非谓语新讲义
高中英语非谓语讲义
作宾语用的不定式结构之前还可以带有疑问词。 eg.Have you decided when to go? eg.The little girl forgot what to say. eg.I don’t know which to choose. 这种结构还可以在句中作直接宾语。
不定式的形式
时态
语态
一般式
进行式
完成式
主动 被动
to do
to be done
to be doing
to have done
to have been done
3.不定式结构
不定式常常带有自己的宾语，宾语+宾语补足 语或状语，带有这些成分的不定式统称为“不 定式结构”。
eg.He began to study Russian. eg.He wanted to send me a gift. eg.He began to feel sad.
不定式作主语通常的用法是在主语的位置上 放个“it”, 而把作主语的不定式结构后置。 因此，以上四个句子可以分别改为：
•It is our duty to give good service. •It is necessary to clean the room once a week. •It is very important to develop agriculture.
eg.His suggestion was to make a fire.
eg.What he would say was to call a meeting.
非谓语动词讲义 (1)
非谓语动词●谓语动词：能直接作谓语的动词叫谓语动词●非谓语动词：不能单独作句子的谓语，不受句子主语的人称和数的限制，而是担任句子其他语法功能的动词，叫非谓语动词。
●非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动词现在分词（动名词）和动词过去分词一、动词不定式1. 动词不定式的形成：1）to+doe.g.1. He wants to be a doctor.2. To pass the college entrance exam, we must study hard.3. I have a lot of reading to complete before the end of this term.4. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.5. She asked to be sent to work in the countryside.6. He was the only man to have been praised at the meeting.Given enough time, we are sure to do it well.The two men pretended to working hard.2. 不定式的句法功能：在句中不定式可作主语，宾语，宾补，表语，定语，和状语。
1)作主语To make a living in the big city is not easy.为了句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻常采用it作形式主语，而把作真正主语不定式置于句末。
It is not easy to make a living in the big city.It is impossible to buy a car for her young son.= To buy a car for her young son is impossible.2)作宾语不定式做及物动词的宾语。
非谓语讲义(含答案)
非谓语动词I. 非谓语动词的用法和要点：•非谓语动词的三种形式(不定式, 动名词和分词)、各种变化和否定式；•动词不定式和动名词的复合结构、疑问词加动词不定式、分词的独立结构复习要点：动词不定式( to do )：1.2.作用：1)作主语：To make him change his mind is not easy.2)作宾语：I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes.3)作宾语补足语：I asked him to repeat the question.4)作定语：He has something interesting to do5)作状语：He ran all the way in order to catch the bus.6)作表语：Her job is to teach kids.注意要点：II. 动名词：1. 形式：2作用；1)作主语：Helen's being late for school made me annoyed.2)作宾语：My sister practises playing the piano every day.3) 作定语：The sleeping car is quite comfortable.4) 作表语：His job is teaching English.注意要点：非谓语动词二III. 分词1形式：分词可分现在分词和过去分词，但按时间和语态又可分为以下五种，各表示不同的意思：2. 作用：1)作定语：The lady carrying a suitcase is Ms Wang.2)作状语；时间状语, 原因状语,条件状语,伴随状语3)作表语：The story is touching.The window is broken.4)作宾语补足语：I found a man sitting in his car.He had the car mended.注意要点：对下列句子做相应的转变：The –ing Participle as Adverbial1.Hearing the good news, we were very glad. (time )e.g. After we heard the good news, we were very glad.2.Being a child, he could not understand it.(reason)As he was a child, he…3.Not knowing that a storm was coming, I went out.(reason)As I did not know that a storm was coming, I…4.Working hard, you will succeed.(condition)If you work hard, …5.He stood there, reading the wall-newspaper. ( accompaniment)He stood there and read the wall-newspaper.--ed participlepared with John’s, your composition this time is not so good.( reason)If your composition is compared with John’s, yours this time is not so good.7.Given time, I’ll revise it and have it typed.( time, condition)If I am given time, I’ll…8.Badly polluted, the water can not be drunk.( reason)As the water is badly polluted, it can not be drunk.9.They looked at each other, troubled. ( accompaniment)They looked at each other and they are troubled.10.As he was an old friend of mine, he told me his own experience in English studies.Being an old friend of mine, …11.If you turn right at the traffic lights, you will see the tall building.Turning right at the traffic lights, you…12.A car accident happened yesterday evening and killed three people.…, killing three people.13.When I opened the door, I saw nobody in the room.Opening the door, I saw nobody….14.Since he does not know how to say it, he made a terrible mistake.Not knowing how to sa y it, he…15.The old woman sat in an easy chair. She listened to the music.…, listening to the music.16.We take off our shoes and walk quietly along the passage.Taking off our shoes, we walk quietly along the passage.17. He is busy because he is preparing a speech.He is busy preparing a speech.18. The children came into the hall. They sang and danced.…, singing and dancing.19. He held the rope with one hand and helped the child with the other.Holding the rope with one hand, he helped the child with the other.20. When water is heated, it changes into steam.Heated, water changes into steam.21. As the child was treated in time, he was saved.Treated in time, the child was saved.22. If she is given time, she will be a good singer.Given time, she will be a good singer.23. When it is compared with what it was, it has improved greatly.Compared with what it was, it has improved greatly.24. As those soldiers were badly wounded, they were taken to the field-hospital.Badly wounded, those soldiers were taken to the field hospital.25. As they were tired out by a day’s hard work, they went to bed early.Tired out by a day’s hard work, hey went to bed early.26. When the balloon was blown away by the wind, it soon disappeared.Blown away by the wind, it soon disappeared.27. They came back and they were feeling excited.They came back, feeling excited/ excited.06高考试题1．______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. (06, 全国)A. SurprisingB. SurprisedC. Being surprisedD. To be surprising2. When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (06, 浙)A. comparedB. being comparedC. comparingD. having compared3. ______ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. (06, 福)A. BlamingB. BlamedC. To blameD. To be blamed4. There have been several new events _______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.( 06 北)A. addB. to addC. addingD. addedKey: B C B D✧现在分词和过去分词在形式上的区别✧现在分词和过去分词做表语的区别✧现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别✧现在分词和过去分词做宾补的的区别✧现在分词和过去分词做状语的区别固定形式课后测试题1、Finding her car stolen, ____A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policeman for help2、Though ____ money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lackedB. lacking ofC. lackingD. lacked in3、I really appreciate ____ to relax with you on this nice island.A. to have had timeB. having timeC. to have timeD. to having time4、Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.A. he’d like to collect coins as wellB. he feels like collecting coins, tooC. to collect coins is also his hobbyD. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure5、Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears ____ everything.A. to tell to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told。
非谓语动词使用讲义
1。 不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式:出乎意料的结果
I woke up in the morning, to find the outside world greatly changed.
Please lend me a pen to write th。
②be+adj.+to do
The question is not easy to answer。
不定式与疑问代词连用时
School uniforms are not cool enough, so students don’t know what to expect.
To save time is to lengthen life. (不定式短语作主语）
You should continue to learn as long as you live。 要活到老学到老。(不定式短语作宾语)
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings。 她晚上经常有很多会要开。（不定式短语作定语)
There be结构中不定式修饰主语时，主动式和被动式皆可。
如果不定式有逻辑主语，只用主动式.
There is nothing for me to do today。
4。只接不定式作宾语的动词：hope,want，offer，long，fail，expect,wish，ask,decide，pretend,manage，agree,afford，determine，promise，happen
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
[思维导图]2.非谓语动词首先是一种动词形式，其次这种动词形式不能做谓语。
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其他所有成分都可以做。
3.非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般式句子的主语。
4．（1）若提示词为动词，句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，就该填谓语动词，此时要考虑时态、语态和主谓一致，有时还需考虑虚拟语气。
（2）若提示词为动词，句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，就该填非谓语动词，就要确定是v.－ing形式，v.－ed形式，还是不定式。
一般来说，v.－ing 形式表示主动、进行；v.－ed形式表示被动、完成；不定式表示尚未发生的动作。
命题点一动词不定式不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to＋动词原形”。
不定式可以加宾语或状语构成不定式短语，它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。
(一)不定式的用法1．作主语(1)不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.戒烟是正确的。
(2)在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb. to do sth.”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind, nice, foolish等词，且sb.与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
2．作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：我们一致同意在校门口见面。
非谓语动词讲义
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的三种形式：动词不定式（to + V）；动名词（Ving）;分词（即：现在分词—ing分词和过去分词—ed分词）1.1 不定式的形式（以do为例）1.2Ving的形式（以do为例）注：--ing分词的形式与之相同1.3过去分词表示“完成和被动”，所以—ed分词没有一般式和完成式之分，和主动态和被动态之分。
1.4 –ing分词和—ed分词的区别–ing分词作定语时和所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或是表示正在进行；—ed分词而则表示被动和完成意义。
2.非谓语动词的应用范围3. 非谓语动词充当主语3.1 inf表示具体的某一次动作；Ving表示泛指。
4.非谓语动词充当宾语4.1 只能接不定式的词语（作宾语）：agree, ask, choose, decide, demand, except, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, promise, pretend，advise, refuse, persuade, count on, long for, wait for等4.2 只能接Ving的词语（作宾语）：admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, escape,deny, delay, resist, risk, mind, miss等4.3 跟两种不同形式表达不同意思的一些常见词4.4 省略不定式符号to的情况4.4.1.在情态成语之后（would rather; would sooner; would as soon;would just as soon; can’t help/choose but【不得不…】；had better等）4.4.2“使役动词+宾语”之后（let, make have）4.4.3.“感觉动词+宾语”之后（see , observe, notice, watch, look at;hear, listen to; feel）即“五看两听一感觉”4.4.4.在介词except/but之后它们之前有实意动词“do”的某种形式，其后不带“to”的定式，否则要带“to”的不定式。
非谓语动词----语法讲解(新)课件
(宾语)
I don’t know whether to accept the invitation or not.
如何解决这个问题很重要。
(主语)
How to solve the problem is very important.
我的问题是什么时候开始。
(表语)
My question is when to start.
He was made to do his work by me. See sb do sth --- sb be seen to do
He was seen ___ from the tree and get hurt. A.fall B. to fall C. falling D. fallen
to have been done
进行式
to be doing
无
完成进行式
to have been doing 无
.
15
(1).They pretended not to see us. (一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/发生在它之后.)
(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)
It takes sb +time to do.
.
5
巩固练习1
1.吸烟对你来说是不好的。
It is not good for you to smoke.
2.和你一起共进晚餐很愉快。
It is a pleasure to have dinner with you.
3.完成这项工程只花了二年时间。
It only took two years to complete the project.
非谓语讲义
非谓语动词讲义一、非谓语动词定义在英语中，不能作句子谓语，而是担任其他语法功能的动词，叫作非谓语动词。
二、非谓语动词形式及其功能非谓语动词有3种形式：动词不定式，动名词和分词（含现在分词和过去分词）。
三．根据语法功能看非谓语动词的用法（一）作主语懂一点英语是一回事，掌握英语完全是另一回事。
通常用it做形式主语1.It + be + adj. + to do It’s important for us to learn English.2.It + be + n. + to do It’s a shame to behave like that.3.It + v. + (宾语) + to do It takes an exceptional teacher to cope with a student like that.4.It + be + prep. phr. + to do It is not within my power to answer the question.通常用it做形式主语1.It’s +adj. +doing It’s useless arguing about that.2.It’s + n. + doing It’s no use/no good arguing about that.3.There is后有时可以跟动名词做主语There is no denying that he is bad-tempered.动名词：表示客观性、一般性行为不定式：表示一次性、具体性行为（见ppt）（二）作宾语决心学会想希望，decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish,拒绝设法愿假装。
refuse, manage, care, pretend主动应答选计划，offer, promise, choose, plan同意请求帮一帮。
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易思教育学科教师辅导讲义（第讲）学生姓名：2.There is nothing more I can try ______ you to stay, so I wish you good luck. (2007年高考第35题)DA. being persuadedB. persuadingC. to be persuadedD. to persuade4）作宾语补足语It is an interesting study and can help you avoid difficulty in communication.这是很有趣的研究，它能帮助你避免交际中遇到的困境。
We saw her enter a restaurant. 我们看见她走进一家餐馆。
I want you to come to my birthday party. 我要你来参加我的生日聚会。
注意：某些动词（大都是感官动词）接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，通常不带to，但是当其用于被动语态时to还原。
下面的口诀可以帮助大家记住这些动词：“四看（see, watch, notice, observe）三使役（let, have, make）二听（hear, listen to）一感觉（feel）。
”能够接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有很多，常见的有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn。
【透视高考题】1.Energy drinks are not allowed ________in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.(2006高考第33题) BA. to makeB. to be madeC. to have been madeD. to be making2. The mother felt herself ________cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield. (2006高考第36题) AA .grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown3.If there is a lot of work______ ,I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished.( 2008高考第33题) AA. to doB. to be doing C done D doing5）作定语Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know? 你想结交更多的朋友但与陌生人交流感到信心不足吗？注意：某些不及物动词作定语时需要加上一个介词，即构成“不定式＋介词”结构，这个介词是不可省略的。
例如：Give me a pen to write with. 给我一支笔写字。
另外，还有一种“介词＋which＋不定式”的结构也可以作定语。
例如：The young couple needs a lot of money with which to buy a new house. 这对年轻夫妇需要一大笔钱，用来买房子。
不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：1）动宾关系：He has a lot of meeting to attend .Please lend me something to write with .He is looking for a room to live in .I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .There is no time to think ( about ) .2）主谓关系：She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . (逻辑主语是I )---Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now (逻辑主语不是I )【透视高考题】This company was the first ________ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. (2005 上海春)A. producingB. to produceC. having producedD. produced简析：考查不定式作定语。
在first, last等词后，要用不定式作定语。
故B正确。
6）作状语Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。
I am very happy to meet you. 我很高兴见到您。
注意：①有的语法学家将形容词后的不定式归到宾语。
这类形容词有：able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。
②在强调目的状语时，不定式前可加上in order或so as，即通常我们所说的“in order to/so as to”词组。
有时候为了突出强调目的时，还可将这个词组置于句首，但so as to较少用于句首。
③在so… as to, enough to, only to, too…to等结构中，不定式表示结果。
例如：Will you be so kind as to open the window? 劳驾您打开窗户好吗？He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off. 他到达机场（结果）却发现飞机已经起飞了。
【透视高考题】It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars.A. hadB. havingC. to haveD. have (2005 高考第35题)简析：考查不定式作目的状语。
运动爱好者在运动场外等三个小时的目的是为了看体育明星。
故选C。
3. 不定式的否定结构不定式的否定结构由“not＋不定式”构成，简言之，to前加not。
例如：She finally decided not to marry him. 她最终决定不嫁给他。
4. “疑问词＋不定式”结构疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加上不定式可构成一种特殊的结构，它的作用相当于一个名词性从句。
同样一句话，英语里可用从句和不定式结构来表达，意思没有区别。
试比较：我不知道该怎么办。
I don’t know what I should do. (宾语从句，较正式)I have no idea (of ) what I should do. (同位语从句，较正式)I don’t know what to do. (疑问词＋不定式结构作宾语，简洁，较口语化)I have no idea (of ) what to do. (疑问词＋不定式结构作同位语，简洁，较口语化)注意：在Why (not) do sth.? 这个句式里，不定式不带to，例如：Why not try again? 为什么不再试试？5. 不定式的时态与语态形式所谓不定式的时态和语态形式是指不定式有完成式、进行式和被动式。
例如：I am very happy to have met your mother. 见到了你的母亲我非常高兴。
（表明已经见到）Her English seems to be improving. 她的英语似乎在长进。
This book is said to have been translated into Chinese. 据说这本书已译成了中文。
（完成式和被动式）【透视高考题】The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (2004年高考)A. causingB. being causedC. to be causedD. to have caused简析：考查不定式被动式。
这是个被动语态句型：Sb./Sth. is believed to do/be done/doing/haven done/have been done，根据句意，应该用被动式，故选C。
二、动名词1. 动名词的构成与特征动名词是由“动词原形＋ing”构成，与现在分词的构成完全相同。
顾名思义，动名词既具有动词的特征，又具有名词的特征。
所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语，名词特征是指动名词可以像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。
例如：Would you mind my closing the window? 我关上窗户你会介意吗？（有宾语the window）2. 动名词的功能与用法1）作主语Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶打翻了，哭也无益。
注意：当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语，通常用在It is no use/ no good/a waste of time/ a great fun+doing…这些句子结构中。
【透视高考题】Eu gene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use________ with him. (2006年高考第31题)BA.to argue B arguing C argued D having argued2）作表语（表示主语所具有的特征）The situation is encouraging. 情况挺振奋人心的。