Lecture 5
《高级职业英语》--Lecture 5 推荐信、解职函与证明
Sample analysis
Sample1 _Employment To Whom It May Concern: recommendations This letter is from Mr. Douglas. Until just recently, I have been Cathy's
performance
Why a letter of recommendation is needed?
It is critical to obtain strong letters of recommendation for any application process since they…… --offer concrete, credible, and readily available evidence of past accomplishments and abilities --create an unchanging assessment --save future employers the effort of interviewing your former supervisor
Guidelines for writing recommendations.
A sense that your credentials are meaningful and therefore what you say in your letter is worth listening to
A sense that you know the candidate well enough to form sound judgments
Give basic Information about the applicant and describe the relationship with the applicant.
lecture 5 汉英词语翻译
7). 昨天看电影我没有买到好票：
* I did not buy a good ticket for yesterday’s film. I did not buy a good seat for yesterday’s film.
8). 这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批人才
(batches of )。 * The national heavy university has sent/transported batches of qualified talents to the society. The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. 9). 他们省吃俭用，为的是攒钱买房子。 * They save food and expenses to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment. They live frugally/economically/thriftily to accumulate more funds to buy an apartment.
Appropriateness in word selection-ii
To choose word according to the collocation 2). 好： 好教徒 好父母 好儿女 好妻子 好丈夫 3). 水平： 英语水平 生活水平 游泳水平
2) good a faithful/devout/pious/sincere/ devoted Christian/believer a loving/caring parent an obedient/filial child a virtuous/devoted wife a dutiful/responsible husband 3) level English proficiency/ level living standard swimming skill
Lecture 5 Peking opera
Many foreign friends first learn about Chinese culture through the numerous Chinese restaurants found all over the world, and soon discern that China is a country with delicious cuisine (菜肴).The second impression of Chinese culture is often Peking Opera, whose masks are now almost emblematic (标志性的) of China. Many countries design posters using Peking Opera masks to signal a “Year of Chinese Culture”. To understand Chinese culture, therefore, some knowledge about Peking Opera is indeed indispensable. Peking Opera contains the soul of Chinese national culture. Its unique charm inspires deep feeling in Chinese people.History:Peking Opera has been an integral part of Chinese culture for over 200 years. Originating from humble beginning in east China's Anhui and Hubei provinces, it was brought to Beijing by the Qing Emperor Qianlong who, during his periodic inspections of the southern regions, discovered and fell in love with the vibrancy and life in the performances he witnessed there. As an 80th birthday gift to himself, he ordered local troupes to perform for him and had the Anhui and Hubei groups incorporated into the palace opera. In this way Peking Opera was born.parison: Eastern and Western DramaThe actors of Ballet just dance; the actors of modern drama just speak; the actors of opera just sing songs; while only Peking Opera actors perform all four elements as “sing, speak, act and fight(the last two are also considered as dance) on the stage.芭蕾，只舞不说；话剧，只说不唱；歌剧，只唱不舞，京剧逢动必舞，有声必歌II. Main Features of Peking OperaIII. BEAUTY in Peking Opera3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera Masks3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightIV. Mei Lanfang, Great Peking Opera ArtistV. How to appreciate Peking OperaI. Comparison: Eastern and Western DramaII. Main Features of Peking Opera1) Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art that aesthetically combines music, singing, dialogue, pantomime, acrobatics and martial arts. Hence an actor or actress in Beijing Opera has to meet more requirements than that in other forms of performing art. All of these skills are expected to be performed effortlessly, in keeping with the spirit of the art form.2）Symbolism prevails in Peking Opera. The stage of Peking Opera knows no limit in space or time. The set can accommodate anything. For example, an actor can practice the scene of galloping the horse simply by using a horsewhip without riding a real horse on stage. A bridge is made up of two chairs standing on each side of a table. Storms are realized by performers dancing with umbrellas.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. Thefollowing pictures can help us understand the virtual world on the stage.3）A highly stylized art.Peking Opera follows other traditional Chinese arts in emphasizing meaning, rather than accuracy. The highest aim of performers is to inject beauty into every motion. The most common stylization method in Peking Opera is roundness. Every motion and pose is carefully manipulated to avoid sharp angles and straight lines. A character looking upon an object above them will sweep his eyes in a circular motion from low to high before landing on the object. Similarly, a character will sweep his hand in an arc from left to right in order to indicate an object on the right.The performers primarily use pantomime to express feelings and tell stories. Stylized footwork, gestures, and various kinds of body movements portray and symbolize actions such as opening a door, climbing a hill, going upstairs, or rowing a boat.The elaborate and gorgeous facial make-up and costumes are two distinguished characteristics of Beijing Opera. The audience can know what kind of character the role is from the colors and patterns.Generally speaking, red faces have the positive meaning symbolizing the brave, upright and wise men. Another positive color is purple. Black faces usually have neutral meaning, representative the just men and uprightness. Blue and green also have neutral meanings that symbolize the hero from the bushes. Meanwhile, the yellow and white represent the crafty men with negative meaning. Performers have gold or silver facial make-up standing for the monsters or Gods. Good-nature people are usually painted with relatively simple colors while make-up of hostile and doubtful characters, such as bandits, robbers, rebels and alike, bear complex marks 3.1 The Delights of Peking Opera MasksFace painting: Vivid face makeup fascinates foreigners watching Peking Opera. Actually this face painting is not done for the sake of beauty but rather it portrays different characters. Red stands for loyalty and bravery, black represents powerful and wise people, yellow and white depict fierce and cunning characters, blue and green indicate very virile Robin Hood type of outlaws, while gold and silver indicates mysterious or super-natural presences.•The Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing” or “painted-face role” and the “chou” or “clown”, serve two pur poses.•One is to indicate identity and character of the role.•The other purpose is to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, or ridiculous, etc.3.2 Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and Fight。
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实验区（过渡区）：在缓冲区的周围划出一定 地段的保护区。可根据自然资源条件，开展科 学试验、教学实习、参观考察、驯养繁殖和多 种经济活动。
七、自然保护区的发展历史
世界的第一个自然保护区为1864年美国为保 护红杉树而在约西迈特山谷建立的自然保护区。 1872年美国建立了世界上第一个国家公园， 即黄石国家公园。 1879年，澳大利亚在悉尼附近建立了世界上 第二个国家公园。自此以后，尤其是本世纪三 十年代以后，世界各国都陆续开展建立自然保 护区的工作。
6 多种经营管理区（Multiple-use 多种经营管理区（Multiplemanagement areas）与自然资源保护区 areas）与自然资源保护区 （Resource reserve） reserve） 单项自然资源的保护地或储备地、禁猎 区等。目的是为资源持续利用创造条件。 具有相当大面积的区域，可以进行木材 生产、水资源利用、放牧、养殖等活动。 要计划经营，并进行一定的保护管理， 划分为多个小区，分别经营和管理。
我国自然保护区的发展历史 ---创建时期（1956-1965） ---创建时期（1956-1965）
1957年在福建建立了以保护中亚热带常绿阔 叶林为主的万木林自然保护区。 1958年在云南西双版纳建立了小勐养、勐后、 勐腊三个保护区，对热带雨林及珍稀动物亚 洲象、野牛、犀鸟等进行保护。 1961年，全国各地规划的自然保护区和禁猎 区有70多处，其中自然保护区级20处，面积 814万ha，约占我国国土面积的0.1％。 到1965年为止，我国正式建立的自然保护区 19处，面积为64.8874ha。
2 国家公园（National Parks） 国家公园（ Parks）
国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： 国家公园与其它保护区的区别主要有： （1）面积较大。 （2）区内具有一种或几种未被人类开发利用 的生态系及一些可供观赏的自然景观。 （3）在区域内严禁开发自然资源的大规模生 产性活动。 （4）可以参观访问。
Lecture--5--Word-Formation-《英语词汇学》第五章教案
Lecture 5讲授题目：Word Formation Ⅰ❖所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第3章❖计划学时：4 periods❖教学方法：传统讲授法❖参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》❖教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对英语的构词法有初步了解，尤其是产出新词最多的三种主要构词法：词缀法、复合法、转类法。
❖教学重点：1) Affixation;2) Compounding;3) Conversion.❖教学难点：The above-mentioned word-formations.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion.According to Pyles and Algeo (1982), words produced through affixation constitute 30% to 40% of the total number of new words; compounding yields 28% to 30% of all the new words; conversion gives us 26% of the new vocabulary. The rest of new words come form shortening including clipping andacronymy, amounting to 8% to 10%, together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.Talking about word-forming patterns means dealing with rules. But a rule of word-formation usually differs from a syntactic rule. Not all the words that are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. For example, the existence of the actual English words unclean, unwise, unfair does not ensure the acceptance of unsad, unexcellent.Therefore, rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For example, the Old English –th which is found in warmth, length, depth, width, derived from adjectives warm, long, deep, wide,but broad is no longer used to form new word broadth (※coolth)---(Quirk, et al 1985).By word-formation processes, we concentrate on productive or marginally productive rules. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.(在构词过程中，我们要注意到活跃性和边缘性问题。
科技英语交流(第2版)Lecture 5 How to write Methods
Basic components
Generalization or introduction Materials or subjects Methods or procedures Data analysis
The experimental apparatus for...is shown in Fig.2.
5.4.3 Typical expressions of equipment and apparatus
The experimental system was based on a ... A fine wire screen is installed at the ... Example: The experimental system was composed of
vehicles 3. Decoupling PF dynamic model
… 4. Case study
…
3. Organization-related data selection
3.1 Fixed and dynamic keywords sources
3.2 Known accounts sources 3.3 Org keyusers sources 3.4 Two-class SUM
5.3 Specific analyses: generalization and introduction
This part is a general introduction of the principal activity, sometimes presenting the purpose of the research. For example, “In this letter we present the first systematic study on the electrical and magnetic effects of hole compensation.” It also introduces some background information related to the methods or the author’s hypothesis to the research. Study the example on page 87-89.
lecture5
第五讲 载流子产生与复合（续）9月12，2001内容：1.热平衡之外的G&R率2.表面产生与复合阅读作业del Alamo Ch. 3，§§3.4 ,3.6主要问题●当载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值时，对产生和复合之间的平衡发生了什么影响？●对每个G&R机制是如何打乱的？●决定G&R率平衡的主要因素是什么？●如何能表征表面G&R？⒈ 平衡之外的G&R率●在热平衡时：●在热平衡之外（载流子浓度被扰动而偏离热平衡时的值）：如果,G R 载流子浓度随时间变化。
定义净复合率U 是十分有用的：U R G=−反映内部G&R 机制的平衡：如果0R G U >，净复合占优势如果0R G U <，净产生占优势如果几个机制同时作用，定义：i i iU R G =−而iU U =在热平衡之外的不同机制对G&R 率会发生什么影响？a ）能带到能带光学G&R●光产生率没有变化，因为键合数目没有变化：00rad rad rad G g r n p ==●如果电子和空穴浓度发生变化时，光复合率受到影响：rad rad R r np=●定义净复合率：()00rad rad rad rad U R G r np n p =−=− －如果00np n p >，0rad U >，净复合占优势－如果00np n p <，0rad U <，净产生占优势●注意：我们假定rad g 和rad r 与平衡时无变化b ） 俄歇G&R●包括热电子 ：eeh eeh G g n= 2eeh eeh R r n p=如果eeh g 和eeh r 间关系和TE 时无差别：()00eeh eeh eeh eeh U R G r n np n p =−=−●同样，包括热电子：()00ehh ehh U r p np n p =−●总的 俄歇 ：()()00Auger eeh ehh U r n r p np n p =+−c ） 与陷阱有关的热G&R在平衡之外，如果产生复合率常数不受影响：复合：捕获一个电子＋一个空穴净复合率＝净电子捕获率＝净空穴捕获率tr ec ee hc heU r r r r =−=−从这，推导出t n ，并最终得到tr U ：()()00tr ho i o inp n p U n n p n ττ−=+++d ） 所有过程组合起来□ 特殊情况：低水平掺杂定义过剩载流子浓度：'0n n n =+ '0p p p=+LLI ：平衡的少数载流子浓度占主导但对多数载流子浓度扰动可以忽略－对n 型：－对p型：在LLI中：U的所以表达式仿效下面形式：τ为过程i的载流子寿命，每个G&R过程的一个特征常数：i在LLI 情况下，净复合率作为材料和温度的一个常数，线性的取决于过剩载流子浓度。
Lecture 5拟人、拟声、拟物
拟声词可呈多种次词类形式，其中最常见的是名词、 动词、副词和感叹词。 E.g. The angry husband shut the door with a bang. （用作名词） My heart is banging in my ears. （用作动词）
The drunken driver drove bang into the store window. （用作副词）
Lecture 5
Personification
• It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. Personification is treating a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. • It is a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person.
There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground
2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced
3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves
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Both
•All have a membranenucleus
bound
•Have a cell •Number of chromosomes varies by species membrane •Use ribosomes to synthesize proteins •Genetic material is DNA
1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4. M (mitosis) More about mitosis in a few…
Checkpoints
The cell cycle is very tightly controlled. At specific times, proteins called “cyclins” STOP the cell cycle to make an assessment. This is a CHECKPOINT. If everything looks OK, the cycle continues to the next stage.
The Cell Cycle
In eukaryotes, there is a very orderly progression of events that takes place between the formation of a new cell and the division of that “parent” cell into 2 new “daughter” cells. Result of cell cycle: more cells!
Metaphase
Chromosomes (2 chromatids) line up along the metaphase plate. Spindle is fully formed and attached to chromosomes.
Anaphase
Chromatids separate and begin moving toward the poles.
Ras
p53
A telomere is the section of DNA at the tip of a chromosome. No useful genes are found in a telomere. It is just a “buffer” at the tip of a chromosome to protect the useful genes. Telomeres shorten each time a chromosome divides. Eventually, telomeres are short enough to signal the cell to undergo apoptosis. Telomerase is an enzyme that prevents telomeres from shortening. The cell keeps dividing, because the telomeres don’t get short enough to signal apoptosis.
Chapter 9
The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction
Background: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Karyote, from Greek karyon = kernel (nucleus) Pro = before
Prokaryote: literally “before nucleus”
apoptosis
(programmed cell death).
Apoptosis is cell suicide!
Checkpoints
Checkpoints
What is the purpose? No good reason to make a copy of a damaged cell. Cancer prevention
The Cell Cycle Stage 1: Interphase
3 stages of Interphase:
1.
1. G1 2. S 3. G2
3.
2.
The Cell Cycle
It is also correct to say that the cell cycle has 4 stages: The first 3 stages are collectively called Interphase.
A “cancerous” cell is one that multiplies out of control. The checkpoints are ignored. More about this in a moment…
Let’s take a short break before we continue…
2. Mitosis: nuclear division
The Cell Cycle Stage 1: Interphase
Most of a cell’s life is spent in interphase.
Normal cell functions are carried out in interphase. Some cells never leave interphase. (translation: they never divide) Interphase has 3 steps…
Eukaryotes
Most of today’s information will pertain to eukaryotes, especially anin prokaryotes will briefly be discussed near the end of the lecture.
Repair of damaged tissues
Muscle tears, dead skin cells, broken blood vessels
The Cell Cycle 2 Main Stages 1. Interphase: normal cell functions
and preparation for mitosis
The nucleus and its contents are divided.
There are 4 phases of mitosis:
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
PMAT!
Mitosis
4 stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes visible under the microscope. Nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle fibers begin to form.
Eu = true
Eukaryote: literally “true nucleus”
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes •No membrane-bound nucleus •Single, circular chromosome •Domains: Bacteria, Archaea •All have a cell wall •No membrane-bound organelles •Single cell organisms •Cell division used for reproduction Eukaryotes
HumansHumans- 46 DogDog- 78 HouseflyHousefly- 12 Potato plant- 48 plantCatCat- 38 Aspergillus (fungus)- 8 (fungus)-
Duplicated Chromosomes
Mitosis
Mitosis is nuclear division
A chromosome is made of DNA
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA
Phosphate Sugar Base
What is a chromosome?
Chromosome numbers
Each type of eukaryote has a characteristic number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. Examples:
•Domain: Eukarya •Some have a cell wall •Presence of membranebound organelles •Can be single cell or manycelled organisms •Cell division used for growth and repair
Coming up: Mitosis
Before we get to Mitosis…
We have discussed the 3 stages of interphase. The 4th stage of the cell cycle is mitosis. Before we discuss mitosis… What is a chromosome?
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Mitosis in Plant Cells
Similar to mitosis in animal cells Big difference: A new cell wall must form between the 2 new cells. The cell can’t just “pinch” itself in 2.