good policy in international affairs.C. Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the children.D. Parents need to intervene.(2)(8 min.)(2012·师大附中二模)Dallas Children's Theater AcademyShow Biz Summer 2012Rosewood Center for Family Arts5938 Skillman*Dallas, TX 75231 * (214) 9780110Important Information* All classes are taught by DCT Theater Professionals!* All Grade Levels indicated are for Fall 2012.* Tuition Deposit required for registration.* Tuition balance due on the first day of class. No tuition refunds (退款).* DCT reserves the right to cancel any class; refunds made for cancellation.* Please accompany student to first day of class.* Registration begins onehalf hour before class time.* Questions? Call Nancy Schaeffer at (214) 9780110 or email nancy@How to RegisterMAIL: Fill out the form in this brochure.* Be sure to list the class and group that you want & the dates.* The registration form may be copied.FAX: Complete the registration form and fax it to DCT at (214) 9780118.PHONE: Call (214) 9780110.WEB: Visit __,_click on Academy ClassesDrama Days! — $175Entering Grades: Group A: K Group B: 1st & 2nd Group C: 3rd — 5thMon. — Fri. 9: 30 a．m. — 1 p．m. June 2 — June 6* Day One — come up with a character, work with your class to plan the play.* Day Two —create the situations and scenes for your oneofakind show!* Day Three — rehearse (排演) your part.* Day Four — pick a costume, get ready!* Day Five — SHOWTIME — invite family and friends to your Friday Showcase!* Bring a sack lunch and drink each day!Laugh out Loud —$175Entering Grades: 5＋Mon. — Fri.1: 30 p．m.—5: 00 p．m. June 23—June 27 Show Friday, June 27* Do you like comedy? Try your hand at the world of comedy in the class just for you!* Learn a comedy sketch from the old masters!* Tell a joke! Learn why old jokes can be the best!* Work with your class to put on a oneofakind Comedy Show for family and friends!Acting — Just Acting — $225Group A: Entering Grades K; Group B: Entering Grades 1st — 2nd; Group C: Entering Grades 3rd — 4th; Mon. — Fri. 9: 30 a．m. — 2: 30 p．m.; Session Ⅰ： July 28 — Aug. 1; Session Ⅱ： Aug. 4 —Aug. 8; Session Ⅲ： Aug. 11 — Aug. 15 * Are you ready to challenge your acting skills and try something new?* Start with the characters: Who are you? Be the star of your dreams.* Become the character you've always wanted to be.* Work with your class to create the plot.* Get ready to present your show for family and friends on the final Friday!Summer Scenes — $225Entering Grades 5th and 6th; Mon. — Fri.9: 30 a．m — 2: 30 p．m.; Session Ⅰ： July 28 —Aug.1; Session Ⅱ： Aug.4 —Aug.8; Session Ⅲ： Aug.11 — Aug.15* Do you want to be an actor?* Improve your skills with instruction from professional actors & directors.* Rehearse and perform scenes from your favorite plays.* Develop characters and polish performances!1. What is the purpose of the text?A. To earn money from the introduction.B. To attract readers to attend Summer Scenes.C. To persuade readers to attend Show Biz Summer 2012.D. To teach readers how to register for Show Biz Summer 2012.2. If you want to attend Show Biz Summer 2012, you should be aware that ______.A. there'll be no refunds in any caseB. tuition must be paid at least before June 2C. registration begins half an hour after class timeD. students had better be accompanied on the first day3. It can be inferred from the text that all the four oneweek specials ______.A. are intended for children aged below 7B. are all held at Rosewood Center for Family ArtsC. will take place in June or July and last five daysD. need students to bring a sack lunch and drink each day4. Which of the following classes suits those who want to be actors?A. Summer Scenes.B. Acting — Just Acting.C. Laugh out Loud.D. Drama Days!5. Where is the text most probably from?A. A newspaper.B. An entertainment magazine.C. A guide book.D. Part of a brochure.(3)(8 min.)(2012·长郡中学月考六)Have you ever ripped a dollar bill by mistake? If so, perhaps you taped it back together. Sometimes money is damaged in more serious ways. Then it is not easy to fix. If you cannot repair paper money, you cannot use it. You have to send badly damaged money to a special government office in Washington, D. C.The people who work in this office sit at long tables under bright lights. Their main tools are magnifying glasses and tweezers. Their job is to piece together the damaged bills. The workers try to find at least half of each of bill. Otherwise the government will not pay the owner for it.This office is very busy. It handles about 30, 000 cases per year. People may wait a long time before their case comes up, but it's worth it. The service is free, and you may get your money back.How is money damaged? Sometimes it is damaged in a fire. Then a person may have mostly ashes to send in. Sometimes money is damaged in a flood. Then the bills are faded and stuck together. People had sent money that had gone through the washing machine. Some bills have been chewed by animals. Others somehow got into blenders.Also some people don't like banks, so they hid their money in unusual places. If bills are buried in cans, they sometimes get moldy. Mice often nibble at money hidden in attics and basements.Once, a truck carrying money for a bank exploded. There was a big fire. The truck company sent in the remains of the bills. They were worth $2.5 million dollars. Thanks to the government workers, the company got a check for all the money.1. If you cannot repair money, you cannot ______.A. buy itB. use itC. hide itD. send it2. You can send badly damaged money to a government ______ in Washington, D. C.A. bankB. billC. officeD. tool3. Workers find half of a bill so the government will ______.A. pay the ownerB. fix the moneyC. call the ownerD. take the job4. Some people hide money because they don't like ______.A. firesB. checksC. miceD. banks5. Thanks to the workers, the company was able to ______.A. put out the fireB. get the money backC. write a checkD. buy the money back(4)(8 min.)(2012·十二校联考二)Poetry Writing Classes OnlineConsider it the caviar (鱼子酱) of literature: tiny eggs with wonderful taste. Poetry has inspired the human soul for thousands of years and there are those who still treasure its magnificence. If you hear mermaids singing or feel the wind or see the sun rising in ribbons then you are one of these happy few. Excellence in poetry is mysterious, but a quest(探索) is worth pursuing. In our courses, you will learn to control sound, structure, line, word, theme, etc. into wel lcrafted poems and you will improve your precision by experimenting with various timehonored forms. You will also learn how and where to market your work.LevelⅠPoetry Writing 10Week WorkshopUsing a balance of lecture, exercise, and comment on work from the instructor and classmates, this course gives students a firm grounding in all the basics of poetry writing.● Write twosix poems● Lectures on basics of poetry craft● Writing exercises● Present work for critique(评论)(two times)PoetryⅠ is for begi nners or anyone who wants to brush up on the fundamentals.Online ClassesTuition: $395, Returning Students $365. Registration Fee $25.Each class strictly limited to 16 students, ages 18 and up.● You can still enroll in this class!AdvancedPoetry Writing 10Week WorkshopFocusing on developing projects and receiving comment from the instructor and classmates, this course helps students sharpen their skills and work toward completion of publishable work. Begin or refine twosix poems.● Lectures that expand on basics of poetry craft● Writing Exercises● Present work for indepth critique (two times)Online ClassesTuition: $395, Returning Students $365. Registration Fee $25.Each class strictly limited to 14 students, ages 18 and up.● You can still enroll in this class!1. You learn the following on Poetry Writing Classes Online EXCEPT ______.A. where you can sell your poemsB. why it's worth seeking excellence in poetryC. how to write a wellcrafted poemD. how to sharpen your skills in poetry2. If you rejoin the online poetry writing classes, you should pay ______.A. $390B. $410C. $395D. $3653. If you are a beginner, you can start the courses from ______.A. July 14B. Aug. 14C. July 6D. Oct. 64. In Advanced Poetry Writing Class, you are asked to ______.A. lay steady foundations for the basis of poetry writingB. hand in your poems getting ready for publicationC. make comments on the works of your classmatesD. give some lectures on basics of poetry craft5. The passage is most probably from a ______.A. newspaper advertisementB. book reviewC. scientific magazineD. news report答案第二十二讲推理判断题(1)1. A 推理判断题。

2013届高考化学二轮总复习限时训练第14课时金属元素及其化合物新人教版(湖南专用)

第14课时金属元素及其化合物1.(2012·江苏)下列物质转化在给定条件下能实现的是( ) ①Al 2O 3――→NaOH aq △NaAlO 2(aq)――→CO 2Al(OH)3②S ――→O 2/点燃SO 3――→H 2OH 2SO 4③饱和NaCl(aq)――→NH 3，CO 2NaHCO 3――→△Na 2CO 3 ④Fe 2O 3――→HCl aq FeCl 3(aq)――→△无水FeCl 3⑤MgCl 2(aq)――→石灰乳Mg(OH)2――→煅烧MgO A ．①③⑤ B ．②③④ C ．②④⑤ D ．①④⑤2.下列实验操作不能达到实验目的的是( ) 甲乙丙丁A ．用甲图所示的方法制备Fe(OH)2B ．用乙图所示的方法证明ρ(煤油)＜ρ(钠)＜ρ(水)C ．用丙图所示的方法制取金属锰D ．用丁图所示的方法比较NaHCO 3和Na 2CO 3的热稳定性3.现榨的苹果汁在空气中会由淡绿色变为棕黄色，其原因可能是( ) A ．苹果汁中的Fe 2＋变成Fe 3＋ B ．苹果汁中含有Cu 2＋ C ．苹果汁含有OH － D ．苹果汁含有Na ＋4.某溶液中有NH＋4、Na＋、Fe2＋和Al3＋ 4种离子，若向其中加入过量的NaOH溶液，微热并搅拌，再加入过量的盐酸，溶液中大量增加的阳离子是( )A．NH＋4B．Na＋C．Fe2＋ D．Al3＋5.(2011·上海)物质的量为0.10 mol的镁条在只含有CO2和O2混合气体的容器中燃烧(产物不含碳酸镁)，反应后容器内固体物质的质量不可能为 ( ) A．3.2 g B．4.0 gC．4.2 g D．4.6 g6.(2011·山东)Al、Fe、Cu都是重要的金属元素。

下列说法正确的是( )A．三者对应的氧化物均为碱性氧化物B．三者的单质放置在空气中均只生成氧化物C．制备AlCl3、FeCl3、CuCl2均不能采用将溶液直接蒸干的方法D．电解AlCl3、FeCl3、CuCl2的混合溶液时阴极上依次析出Cu、Fe、Al7.(2011·广东)某同学通过系列实验探究Mg及其化合物的性质，操作正确且能达到目的的是( )A．将水加入浓硫酸中得稀硫酸，置镁片于其中探究Mg的活泼性B．将NaOH溶液缓慢滴入MgSO4溶液中，观察Mg(OH)2沉淀的生成C．将Mg(OH)2浊液直接倒入已装好滤纸的漏斗中过滤，洗涤并收集沉淀D．将Mg(OH)2沉淀转入表面皿中，加足量稀盐酸，加热蒸干得无水MgCl2固体8.含碳48%的某生铁样品中，加入1.4 mol·L－1的稀硝酸500 mL，完全反应后生成标准状况下的NO气体3.36 L，要使溶液中的铁元素完全沉淀，需加2 mol·L－1NaOH溶液的体积为( )A．275 mL B．350 mLC．560 mL D．700 mL9.若在加入铝粉能放出氢气的溶液中，分别加入下列各组离子，可能大量共存的是( )A ．NH ＋4 NO －3 CO 2－3 Na ＋B ．Na ＋ Ba 2＋ Mg 2＋ HCO －3C ．NO －3 Na ＋ Al3＋ Cl － D ．NO －3 K ＋ AlO －2 OH －10.等质量的三份锌a 、b 和c ，分别加入等体积等浓度的稀H 2SO 4中，a 中同时加入适量CuSO 4溶液，c 中加入适量CH 3COONa 。

2013年高考理综生物试卷及答案(新课标卷Ⅱ)完毕99.doc用

2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标卷Ⅱ)理科综合能力测试（生物部分90分）第Ⅰ卷选择题共21小题，每小题6分，共126分一、选择题：本大题共13小题，每小题6分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1．关于DNA和RNA的叙述，正确的是A．DNA有氢键，RNA没有氢键B．一种病毒同时含有DNA和RNAC．原核细胞中既有DNA，也有RNA D．叶绿体、线粒体和核糖体都含有DNA 2．关于叶绿素的叙述，错误．．的是A．叶绿素a和叶绿素b都含有镁元素B．被叶绿素吸收的光可用于光合作用C．叶绿素a和叶绿素b在红光区的吸收峰值不同D．植物呈现绿色是由于叶绿素能有效地吸收绿光3．下列与微生物呼吸有关的叙述，错误．．的是A．肺炎双球菌无线粒体，但能进行有氧呼吸B．与细菌呼吸有关的酶由拟核中的基因编码C．破伤风芽孢杆菌适宜生活在有氧的环境中D．有氧和无氧时，酵母菌呼吸作用产物不同4．关于免疫细胞的叙述，错误．．的是A．淋巴细胞包括B细胞、T细胞和吞噬细胞B．血液和淋巴液中都含有T细胞和B细胞C．吞噬细胞和B细胞都属于免疫细胞D．浆细胞通过胞吐作用分泌抗体5．在生命科学发展过程中，证明DNA是遗传物质的实验是①孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验②摩尔根的果蝇杂交实验③肺炎双球菌转化实验④T2噬菌体侵染大肠杆菌实验⑤DNA的X光衍射实验A．①②B．②③C．③④D．④⑤6．关于酶的叙述，错误．．的是A．同一种酶可存在于分化程度不同的活细胞中B．低温能降低酶活性的原因是其破坏了酶的空间结构C．酶通过降低化学反应的活化能来提高化学反应速度D．酶既可以作为催化剂，也可以作为另一个反应的底物第Ⅱ卷非选择题共14题，共174分三、非选择题：包括必考题和选考题两部分。

第22题～第32题为必考题，每个试题考生都必须作答。

第33题～第40题为选考题，考生根据要求作答。

（一）必考题（11题，共129分）29．（10分）已知大麦在萌发过程中可以产生α-淀粉酶，用GA（赤霉素）溶液处理大麦注：实验结果中“+”越多表示颜色越深。

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综合测试卷(三)
满分：90分时量：50分钟
班级：__________姓名：__________学号：__________得分：____________
一、选择题(每小题只有一个最佳答案。

每小题6分，共36分)
1.将制作的洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂装片放在高倍显微镜下观察，可以得出的结论是
A．细胞核被染成深色的细胞处于分裂状态
B．细胞膜内陷的细胞处于末期
C．同源染色体分离移向细胞两极的细胞处于后期
D．不同时期细胞数目的多少反映不同时期经历时间的长短
2.观察某细胞的局部结构时，看到的细胞器包括中心体、线粒体和核糖体等。

对此认识正确的是
A．该细胞是在高倍光学显微镜下观察到的
B．此细胞不可能是原核细胞和植物细胞
C．线粒体不能将葡萄糖分解成二氧化碳和水
D．因为有中心体，该细胞在有丝分裂的末期一定不会出现细胞板
3.2011年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由比尤特勒、霍夫曼和斯坦曼三位科学家分享。

比尤特勒和霍夫曼发现，“toll样受体(TLR)”可识别不同病原体，并在细菌入侵时快速激活非特异性免疫。

斯坦曼则发现了免疫系统的树突细胞，能激发T淋巴细胞，引起一系列反应，如制造出抗体和“杀手”细胞等，杀死被感染的细胞以及“入侵者”。

下列有关叙述错误的是
A．toll样受体(TLR)是基因表达的产物，合成的场所是核糖体
B．toll样受体(TLR)存在细胞外表面，对抗原具有识别作用
C．树突细胞激发T淋巴细胞体现了细胞间的信息交流D.树突细胞能激发T细胞分化形成各种淋巴细胞
4.某同学欲通过下图所示的装置探究影响酶促反应速率的因素，下列分析错误的是
A．滤纸片上需附有过氧化氢酶
B．酶促反应时间可用t3－t2来表示
C．可通过设置不同pH的过氧化氢溶液来探究pH对酶活性的影响
D．为了提高实验的准确性，每个烧杯中需放多个滤纸片
5.下图中细胞Ⅰ、Ⅱ和物质E、F的关系可能是
6.农科所技术员研究温度对某蔬菜新品种产量的影响，将实验结果绘制成如下曲线。

据此提出以下结论，你认为合理的是
A．光合作用酶的最适温度高于呼吸作用酶的最适温度
B．阴影部分表示5～35 ℃时蔬菜的净光合速率小于零
C．光照越强，该蔬菜新品种的产量越高
D．温室栽培该蔬菜时温度最好控制在25～30 ℃
二、非选择题(共54分)
(一)必考题(共39分)
7.(8分)热休克蛋白(HSP)是细胞和机体受到高温侵袭或生存威胁时，合成量迅速增加的一类蛋白质(如
HSP60、HSP90等)，它们具有多种功能。

请回答：
(1)当细胞受高温刺激时，HSP迅速地被诱导出来，以避免细胞结构被破坏，这表明生物的性状是基因型和环境共同作用的结果。

(2)下图表示HSP60发挥作用的示意图，据图推测HSP60所起的作用是促使多肽链形成(具有一定空间结构的)蛋白质。

(3)癌细胞能在体内“恶劣环境”下存活的关键是其HSP90比正常细胞的含量多，这提示我们在开发增强化疗和放疗效果的药物时应考虑抑制HPS90的活性(或抑制HPS90基因的表达、降低HPS90的含量)。

(4)当细胞癌变时，会产生正常细胞原本不具有的蛋白质，它可引发免疫反应，在此过程中，热休克蛋白参与了识别作用(见下图)。

①图中甲细胞的名称是吞噬细胞，a表示T细胞的增殖分化过程，清除癌细胞的免疫方式是细胞免疫。

②研制抗癌疫苗时最好提取纯化图中的热休克蛋白－抗原复合体。

8.(12分)(1)图1表示对果蝇眼形的遗传研究结果，果蝇眼形由正常眼转变为棒眼是因为X染色体上的16A 区段重复，该变化称为染色体变异。

(2)研究人员构建了一个棒眼雌果蝇品系X IB X b，其细胞中的一条X染色体上携带隐性致死基因I，且该基因与棒眼基因B始终连在一起，如图2所示。

I在纯合(X IB X IB、X IB Y)时能使胚胎致死。

依据所给信息回答下列问题：
①若将棒眼雌果蝇X IB X b与野生正常眼雄果蝇X b Y杂交，后代表现型有3种，雄性占1/3。

②若将野生正常眼雄果蝇用X射线处理后，性状没有发生改变。

为检验其X染色体上是否发生新的隐性致死突变，用棒眼雌果蝇(X IB X b)与之杂交，得到的F1有3种表现型，从中选取棒眼雌果蝇和正常眼雄果蝇进行杂交，得到F2。

若经X射线处理后的野生正常眼雄果蝇细胞中，发生了新的隐性致死突变，则F2中雌果蝇应占100%；若经X射线处理后的野生正常眼雄果蝇细胞中，未发生新的隐性致死突变，则F2中雌果蝇应占2/3。

9.(10分)神经中枢兴奋都由刺激引起，当刺激作用停止后，神经中枢兴奋并不立即消失，有时会延续一段时间；但也有时兴奋后会及时停止。

这些都与中枢神经元的连接方式有关。

如图为中枢神经元之间的一种连接方式，图中①、②、③表示神经元。

请据图回答：
(1)神经元的轴突末端经过多次分支，最后每个小枝末端膨大的部分叫突触小体。

(2)假设①、②、③均表示兴奋性神经元，在A处给一个适宜的刺激，兴奋将沿着4条途径传到B处，其中耗时最长的一条是A→③→②→①→③→B(用图中编号和字母表示)。

由于兴奋的这种传递方式，使B处接受兴奋的时间会延长。

(3)假设①、②神经元表示抑制性神经元，③表示兴奋性神经元，在A处给一个适宜的刺激后，则B处兴奋的变化是兴奋及时停止(或兴奋时间缩短)。

10.(9分)近几年来，一种原产于南美，被称为“植物杀手”的藤本植物——薇甘菊正在广东省大肆扩散，对本地生物多样性和农业生产造成了巨大威胁。

(1)薇甘菊生长时具趋光性，很容易向上层生长、扩展，并像被子一样把树木全部覆盖，致使成片的植物枯死。

受侵害的植物大量死亡的主要原因是：被薇甘菊缠绕覆盖的植物因长期缺乏充足的日照，光合作用无法正常进行而导致死亡。

从生态学角度看，薇甘菊是生态系统成分中的生产者，薇甘菊与受其侵害的植物之间的关系是竞争。

(2)薇甘菊在土壤潮湿疏松、有机质丰富、阳光充足的环境中，生长特别迅速，但不耐阴和土壤干瘠。

农田、果园、人工林往往是薇甘菊入侵和定居的温床。

由此可以看出：限制薇甘菊生长的主要非生物因素是光照和水分；一个生态系统的可入侵性与该生态系统的生物多样性有关。

(3)薇甘菊与我们常见的菊花虽然同属菊科，但不是同一个物种。

支持这一判断的最重要的依据是：自然条件下，薇甘菊与菊花之间存在着生殖隔离。

(4)在对薇甘菊进行种群密度取样调查时，常采用样方法。

样方法的原理是通过计数种群的一小部分来估计整个种群密度。

(5)薇甘菊除了可以产生大量种子外，还可以通过其每个节的叶腋所长出的新枝，另生成新的植株，这种生殖方式称为无性生殖(或营养生殖)。

(6)薇甘菊在原产地并没有造成危害，原因是薇甘菊在当地有许多天敌。

因此部分专家建议可以考虑引入薇甘菊的天敌来克制它。

这样做可能会带来的环境风险是如果这种天敌不是专一性地以薇甘菊为食，并且生存能力
强或繁殖速度快，就极可能造成新的生态危机。

(二)选考题(选做其中1道，15分)
11.【生物——选修1：生物技术实践】(15分)
下图1表示制备固定化酵母细胞的有关操作，图2是利用固定化酵母细胞进行酒精发酵的示意图。

请回答下列问题：
(1)图1中X溶液为CaCl2溶液(1分)。

(2)图1中制备的凝胶珠用蒸馏水洗涤后再转移到图2装置中。

图2发酵过程中搅拌的目的是使培养液与酵母菌充分接触。

(3)在用海藻酸钠包埋酵母菌形成凝胶珠的过程中，加热溶解海藻酸钠时要特别注意用小火加热，然后将溶化好的海藻酸钠溶液冷却后，加入已活化的酵母菌充分搅拌混合均匀。

(4)研究发现，固定化强度强的酵母颗粒发酵效果好，且稳定性高、使用寿命长。

某机构利用上述装置，将2%、2.5%、3%的海藻酸钠分别利用2%、3%、4%的X溶液进行凝胶化处理，所得到的固定化酵母颗粒的强度及在28 ℃下发酵48 h后的酒精产量见下表：
由表格内容可以看出，随着X溶液浓度的增加，固定化强度增加；凝胶固定化效果较好和酒精产量较大的海藻酸钠与X溶液浓度分别是2%、4%。

12.【生物——选修3：现代生物科技专题】(15分)
“今又生”是我国为数不多的首创基因治疗药物之一，其本质是利用腺病毒和人P53基因(抑癌基因)拼装得到的重组病毒。

人的P53蛋白可对高危癌前病变的DNA损伤进行修复，使其恢复正常，对DNA损伤无法修复的细胞，P53蛋白则诱导其进入休眠状态或细胞凋亡，预防细胞癌变。

“今又生”的载体采用第一代人5型腺病毒，为腺病毒中致病力最弱的病毒株，野生型该病毒株也仅会偶致普通感冒，其基因不整合到宿主细胞的基因组中，无遗传毒性；载体经基因工程改造后，只对细胞实施一次感染，不能复制，不能污染。

请回答下列问题：
(1)在“今又生”的生产过程中，为了获得更高的安全性能，在载体一般应具备的条件中，科学家选择性地放弃了一般载体都应该具有的自我复制功能。

检测P53基因的表达产物，可以采用抗原－抗体杂交技术。

(2)如果要获取人类基因组中抑癌基因P53，可以采取的方法通常包括从细胞中分离和通过化学方法人工合成。

目的基因的大量扩增则可以采用PCR技术，该技术中需使用的一种特殊的酶是Taq DNA聚合酶(1分)。

(3)在研究中如果要获得胚胎干细胞进行研究，则胚胎干细胞可来源于囊胚期的内细胞团，或胎儿的原始性腺，也可以通过核移植技术得到重组细胞后再进行相应处理获得。

在哺乳动物早期发育过程中，囊胚的后一个阶段是原肠胚。