abbreviation
abbreviation 词根
一、引言在英语语言中，我们经常会遇到一些缩写词或者简称词，比如UN、NASA、FBI等。
这些缩写词给我们的生活和工作带来了很大的便利。
但是，你知道这些缩写词都是从哪里来的吗？其实，这些缩写词大多数都是由词根组合而成的。
下面，我们就来详细了解一下abbreviation词根的由来和应用。
二、abbreviation词根的概念1. abbreviation词根的定义缩写词根是指可以独立存在，能够构成许多其他单词的子词根，是构成许多单词的基础。
2. abbreviation词根的特点（1）独立存在：abbreviation词根可以作为单词的基本构成部分，存在于词汇中。
（2）构成其他单词：abbreviation词根在组合不同的前缀、后缀和词根时，可以构成不同的词汇。
三、英语常见的abbreviation词根1. bio-（生命）bio是abbreviation词根的一个常见例子，它来源于希腊语，表示“生命”。
在英语中，我们经常可以看到以bio-为前缀的词汇，比如biology（生物学）、biography（传记）等。
2. geo-（地球）geo也是一个常见的abbreviation词根，它来源于希腊语，表示“地球”。
在英语中，以geo-为前缀的词汇也是非常常见的，比如geography（地理学）、geology（地质学）等。
3. chron-（时间）另一个常见的abbreviation词根是chron-，它来源于希腊语，表示“时间”。
在英语中，以chron-为前缀的词汇也很常见，比如chronology（编年史）、chronic（慢性的）等。
四、abbreviation词根在实际生活中的应用1. 科学领域在科学研究中，我们经常可以看到abbreviation词根的应用，比如在生物学、地质学、天文学等领域中，使用以bio-、geo-、astro-等abbreviation词根为前缀的词汇来描述各种科学概念。
abbreviation
在当今全球化的进程中,国际文化交流日益频繁,语言之间相互渗透日益增多,英语中有大量的缩略词以其经济高效、醒目、易记等特点,被汉语越来越多地直接借用。
缩略词(Abbreviation)是由词的音节加以省略或简化而成,它的词义不变,在中文交流中使用很广,了解常用缩略语的原形,将有助于我们更好地理解其中所要表达的思想,以下是我们常见的一些缩略词及其中文含义。
1. 各种组织或机构的缩略词APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织IOC(International Olympic Committee)国际奥林匹克组织ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克,石油输出国组织WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织SOS村(SOS children's village)一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构2. 各种系统的缩略词BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统或(bulletin board service)电子公告服务GPS(global positioning system)全球定位系统GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移动通信系统CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)计算机集成制造系统DOS(disc operating system)磁盘操作系统GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇险与安全系统ITS(intelligent transportation system)智能交通系统NMD(National Missile Defense)国家导弹防御系统TMD (theatre missile defense)战区导弹防御系统)NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)纳斯达克,(美)全国交易商自动报价系统协会3. 有关职务或学位的缩略词CEO(chief executive officer)首席执行官CFO(chief finance officer)首席财务官CGO(chief government officer)首席沟通官CIO(chief information officer)首席信息官COO(chief operating officer)首席运营官CTO(chief technology officer)首席技术官CPA(certified public accountant)注册会计师MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士MPA(Master of Public Administration)公共管理硕士4. 金融方面的缩略词ATM(automated teller machine)自动柜员机CBD(central business district)中央商务区GDP(gross domestic product)国内生产总值GNP(gross national product)国民生产总值5.考试方面的缩略词CET(college English test)大学英语等级考试GRE(graduate record examination in USA and other countries)美国等国家研究生入学资格考试PETS(public English test system)全国英语等级考试HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi; Chinese Standard Test)汉语水平考试6. 其他方面的缩略词AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 获得性免疫缺陷综合症,即艾滋病AM (amplitude modulation) 调幅APC ( aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound aspirin; heat-relieving and pain-killing medicine consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine) 复方阿司匹林API (air pollution index) 空气污染指数CDMA (code division multiple access) 码分多址,一种最新的无线电发射和接受方式CD (compact disc) 激光唱盘CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory) 只读光盘CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) 可擦写光盘CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目;预编目录.在图书出版前,由图书馆编目部门根据出版商提供的校样先行编目, 编目后将著录内容及标准格式交出版机构,将它印于图书的版权页上DIY (do it yourself) 指自己动手装电脑,缝制衣服,做贺卡DVD (digital video disc) 数字激光视盘EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递EQ (emotional quotient) 情商IQ (intelligence quotient) 智商ICU (intensive-care unit) 重症病房IP (internet protocol) 网际协议IT (information technology) 信息技术OA (office automation) 办公自动化OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商PC (personal computer) 个人计算机PT (particular transfer) 特别转让SCI (science citation index) 科学引文索引SOHO (small office home office) 小型家居办公室SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号,也用于一般的求救或求助ST (special treatment) 特别处理VIP (very important person) 要人VOD (video on demand) 视频点播WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网。
《语言学》缩写_Abbreviation
《语⾔学》缩写_Abbreviation[Expand]Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project —Donate Now AbbreviationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor the HTML tag, see HTML element.For guidelines on making and editing abbreviation articles on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Disambiguation and abbreviations. This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)An abbreviation(from Latin brevis"short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr." or "abbrev."Contents[hide]1 History2 Types of abbreviationo 2.1 Syllabic abbreviation2.1.1 Use in various languages2.1.2 Syllabic abbreviations in names of organizations 3 Style conventions in Englisho 3.1 Lowercase letterso 3.2 Periods (full stops) and spaceso 3.3 Plural formso 3.4 Conventions followed by publications and newspapers3.4.1 United States3.4.2 United Kingdom3.4.3 Miscellaneous and general rules4 Measurement5 See also6 References7 External links[edit] HistoryAbbreviation has been used as long as phonetic script existed, in some senses actually being more common in early literacy, where spelling out a whole word was often avoided, initial letters commonly being used to represent words in specific application. By classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was still normal, but no longer the default. An increase in literacy has, historically, sometimes spawned a trend toward abbreviation. The standardization of English inthe 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviation[1]. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, specific phoneme sets like "er" were dropped from words and replaced with ?, like "mast?" instead of "master" or exac?bate instead of "exacerbate". While this seems trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce their copy time. An example from the Oxford university Register, 1503:Mast? subwarden? y ?mēde me to you. And wher? y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differr? thelection? ov?to quīdena? tinitatis y have be thoug?t me syn? that itt woll be then? a bowte mydsom?.In the 1830s in the United States, starting with Boston, abbreviation became a fad. For example, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very trendy. The use of abbreviation for the names of "Father of modern etymology" J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, and other members of Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, are sometimes cited as symptomatic of this. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence.[2][3]After World War II, the British greatly reduced their use of the full stop and other punctuations after abbreviations in at least semi-formal writing, while the Americans more readily kept its use until more recently, and still maintain it more than Britons. The classic example, considered by their American counterparts quite curious, was the maintenance of the internal comma in a British organization of secret agents called the"Special Operations, Executive" — "S.O.,E" — which is not found in histories written after about 1960.But before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent: "M." is the abbreviation for "monsieur" while "Mme" is that for "madame". Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously.Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U.S. media tend to abbreviate two-word abbreviations like United States (U.S.), but not personal computer (PC) or television (TV). Many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations completely.Minimization of punctuation in typewritten matter became economically desirable in the 1960s and 1970s for the many users of carbon-film ribbons, since a period or comma consumed the same length of non-reusable expensive ribbon as did a capital letter.[edit] Types of abbreviationApart from the common form of word-contraction, there are other types of abbreviation. These include acronym and initialism (includingthree-letter acronyms), apocope, clipping, elision, syncope, syllabic abbreviation, and portmanteau words.[edit] Syllabic abbreviationSee also: Clipping (morphology)A syllabic abbreviation (SA) is an abbreviation formed from (usually) initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol for Inter national pol ice, but should be distinguished from portmanteau words. They are usually written in lower case, sometimes starting with a capital letter, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter.[edit] Use in various languagesSyllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English or French, but are common in certain languages, like German and Russian.They prevailed in Germany under the Nazis and in the Soviet Union for naming the plethora of new bureaucratic organizations. For example, Gestapo stands for Ge heime Sta ats-Po lizei, or "secret state police". This has given syllabic abbreviations a negative connotation, even though they were used in Germany before the Nazis, such as Schupo for Schutzpolizist. Even now Germans call part of their police Kripo for Kriminalpolizei. Syllabic abbreviations were also typical of German language used in the German Democratic Republic, for example, Stasi for Staatssicherheit ("state security", the secret police and secret service) or Vopo for Volkspolizist ("people's policeman").Some syllabic abbreviations from Russian that are familiar to English speakers include samizdat and kolkhoz. The English names for the Soviet "Comintern" (Com munist Intern ational) and "Milrevcom" (Mil itaryRev olution Com mittee) are further examples.Orwell's novel 1984 uses fictional syllabic abbreviations like "Ingsoc" (Eng lish Soc ialism) to evoke the use of language under the Nazi and Soviet regimes.East Asian languages whose writing uses Chinese-originated ideograms instead of an alphabet form abbreviations similarly by using key characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the United Nations, kokusai rengō (国際連合) is often abbreviated to kokuren(国連). Such abbreviations are called ryakugo(略語) in Japanese. SAs are frequently used for names of universities: for instance, Beida(北⼤, Běidà) for Peking University (Beijing), Yondae (??) for the Yonsei University, Seouldae () for the Seoul National University and Tōdai (東⼤) for the University of Tokyo.[edit] Syllabic abbreviations in names of organizationsSyllabic abbreviations are preferred by the U.S. Navy as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6," and COMNAVAIRLANT means "Commander, Naval Air Forces, Atlantic".[edit] Style conventions in EnglishIn modern English there are several conventions for abbreviations and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. Questions which arise include those in the following subsections.[edit] Lowercase lettersIf the original word was capitalized, then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus. When abbreviating words spelled with lower case letters, there is no need for capitalization, therefore no need for a consistent rule.[edit] Periods (full stops) and spacesA period (full stop) is sometimes written after an abbreviated word, but there is much disagreement and many exceptions.There is never a period (full stop) between letters of the same word. For example, Tiberius is abbreviated as Tb. and not as T.b..In formal British English, according to Hart's Rules, it is more common to write abbreviations with full stops if the word has been cut at the point of abbreviation but not otherwise: for example:"Doctor" becomes "Dr" (for "D–r")"Professor" becomes "Prof." (for "Prof...")"The Reverend" becomes "Revd" (for "Rev–d")"The Right Honourable" becomes "Rt Hon." (for "R–t Hon...")In American English, the period is usually added if the abbreviation might otherwise be interpreted as a word, but some American writers do not use a period here. Sometimes, periods are used for certain initialisms but not others; a notable instance in American English is to write United States, European Union, and United Nations as U.S., EU, and UN respectively.A third standard removes the full stops from all abbreviations (both "Saint" and "Street" become "St"). The U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example, "Northwest Blvd", "W. Jefferson", and "PED XING"all follow this recommendation.)Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer abbreviated with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar, radar, lidar, laser, and scuba.Spaces are generally not used between single letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "U. S.".When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, use only one period: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.[edit] Plural formsTo form the plural of an abbreviation, a number, or a capital letter used as a noun, simply add a lowercase s to the end.A group of MPsThe roaring '20sMind your Ps and QsTo form the plural of an abbreviation with periods, a lowercase letter used as a noun, and abbreviations or capital letters that would be ambiguous or confusing if the 's' alone were added, use an apostrophe and an s.A group of Ph.D.'sThe x's of the equationSending SOS'sIn Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter, e.g. for footnotes.d. didot — dd. didots (typography)h. hand — hh. hands (horse height)l. line — ll. linesp. page — pp. pagesP. pope — PP. popesv. volume — vv. volumes[edit] Conventions followed by publications and newspapers [edit] United StatesPublications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of the Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press. [verification needed] The U.S. Government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office. However, there is some inconsistency in abbreviation styles, as they are not rigorously defined by style guides. Some two-word abbreviations, like "United Nations", are abbreviated with uppercase letters and periods, and others, like "personal computer" (PC) and "compact disc" (CD), are not; rather, they are typically abbreviated without periods and in uppercase letters. A third variation is to use lowercase letters with periods; this is used by Time Magazine in abbreviating "public relations" (p.r.). Moreover, even three-word abbreviations (most U.S. publications use uppercase abbreviations without periods) are sometimes not consistently abbreviated, even within the same article.The New York Times is unique in having a consistent style by always abbreviating with periods: P.C., I.B.M., P.R. This is in contrast with the trend of British publications to omit periods for convenience.[edit] United KingdomMany British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the BBC and The Guardian, have completely done away with the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations.These include:o Social titles, like Ms or Mr (though these would usually not have had full stops — see above) Capt, Prof, etc.;o Two-letter abbreviations for countries ("US", not "U.S.");o Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms);o Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters ("PR", instead of "p.r.", or "pr")o Names ("FW de Klerk", "GB Whiteley", "Park JS"). A notable exception is the newspaper The Economist which writes "MrF.W. de Klerk".o Scientific units (see Measurement below).Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalised. For instance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation can be abbreviated as "Nato" or "NATO", and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome as "Sars" or "SARS" (compare with"laser" which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the "British Broadcasting Corporation"is abbreviated to "BBC", never "Bbc". An initialism is similar to acronym but is not pronounced as a word.When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This is contrary to the SI standard, see below.)[edit] Miscellaneous and general rulesPlurals are often formed by doubling the last letter of the abbreviation. Most of these deal with writing and publishing:MS=manuscript, MSS=manuscripts; l=line, ll=lines; p=page,pp=pages; s=section, ss=sections; op.=opus, opp.=opera. This form, derived from Latin is used in Europe in many places: dd=didots. "The following (lines or pages)" is denoted by "ff". One example that does not concern printing is hh=hands.A doubled letter also appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in Welsh the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister) Lloyd George.Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively.This is true for most British publications, and some in the United States.It is usually advised to spell out the abbreviation where it is new or unfamiliar to the reader (UNESCO in a magazine about music,because it refers to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, whose work does not concern the music).It is considered acceptable to start off a sentence with an abbreviation, however it is then advised to "ignore" the abbreviation and start the sentence as if it had begun with noabbreviation, but only if it is not the name of a person, place, or thing. For example, "BTW There is a new office manager." would be acceptable, though even without capping the "T", this instance is still accepted.[edit] MeasurementThe International System of Units(SI) defines a set of base units, from which other "derived" units may be obtained. The abbreviations, or moreaccurately "symbols" (using Roman letters, or Greek in the case of ohm) for these units are also clearly defined together with a set of prefixes for which there are also abbreviations or symbols. There should never be a period after or inside a unit; both '10 k.m.' and '10 k.m' are wrong — the only correct form is '10 km' (only followed with a period when at the end of a sentence).A period "within" a compound unit denotes multiplication of the base units on each side of it. Ideally, this period should be raised to the centre of the line, but often it is not. For instance, '5 ms' means 5 millisecond(s), whereas '5 m.s' means 5 metre·second(s). The "m.s" here is a compound unit formed from the product of two fundamental SI units — metre and second.There should always be a (non-breaking) space between the number and the unit — '25 km' is correct, and '25km' is incorrect. In Section 5.3.3. of The International System of Units (SI), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) states "The numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number. … The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle."[4]The case of letters(uppercase or lowercase) has meaning in the SI system, and should never be changed in a misguided attempt to follow an abbreviation style. For example, "10 S" denotes 10 siemens (a unit of conductance), while "10 s" denotes 10 seconds. Any unit named after a person is denoted by a symbol with an upper case first letter (S, Pa, A, V, N, Wb, W), but spelt out in full in lower case, (siemens, pascal, ampere, volt, newton, weber and watt). By contrast g, l, m, s, cd, ha represent gramme, litre, metre, second, candela and hectare respectively. The one slight exception to this rule is that the symbol for litre is allowed to be L to help avoid confusion with an upper case i or a one in some typefaces — compare l, I, and 1.Likewise, the abbreviations of the prefixes denoting powers of ten are case-sensitive: m (milli) represents a thousandth, but M (mega) represents a million, so by inadvertent changes of case one may introduce (in this example) an error of a factor of 1 000 000 000. When a unit is written in full, the whole unit is written in lowercase, including the prefix: millivolt for mV, nanometre for nm, gigacandela for Gcd.The above rules, if followed, ensure that the SI system is always unambiguous, so for instance mK denotes millikelvin, MK denotes megakelvin, K.m denotes kelvin.metre, and km denotes kilometre. Formssuch as k.m and Km are ill-formed and technically meaningless in the SI system, although the intended meaning might be inferred from the context.[edit] See also。
abbreviation语言学定义
abbreviation语言学定义1. 什么是abbreviation在语言学中，abbreviation（缩写）是指将一个词或短语缩短成一个新的部分词或部分短语，以便于书写或口语表达时更为简洁、方便。
这种缩短通常是将一个或多个字母或音节剔除掉，但仍能保持原词或短语的识别度和言义，常用于书信、文献、广告、标志、口号等场合。
2. abbreviation在实际应用中的情况在日常生活和各个行业中，abbreviation是非常常见的。
比如在商业领域中，常用的产品名称、公司名、行业术语等都会被缩写，以便于在标志、广告、报告等中更为简洁地呈现。
在科技领域中，各种技术术语、专业名词也会以缩写形式频繁出现。
在政府部门、学术界、医疗卫生等领域，也有大量的缩写词被广泛使用。
3. abbreviation的形式和规则在英语中，常见的abbreviation形式包括首字母缩写、音节缩写、句子缩写等。
首字母缩写即将每个单词的首字母组合而成，如FBI （Federal Bureau of Investigation，联邦调查局）、NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国航空航天局）等。
音节缩写是将单词的一个或几个音节组合而成，如info （information，信息）、demo（demonstration，演示）等。
句子缩写则是将一个完整的句子缩写成一个或几个字母，如etc.（etcetera，等等）、e.g.（exempli gratia，例如）等。
4. abbreviation的好处和问题缩写的使用可以使文本更为简洁、紧凑，有利于提高阅读效率和减少篇幅。
在口语交流中，使用缩写也能加快对话节奏，提高表达效率。
然而，缩写的滥用和误用也会导致理解困难、歧义产生，特别是在跨文化交流、专业领域等情境下，一些特定的缩写可能只有局部人士才能准确理解，这就要求使用者在具体语境中灵活运用，避免产生歧义。
abbreviation
Exp’d =experienced有经验的
Gen’l=general
Hi-tech=high-technology
Betw.=between
Hr
Hrs.=hours
Hskpg=house keeping家务活
pref’d=preferred优先录用
Sakes Rep=sales representative
nec necessary必要的
oppty opportunity机会
ot overtime超时
dept department部
pls please请
dir director董事
admim administrative行政的
Jr junior初级sr senior资深
agcy agency经销商
knowl knowledge知识
Avail IMMED.= available immediately立即录用
EOE=equal opportunity employment就业机会均等
Comm. =commission佣金
Attn.=attention；联系人，经办人；给,与…联系
Exc.bntfts.=Excellent benefits待遇优厚
Nego=negotiable
Incl.= include
bus business商业、生意
mgr manager经理
clk clerk (办公室)职员
m-f monday-friday从周一到周五
co company公司
corp cororation (有限)公司
mo month月
coll college大专(学历)
Abbreviation in English News
Abbreviation in English News
11
champ = champion n.冠军 kg = kilogram n.千克
New words judo : n. 柔道 doping(dope) : vt 1.服用禁药 2.用麻醉药使无知觉
Abbreviation in English News
Abbreviation in English News 14
TV : television 3D : three-dimensional 三维 HD : High Definition 高清晰度 AM = ante meridiem BST = British Summer Time 英国夏令时 UK : United Kingdom
Abbreviation in English News
23
some rules of Abbreviation
1.单词缩写应省略在辅音之后，元音之前 英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾，而不以元音结 尾。如American省略为Am,而不省略为Ame或 Amer，Medicine或Medical缩写为Med。但 Science例外，缩写为Sci,可能是因为元音I之 后又是元音E的缘故。缩写名词每个词首字母 必须大写，而不可全部都用大写或小写。
Abbreviation in English News 17
Further Inquiries Into Former Rep. Massa
Rep. = Representative n. 代表 Inquiries (inquiry) n. 调查, 查问
Abbreviation in English News
12
Some abbreviations about unit
汽车行业用语缩写 Abbreviation
Assy PPAP Assy PPAP Assy PPV Assy PPV
Assy Run-Off Assy Run-off Assy Run-off ATC ATF
整车开发通用英文缩写（按首字母排序）
英文全称 100% Calibration 100% Integration Vehicle Engineering Release All parts at full PPAP for Vehicle program 100% Structure Vehicle Engineering Release 65% Calibration 80% Calibration 8 Disciplines Alpha Alpha Material Required Date Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission Architecture Approval Alliance of Automobile Manufactures Anti-lock Brake System or Anti-Block Steering Architecture Confirmation Assistant Chief Engineer Activity Assembly Component Tree BOM Alternatives Development Analysis / Development / Validation Analysis, Development and Validation Application Engineer Application Engineer Assimilability evaluation method Architecture Framing Initiation Automotive Industry Action Group Alloy Automatic Machincal Transmission American National Standards Institute Advanced Purchasing Assembly Plant Automotive Product Board Approved Product Description Annual Program Execution Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Advanced Product Quality Planning and Control Asia Pacific Strategy Board Appropriation Request Architecture Refinement Complete Automotive Strategy Board
常见英语缩略式(Contraction)
常见英语缩略式(Contraction)
缩略式(Contraction)和缩写(Abbreviation)是两个不同的概念。
Abbreviation是指单词或片语缩短后的形式，主要用于在书面语中替代完整形式，如用Mass. 替代Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州），用USA 替代United States of Ameirica（美利坚合众国）, 用RMB 替代Renminbi（人民币）等。
Contraction又称缩约词或收缩词，是指通过省略或结合一个较长短语中的某些音素而形成的词，如从of the clock 收缩而来的o'clock，从I am收缩而来的I’m 等，在书写时，需要用’(apostrophe)来代替省略掉的部分。
使用中必须要注意缩略式的使用场合，缩略式的最大问题是被用于不该用的地方。
一般来说，缩略式在小说体重是完全正常的，特别是在对话中，作者想要传达一种听上去像实际口头语言的信息。
然而，在正式的非小说体写作中，缩略式几乎是不被接受的。
也就是说，在更加正式的写作中，最好避免使用缩略式。
should没有缩写为’d的，were没有缩写为’re的，was没有缩写为’s的。
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美元 USCG United States Coast Guard
美国海岸警卫队 V Voltage
电压 VDU Video Display Unit
视频显示器 VCG Vertical centre of gravity
重心 VDR Voyage Data Recorder
国际船级社联合会 IALA International Associaton of Lighthouse Authorities
国际灯塔权协会 IAPP International Air Pollution Prevention (certificate)
国际空气防污染（证书） ILLC International Load Line Convention
国际劳动力组织 IMO International Maritime Organization
国际海事组织 ISO International Standardization Organization
国际标准化组织 ITU International Telecommunication Union
国际电信联盟 IACS International Association of Classification Societies
ERWS Electric Resistance Welded steel. 电阻焊接钢
EIAPP Engine International Air Pollution Prevention
国际发动机空气防污染 EPIRB Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons
FRP Fibre Reinforced Polyester 纤维加强聚酯
FMEA Failure Mode Effect Analysis 故障形式效果分析
GA General Arrangement 总布置图
GS General Service (pump) 一般用途（泵）
GMT Greenwich Mean Time
国际直接拨号 IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
国际电工技术委员会 IGS Inert Gas System
惰性气体系统
IHO International Hydrographic Organization.
国际水道测量组织
ILO International Labor Organization
电压数据记录器 VHF Very high frequency (30 MHz – 300 MHz)
甚高频(30 MHz – 300 MHz) VHS Very High Speed
甚高速 W Watt
瓦特 WB Water Ballast
水压载 WC Water closet
厕所
爆炸（防止） ECR Engine control room
机控室 EGC Enhanced Group Call
加强群体呼号 EMI Electro Magnetic Interference
电磁干扰 ENC Electronic Navigation Chart (vector format)
电子导航图（向量格式）
调幅 ACB Air Circuit Breaker
空气断路器 AIS Automatic Identification System
自动识别系统 ACMS Automation, Control and Monitoring system
自动操作、控制和监视系统 AFFF Aqueous Film-Forming Foam
干膜厚度 DIN Deutsche Industrial Norm
德国工业标准 DSC Digital selective-call
数字选择呼叫 DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
差全球定位系统 ER Engine room
机舱 EX Explosion (proof)
国际载重线规范
ICCP Impressed Current Cathodic Protection 外加电流阴极保护
ISPS International Code for the Security of Ships and of Port Facilities
国际船舶和港口设备安全编码 IOPP International Oil Pollution Prevention
格林威治标准时间
GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统
GRE Glass fibre Reinforced Epoxy 玻璃纤维加固环氧
GRP Glassfibre Reinforced Polyester 玻璃纤维增强塑料管
GSM Global System for Mobile telecommunications 移动通信全球系统
水平精度因子 HVAC Heat, Ventilat风和空调 Hz Hertz
赫兹 I/O In/Out
进/出 IAS Integrated Automation System
综合自动控制系统 IDD International Direct Dialing
GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 海上遇险和安全系统
GRVE Glassfibre Reinforced Plastic with Vinyl ester resin 玻璃纤维强化乙烯基树脂塑料
HF High frequency 高频(3000 kHz – 30 MHz)
闭路电视（摄影机系统） COLREG Convention on International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea
国际海上防腐规章规范 DC Direct current
直流电 DN Diameter Nominal
公称直径 DFT Dry film thickness
国际防油污染 INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization
国际海事卫星组织 TV Television
电视 TFT Thin Film Transistor (Type of LCD flat screen)
薄膜晶体管（平面液晶显示屏幕） UK United Kingdom
水成膜泡沫 ANSI American National Standards Institute
美国国家标准协会 ARCS Admiralty Raster Chart Service
ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aids 自动雷达标绘仪
BS British Standard 大不列颠标准
HFO Heavy Fuel Oil 重燃油
HP High Pressure 高压
HT High Temperature
高温 HCL Hydrochloric Acid
盐酸 HRC High Rupture Capacity
高断开能力 HSD High Speed Data
高速率数据 HDOP Horizontal Dilution Of Precision
船舶类缩写词（— ）
缩写词 The following abbreviations may be used in the specification: 下列缩写词在规格书中可能会用到： A Ampere
安培 AC Alternating current
交流电 AM Amplitude modulation
联合王国 US United States
美国 UTI Universal Transducer Interface
通用传感界面 UV Ultraviolet
紫外线 UHF Ultra high frequency (300 MHz – 3000 MHz)
超高频(300 MHz – 3000 MHz) UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
ESP Enhanced Survey Program
加强检验(是入级附加标记)
EEBD Emergency Escape Breathing Device 紧急脱险呼吸装置
EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power 等效全面辐射功率
EPDM Ethylene-Propylene Diene- synthetic rubber 乙烯基-丙基二烯烃-合成橡胶
COW Crude Oil Washing COW 原油洗舱
CRT Cathode-Ray Tube (Monitor) 阴极射线管
CCMS Cargo Control and Monitoring System
货舱控制和监控系统 CCTV Closed circuit television (camera system)
B&W Black & White 黑和白
CD Compact disk 光盘
CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计
CCR Cargo Control Room 货舱控制室
CCS Cargo Control Station 货舱控制站
CIP Cleaning In Process 程序清洁处理
电子定位指示无线电灯塔
FC Frequency Converter 变频器
FM Frequency modulation 调频