early and medieval literature
(完整word版)英国文学史习题全集(含答案)
(完整word 版)英国文学史习题全集(含答案)3Part One Early and Medieval English LiteratureⅠ. Fill in the blanks.1. In 1066, ____， with his Norman army, succeeded ininvading and defeating England 。
A. William the ConquerorB. Julius Caesar C 。
Alfred the Great D. Claudius2。
In the 14th century ， the most important writer (poet)is ____ .A. LanglandB. Wycliffe C 。
Gower D. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is____。
A. novel B 。
drama C. romance D. essay 4。
The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurianromances 。
A 。
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. BeowulfC 。
Piers the PlowmanD 。
TheCanterbury Tales5。
William Langland’s ____ is written in the form of adream vision 。
A 。
Kubla KhanB 。
Piers the PlowmanC 。
The Dream of John Bull D. Morte d'Arthur1—5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB6. After the Norman Conquest ， three languages existedin England at that time 。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史笔记一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）.Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）.Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语).最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar.2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人).3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350).中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion;2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France;(2).Matter of Greece and Rome;(3).Matter of Britain.nguage: 3 language.文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。
乔叟):Chaucer's works:(1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集);(2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）；(3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇);(4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂);(5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议);(6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）.Chaucer's contribution to the English language:(1). The " father of English poetry";(2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse;(3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)";(4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language;(5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language.Chaucer's social significance:(1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life;(2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses.2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero）3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various Englishand Scottish dialects.---- Robin Hood (罗宾汉), who is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate(深情的).二、文艺复兴时期文学: The English Renaissance（15世纪后期-17世纪初）文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义.几个过渡时期：1. The Hundred Year's War: 1337--1453;2. The wars of the Rose(玫瑰战争/蔷薇战争): 源于两个皇族所选的家微。
英美文学考试题
英美文学考试题英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English LiteratureReference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they had upon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satirically portrayed? How?3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet: 1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness? 2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love? What is peculiar of this love poem?3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences 1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of thecentury?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words.Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically,economically and ideologically? 3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110)1. What is the theme of the poem?2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences. Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)英国文学习题与练习Week 2 Early and Medieval English Literature Reference Questions:1. Who were the earliest settlers of Britton/England? What do you know about them (home, language, belief, life style)?2. What are the 3 conquests? What effects they hadupon the nation?3. Ideologically what is the most significant change in people’s spiritual life?4. How was the nation developed politically or what changes were there in the form of the social structure?5. In terms of literature, what influence had the French upon England?6. How many languages were spoken during the French reign? How do you understand modern English as a language?7. What was the essence of Christian doctrine preached at the time? Was there any ignoble reason behind it?8. Why was the Middle Ages known as the Dark Ages?9. What was the form of literature at the time? What features does it have? 10. What are the 3 periods/stages of Chaucer’s literary career?11. In what way do we call Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales the first work of English literature?Text study: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (6-7)1. What is image of the nun?2. Is she favorably and admirably or satiricallyportrayed? How? 3. What figures of speech are used? Week 3 Renaissance (1)Reference questions:1. What is Renaissance? How and why did it come about?2. What is the development of drama? What were the original forms and content and practice of drama?3. Why did drama flourish in Elizabethan age? Who are the major playwrights of the time?4. Who is Marlowe? What contributions did he make to English drama?5. Who is Shakespeare? What famous and great plays (history, comedy, tragedy)? What features?6. What did Ben Jonson write about? What representative work?7. Prepare the excerpt from Hamlet (31-32). What is it mainly about? What humanist idea can you find in the soliloquy?8. What was the most important translation of the time?Week 4 Renaissance (2)Reference questions on Shakespeare and Hamlet:1. Why is Shakespeare an eternal subject of study? Where lies his greatness?2. What are the themes of Hamlet?3. What is the significance of Hamlet as a character?4. What is blank verse?5. What is soliloquy?Text study Hamlet’s soliloquy “To be or not to be” (31-32)1. What is the main idea of Hamlet’s soliloquy? Summarize in one or two sentences the main idea of the soliloquy?2. How does the soliloquy reflect the spirit of the time or the idea of humanism?3. How do you analyze Hamlet’s argument in terms of structure?Week 5 Renaissance (3)Questions for Renaissance poetry and prose:1. Who was thought to be the greatest English poet since Chaucer? What is his representative work? What are the features of this poem?2. What new forms (rhyme—blank verse, stanza--sonnet) of poetry were introduced into England? By whom?3. Who were the famous sonneteers of the time?4. How do you tell an Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet from an English (a Shakespearean) one?5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write? What are the major subjects?6. Who were the two major prose writers? What is Utopia? Where do you think More possibly got the idea or was it all his own invention? How do you interpret the title of the book?7. What contribution did Bacon make to the English system of thinking and learning?8. What’s the purpose of his Essays?9. Based on your reading of his work, give your personal impression of/comment onhis Essays?10. The English Renaissance period is known for its translations. What are the most important translations of this age?Text studyQuestions on Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (58): 1. What is the English sonnet form? Study the metrical and rhyme scheme as well as the structure?2. What’s the main idea? Is it really about love?What is peculiar of this love poem? 3. What figures of speech are used?Questions on “Of Studies” by F. Bacon (52-53):1. How do you define the style?2. Study the essay by comparing the English version with the translation of Mr Wang. How do you like the Chinese version?3. Paraphrase and comment on sentences1-6, 10-12.Week 6 Revolution and RestorationReference questions:1. What was the most important social event during the mid-17th century?2. What were the two most popular forms of lyric?3. Why is Milton the greatest poet of the period? What is the significance of Paradise Lost?Text study: Paradise Lost by John Milton (67-68)1. What is the historical background of the work?2. As a transitional writer, how does Milton combine his humanistic ideas with his Puritan ideas?3. What is the image and the significance of Satanin the two extracts? 4. What philosophy can we get from the text?Week 7 18th century Enlightenment(1)Questions:1. What was the most important intellectual event of the time?2. The 18th century is called an age of the bourgeoisie. Why? And what effect it had on literature of the century?3. Why did English novel appear in this century?4. What are the major forms of literature?5. What have neo-classicism and realism got to do with the Enlightenment Movement?6. Why did literature of Sentimentality and Gothicism come into being in the latter part of the century?Text study: J. Swift’s “A Modest Proposal”(81-89) 1. How do you describe the narrator’s tone?2. What or who are the targets of Swift’s mockery?3. Is the proposal modest? Prove your point.Week 8 18th century Enlightenment(2)Text study:An Essay on Man by A. Pope (89-90) 1. What is heroic couplet? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What are the themes of the two extracts?4. Paraphrase the texts or tell in brief your interpretation.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” by Thomas Gray (91-92) 1. What do you know of the Graveyard poetry? 2. What is the poetic pattern?3. What is the predominant mood?4. What is the theme ?5. Summarize each stanza in your own words. Week 9 19th-century Romanticism (1)Questions:1. How is the period defined in time?2. What was the historical background, politically, economically and ideologically?3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time?4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the 18th century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.?Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme?2. What is the predominant image?3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry?4. What is the poetic pattern?5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.Week 10 19th-century Romanticism (2)Text study:“The World Is Too Much with Us” by Wordsworth (116-7) 1. What is the theme, the meaning, of the first line? 2. What romantic ideas does it advocate? 3. What type of sonnet form it is?4. What romantic spirit does it represent?5. Paraphrase the poem in your own words.“Ode on a Grecian Urn” by John Keats (109-110) 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. What is the rhyme scheme?3. What romantic feature does the poem reflect?4. Summarize each stanza in one or two sentences.Week 11 Victorian Literature (1)Questions:1. What is the historical background politically, economically and ideologically?2. What is the predominant form of literature during this period?3. Who are the representative writers? And what was the literary tendency?4. What changes came about towards the end of the century?Week 12-13 Victorian Literature (2)(3)。
大学英语英国文学选读
Preface (The Development of British Literature)1. Early and Medieval Literature (5th century-1485)2. The Period of English Renaissance (the end of 15th century-the beginning of 17th century)3. 17th Century Literature4. The Period of Enlightenment (the end of 17th century-the middle of 18th century)5. English Romanticism (1798-1832)6. The Age of Realism (1830s-1918)7. The Age of Modernism (1918-1945)8. Contemporary British Literature (1945- )Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400)Lived in the 14th centuryThe greatest writer in this century and the 14th century is usually known as “The Age of Chaucer”Was acclaimed as “father of English poetry”◆Literary Career1. From 1360 to 1372 (French period)Translations: The Romance of the Rose2. From 1373 to 1386 (Italian period)Major works: 1380 The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》1384 The House of Fame《声誉之堂》1385 Troilus and Criseyde《特洛勒斯与克丽西德》1386 The Book of the Duchess《公爵夫人之书》The Legend of Good Women3. From 1387 to 1400 (English period)Masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales1700lines—about half of Chaucer’s entire literary productionThe whole poem is a collection of tales and stories strung together according to a simple plan, which shows the influence of Boccaccio’s Decameron.◆The PrologueThe Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. We see the whole cavalcade, as it rides out on a fine spring morning.The pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups, with various interests, tastes and predilections. (preference)◆CommentsChaucer makes English the language of literature. The language he used, known as Middle English now, is vivid and smooth.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry i s that he greatly enriched the rhyme schemes by introducing from France the rhymed stanzas of various types.◆TermsIambic Pentameter:五音步抑扬格It refers to a poetic line consisting of metrical foot in poetry consisting of one short or unstressed syllable followed by one long or stressed syllable.Heroic Couplet:英雄双韵体It refers to a pair of rhymed iambic pentameter lines. A stanza composed of two heroic couplets is called a heroic quatrain.Alliteration:头韵It refers to the repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants or consonant clusters, in a group of words. Sometimes, the term is limited to the repetition of initial consonant sounds.Unit 2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)William Shakespeare is the most popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature. Comedy Tragedy Historical Play38/39 plays; 154 sonnets; 2 narrative poemsTwo tragedies:Romeo and Juliet；The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 《凯撒大帝》Great tragedies: Hamlet, Prince of DenmarkThe two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece were respectively published in 1593 and 1594.His Sonnets were published in 1609. They are divided into two groups. One is about the conflicted lover for a young man of superior beauty and the other about the uncontrollable love for a mysterious “dark lady” of irresistible beauty.◆HamletHamlet is considered to be the summit of Shakespeare’s art.Hamlet i s the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. Major Characters:Hamlet, the Ghost, Claudius, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Polonius, Ophelia, Laertes◆Some of the Problems Troubling Hamlet1. His father was murdered by his uncle who has become the king of Denmark.2. His mother was married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3. The Ghost of his father urged him to seek revenge for his murder, but Hamlet was not quite sure that the ghost was h is father’s spirit, for he feared it might have been a devil sent to torment him.4. His former friends Rosencrantz & Guildenstern were dispatched by the king to spy on him (A betrayal of friendship! As a humanist he attached great importance to friendship).5. His girl friend Ophelia was sent as a tool to find out whether or not he was really mad (A betrayal of love!).◆What do you learn about Hamlet’s mental conflict and character through this soliloquy独白? Further AnalysisIn this soliloquy, Hamlet is detached, reflective, analytic and moral. His thoughts were philosophical rather than practical; his concerns were on the nature of things rather than any specific plans for actions; his feelings were of a deep sorrow over the injustice and vanity, “a sea of troubles” which brought pains into human life. His melancholy and procrastination are also revealed. Here he is pondering on the question of life and death.He is thinking of committing suicide. But he hesitates for he doubts whether death can give him rest and peace. Besides, he is not sure whether the world of death would be better than this one. He gives the reasons why he wants to commit suicide.Apart from his personal revenge (He hasn’t mentioned it in this soliloquy), he cannot bear the social injustices and grievances. He is conscious of his own weakness of thinking too much which makes him dilatory, allowing many opportunities to slip away.◆SonnetA fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.It includes three Quatrains and a concluding Couplet, with rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.Each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final comment.Unit 3 Francis Bacon (1561-1626)◆Literary CareerBacon’s works ma y be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.1. Philosophical works:1605 The Advancement of Learning (in English)1620 Novum Organum (in Latin)2. Literary works:1597-1625 Essays(Of Truth, Of Death, Of Revenge, Of Friendship)3. Professional works:1630 Maxims of the Law1642 Reading on the Statue of Uses◆Of Studies“Of Studies” is the one of the shortest, but probably the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays.1. It analyzes the major functions of studies and the different ways of pursuing studies by different people.2. It probes into the effects studies have upon human character.3. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, the essay best reveals Bacon’s mature attitude towards learning.The essay starts with the general use and benefits of studies, namely, delight, ornament and ability.Then it goes on to relate studies to experience and reveals the mutual-promoting relation between them.Bacon also points out that studies need to be treated properly and conducted in right ways.By doing it right, he reckons, our characters shall be improved in different aspects.The whole essay seems to be a manifesto of the Renaissance and a declaration of the beginning of the coming Age of Reason.◆CommentsBacon was a representative of the Renaissance in England.He was a prominent philosopher and scientist as well as an essayist.He contributed to the foundation of modern science with his scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for knowledge.Although he wrote much in Latin, he was capable of varied and beautiful styles in English and there is a peculiar magnificence and picturesque-ness in much of his writing.Many of his sentences in Essays have assumed almost the character of proverbs.His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has become a landmark in the development of English prose.Unit 7 Jane Austen (1775-1817)◆Main works:《理智与情感》（Sense and Sensibility，1811)《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice，1813)《曼斯菲尔德庄园》（Mansfield Park，1814)《爱玛》（Emma，1816)《诺桑觉寺》（Northanger Abby，1818)《劝导》（Persuasion，1818)◆Pride and PrejudiceThe whole story portrays life in the genteel rural society of the day, and focuses on the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and the haughty Darcy. Their relationship begins with the initial misunderstandings and ends with their mutual enlightenment. Finally they learn that their first impressions, based on pride and prejudice, were incorrect.◆Major Characters:Mr. Bennet＋Mrs. Bennet五个女儿：Jane（Mr. Bingley）; Elizabeth（Mr. Darcy）; Mary; Kitty; Lydia（Mr. Wickham）Lady Catherine（Mr. Darcy的姨妈）Charlotte（Elizabeth最好的朋友，和Mr. Collins结婚）◆人物分析Mr. BennettHe is a queer, sarcastic man.Being the father of 5 daughters, he is destined the responsibility for the future of them. But when a prospective catch comes, he keeps reserved and calm; he even teases his wife inconsiderately when she urges him to visit the new comer.This and his other oddities can only be accounted for that Mr. Bennett is regretful for his own marriage and thus becomes hesitant about his daughters. But he is now at a loss to help it, since there is such a gossipy and garrulous（唠叨，爱管闲事的）wife in the house. That is why he rarely talks to his wife as an equal and prefers to have the privacy of his library, his country and his self-entertaining irony.After all, he is a lively character.Mrs. BennettShe fails by all relevant criteria.empty-headed, snobbish, inconsiderate, ill-mannered, vulgar, foolish…She has no feminine charm.As a parent, she is partly responsible for the superficial characters of her 3 younger daughters. Lydia is clearly in her mother’s mold.She thinks of marriage mainly as a means of social and economic advancement.JaneThe eldest of the Bennett girls has two distinguishing characteristics: she is very beautiful, and she is very unperceptive, or, she is so pure of heart and mind that she will go to any length not to believe evil of any one.On the most superficial level, the plot is the story of the romance of Jane and Bingley; but actually their story provides only the occasion for the real interest of the novel.Jane and Bingley exhibit neither pride nor prejudice. The themes of social status arise only indirectly in their case. Choice for them is never problematic. Their function rather is to show how people can suffer from the pride and prejudice.◆CharacterizationWhich of these methods does Jane Austen employ? Cite examples to illustrate your choices.1. Physical description of a character by the author;2. A description of another character;3. The use of dialogue or conversation;4. An explanation of a character’s inner thoughts;5. The behavior or actions of a character;6. The reactions of a character to another character or to a situation◆Theme: Love and MarriageIn this novel, Austen provides 4 different marriages. They are utilitarian marriage, sex-oriented marriage, moral marriage and perfect marriage.It is analyzed that one’s character reflects his/her marriage and attitudes towards love and social mores are reflected in their marriage’s formation.The conditions for love and marriage: material wealth and social position; beauty and passion; true love with consideration of the partner’s personal virtue as well as his economic and social status.It is wrong to marry just for money, or beauty; it is also wrong to marry without it.Elizabeth thinks she is happier than Jane.◆Writing StyleIn style, Austen is a classicism advocate, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, and gracefulness in novel writing. She writes within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting and plot are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Irony（反讽）A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”In this statement, Austen cleverly illustrates 3 points: she declares that the main subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage; she has established the humorous tone of the novel by taking a simple subject to elaborate and to speak intelligently of; she has prepared the reader for a chase in the novel of either a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband.The first line also defines Jane’s book as a piece of literature that connects itself to the 18th century period, in which, the emphasis on man in social environment was important, and the use of satire and wit was a common form of the 18th century literature.Unit 8 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)◆Ode (颂)1. It refers to a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.2. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.◆Ode to the West Wind1. Talking about the poem, Shelley says that it was his emotional response to a strong hailstorm in which he happened to be swallowed one autumn evening in 1819 on the Arno near Florence.2. Shelley sees, in the storm of the natural world, an apt metaphor for the storm of revolution in the human world. The poet had been feeling depressed at the triumph of the reactionary Holy Alliance over Napoleon and the French Revolution and was emphatic in his forecast that the storm of revolution would make a powerful comeback yet.◆The Form1. This ode contains five 14-lined stanzas of iambic pentameter, each containing four tercets and a closing couplet.2. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme first used by Dante in his well-known The Divine Comedy.3.In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza.4. Thus, each of the five stanzas follows the rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee.5. Function: This linked chain gives a feeling of onward motion and the verse has a breathless quality which is in keeping with the onward motion of the wind’s movement.Ⅰ哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍，（唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。
英国文学简史Part 1 Early and Medieval English Literature
Part on: Early and medieval english literature早期和中古时期的英国文学I.Beowulf <贝奥武夫>Features of Beowulf<贝奥武夫>的特点(1)Certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.,每一行的重读单词以相同的辅音开始。
(2)Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.《贝奥武夫》的另一些特点是隐喻和低调陈述的大量运用。
II The Romance(1)The Content of the Romance传奇文学的内容The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes n verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight.封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。
传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。
传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。
(2)The Romance Cycles传奇文学的类型a.Matters of Britain(adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table)“取材于英国的作品”（亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）b.Matters of France(Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“取材于法国作品”（查理曼大帝和他的贵族）c.Matters of Rome(Alexander the Great and so forth)“取材于罗马的作品”（亚历山大大帝）d.The romance of King Arthur is comparatively the most important for the history of English literature.比较起来亚瑟王的传奇故事是英国文学史中最重要的。
英国文学作品名字名词解释
Part One: Early and Medieval English LiteratureWhat’s epic?Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.The significance of Beowulf:It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism）(Boccacio 薄伽丘The Decameron十日谈)The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time.2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.3.Chaucer‟s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.4.Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language.Heroic couplet英雄双行体Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-1642)Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and V enice.HumanismAccording to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bo ndage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits（大学才子派）.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616“He was not of an age, but for all time.”Shakespeare’s achievements:1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations ofthe people.2.Shakespeare‟s humanism3.Sh akespeare‟s characterization4.Shakespeare‟s originality5.Shakespeare as a great poet6.Shakespeare as master of the English languageHamlet as a Character(Hamlet‟s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)Soliloquy（自言自语，独白）is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author‟s. SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic（长短格，抑扬格，抑扬格诗）pentameter（五步格诗）with various rhyming schemes.Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家(the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man‟s Self）Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.Language Appreciation:Parallel structure; succinct（简明的）expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction（发音）; good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasiv e writing without “we”, “I”.Conceit(高傲，骄傲自大)Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant（奢侈的，夸张的）. The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader‟s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul‟s Cathedral.)John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L…Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.John Bunyan班扬1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense. The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic（迂腐的）and satirical.3.As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred; the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.4.It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in greatcities.5.It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.28、Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world，a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。
英国文学史及选读复习总汇
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。
最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。
到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。
这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。
2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。
文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。
在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。
中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。
英国文学史大纲
A Brief Outline of British Literature（英国文学概要）I. The early and Medieval literature（早期和中世纪文学）1. Beowulf （贝奥武夫，有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales。
（杰弗里乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集）II. The English Renaissance (1485-1603) （英国文艺复兴时期）1. Edmund Spence r’s The Shepherd's Calendar and Faerie Queen（埃德蒙斯宾塞的牧羊人日记和精灵女王）2. Francis Bacon’s Essays（弗朗西斯培根的散文）3. William Shakespeare’s dramas（威廉莎士比亚的戏剧）III. The 17th century (1603-1660)1. The English Revolution （英国革命）2. John Milton’s Paradise Lost（弥尔顿的失乐园）3. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress（约翰班扬的天路历程）IV. The Restoration and the 18th Century (1660-1798) （复辟与十八世纪）1. enlightenment （启蒙运动）2. neo-classicism:（新古典主义）a. John Dryden’s dramas（约翰德来端的戏剧）b. Ale xander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock （亚历山大蒲柏的夺发记）c. Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's essays（理查德斯蒂尔和约瑟夫艾迪生的散文）d. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary（赛缪尔约翰逊的词典）3. rise of the novel writing:（小说创作的兴起）a. Daniel DeFoe’s Robinson Crusoe（丹尼尔笛福的鲁滨逊漂流记）b. Janathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels（贾纳森斯威夫特的格列佛游记）V. The Age of Romanticism (1798-1830)（浪漫主义时代）1. Pre-Romanticism : （前浪漫主义）a. William Blake （威廉布雷克英国诗人和画家）b. Robert Burn （罗伯特彭斯）c. William Wordsworth（威廉华兹华斯英国诗人）2. Romanticism （浪漫主义）a. P. B. Shelley （Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西比西雪莱）b. G. G. Byron（George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦）c. J. Keats（John Keats 约翰济慈）3. Jane Austen’s novels（简奥斯丁小说）VI. The Victorian Age (1832-1901)（维多利亚时代）1. industrial revolution （工业革命）2. realism （现实主义）a. Charles Dickens （查尔斯狄更斯英国作家）b. Thomas Hardy（托马斯哈代英国小说家）c. Bronte sisters（勃朗特三姐妹）d. George Eliot（乔治艾略特）3. aestheticism: Oscar Wilde （唯美主义，奥斯卡王尔德）VII. The 20th century (1901-)1. two world wars（两次世界大战）2. modernism（现代主义）3. psychological fiction and stream of consciousness (心理小说与意识流)a. D. H. Lawrence （David Herbert Lawrence大卫赫伯特劳伦斯）b. James Joyce（詹姆斯乔伊斯）c. Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚伍尔夫）4. Poetry（诗歌）Definition of Literature ：Literature refers to All written or spoken compositions ( discourses) designed to tell stories, dramatize situations and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also more importantly, to interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden and ennoble readers. （文学的定义：文学是所有口头或书面的成分设计讲故事，戏剧化情况，揭示思想和情感，而且更重要的是，兴趣，娱乐，刺激，拓宽和授予爵位的读者。
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The term epic is often applied by extension to narratives which manifest the epic spirit and grandeur in the scale, the scope, and the profound human importance of their subjects. Examples: Herman Melville's Moby Dick; Tolstoy's War and Peace; Joyce's Ulysses The Marxist critic George Lukacs used the term bourgeois epic for all novels, which reflect the social reality of their capitalist age on a broad scale. He said:" The novel is the epic of a world that has been abandoned by God."
What is Literature?
20th century French philosopher Gill Deleuze (1925-1995) defined literature as the passage of life within language that constitutes ideas. 20世纪法国著名哲学家吉尔德勒兹认为文 学是生命构成思想时在语言内部的旅行. Profound thoughts reside in great works. Literature keeps language alive as our collective heritage.
Feudalism
The feudal system
Essentially, feudal society consisted of only two classes, the people and the nobility
Fቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱudal England
Introduction to the Periods of English Literature
Old English Period/ Anglo-Saxon period (4491066) epic Middle English Period (1066—1485) romance The Renaissance Period (1500---1660) drama The Neoclassical Period (1660---1785) essay The Romantic Period (1789---1832) Poetry
Beowulf
The earliest of the folk epics is the English Beowulf, which may have been based upon the exploits of a sixth-century Scandinavian warrior.
epic
Beowulf
Beowulf is the most monumental work in the Old English period. It is an epic poem of 3183 lines of alliterative verse , centering on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure Beowulf, including his adventures with Grendel and his mother in Denmark and with the dragon in the land of Geats.
Literature in the AngloNorman Period(1066-1485)
Feudalism originated in the human need to band together for mutual protection in a lawless and chaotic age. Inhabitants of a particular region placed themselves under the protection of the most powerful local lord and in return for his military protection pledged certain services.
Language and poetic form of Beowulf
It was written in Old English which is a language of strong stresses and many consonants. It is highly inflectional, rich in synonyms and compound words. Each line contains 4 stresses, with a pause between the 2nd and the 3rd , thus dividing the line into two parts.
Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur. They summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant period of its history. Examples include the ancient Greek epics by the poet Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Divine Comedy by the Italian poet Dante expresses the faith of medieval Christianity. The Faerie Queen by the English poet Edmund Spenser represents the spirit of the Renaissance in England and Paradise Lost by John Milton which represents the ideals of Christian humanism.
Epic is a long narrative poem on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, centering on a heroic or quasi-divine figure, on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation or even the whole human race. It is usually highly stylized, formal and ceremonial. The epic was ranked by Aristotle as secondary only to tragedy and by many Renaissance critics as the highest of all genres.
Stylistic devices
alliteration Frequent use of compound words as metaphors :Swan-road, whale-path, sealbath=sea; Wave traveler=ship; Ringgiver=king; Shield-bearer=soldier Understatement: not troublesome =very welcome
Historical Background: the making of the nation the English
The original Celts Angles, Saxons and Jutes Danes Normans
Literature in the AngloSaxon Period (449-1066)
The Victorian Period (1832---1901) Novel The Edwardian Period (1901----1914) Modern period 1914— The Georgian Period (1910---1936) Postmodern period 1945—
Features of an epic
The hero is a figure of great national or even cosmic importance. The setting of the poem is ample in scale, maybe worldwide, or even larger. Frye argues the point about epic is its encyclopaedic scope and its cyclic structure. The action involves superhuman deeds in battle or a long arduous and dangerous journey intrepidly accomplished. In these great actions the gods and other supernatural beings take an interest or an active part.