6 Melville - 360文档中心

Herman Melville——Moby Dick《白鲸》

Meeting Hawthorne in the summer of 1850 Influenced by his black vision, he revised Moby 1）Life Dick and dedicated it to Hawthorne. will never rest he gets hold of a definite He was“He a novelist, anuntil essayist, a short story belief. It is strange how he persists… He can writer and a poet. He was called as‖Master of neither believe, nor be comfortable in his Philosophical His sea experiences and disbelief; Allegory‖ and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other… adventures He has a very furnished him with Three things which deserve mentioned: high and noble nature.” abundant material

Man cannot influence and overcome nature at its source. Once he attempts to seek power over nature, he is doomed. The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly. Melville never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: his attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ . The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaninglessness were expressed in Melville‘s works.

美国文学Herman Melville

Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:* Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. “Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better”“To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.”凤凰涅槃浴火重生• The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小In Token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo 1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849 «雷得本» an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》 (1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》 (1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street”, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New York.Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time. (2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world.Moby-Dick---“the world’s greatest sea novel”, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.• Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud裴廓德号.The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•• Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.• The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.• Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.• On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.• All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters• Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利• The narrator of the story• Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈• Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible， a tyrant) symbol of evil • The tyrannical captain of the PequodAhab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.•Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else.His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论). Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:“paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (malicious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,”“massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin• Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.• Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.• He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.• The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.• When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility andmeaninglessness of the world.His attitude to life is “Everlasting Nay”• Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile (having no useful results徒劳的).• Man cannot overcome nature. Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed.• Man must place himself at the mercy of nature.• The idea that man can make the world for himself is nothing but a transcendentalist folly.the adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless.Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.the loss of faith, the sense of futility2) alienation (far away from each other)exists between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.Ahab cuts himself off from his family, stays away from his crew, hates Moby Dick and becomes a devil rushing to his doom.He was within “the masoned石瓦匠, walled town of a captian’s exclusiveness”,which leads him to his doom.3) loneliness and suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death)Ahab: too much of a self-reliant individual to be a good human beinga victim of extreme individualismThe price of self-reliance is death.Moby Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism4）rejection and questVoyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and values.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survivalRevival of Moby DickBorn in the 19th century, Melville didn’t receive recognition until the 20th century.Moby-Dick best illustrates the loss of faith, and sense of futility and meaninglessness which characerize the modern life of the west so that the twentith century has found it both fascinating and great.5. Writing styles of Melville1) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.voyage- "search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience."the Pequod -the ship of the American soulMoby Dick---a symbol ofits whiteness--- paradoxical color(2)He manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.Moby Dick is portrayed for the reader from different angles.The author is unwillingness to commit himself, and the reader is thrown upon himself for judgment.(3) He tends to write periodic chapters (掉尾章的手法).掉尾句是主句在最后出现的一种复合句the last paragraph of chapter one pulling all things into one sentence is a good illustration in point.Chapter one Loomings 幻影重重/海市蜃楼。

麦尔维尔的悖论:《白鲸》中渔行为与多元男性气质研究

Melville’s Contradictory Thoughts: Fishing and Multiple Masculinities in Moby Dick 作者：和耀荣[1]
作者机构： [1]云南师范大学外国语学院,云南昆明650500
出版物刊名：内蒙古师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版
页码： 88-91页
年卷期： 2019年第3期
主题词：�白鲸》;渔行为;多元男性气质;悖论思想
摘要：在《白鲸》中,麦尔维尔通过渔行为刻画了一幅英雄群像,塑造了船员们英勇无畏、敢于冒险、机智果敢的男性气质特征。

但是,在英雄群像之下,船员们体现出来的男性气质又各具特色:捕鲸船长亚哈、大副斯达巴克等代表了资产阶级男性气质;以实玛利、魁魁格等代表了劳动者男性气质。

小说中人物多元男性气质的刻画以及悲剧性的结尾体现了麦尔维尔双重矛盾心理:一方面,为美利坚民族的发展强大而感到自豪和骄傲;另一方面,反思美国资本主义发展和殖民扩张的负面影响,表达了对资本主义时期人类无所敬畏的超理性和无所皈依的信仰缺失的焦虑和迷茫。

brandy melville店员的标准

brandy melville店员的标准
根据我的了解，Brandy Melville店员的标准包括以下几点：
1. 年龄要求：大部分Brandy Melville的店员都是年轻的女性，一般在18-25岁之间。

2. 外貌要求：Brandy Melville非常注重店员的外貌，他们通常
会挑选具有清新、时尚、健康的外貌的人。

此外，店员的穿着风格也需要符合品牌的时尚定位。

3. 沟通能力：Brandy Melville的店员需要具备良好的沟通能力，能够与客户建立良好的关系，并提供优质的顾问服务。

4. 团队合作精神：Brandy Melville非常注重团队合作精神，所
以店员需要有团队合作的能力，与其他店员紧密合作，共同完成工作任务。

5. 对时尚和品牌的了解：Brandy Melville店员需要对时尚和品
牌有一定的了解，并能够向客户提供相关的产品信息和建议。

需要注意的是，这些是一般的要求，具体每家店的要求可能会有所不同。

如果你有兴趣成为Brandy Melville店员，最好直
接向他们的人力资源部门咨询具体的招聘标准。

M开头的男生英文名超有个性的名字

M开头的男生英文名超有个性的名字现在很多人都会喜欢给自己取英文的名字，男生也一样，下面是店铺为大家带来M开头的男生英文名，看看有没有你喜欢的英文名字吧。

M开头的男生英文名Megyer 匈牙利男性匈牙利Mohan 莫罕迷人的，令人神魂颠倒的男性印度Mohin 男性印度Mohit 男性印度Monroe梦露爱尔兰Rotha河的河口男性凯尔特Monroe 门罗/梦露，塞尔特红沼泽。

Mansur 曼苏尔有神帮助的男性阿拉伯Manu 吉诺比利男性印度Manoj 马诺男性印度Mansukh 男性印度Mather 马瑟强大的军队男性古英语Matt 马特希伯来上帝的赠礼Matthew 马修/马休，希伯来上帝的赠礼、恩赐上帝的礼物。

Mead 米德草坪男性古英语Meara 快乐男性盖尔Medwin 强大的朋友男性条顿Manuel 曼努埃尔上帝与我们同在男性西班牙Marcel 马小锤子男性法国Marcin 马尔钦战争般的男性波兰Manavendra 男性印度Mandhatri 王子，亲王男性印度Manning 曼宁英雄之子男性古英语Mannix 曼尼克思僧侣男性凯尔特Marcus 马库斯战争般的男性拉丁语Marcus 马库斯/马卡斯罗马，指有侵略性的人。

Marcy 马西M字母开头的男生英文名字Manfred 曼弗雷德平静的人，淡定的人男性古德语Manik 马尼克男性印度Manish 马尼士男性印度Mercer 默瑟店主男性中古英语Meredith 梅芮迪斯/马勒第兹，威尔斯大海的保护者。

Manley 曼利分享的土地，男人的草地男性古英语Marden 马登有池塘的盆地男性古英语Marico 马里科/马里奥拉丁，好战的人;苦战Marijan 马里扬男性Mario 马里奥有男子气概的男性希伯来Melor 茉莉马克思、恩格斯、列宁、十月革命男性英语Melville 梅尔维尔不好的居住地男性盎格鲁撒克逊Melvin 梅尔文精明的首脑Melvin 梅尔文首领，管理者男性凯尔特Mendel 孟德尔智慧，学识男性希伯来Mark 马克源于战神 Mars，锤，好战的Markandeya 哲人男性印度Marsden 马斯登离水近的田地男性古英语Marsh 马什/玛希法国来自草木丛生的地区。

美国文学HermanMelville.pdf

Herman Melville麦尔维尔(1819—1891)Herman Melville1. Three important things in his life:* Going out to seaHis experiences and adventures on the sea furnished him with abundant material for his fiction writings, especially his masterpiece Moby Dick2) His marriageIn the history of American literature there were two authors had similar marriages. Melville and Scott Fitzgerald, both married above them and had to do hackwork（纯粹为糊口而写的东西，庸俗作品）for the money they needed to keep their wives in their extravagant style.3)His friendship with HawthorneDuring the summer of 1890 Melville and Hawthorne met and became good friends.They shared similar ideas and opinions on most kinds of fields.Especially against the background of Transcendental optimism, Melville agrees with Hawthorne’s Blackness --- the evil at the core of life. “Evil in life and the human soul help make life and man better”“To scale great heights, we must come out of the lowest depths. The way to heaven is through hell. We need fiery baptism in the fierce flame of our bosoms.”凤凰涅槃浴火重生• The original design of Moby Dick was just a text on the whale fishery.When Melville met Hawthorne, he had completed one third of Moby Dick. Without Hawthorne, Melville would have just written it about whaling hunting.With the influence of Hawthorne, Melville rewrote it into a world classic with a mixture of:游记、航海故事、寓言、捕鲸传说、有关鲸鱼与捕鲸业的百科全书、美国史诗、莎士比亚式的悲剧、抒情散文长诗、塞万提斯式的浪漫体小In Token of my admiration for his genius, this book is inscribed to NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.2. Melville’s Major Works1) Novels(1)Polynsie Trilogy “波里尼西亚三部曲” from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islandsTypee 1846«泰皮»Omoo 1847«欧穆»Mardi1849«玛地»(2) Redburn 1849 «雷得本» an account of his voyage to England(3) White Jacket 1850 «白外衣»his life on a United States man-of-war军舰(4) Pierre《皮埃尔》 (1852):A darkly allegorical exploration of the nature of evil, which is psychologically complex and elaborate.(5) Israel Potter《伊斯雷尔·波特》 (1855):A historical romance(6) The Confidence Man《骗子的化装表演》(1857):Satirizes the selfishness and commercialism of Melville’s time.(7) Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(1891)A novella about a young sailor, personifying innocence, doomed by the malevolent hatred of a ship’s officer, personifying evil.2) Short storiesThe Piazza Tales《广场故事》(1856):Contains some of Melville’s finest shorter works(1) Bartleby, the Scrivener书记员巴特尔比The story of Bartlebyis simply about a manlosing his will to live.Subtitled, "A Story of Wall Street”, it is set in the business world of 19th-century New York.Bartleby, a scrivener was good at the copying part of his job, but when asked to proofread aloud one day he simply replied, "I prefer not to." From that moment forward, he used the phrase "I prefer not to" for every task requested of him, eventually "preferring not to" do any work whatsoever.Bartleby chose to rebel and become an anti-hero. It is intended to show the reader a dark side in all of us when the meaning of our existence is allowed to be challenged."Bartleby, the Scrivener" reflects Melville's own pessimism at the time. (2) Benito Cereno 《贝尼托·塞莱诺》The story centers on a slave rebellion on board a Spanish merchant ship in 1799.Earlier critics regarded Benito Cereno as a tale that primarily explores human depravity .It is regarded by many as Melville's finest short story.3) Poetry:(1) Battle-Pieces and the Aspects of War《战事集》(1866)(2) Clarel 《克拉瑞尔》 (1876)Melville’s Masterpiece Moby-Dick«白鲸»，«莫比•狄克»an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy, religion, the whaling industrya Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates in an indifferent and hostile world.Moby-Dick---“the world’s greatest sea novel”, compound of search, pursuit, conflict, and catastrophe.1. PlotThe novel’s plot is built on one conflict---Ahab vs. the WhaleIt is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat Moby Dick, for this white whale took Ahab’s leg.• Ishmael伊什梅尔, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Peqoud裴廓德号.The captain is Ahab亚哈, the man with one leg.•• Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off Ahab’s leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him.• The ship makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy.• Eventually, the whale appears, and the Peqoud begins its doomed fight with it.• On the third day, the whale carries the Peqoud along with it to its doom.• All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael,who survives to tell the tale.2. Characters• Ishmael伊什梅尔/以实玛利• The narrator of the story• Name: the first son of Abraham (from The Bible) symbol of orphans, exiles,wanderers and social outcasts,etc.starts out feeling badhopes to find an ideal lifecomes to see the folly of Ahab seeking to conquer naturefeels the significance of love and companionshiplearns to accept,an attitude which ensures his survival2) Ahab 亚哈• Name: Ahab, King of Israel (from The Bible， a tyrant) symbol of evil • The tyrannical captain of the PequodAhab has the qualities of a tragic hero – a great heart and a fatal flaw.•Melville portrayed Ahab an Emersonian self-reliant individual.But he is too much of self-reliance.For him, the only law is his own will;To him the world exists for his sake;He may do what he wills:lives may be sacrificedand nature may havebeen vanquished.His too much self-reliance leads to death—physical, spiritual, emotional, at the expense of all else.His tragedy stems from his extreme individualism or solipsism(唯我论). Moby Dick– a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism3. Symbols in Moby Dick1) The ship – Pequod and the voyage2) Moby Dick3) Ahab4) Queequeg’s Coffin1) The Pequod and the voyage(1) a symbol of doom 必遭毁灭的命运named after a Native American tribe in Massachusettsdid not long survive the arrival of white men (extincted)is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones(2) the Pequod -the ship of the American soul象征执著探寻自然界秘密的美国精神the voyage - search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience/象征探索与发现的心灵历程2) Moby DickThe white whale is capable of many interpretations.For he is a mixture of evil and goodness:“paradoxically benign (kind and gentle) and malevolent (malicious and wicked),nourishing (providing sth good) and destructive,”“massive, brutal, monolithic(massive), but at the same time protean(changeable), erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”various symbolic meanings to different peopeto the pequod’s crew--一只时而平静安详,时而恐怖暴虐的海怪a concept onto which they can displace their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobsto Ahab---A symbol of evil邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌a manifestation of all that is wrong with the worldTo IshmaelMoby-dick is the embodiment of the mysterious nature or universea metaphor for the human relationship with God: God is unkown and cannot be pinned down(force)Paradoxical whiteness: Death and corruption Purity and innocenceA symbol of evilA symbol of goodnessA symbol of both白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合4).Queequeg’s Coffin• Queequeg’s coffin alternately symbolizes life and death.• Queequeg has it built when he is seriously ill, but when he recovers, it becomes a chest to hold his belongings and an emblem of his will to live.• He perpetuates the knowledge tattooed on his body by carving it onto the coffin’s lid.• The coffin further comes to symbolize life when it replaces the Pequod’s life buoy.• When the Pequod sinks, the coffin becomes Ishmael’s buoy(浮标), saving not only his life but the life of the narrative that he will pass on.4. Themes of Moby Dick1) Melville's bleak view (negative attitude): the sense of futility and。

麦尔维尔短篇小说“书记员巴托比”中的艾伦·坡元素

The Poe-esque Elements in Melville＇ s ＂Bartleby
the Scrivener＂
作者：郑然在
作者机构：韩国建国大学
出版物刊名：外国文学研究
页码： 63-72页
主题词：艾伦·坡;麦尔维尔;“书记员巴托比”
摘要：发表于1853年的＂书记员巴托比＂是麦尔维尔最为人称道的短篇小说之一,一直引发学界纷纭解读,是一个典型的具有多面性的难懂文本,任何解读都不可能获得唯一正确的意义。

对于一些评论家而言,小说人物巴托比是一个患有妄想狂的精神分裂者,有些学者则视之为基督一样的人物,还有人把他看作是梭罗一样的消极抵抗的践行者、华尔街资本家监狱受压迫的工人,甚至是作为远离尘俗的作者麦尔维尔自身的自传性投射。

本文的目的不是去获得对巴托比这一人物的某种新的阐释,而是去详尽梳理艾伦.坡在麦尔维尔作品中毫无疑问的在场。

尽管麦尔维尔没有提及过他的这位饱经非议的前辈,但不可能不明白坡在短篇小说领域的作为,不可能不意识到通过对它加以改造即可服务于自己的目的。

麦尔维尔希望为杂志写一些适销的故事,在这一点上他不逊于坡,甚至同样可能思考着既成的惯例对他意味着什么。

本文旨在探讨麦尔维尔的短篇小说＂书记员巴托比＂与坡的后期作品（如＂商人＂、＂跳蛙＂、＂渡鸦＂等）文本之间的多种联系,试图证明坡的作品为麦尔维尔的第一篇在杂志上发表的短篇小说提供了写作技巧和引人入胜的叙事策略。

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔小说中的共同体书写

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔小说中的共同体书写作者：段国重来源：《外国语文研究》2021年第02期内容摘要：美国独立战争之后，随着宗教意识的世俗化、资本主义的发展以及个人主义的张扬，美国以清教为基础的传统共同体被逐步消解，而超验主义主体在个人意识得到极大张扬的同时也陷入唯我和超验的困境。

因而，新的民族共同体和主体性有待构建，这既是政治需求，亦是心理需求。

美国文艺复兴作家们在构建独立的美国民族意识和国族文学的时候，不得不思考自在性“独体”与互系性“共同体”之间的矛盾关系。

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的代表作《莫比·迪克》就描写了这一矛盾，并呈现了一组有关独体和共同体之间的对话：亚哈代表了西方傳统中强调内在性与超验性认同的独体存在困境，暗示了有机共同体的不可能性;以实玛利代表了从独体走向共同体的救赎之路，却又指明了有机共同体的可能性。

梅尔维尔的共同体书写对走出二十世纪思想界的“独体”怪圈也有启示意义。

关键词：梅尔维尔;《莫比·迪克》;独体;共同体基金项目：本文系江苏省教育厅高校人文社科基金项目“美国文艺复兴文学中的主体间性伦理研究”（2016SJB750028）的阶段性研究成果。

作者简介：段国重，男，扬州大学外国语学院副教授，博士，硕士生导师。

主要研究兴趣：英美文学和西方思想史。

Abstract： After the American Independence War， traditional American community based on Puritanism was gradually decomposed due to the secularized religion， growing capitalism， and rising individualism. At the same time， transcendentalist subjects were trapped in egoism and transcendence. It is both a political and a psychological demand to establish new national community and subjectivity. Writers and thinkers in the American Renaissance had to consider the conflicts between “singularity” and “community” in constructing American national consciousness and literature. Herman Melville’s Moby Dick depicts such a conflict and presents a dialogue between American singularity and community： Ahab stands for a radical singularity， indicating the impossibility of true community， while Ishmael represents a way out of singularity towards community. In addition，Melville’s writings on community promises to throw light on the confusions around singularity in the 20th century.Key words： Melville; Moby Dick; singularity; communityAuthor： Duan Guozhong is associate professor at School of International Studies， Yangzhou University （Yangzhou 225002， China）. His major research interest is British and American Literature， and Western history of ideas. E-mail：********************美国独立战争之后，工业化和资本主义经济开始发展，统治新英格兰近两百年的清教信仰也受到了极大的挑战。