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Academic English Paper Writing

Academic English Paper Writing

Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Writing

Classification of Professional Papers

Styles of Professional Paper Writing
Ways of Preparing Professional Papers Reflections and Practice
Styles of Professional Paper Writing
2. Ways of Expression: Formal vs. Informal
Try to avoid noticeable informality and subjectivity.
Styles of Professional Paper Writing
Reflections and Practice



Summarize your own ways of preparing a professional paper and consider any improvement on them. Find a major journal in your field and analyze the requirements and specifications laid down by the Editorial Board of the journal or periodical for submission. Find an original professional paper in a major international journal in your field and briefly analyze its language features and writing style.

Scientific Paper Writing

Scientific Paper Writing

Technical Writing - Graduate English of Mechanical EngineeringScientific Paper WritingWei-Ze Wang, Ph. D School of Mechanical & Power Engineering East China University of Science and Technology1Dr. Wei-Ze Wang (王卫泽) Division of process equipment science and engineering (过程设备科学与工程研 究室)wangwz@Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved2Journal• National scientific journal • International scientific journal • (general or important) • SCI / EI / ISTPSCI: Scientific Citation Index EI: Engineering Index ISTP: Index of Scientific & Technical ProceedingsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved3Outline1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Brief introduction of scientific paper Paper writing Paper submitting Common mistakes appeared in paper Brief introduction of “final examination”May 27, 2008Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved41:Title2:Author’ s name3: Abstract2:Author’s affiliation3: KeywordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved54:Main Text: IntroductionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved64:Main Text: Experimental (Procedure)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved74:Main Text: ResultsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved84:Main Text: DiscussionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved94:Main Text: ConclusionsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved105: Acknowledgement6: ReferenceWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved11Main Structures of the Scientific Article 1. Title 2. Authors’ name (including the author’s affiliation) 3. Abstract (including 3~8 keywords) 4. Main text 5. Acknowledgement 6. References 7. AppendixWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved12Main Structures of the Scientific Article Main text generally including 4 sections: • Introduction (background) • Experimental procedure (or theoretical analysis depending on the content of the article) • Results and discussion • ConclusionsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved13Outline1. Brief introduction of Scientific paper Paper writing Paper submitting Common mistakes appeared in paper Brief introduction of “final examination”Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved142. 3. 4.5.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@2. Paper writing-title• Short sentence, phrase, generally less than 20 words • The research object (or problem) should be included in the title • Reflect the main outcome and the approach used in your research workWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved152. Paper writing-title1. Title: meaningful and brief Ex. Fatigue of metal foams • Is better than • The mechanical response of cymat and alporas metallic foams to uniaxial cyclic loadingWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved16Ex. TitleWe analyzed the failure reason of the final stage blade in steam turbine 10 wordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved17Ex. TitleJournal of the American Ceramic Society, 2003, 86(8): 1437-39.Measurement of Fracture Toughness of Plasma Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings Using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam Method16 wordsWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved182. Paper writing-Author’s nameContribution: the name of the authors, with all initials, the institute or organization, with full address Ex. “A.M. Harte and C.Chen, The Cambridge Centre for Micromechanics, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cmbridge CB2 1PZ, UK”Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved192. Paper writing-Author’s name• Basic styles: Weize Wang, • Wei-Ze Wang, (hyphen used) • W.-Z Wang • Reverse the order: Wang Wei-Ze. • Add comma: Wei-Ze, WangWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved20Ex. Name formatFull name styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved21Ex. Name formatAbbreviated name styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved222. Paper writing-Author’s affiliation• Full address generally needed especially for the corresponding author, including the postalcode, E-mail address, telephone number etc.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved23Ex. Affiliation formatFull address for each authorWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved242. Paper writing-Abstract• A short summary of a longer article• Written after the paper is completed, although it is intended to be read first • Appears on a separate page just after the title page and therefore just before the essay itselfWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved25Importance of Abstract• • • •Decide whether to read an entire article Remember key findings on a topic Understanding a text Index articlesWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved26Key Information in Abstract1. Purpose of the research 2. Method 3. Results 4. ConclusionsRestrictions: ONE page, 200 words MAX (depend on)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@27Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reservedEx. AbstractPurposeAbstract: The fracture toughness of plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings in terms of critical strain energy release rate GIc was measured using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB) approach. The fracture method surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The measurement yielded the mean GIc values from 13 to 27 J/m2 for the sprayed Al2O3 coatings at different spray distances. These values agree well with those obtained by the conventional double Results cantilever beam approach. The dependence of the observed GIc on spray distance is consistent with that for lamellar bonding ratio. These results suggest that the TDCB test is a reliable approach to measure GIc of thermal spray coatings without the crack length measurement.ConclusionsCited from J Am Ceram Soc [J], 2003, 86(8): 1437-39.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved282. Paper writing-Main TextIntroduction: • What is the problem and why is it interesting? • Who are the main contributor? • What did they do? • What novel thing will you reveal?Cited from How to write a paper, Ashby M. Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved29Ex. IntroductionWith the development of plasma spraying technology last several decades, thermally sprayed ceramic coatings have been successfully used in various industrial fields because of their excellent wear-resistance, thermal-resistance and corrosion resistance etc. However, a thermal spray coating may experience delaminating or spalling in service under a certain mechanical loading owing to its lamellar structural features. Many experiments confirm that the failure of the coating occurs easily from the interfaces between lamellae in the coating, for example under localized load such as in abrasive wear[1] or erosion[2] and fracture mechanics test[3-5]. To reveal the failure modes and characterize the fracture behavior of sprayed coating, it has been suggested that the fracture mechanics test is a useful approach3. The fracture toughness of the coating can be used to evaluate the 30 Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved resistance of coating to the failure in the form of delaminating. wangwz@The DCB (double cantilever beam) approach is a popular method to measure the fracture toughness of thermal spray coating[3, 611]. But it is difficult to obtain identical fracture toughness value for similar coatings with the DCB specimens because the compliance varies nonlinearly with crack length[6-9, 12]. As for the measurement of critical strain energy release rate, Mostovoy et al. proposed a modified contoured DCB (CDCB) specimen[12]. The proper design of specimen makes the fracture toughness be measured only using the critical fracture load disregarding crack length during test. It would provide a useful approach for the determination of fracture toughness by the application of such CDCB specimen to thermal spray coatings. However, there is no evidence up to now showing that such approach has been applied to thermal sprayed coatings. In this work, the measurement of the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Al2O3 coatings was carried out using the tapered DCB (TDCB) specimen to examine its 31 Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved suitability for thermal spray coatings. wangwz@Ex. IntroductionCited from Theor. Appl. Frac. Mechanics By Shan-Tung Tu (涂善东)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved322. Paper writing-Main Text2. Experimental procedure or theoretical analysis • Usually a list of all materials or equipments you used for the experiment • The theoretical model used in your analysis• a full descriptive narrative part • list all steps in the correct orderWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved332. Paper writing-Main Text• • • • • • Experimental paper: equipment, materials, method Modeling paper: assumptions, mathematical tools, method Computational paper: inputs, computational tools, method Explain what is especially different about your method Give sufficient detail that the reader can reproduce what you did Don’t mix method with results or discussionCopyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved34Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@2.1 Materials and coating deposition Al2O3 powder used was nominally commercially pure alumina, which had a particle size from 20 to 40μm. Mild steel was used as the substrate. Al2O3 coatings were deposited on the sand-blasted surface to a thickness from 500μm to 700μm using a commercial plasma spray system (GP-80, JIUJIANG, 80kW class). Argon was used as primary gas and hydrogen was used as auxiliary gas. The pressures of both argon and hydrogen were operated at 0.7 MPa and 0.4 MPa during spraying, respectively. The flow of the primary gas was fixed at 47 l/min. Nitrogen was used as carrier gas. The coatings were deposited at arc power of 39 kW and under four different spray distances: 70 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm and 130 mm. For each coating, at least six specimens were used for the fracture toughness measurements.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved352.2 Fracture toughness test A coated arm was bonded to another coupling uncoated arm but with surface blasted using commercial adhesive (E-7). A pre-crack of 10 to 12 mm long to the loading point was prepared through limiting the bonding of the coating to the coupling uncoated arm by the adhesive. The test was performed using Instron 1195 type tensile tester at a crosshead speed of 5x10-5 m/min following the ASTM-E-399 standard. The loading and displacement of the specimen were recorded simultaneously. To ensure the accuracy of the test, only the specimens which fractured in the coating (as based on the examination of fractured surfaces) were regarded as effective results, which were used to calculate the fracture toughness of the coating. The fractured surface was also examined using SEM to examine the fracture behavior.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved362. Paper writing-Main Text3. Results and discussionResults: • Present the output of the experiments, model or computation • Don’t mix results with discussionWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved372. Paper writing-Main TextDiscussion: • Extract principles, relationships, generalizations. • Present analysis, model or theory. • Show relationship between the results and analysis, model or theory.Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved38Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved39Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved40Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved41Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved42Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved432. Paper writing-Main TextFigures Flow charts show methods, procedures. Graphs plot data Schematics show how equipment works, or illustrate a mechanism or model Drawings and photographs illustrate equipment, microstructures etcWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved44Significant Differences ?27 27 26.5 26.5 26 26 25.5 20 25 25 24.5 24.5 0 24 5 10 15 25.5 25 30 25.6 25.8 26 25.7AAAB B45B0FiguresClear Same fonts size and styleWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved46TableType of attack Echo addition Noise Addition Band equalization Classical 0.0% 1.2% 2.31% Pop 0.1% 1.42% 2.5% Jazz 0.27% 1.6% 2.73%三线表 / 共用单位 / 有效数字Type of attackClassical (%) Pop (%) Jazz (%)Echo addition Noise addition Band equalizationWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@0 1.20 2.310.10 1.42 2.500.27 1.60 2.7347Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved2. Paper writing-Main Text• • • • • • Conclusions Must have: Summarize the study work State outcome (or conclusions) of the research May have: Make suggestions of further workWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved482. Paper writing-Main TextConclusions • Draw together the most important results and their consequences. • List any reservations or limitations. • Don’t duplicate the Abstract as the Conclusions or vice versa. • Abstract is an overview of the entire paper • Conclusion is a summing up of the advances in knowledgeWei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved49Ex. Conclusion4. ConclusionsThe effect of spray distance on the fracture toughness, elastic modulus parallel to the lamellar plane and Poisson’ ratio were investigated. The fracture toughness was measured using a Tapered Double Cantilever Beam (TDCB) approach. The elastic parameters, including elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio, were obtained through direct tensile tests of bar specimens. It was found that when spray distance ranged from 160 mm to 190 mm, the fracture toughness of plasma sprayed Ni-45Cr coatings changes little although the coating deposited at spray distance of 130mm presented a little lower fracture toughness. Moreover, the fracture toughness showed a significant drop as the coating was deposited at spray distance of 210 mm. It was suggested that the fracture toughness is related with the lamellar bonding ratio based on examination of fractured surface morphology of the coatings deposited at different spray distances. On the other hand, the spray distance has no evident influence on the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of plasma sprayed Ni-45Cr coatings. Cited from Materials Transaction 47(7), 2006,1643-1648By Wei-Ze Wang (王卫泽)Wei-Ze Wang, Ph.D. wangwz@Copyright © 2008 CheMech. All Rights reserved50。

English Academic Writing--第五章

English Academic Writing--第五章

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Chapter Five Part One: Paper Writing
home Main Exercise
Types:
Research Method Methods Qualitative research methods Quantitative research methods Descriptive research method case studies, group studies, surveys and development research. used in liberal arts and social sciences
4. Conclusions and recommendations
(1) Conclusion
Definition:
The conclusion is a highly condensed summary of the paper. It is certainly not a simple list of the research results, but rather reasonable inferences and further upgrading drawn from the In conclusion, the result shows that… research findings and analysis.
This method provides background information of the study at the beginning of the paper, such as the latest progress of the study so far, strength and weakness of other researchers’ results and the significance of the present study.

paper-write

paper-write

Professional Paper Writing and Publication: AbstractsHU Gengshen SHEN Yunzhen(Department of Foreign Languages, Tsinghua University)1. General Functions of an AbstractA successfully composed professional paper depends greatly on its abstract. As a matter of fact, an abstract is usually regarded as the most important component of a professional paper considering its unique functions.1) Miniaturizing the TextBeing the very first part of a professional paper and a self-contained entity, the abstract holds a critical role compared with the other parts of the whole manuscript. Essentially, an abstract is a condensed statement of the contents of a paper. As a short, concise and highly generalized text, an abstract is viewed as a mini-version or a miniature of the document, summarizing the content of the main body. A well prepared abstract, which serves as a useful tool in searching for information, enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interest, and finally to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety.2) Deciding “yes” or “no”The abstract of a paper is important because it may directly influence the paper’s acceptance to a learned journal: the reviewer or editor may be perilously close to a final judgment of the manuscript after reading the abstract alone. What makes a justification crucial is that many international conference sponsors usually review the abstract and make the decision before they accept the full text of the paper from the attendees. So if the abstract fails to generalize the whole paper or to meet the requirements of the conference, the submission of the full paper and the qualification of the attendance would be affected. Further, the submitted and accepted abstracts also serve as an important guide for the conference participants to determine which session they are going to attend. Definitely, a good abstract should attract audiences and promote thorough discussion on the relevant subject.3) Expanding the CirculationAn abstract is usually independent of the paper, because it precedes the whole paper and usually appears separately. With the growth of electronic data storage, abstracts will dramatically facilitate the information retrieval. It may be recorded, sometimes verbatim, by various abstracting services that publish reference volumes used for literature searching, i.e., Science Abstract, Engineering Abstracts, Linguistics Abstracts, etc. So, it is assumed that an abstract will be more widely read than the document itself. In this case, the abstract of a paper can be circulated much wider and further than the paper itself, thus producing wider and deeper academic influence than the full text of the paper.To sum up, a good choice of information elements makes the Abstract a potent and influential piece of “microliterature” in two kinds of situations.First, it frames the writer’s ideas for those who are beginning to read his paper. Second, it identifies the writer’s contribution for those who are using an information-retrieval service.2. Linguistic Features of an Abstract 1) Limited LengthAn abstract is a miniature of the paper with a strictly limited number of words. Normally, 200 words is a sensible maximum for a relatively long paper or report, but never more than 500 words; 50-100 words may suffice for a short article. The length of an abstract greatly varies depending on the length of the paper and where the abstract appears: each journal and/or abstracting index has different requirements. As a general rule, an abstract will be approximately 3~5% of the length of the paper, but is seldom more than 2/3rds of a page. Keep the length of the abstract to a required percentage of that of the paper.2) Different CategoriesAbstracts can be classified into three categories: descriptive, informational, and informational- indicative.(1) Descriptive (Indicative) AbstractsA descriptive, or indicative, abstract usually states the general subject matter of the document that follows. It tells in a qualitative way what the paper or report contains.The following is a descriptive abstract entitled The Design of a High-efficiency Solar Energy System.Ex. 1AbstractThe successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems depends mainly on the development of higher conversion efficiencies. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array1 that combines reflected and refracted light rays. The theory is applied to the design of a complete system for solar heating of a building. Dynamic operating characteristicsof a one-month interval are given for the collector array and heat transfer devices, and cost efficiency is compared with that of the conventional design. (85 words)This descriptive abstract has several desirable qualities: it is short and self-contained, it provides key information elements; and it serves as a miniature table of contents. A professional scanning by a journal can tell at a glance whether it will be worthwhile to read the full paper.(2) Informational (Informative) AbstractAn informational, or informative, abstract highlights the findings and results, briefly but quantitatively. It is a condensed version of the research work, without discussion or interpretation. An informational abstract, instead of indicating the general content, should be specific and quantitative, giving only essential data. The following example shows how this type of abstract should be written for the foregoing paper mentioned in Ex. 1.Ex. 2AbstractIn the design of a solar energy system using arrays of multiple solar panels, the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss (HWB) model is generally used to evaluate steady state efficiency. The HWB equation did not accurately predict dynamic thermal performance for the present system, which uses a novel collector array. The theoretical limit of energy gain for this new array is BTU,which extends into the nonlinear mode of the HWB equation. A modified form of the equation was, therefore, developed for improved linearity, effective for collector efficiencies up to 54%. The new collector array, using the principle of successive concentrations. was incorporated into the design of a complete system of solar heating of buildings. The transport fluid for transferring energy from the solar array to the storage tank was important to overall efficiency. An optimum ratio of 64/36 was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water. Dynamic performance tests during the month of July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, yielded an average efficiency of 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at an angle of 35o from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 x 108 J per month. the cost efficiency of the system was a 9% improvement over that of the SOLTHERM system operating in Phoenix during the same month. (222 words)This is an example that shows how net results can be cited from various portions of a paper to give a clear picture of the significant contents.(3) Informational-Indicative AbstractsAn informational-indicative abstract is a combined form that bears specific information about the principal findings and results and general information about the rest of the document. This type of abstract offers fewer details, instead, giving emphasis to the author’s chief contribution. In doing so, the following abstract highlights the same technical information that is emphasized in Ex. 2.Ex. 3AbstractThe successful design of cost-effective solar energy systems for heating buildings depends chiefly on high-efficiency conversion of light energy into heat. A theory is given for the thermal performance of a new solar collector array. The Hollel-Whillier Bliss (HWB) model is modified for accurate prediction of the energy gain of the new solar array. This three-stage collector, using the principle of successive concentration, was incorporated into the design of a complete solar energy system. An optimum ratio was determined for the proportion of propylene glycol to water for the fluid transferring energy from array to storage tank. In dynamic tests during July 1980 in Phoenix, Arizona, the average efficiency was 49% for a gross collector area of 721 m2 when the array faced south at 35C o from the horizontal. Losses between collector and storage tank were 3.8 x 108 J per month. The cost efficiency compared favorably with that of the SOLTHERM system operating in the same area that month. (155 words)In this example the theoretical model and the configuration of the array are mentioned in general terms. For many readers the main interest is how well the new system will perform, and this informational-descriptive abstract fills the need.3) Complete ContentThe abstract of a paper, which is self-contained, should be unified and coherent in content. It is a concise summary of the results, conclusion and / or other significant items in the paper. Together with the title, the abstract must be adequate as an index to all the topics treated in the paper. It may also be used as a base for indexing. An informational abstract, for instance, should at least contain the following three elements:(1) A Statement of the ProblemA statement of the problem (or subject) is usually boiled down to a single sentence. This kind of writing clears the air of any hazy expression of your real purpose. Therefore, state the subject of the paper, indicate its scope and objectives.(2) A Statement of the Approach to Solving the ProblemThe “approach” might be an analytic method, a design technique, a system concept, a device improvement, a testing scheme, etc. Describe the treatment of the subject by one or more such terms as brief, comprehensive, preliminary, experimental or theoretical. Indicate the methods used to obtain experimental results. If the methods/designs are novel, state the basic principles involved, the operational ranges covered, and the degree of accuracy attained.(3) The Principal ResultThe writer’s new accomplishment may be a theoretical or an experimental finding, a new design with improved properties, a recommended course of action, etc. Summarize the theoretical or experimental result, the conclusion, and / or other significant items in the paper. If space permits, include any important quantitative data; if not, at least indicate the nature of such data.Usually, an abstract is confined to a single paragraph (one paragraph of running text). However short the abstract may be, all the pertinent elements of information should be included. 4) Formalized StructureFrom the dimension of structure, a comparatively complete abstract usually consists of the following three major parts: topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences.(1) Topic SentenceThe first sentence in an abstract is usually called the “topic sentence”. By answering the question of “what”, the topic sentence always goes straightforward to the subject or the problem and indicates the primary objectives of the paper. For example:Ex. 4AbstractThe paper presents a simple prescription for estimating the energy at which nuclear forces begin to play a role in heavy-ion Coulomb excitation and Coulomb fission experiments. ...Some sentence patterns frequently used as topic sentences are listed as follows: The purpose of this paper is ...The primary goal of this research is ...The intention of this paper is to survey ...The overall objective of this study is ...In this paper, we aim at ...Our goal has been to provide ...The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of ...The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish ...The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following ...The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of ...With his many years’ research, the author’s endeavor is to explain why ...The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of ...The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of ...With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of ...The author attempted the set of experiments with a view to demonstrating certain phenomena ...The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of ...Experiments on ... were made in order to measure the amount of ...The emphasis of this study lies in ...(2) Supporting SentencesThe topic sentence is usually followed by more than one supporting sentences which further specify the subject to be presented. Research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses, results, and other significant information will be provided in this part. These supporting sentences, therefore, can be taken as the “main body” of an abstract.Useful sentence patterns used in this part include the following:The method used in our study is known as ...The technique we applied is referred to as ...The procedure they followed can be briefly described as ...The approach adopted extensively is called ...Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using ...The research has recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.This is a working theory which is based on the idea that ...The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.The theory is characterized by ...The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in ...The test equipment which was used consisted of …Included in the experiment were …The winch is composed of the following main parts: …We have carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of ...They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which ...Recent experiments in this area suggested that ...A number of experiments were performed to check ...Examples with actual experiment demonstrate ...Special mention is given here to ...This formula is verified by ...We also supply ...(3) Concluding SentencesAs the ending part of an abstract, concluding sentences usually analyze the results, explain the application, and point out the significance of the research. For example:Ex. 5Abstract... The result of the measurement indicates that the direct method is in good agreement with the impedance method.Some useful sentence patterns are listed below:In conclusion, we state that ...In summing up it may be stated that ...It is concluded that ...The results of the experiment indicate that ...The studies we have performed showed that ...The pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated in ...We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that ...The research we have done suggests that ...The investigation carried out by ... has revealed that ...Laboratory studies of ... did not furnish any information about ...All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of ...As a result of our experiments, we concluded that ...From our experiment, the authors came to realize that ...This fruitful work gives explanation of ...The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of ...The research work has brought about a discovery of ...These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that ...The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by ...Our work involving studies of ... prove to be encouraging.The author has satisfactorily come to the conclusion that ...Finally, a summary is given of ...We have discussed the general structure of an abstract and listed a number of sentence patterns used in different parts of abstracts. However, each abstract has its own characteristics due to its subject and purpose. In preparing abstracts, therefore, we should choose the structure suitable to our specific paper and avoid rigidly adhering to the patterns.3. Writing Requirements of an AbstractIn order to write an effective abstract, it is helpful to observe these guidelines in writing:1) IntegratedAlthough an abstract should be brief in form, usually confined to a single paragraph of running text, it should still contain certain elements of information. Generally, an abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and/or experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.2) ConcisenessAn abstract should be concise, which is a characteristic of a well-prepared abstract; otherwise people would rather read the main part of the paper. The writer should be especially sensitive to the needs of his audience when he writes the abstract. Use only essential information. As already pointed out, there will be a much larger number of people who may take interest in reading his abstract rather than his full paper, and many will have broader interests. The writer needs to orient them to his subject in an efficient manner, using great economy of words. A lengthy abstract defeats its purpose. So it is necessary to make clear what is most important and should be included.To write a good abstract, the writer must strip away the peripheral, supporting information in his paper and expose the hard core of his contribution, defining the real substance of his manuscript in the simplest terms. Avoid displayed mathematical expressions; never number equations; omit tables.The writer’s abstract is then a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.3) ConsistentAs a mini paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper. A good abstract has to exclude all information that is not based on the content of the paper. So never include what has not been mentioned in the paper and no modification in meaning is permitted. 4) ConcentratedTo write concentratively, you need to omit certain elements of information. Do not use figures, tables, or literature references in this part. There are other elements that conventionally appear in other sections of the manuscript but do not belong in the abstract. For example, a brief historical review with reference to previous work in the field, is suitable for the introduction. A discussion of the significance of an internal report is generally relegated to a separate summary for the executive reader. An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.4. “5 Steps” for Abstract WritingWhen preparing an abstract for your paper, don’t begin writing till you feel satisfied with it both in structure and meaning. The main steps involved in writing an abstract can be summed up as follows:1) Underlining Key Words and SentencesUnderline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional markers: carefully examine the headings, topic, supporting and concluding sentences of paragraphs, such transitional devices1 as first, second, third; key words indicating comparison/contrast (e.g., however, on the other hand, etc.) or essentials (e.g., best, foremost, central, crucial, etc.).2) Listing Essential Points of the PaperList main points you have drawn from your thorough reading of the whole paper. Take care to keep the same emphasis as that of the original paper. Check the table of contents (if there exists one) or the outline (if you are abstracting your own paper) for the main points of the paper.3) Summarizing Each Section in a Sentence or TwoTo summarize each section of your paper in one or two sentences proves effective in preparing your abstract. This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.4) Drafting the AbstractUse your own words wherever possible. If you borrow some words or phrases, or whole sentences, you may find your abstract too long or unnatural. Avoid including opinions, examples, details and explanations. Do not use such phrases as “as noted in...”, “as shown by ...” or “for example, ...”. Eliminate references to tables, figures, or sources found in the references list of the original paper. Write concise, straightforward English; make every word count. Your abstract must be completely independent of the paper. Let the abstract sit for as long as possible without reading or editing it.5) Checking the Final DraftRegardless of the length of the final draft of your abstract, study it again with a view toshortening it further to a minimum length.Check the final draft to make sure your abstract is useful, representative and readable. Recheck your abstract until you are satisfied with it.As with the paper itself, have the abstract read critically by some of your colleagues for clarity, consistency, proper emphasis, and objectivity.5. “5A Strategy”Incorporating with the above “5 Steps” of abstract writing, the following “5A Strategy” will further assist you in writing a standard and ideal abstract.Before writing your abstract, you need to answer some basic questions. Suppose you disclose your research in 200 words, make sure what you say is critical and objective for your future readers. It will be easier for you to finish your abstract satisfactorily by answering the following questions:Q1: What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?Q2: What research topic is the paper to focus on?Q3: What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?Q4: What conclusion will you draw?Q5: What is the main contribution of the paper?Then the abstract can be improved on by using the following formula:Abstract = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5where, A1 (one sentence)A2 (one topic sentence, one or two supporting sentences that set forth the research topic if necessary)A3 (two or three sentences to give specific information about the research)A4 (one sentence)A5 (one sentence)Let us take a look at the following example and see how the above formula works.Ex. 6Abstract(1) Modern management is essentially about managing people as well as processes in a rapidly changing environment. (2)The author presents the factors which make “strategic management” effective. (3)A dominant factor is the organization climate which, in turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. (4) To improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the mangers is a crucial factor. (5) The scope for alternatives also proves an important constraint. (6) The author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. (7) It is concluded that the correct judgment and optimal operation of the essential factors will enhance the effectiveness of strategic management in general.The above example illustrates what we call the 5A strategy. All the points disclosed can help the author of the abstract to formulate an integrated overview of the whole paper. By quoting a well-known remark, the author prepares a setting in which his subject is oriented. Then, the author starts his work by pointing out the effective factors of “strategic management”, which serves as a topic sentence ushering in the main points naturally. The essential factors for strategic management are specifically presented. Upon depicting the importance of the organization climate and the quality of managers, the author turns to the scope of alternatives. As the result of the investigation, the author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of formal procedure. Finally, the last sentence summarizes the author’s conclusion and the significance of the present study.In terms of the “5A strategy”, the structure of the above abstract can be shown in the following table.Table 1. The Structure of “5A Strategy”A1: background Sentence (1)A2: main topic Sentence (2)A3: research specifics Sentences (3) (4) (5)A4:result & suggestion Sentence (6)A5: conclusion & contribution Sentence (7)With the “5A Strategy” in mind, you can get some very useful prompts. Though different papers require different abstracts, yet, many abstracts of many papers may share similar functions and lead to a similar organization scheme. Once you are equipped with this strategy, an appropriate and even a strong abstract can naturally be produced almost without too much trouble.3. Likely Mistakes / Common ErrorsThere are, in general, five types of likely mistakes and/or common errors found in students’ assignments in writing abstracts.1) Mixed Writing StyleProfessional or academic papers, even a course paper or a term paper, and their abstracts in particular, belong to the category of formal writing. This type of writing, which is characterized by using written language, is different from writings in the colloquial style. However, these two different styles are sometimes mixed up in writing abstracts. The following are some examples taken from our students’ writing assignments.Ex. 7AbstractIn this paper, we have given a reason that is why the competitive ability of the national firms is weak. Because the non-national firms can get very cheap labor, under the same technical andeconomical conditions and the same cost, a non-national firm can produce more output than a national firm does, so it can get much more profit. In this way, the competitive ability of the non-national firm is stronger than the national firms.The meaning of the abstract is clear. However, among other shortcomings, the continuous employment of such words and phrases “we have a reason that is why ...”, “Because ...”, “get”, “So”, “In this way”, etc. make the passage rather colloquial, with a note of spoken language.Similar drawbacks can also be found in the following example:Ex. 8AbstractThis paper will explore the analytical components and anomalies of admiralty jurisdiction as it relates to marine insurance and will conjugate,if you will, the “irregular verb” that constitutes admiralty jurisdiction of marine insurance contracts. I think, admiralty jurisdiction should include all maritime contracts. My study has confirmed the saying that...The interposing of “if you will”, “I think”, “my study ”, “saying”, etc. can, more or less, affect the rigid and smooth presentation of the subject.2) Over-simplified StatementsThough short and concise, an abstract should not be too simple. The following examples have violated the general rule.Ex. 9AbstractIn this paper, reconstruction of many holograms are presented by computer with an analyzed mathematical model.The above abstract is far too simple to tell the reader how the reconstruction of holograms is performed, how the analysis is carried out, and what are its results, etc. In fact, the abstract is only an expansion of the paper title, which fails to function as a mini-version of the full text.In a similar manner, the following abstract can also be thought to be a failure being too general and global:Ex. 10AbstractThe author in this paper presents a process of fuel-saving innovation. The process is proved to be effective, and the authors are satisfied with the results.Without thorough understanding of the original paper, we will not be able to rewrite the above abstract successfully. However, if we analyze this abstract and compare it with the guidelines of abstract writing discussed in previous paragraphs, it may be not very difficult for us to find out the inappropriateness of this abstract.。

Academic Paper Writing

Academic Paper Writing

• Research Paper
• To evaluate or interpret or in some other way add to and participate in what you write
• To consider the why and how of the topic you choose. • To develop a point of view toward your material, take a stand, express some original thought.
1) A summary of an article or a book (or other source material) is not a research paper. 2) The ideas of others, repeated uncritically, do not make a research paper. 3) A series of quotations, no matter how skillfully put together, does not make a research paper. 4) Unsubstantiated (未经证实的) personal opinion does not constitute a research paper. 5) Copying or accepting another person's work without acknowledging it, whether the work is published or unpublished, professional or
• Topic: • a reasonably narrow, clearly defined area of interest that could be thoroughly investigated within the limits set for a given research assignment. • Compare the subjects with the topics and say what’s the difference between them.

论文写作2(Academic Paper Writing)

论文写作2(Academic Paper Writing)

relation of equivalence.
ST≈TT or
TT≈ST
This is an approach that has close links with
contrastive linguistics and puts language system
rather than texts on either side of the relation:
We define research broadly as a systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledge. Innovation is vital if a discipline is to grow and prosper.
These models are attempts to construct images of the object of study, images that hopefully make it easier to visualize, understand and analyse. In your own research project, you might take a ready model and simply use its framework and concepts unchanged or you might adapt a given model to your own purposes. Translation Studies has traditionally used three basic types of models.
• Comparative Models
The earliest theoretical model of translation was

Introduction to Research Paper Writing

Introduction to Research Paper Writing

Procedures of research paper writing
Selecting a topic Conducting research Modern academic library Online central information system Reference works: --- index / bibliography / collection of abstracts / guides to research / dictionaries / encyclopedias / yearbooks / biographical sources / statistical data, etc.
How to Avoid Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to a form of cheating and is usually defined as “the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own”. So, to use another person s ideas or expressions in your person’s writing without acknowledging the source is to plagiarize. Plagiarism, then, constitutes intellectual theft. Therefore, how to avoid it has been pushed to a noticeable place in the academic writing. You may certainly use other person’s words and thoughts in your research paper, but the borrowed material must not seem to be your own creation.

Academic Research Paper Writing

Academic Research Paper Writing
4) a good yardstick to the educational and academic level of the English faculty of a university.
3. Essential Features of Theses or Academic Papers
1) Scholarly-- more or less theoretical and academically significant in exploring the essence or law of matters; written in standard language and in formal style
5. Steps of Thesis Writing 1) Choose a subject and narrow it down to a topic 2) Gather relevant information, data or references 3) Making a working bibliography 4) Write a thesis statement (sentence) and work out an outline 5) Revise the thesis statement and outline 6) Write the rough draft 7) Revise the draft 8) Write the final list of works cited and notes 9) Finalizing of the thesis
References: omitted
MLA Work Cited Format
Different academic disciplines may require different bibliographic formats for research writing. The Modern Languages Association (MLA) bibliographic style is the standard format for research writing in English, and is also widely accepted by many other disciplines in the humanities.
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同济大学环境科学与工程学院郜洪文著名物理学家法拉第曾说过,科学研究分三个阶段:准备→执行→发表1 论文内容要求论文内容的正确性当然是非常重要的,不同领域的出错情况很不相同,很难概括。

然而,有5点是应该注意的:v⑴要有创新,至少要有新意。

是否有创新,是很多刊物考虑录用的最主要出发点,特别像《中国科学》这样的权威性刊物,没有创新就不可能录用。

工学类论文中,原始创新比较少,大多是提出一些新方法、新算法,或是以别人没有用过的方法对一个问题进行分析,属于集成创新。

虽然这也是可取的,但论文必须雄辩地说明采用新方法所取得的结果。

v⑵论文的写法一定要突出重点。

v⑶论文的内容要真实、正确。

如果让人看出虚假的东西,这篇文章就肯定不能用。

v⑷科技论文一般少不了公式。

公式推导的正确固然很重要,但也并非一定要把一步一步的推导过程写清楚,但是,要注意对公式中所用符号的说明,注意说明公式的适用条件。

2 论文格式v题目:最鲜明、最精练地概括了作者表达论文的思想内容, 是科技论文的“眼睛”v署名v摘要:提供文摘内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容.v关键词v正文:正文是科技论文的主体部分v致谢v参考文献v英文摘要正文通常包括五部分:v引言v材料与方法v结果v讨论v结论“引言”与“讨论”是一篇论文最难写、最重要的部分引言(1) 阐述工作的背景:该项研究的作用、目的及意义。

(2) 文献分析:要特别注意把与本工作相关、相近的学术思想表达出来,允许不同的学术观点,切记盲目否定、贬低别人。

作者需要长期积累,整理、归类,明确同行工作,了解本方向进展,透彻分析别人工作的优点和不足。

筛选近几年内出版的最相近文献(期刊、会议录、专利等),一般不引用工具书、教材和非正式出版物。

国际期刊考虑引用SCI论文。

(3)简述研究结果,解决的问题,突出闪光点。

各领域专业人员文献阅读量v工程师(Engineers)-72篇/年;v物理学家(Physicists)-204篇/年;v化学家(Chemists)-276篇/年;v医学院教师(Medical Faculty)-322篇/年。

♦各领域专业人员阅读时间97118163198020406080100120140160180200Hoursspentforreading/Year1234E n g i n e e r s M e d i c a l f a c u l t y P h y s i c i s t s C h e m i s t s存在问题(1)不交代与论文有关的国内外研究概况。

(2)罗列一大堆与论文无关或关系不大的材料。

(3) 列入许多人所共知的普通专业知识或教科书上的材料。

(4)毫无根据地写“尚未见报道”、“未曾研究过”、“仅见”、“首次”等词语。

对于这类提法,即使在比较有把握的情况下也最好留有余地,免得被动。

(5) 将图、表等放在引言中。

v“讨论”是论文中最重要的部分。

论文水平的高低和对读者有无价值都能在讨论中表现出来,它又是最难写的部分。

v讨论是对实验、调查和观察结果进行理论分析和综合,也即回答“为什么出现这样的结果?”、“出现这样的结果意味着什么?”使结果通过逻辑推理、理论分析,从中提出科学的、恰如其分的结论。

讨论是论文中最有创造性见解、最严格的部分。

存在问题(1)重复结果内容或对结果中的图表给予解释。

(2)对实验结果没有理论分析,对不是本研究的结果却详加讨论。

(3)未将本次研究结果与文献资料进行比较与分析。

(4)罗列一大堆与本实验关系不大或无关的文献资料,废话连篇,离题万里。

(5)循环推理,以空对空,以“假设”来证明假设,以“未知”来说明未知。

(6)在讨论别人成果时断章取义,抬高自己,贬低别人。

(7)对书写讨论束手无策,干脆不写讨论,即论文没有讨论部分。

结论结论中出现的问题不多,不过精彩的结论也不多。

由于Word等文字处理软件提供的“复制”、“粘贴”的方便,论文正文、引言、摘要中的一些话也就被拷贝到结论中,还没看到结论就知道结论说什么,这样的结论已经没味了。

有的论文,正文中根本未涉及的问题,在结论中突然冒了出来。

还有的论文结论把文章中的论述部分或全部推翻了。

§要求:§(1) 简明扼要、精炼完整。

§(2) 突出新发现、新发明,强调其意义。

§(3) 实验中还不能肯定的内容不能写入结论。

§(4) 观点鲜明,不用“可能”、“大概”等模棱两可之词。

§(5) 提出与本研究有关的建议、前景。

参考文献国际论文对参考文献尤其看重,包括文献相关性、引用格式、著录规范等。

写论文时注意引用近3年来的期刊论文、专利、会议录等,特别是SCI源期刊,以助审稿人查阅。

少引用甚至不引用书籍、编著、教材和10年前过刊。

q参考文献标注因刊而异,一般论文正文部分引用参考文献时有两种标注方法:q(1)顺序编码制(最为常用):按论文正文部分引用文献出现的先后顺序连续编码,并将序号置于方括号[ ]中或上标形式[ ]或平行形式或无扩号上标形式等。

§例如:§….and spectrophotometric methodology provides the light-absorption spectrometry with a very wide application to analysis of food, 2water quality 3and tropospheric substances 4and to the identification of gems,5 studies of inorganic particle formation,6solid-phase structure 7and protein folding and unfolding.8Nowadays,…§著录格式:§2W. J. Hurst, In Ultraviolet/Visible Light Methods in SpectroscopyTechniques in Food Analysis, Wilson, R.H., Ed., VCH: New York, 1994, pp. 221-240.§3O. Thomas, F. Theraulaz, C. Agnel and S. Suryani, Trib. Eau 1995, 48, 47.§4U. Platt, Comm. Eur. Communities, [Rep.] EUR 1994, EUR15609, 664.§5E. Fritsch, Analusis1995, 23, M37.§6A. Muramatsu, H. Itoh and T. Sugimoto, Tohoku Daigaku Sozai Kogaku Kenkyusho Iho1993, 49, 101.§……..(2)“著者-出版年”制:论文正文部分引用的文献在引文后标注“著者”和发表“年份”,并用圆括号括起;引用多著者的文献时,只需标注第一著者的姓,其后加“et al”。

例如:…. Has involved titrimetry(International Standards Organization,1984),atomic absorption spectroscopy (Bornemisza-Pauspertl, 1973; International Standards Organization,1986),chromatography (Zenki, 1981), spectrophotometry with chromogenic agents such as catechol violet (Yu, 1988),alizarin red S (Yang and Chen, 1984),1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (Goto et al., 1977) and beryllon-II (Qui and Zhu, 1983),and flow injection analysis (Wada et al., 1983; Wada and Nakagawa, 1984)….”§著录格式为:Bornemisza-Pauspertl P. 1973 Determination of magnesium in plant materials.J. Radioanal. Chem. 14:189-191Goto K, Taguchi S, Fukue Y, Ohta K, Watanabe H. 1977 Spectrophotometric determination of magnesium with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol and a non-ionic surfactant. Talanta24: 752-753.International Standards Organization, 1984 Water quality: Determination of the sum of calcium and magnesium --EDTA titrimetric method. ISO6059.….国际论文文稿准备vTitle、Authors、Address/Affiliation、Abstract、KeywordsvTextvAcknowledgementsvReferencesvFigure’s captionvTables (每表1页)vFigures (每图1页)TextvIntroductionvPrinciple/Theory & CalculationvExperimental Section vResultsvDiscussionvConclusion二如何选择期刊发表论文?基础研究的水平主要看3P,即:Paper, Patent and Presentation科学论文是经过同行评议的,往往容易被科学界所承认。

诺贝尔物理奖、化学奖、生物和医学奖等都是由科学家们的原始科学论文对科学、社会的贡献而授予的。

对从事基础研究的科学工作者,都希望在国际主流学术期刊发表论文,从而进入学术前沿。

在国际核心刊物发表学术论文是基础研究工作者的责任,作为国家、研究群体或个人,在高影响因子刊物上发表论文的多寡,显然是基础研究水平的一个客观的标志。

美国微生物学会出版的《细菌学》杂志主编罗伯特·戴认为:“对一个科学家的评价,从研究生开始,主要不是看他在实验室操作的机敏,不是看他对或宽或窄的研究领域固有的知识,更不是看他的智能、辛勤和魅力,而是看他的著述、论文。

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