abbreviation
abbreviation 词根
一、引言在英语语言中，我们经常会遇到一些缩写词或者简称词，比如UN、NASA、FBI等。
这些缩写词给我们的生活和工作带来了很大的便利。
但是，你知道这些缩写词都是从哪里来的吗？其实，这些缩写词大多数都是由词根组合而成的。
下面，我们就来详细了解一下abbreviation词根的由来和应用。
二、abbreviation词根的概念1. abbreviation词根的定义缩写词根是指可以独立存在，能够构成许多其他单词的子词根，是构成许多单词的基础。
2. abbreviation词根的特点（1）独立存在：abbreviation词根可以作为单词的基本构成部分，存在于词汇中。
（2）构成其他单词：abbreviation词根在组合不同的前缀、后缀和词根时，可以构成不同的词汇。
三、英语常见的abbreviation词根1. bio-（生命）bio是abbreviation词根的一个常见例子，它来源于希腊语，表示“生命”。
在英语中，我们经常可以看到以bio-为前缀的词汇，比如biology（生物学）、biography（传记）等。
2. geo-（地球）geo也是一个常见的abbreviation词根，它来源于希腊语，表示“地球”。
在英语中，以geo-为前缀的词汇也是非常常见的，比如geography（地理学）、geology（地质学）等。
3. chron-（时间）另一个常见的abbreviation词根是chron-，它来源于希腊语，表示“时间”。
在英语中，以chron-为前缀的词汇也很常见，比如chronology（编年史）、chronic（慢性的）等。
四、abbreviation词根在实际生活中的应用1. 科学领域在科学研究中，我们经常可以看到abbreviation词根的应用，比如在生物学、地质学、天文学等领域中，使用以bio-、geo-、astro-等abbreviation词根为前缀的词汇来描述各种科学概念。
abbreviation and reconstitution
• 迪庆藏族自治州位于云南省西北部滇、川、藏三省交界处， 这里有冰山雪川、江河峡谷、琥珀草甸，美丽而宁静。州内 以藏族居民为主，还居住着傈僳族、纳西族等20多个民族， 长期以来，这里各民族和谐相处，创造了独特而灿烂的文化 ——山川秀美、民风淳朴、历时悠久、文化丰富，与詹姆斯 ·希尔顿笔下的香格里拉及其相似。 • Located at the junction of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and the Tibet Autonomous Region,the scenery in picturesque Diqing,filled with glaciers,deep canyons,meadows,and lakes,remarkably resembles that of the Shangri-La described in Hilton's novel.Residents here are mainly Tibetans who coexist peacefully with over 20 other ethnic groups,including Lisu and Nasi groups,thus creating a rich and unique culture. • 译文采用了篇章整合的方式，打乱了原文语序：将段末句子 提前，全段按内容调整为两个逻辑层次分明的复合句，重点 突出主题信息的表达，并将破折号后的汉语惯用的评述性话 语“山川秀美、民风淳朴、历时悠久、文化丰富”省去不译 ，这样，使译文结构更紧凑，信息更明确。
• • • •
3.汉语与英语思维习惯和语言习惯不同 例5：他提前三天到达是我们没想到的。 译： His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation. • 例6：她丈夫不愿见到她那张面无表情的脸。 • 译： • Her husband hates to see her stony face.
汽车行业用语缩写(Abbreviation)
abbreviation
在当今全球化的进程中,国际文化交流日益频繁,语言之间相互渗透日益增多,英语中有大量的缩略词以其经济高效、醒目、易记等特点,被汉语越来越多地直接借用。
缩略词(Abbreviation)是由词的音节加以省略或简化而成,它的词义不变,在中文交流中使用很广,了解常用缩略语的原形,将有助于我们更好地理解其中所要表达的思想,以下是我们常见的一些缩略词及其中文含义。
1. 各种组织或机构的缩略词APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚太经济合作组织IOC(International Olympic Committee)国际奥林匹克组织ISO(International Standard Organization)国际标准化组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克,石油输出国组织WTO(World Trade Organization)世界贸易组织SOS村(SOS children's village)一种专门收养孤儿的慈善机构2. 各种系统的缩略词BBS(bulletin board system)电子公告牌系统或(bulletin board service)电子公告服务GPS(global positioning system)全球定位系统GSM(global system for mobile communications)全球移动通信系统CIMS(computer integrated manufacturing system)计算机集成制造系统DOS(disc operating system)磁盘操作系统GMDSS(global maritime distress and safety system)全球海上遇险与安全系统ITS(intelligent transportation system)智能交通系统NMD(National Missile Defense)国家导弹防御系统TMD (theatre missile defense)战区导弹防御系统)NASDAQ(national association of securities dealers automated quotation)纳斯达克,(美)全国交易商自动报价系统协会3. 有关职务或学位的缩略词CEO(chief executive officer)首席执行官CFO(chief finance officer)首席财务官CGO(chief government officer)首席沟通官CIO(chief information officer)首席信息官COO(chief operating officer)首席运营官CTO(chief technology officer)首席技术官CPA(certified public accountant)注册会计师MBA(Master of Business Administration)工商管理硕士MPA(Master of Public Administration)公共管理硕士4. 金融方面的缩略词ATM(automated teller machine)自动柜员机CBD(central business district)中央商务区GDP(gross domestic product)国内生产总值GNP(gross national product)国民生产总值5.考试方面的缩略词CET(college English test)大学英语等级考试GRE(graduate record examination in USA and other countries)美国等国家研究生入学资格考试PETS(public English test system)全国英语等级考试HSK(Hanyushuipingkaoshi; Chinese Standard Test)汉语水平考试6. 其他方面的缩略词AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 获得性免疫缺陷综合症,即艾滋病AM (amplitude modulation) 调幅APC ( aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine; compound aspirin; heat-relieving and pain-killing medicine consisting of aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine) 复方阿司匹林API (air pollution index) 空气污染指数CDMA (code division multiple access) 码分多址,一种最新的无线电发射和接受方式CD (compact disc) 激光唱盘CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory) 只读光盘CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable) 可擦写光盘CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目;预编目录.在图书出版前,由图书馆编目部门根据出版商提供的校样先行编目, 编目后将著录内容及标准格式交出版机构,将它印于图书的版权页上DIY (do it yourself) 指自己动手装电脑,缝制衣服,做贺卡DVD (digital video disc) 数字激光视盘EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递EQ (emotional quotient) 情商IQ (intelligence quotient) 智商ICU (intensive-care unit) 重症病房IP (internet protocol) 网际协议IT (information technology) 信息技术OA (office automation) 办公自动化OEM (original equipment manufacturer) 原始设备制造商PC (personal computer) 个人计算机PT (particular transfer) 特别转让SCI (science citation index) 科学引文索引SOHO (small office home office) 小型家居办公室SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号,也用于一般的求救或求助ST (special treatment) 特别处理VIP (very important person) 要人VOD (video on demand) 视频点播WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网。
abbreviation语言学定义
abbreviation语言学定义1. 什么是abbreviation在语言学中，abbreviation（缩写）是指将一个词或短语缩短成一个新的部分词或部分短语，以便于书写或口语表达时更为简洁、方便。
这种缩短通常是将一个或多个字母或音节剔除掉，但仍能保持原词或短语的识别度和言义，常用于书信、文献、广告、标志、口号等场合。
2. abbreviation在实际应用中的情况在日常生活和各个行业中，abbreviation是非常常见的。
比如在商业领域中，常用的产品名称、公司名、行业术语等都会被缩写，以便于在标志、广告、报告等中更为简洁地呈现。
在科技领域中，各种技术术语、专业名词也会以缩写形式频繁出现。
在政府部门、学术界、医疗卫生等领域，也有大量的缩写词被广泛使用。
3. abbreviation的形式和规则在英语中，常见的abbreviation形式包括首字母缩写、音节缩写、句子缩写等。
首字母缩写即将每个单词的首字母组合而成，如FBI （Federal Bureau of Investigation，联邦调查局）、NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国航空航天局）等。
音节缩写是将单词的一个或几个音节组合而成，如info （information，信息）、demo（demonstration，演示）等。
句子缩写则是将一个完整的句子缩写成一个或几个字母，如etc.（etcetera，等等）、e.g.（exempli gratia，例如）等。
4. abbreviation的好处和问题缩写的使用可以使文本更为简洁、紧凑，有利于提高阅读效率和减少篇幅。
在口语交流中，使用缩写也能加快对话节奏，提高表达效率。
然而，缩写的滥用和误用也会导致理解困难、歧义产生，特别是在跨文化交流、专业领域等情境下，一些特定的缩写可能只有局部人士才能准确理解，这就要求使用者在具体语境中灵活运用，避免产生歧义。
Abbreviation 常用词汇缩写
2004BOM Bill of materialCEO chief executive officerCGU Cash generating unitCOGS Cost of goods soldDC Distribution centreDH downtime hoursEBIA Earnings before interest and amortization EBITA Earnings before interest, tax and amortization EFP Exhange for physicalEP Economic profitFAR Fixed asset registerFIFO First in first outFTE full-time equivalentGAAP General accoutingGPS Gross proceeds of salesIAS International Accounting standardsIG Intra-GroupIH Idle timeIRCS Interest rate and currency swapIRR Internal rate of returnKPI Key performance indicatorLR legal restrictionNBV net book valueNFC Net financing costNPS Net proceeds of salesNRV Net realisable valueNSP Net selling priceRIG real internal growthROIC Return on invested capitalTH target hoursTTS Total trade spendVIU Value in useWACC Weighted average cost of capitalSPC Selling price calculationCSD Costing Standard for DistributionTNWC Trade Net Working CapitalCapex capital expenditureEOF Ex Other FactoryFTQ First Time QualityFPL First Priority LeverlFR Final releaseBEP break-even-pointBI business intelligenceCM contribution marginCVP cost-volume-profitDL direct laborDM direct materialFOH Fixed munufacturing overheadGAAP generally accepted accounting principles KM knowledge managementPAT profit after taxPBT profit before taxesPCM production contribution marginTCM total contribution marginTR tax rateVCGS variable cost of goods soldVNME variable , nonmunufacturing period expense VOH variable munufacturing overheadMS margin of safetyDOL degree of operating leverageDII (Days in Inventory)Days In InventoryDSI(Days sales in inventory)Days Sales in InventoryDSO(Days sales outstanding)Days Sales OutstandingDPO Days Payment Outstanding。
《语言学》缩写-Abbreviation演示教学
《语言学》缩写-A b b r e v i a t i o n[Expand]Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project —Donate Now AbbreviationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor the <abbr> HTML tag, see HTML element.For guidelines on making and editing abbreviation articles on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Disambiguation and abbreviations.This article needs additional citations for verification.Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2008)An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. For example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr." or "abbrev."Contents[hide]• 1 History• 2 Types of abbreviationo 2.1 Syllabic abbreviation▪ 2.1.1 Use in various languages▪ 2.1.2 Syllabic abbreviations in names oforganizations• 3 Style conventions in Englisho 3.1 Lowercase letterso 3.2 Periods (full stops) and spaceso 3.3 Plural formso 3.4 Conventions followed by publications and newspapers▪ 3.4.1 United States▪ 3.4.2 United Kingdom▪ 3.4.3 Miscellaneous and general rules• 4 Measurement• 5 See also• 6 References•7 External links[edit] HistoryAbbreviation has been used as long as phonetic script existed, in some senses actually being more common in early literacy, where spelling out a whole word was often avoided, initial letters commonly being used to represent words in specific application. By classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was still normal, but no longer the default.An increase in literacy has, historically, sometimes spawned a trend toward abbreviation. The standardization of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviation[1]. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example,specific phoneme sets like "er" were dropped from words and replaced with ɔ, like "mastɔ" instead of "master" or exacɔbate instead of "exacerbate". While this seems trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce their copy time. An example from the Oxford university Register, 1503:Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔto quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ.In the 1830s in the United States, starting with Boston, abbreviation became a fad. For example, during the growth of philologicallinguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very trendy. The use of abbreviation for the names of "Father of modern etymology" J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, and other members of Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, are sometimes cited as symptomatic of this. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence.[2][3]After World War II, the British greatly reduced their use of the full stop and other punctuations after abbreviations in at least semi-formal writing, while the Americans more readily kept its use until more recently, and still maintain it more than Britons. The classic example, considered by their American counterparts quite curious, was the maintenance of the internal comma in a British organization ofsecret agents called the "Special Operations, Executive" — "S.O.,E" — which is not found in histories written after about 1960.But before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent: "M." is the abbreviation for "monsieur" while "Mme" is that for "madame". Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed thisrule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously.Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U.S. media tend to abbreviate two-word abbreviations like United States (U.S.), but not personal computer (PC) or television (TV). Many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations completely.Minimization of punctuation in typewritten matter became economically desirable in the 1960s and 1970s for the many users of carbon-film ribbons, since a period or comma consumed the same length of non-reusable expensive ribbon as did a capital letter.[edit] Types of abbreviationApart from the common form of word-contraction, there are other types of abbreviation. These include acronym and initialism (including three-letter acronyms), apocope, clipping, elision, syncope, syllabic abbreviation, and portmanteau words.[edit] Syllabic abbreviationSee also: Clipping (morphology)A syllabic abbreviation (SA) is an abbreviation formed from (usually) initial syllables of several words, such as Interpol forInter national pol ice, but should be distinguished from portmanteau words. They are usually written in lower case, sometimes starting with a capital letter, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter.[edit] Use in various languagesSyllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English or French, but are common in certain languages, like German and Russian.They prevailed in Germany under the Nazis and in the Soviet Union for naming the plethora of new bureaucratic organizations. For example, Gestapo stands for Ge heime Sta ats-Po lizei, or "secret state police". This has given syllabic abbreviations a negative connotation, even though they were used in Germany before the Nazis, such as Schupo for Schutzpolizist. Even now Germans call part of their police Kripo for Kriminalpolizei. Syllabic abbreviations were also typical of German language used in the German Democratic Republic, for example, Stasifor Staatssicherheit ("state security", the secret police and secret service) or Vopo for Volkspolizist ("people's policeman").Some syllabic abbreviations from Russian that are familiar to English speakers include samizdat and kolkhoz. The English names for the Soviet "Comintern" (Com munist Intern ational) and "Milrevcom"(Mil itary Rev olution Com mittee) are further examples.Orwell's novel 1984 uses fictional syllabic abbreviations like "Ingsoc" (Eng lish Soc ialism) to evoke the use of language under the Nazi and Soviet regimes.East Asian languages whose writing uses Chinese-originated ideograms instead of an alphabet form abbreviations similarly by using key characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the termfor the United Nations, kokusai rengō (国際連合) is often abbreviated to kokuren (国連). Such abbreviations are called ryakugo (略語) in Japanese. SAs are frequently used for names of universities: for instance, Beida (北大, Běidà) for Peking University (Beijing), Yondae (연대) for the Yonsei University, Seouldae (서울대) for the Seoul National University and Tōdai (東大) for the University of Tokyo. [edit] Syllabic abbreviations in names of organizationsSyllabic abbreviations are preferred by the U.S. Navy as it increases readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence DESRON 6 is used(in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6," and COMNAVAIRLANT means "Commander, Naval Air Forces, Atlantic".[edit] Style conventions in EnglishIn modern English there are several conventions for abbreviations and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. Questions which arise include those in the following subsections.[edit] Lowercase lettersIf the original word was capitalized, then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for Leviticus. When abbreviating words spelled with lower case letters, there is no need for capitalization, therefore no need for a consistent rule.[edit] Periods (full stops) and spacesA period (full stop) is sometimes written after an abbreviated word, but there is much disagreement and many exceptions.There is never a period (full stop) between letters of the same word. For example, Tiberius is abbreviated as Tb. and not as T.b..In formal British English, according to Hart's Rules, it is more common to write abbreviations with full stops if the word has been cut at the point of abbreviation but not otherwise: for example:•"Doctor" becomes "Dr" (for "D–r")•"Professor" becomes "Prof." (for "Prof...")•"The Reverend" becomes "Revd" (for "Rev–d")•"The Right Honourable" becomes "Rt Hon." (for "R–t Hon...")In American English, the period is usually added if the abbreviation might otherwise be interpreted as a word, but some American writers do not use a period here. Sometimes, periods are used for certain initialisms but not others; a notable instance in American English is to write United States, European Union, and United Nations as U.S., EU, and UN respectively.A third standard removes the full stops from all abbreviations (both "Saint" and "Street" become "St"). The U.S. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as partof a destination name. (For example, "Northwest Blvd", "W. Jefferson", and "PED XING" all follow this recommendation.)Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer abbreviated with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are sonar, radar, lidar, laser, and scuba.Spaces are generally not used between single letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "U. S.".When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, use only one period: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.[edit] Plural formsTo form the plural of an abbreviation, a number, or a capital letter used as a noun, simply add a lowercase s to the end.• A group of MPs•The roaring '20s•Mind your Ps and QsTo form the plural of an abbreviation with periods, a lowercaseletter used as a noun, and abbreviations or capital letters thatwould be ambiguous or confusing if the 's' alone were added, use an apostrophe and an s.• A group of Ph.D.'s•The x's of the equation•Sending SOS'sIn Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter, e.g. for footnotes.• d. didot — dd. didots (typography)•h. hand — hh. hands (horse height)•l. line — ll. lines•p. page — pp. pages•P. pope — PP. popes•v. volume — vv. volumes[edit] Conventions followed by publications and newspapers [edit] United StatesPublications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of the Chicago Manual of Style and the Associated Press.[verification needed] The U.S. Government follows a style guide published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.However, there is some inconsistency in abbreviation styles, as they are not rigorously defined by style guides. Some two-word abbreviations, like "United Nations", are abbreviated with uppercase letters and periods, and others, like "personal computer" (PC) and "compact disc" (CD), are not; rather, they are typically abbreviated without periods and in uppercase letters. A third variation is to use lowercase letters with periods; this is used by Time Magazine in abbreviating "public relations" (p.r.). Moreover, even three-word abbreviations (most U.S. publications use uppercase abbreviations without periods) are sometimes not consistently abbreviated, evenwithin the same article.The New York Times is unique in having a consistent style by always abbreviating with periods: P.C., I.B.M., P.R. This is in contrastwith the trend of British publications to omit periods for convenience.[edit] United KingdomMany British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation:•For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the BBC and The Guardian, have completely done awaywith the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations.These include:•o Social titles, like Ms or Mr (though these would usually not have had full stops — see above) Capt, Prof, etc.;o Two-letter abbreviations for countries ("US", not "U.S.");o Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms);o Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters ("PR", instead of "p.r.", or "pr")o Names ("FW de Klerk", "GB Whiteley", "Park JS"). Anotable exception is the newspaper The Economist whichwrites "Mr F. W. de Klerk".o Scientific units (see Measurement below).•Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalised. For instance, the North AtlanticTreaty Organisation can be abbreviated as "Nato" or "NATO", and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome as "Sars" or "SARS" (compare with "laser" which has made the full transition to an Englishword and is rarely capitalised at all).•Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the "British Broadcasting Corporation" is abbreviated to "BBC",never "Bbc". An initialism is similar to acronym but is notpronounced as a word.•When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This iscontrary to the SI standard, see below.)[edit] Miscellaneous and general rules•Plurals are often formed by doubling the last letter of the abbreviation. Most of these deal with writing and publishing:MS=manuscript, MSS=manuscripts; l=line, ll=lines; p=page,pp=pages; s=section, ss=sections; op.=opus, opp.=opera. Thisform, derived from Latin is used in Europe in many places:dd=didots. "The following (lines or pages)" is denoted by "ff".One example that does not concern printing is hh=hands.• A doubled letter also appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in Welsh the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll.George" for (British prime minister) Lloyd George.•Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon."respectively. This is true for most British publications, andsome in the United States.•It is usually advised to spell out the abbreviation where it is new or unfamiliar to the reader (UNESCO in a magazine aboutmusic, because it refers to the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization, whose work does notconcern the music).•It is considered acceptable to start off a sentence with an abbreviation, however it is then advised to "ignore" theabbreviation and start the sentence as if it had begun with noabbreviation, but only if it is not the name of a person, place, or thing. For example, "BTW There is a new office manager."would be acceptable, though even without capping the "T", thisinstance is still accepted.[edit] MeasurementThe International System of Units (SI) defines a set of base units, from which other "derived" units may be obtained. The abbreviations,or more accurately "symbols" (using Roman letters, or Greek in the case of ohm) for these units are also clearly defined together with a set of prefixes for which there are also abbreviations or symbols. There should never be a period after or inside a unit; both '10 k.m.' and '10 k.m' are wrong — the only correct form is '10 km' (only followed with a period when at the end of a sentence).A period "within" a compound unit denotes multiplication of the base units on each side of it. Ideally, this period should be raised tothe centre of the line, but often it is not. For instance, '5 ms' means 5 millisecond(s), whereas '5 m.s' means 5 metre·second(s).The "m.s" here is a compound unit formed from the product of two fundamental SI units — metre and second.There should always be a (non-breaking) space between the number and the unit — '25 km' is correct, and '25km' is incorrect. In Section 5.3.3. of The International System of Units (SI), the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) states "The numerical value always precedes the unit, and a space is always used to separate the unit from the number. … The only exceptions to this rule are for the unit symbols for degree, minute, and second for plane angle."[4]The case of letters (uppercase or lowercase) has meaning in the SI system, and should never be changed in a misguided attempt to follow an abbreviation style. For example, "10 S" denotes 10 siemens (aunit of conductance), while "10 s" denotes 10 seconds. Any unit named after a person is denoted by a symbol with an upper case first letter (S, Pa, A, V, N, Wb, W), but spelt out in full in lower case, (siemens, pascal, ampere, volt, newton, weber and watt). By contrast g, l, m, s, cd, ha represent gramme, litre, metre, second, candelaand hectare respectively. The one slight exception to this rule isthat the symbol for litre is allowed to be L to help avoid confusion精品文档with an upper case i or a one in some typefaces— compare l, I, and 1.Likewise, the abbreviations of the prefixes denoting powers of ten are case-sensitive: m (milli) represents a thousandth, but M (mega) represents a million, so by inadvertent changes of case one may introduce (in this example) an error of a factor of 1 000 000 000. When a unit is written in full, the whole unit is written in lowercase, including the prefix: millivolt for mV, nanometre for nm, gigacandela for Gcd.The above rules, if followed, ensure that the SI system is always unambiguous, so for instance mK denotes millikelvin, MK denotes megakelvin, K.m denotes kelvin.metre, and km denotes kilometre. Forms such as k.m and Km are ill-formed and technically meaningless in the SI system, although the intended meaning might be inferred from the context.[edit] See also收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除。
常见英语缩略式(Contraction)
常见英语缩略式(Contraction)
缩略式(Contraction)和缩写(Abbreviation)是两个不同的概念。
Abbreviation是指单词或片语缩短后的形式，主要用于在书面语中替代完整形式，如用Mass. 替代Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州），用USA 替代United States of Ameirica（美利坚合众国）, 用RMB 替代Renminbi（人民币）等。
Contraction又称缩约词或收缩词，是指通过省略或结合一个较长短语中的某些音素而形成的词，如从of the clock 收缩而来的o'clock，从I am收缩而来的I’m 等，在书写时，需要用’(apostrophe)来代替省略掉的部分。
使用中必须要注意缩略式的使用场合，缩略式的最大问题是被用于不该用的地方。
一般来说，缩略式在小说体重是完全正常的，特别是在对话中，作者想要传达一种听上去像实际口头语言的信息。
然而，在正式的非小说体写作中，缩略式几乎是不被接受的。
也就是说，在更加正式的写作中，最好避免使用缩略式。
should没有缩写为’d的，were没有缩写为’re的，was没有缩写为’s的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
New Project Operation Product Data Collection Analysis Directly Responsible Individual Coordinate Measurement Machine Optical Measurement Machine Design of Experiments Mechanical Control Outline Visual Microscope Inspection Plan of Record Critical Process and Parameters Final assembly testing process Apple system for bug tracking Corrective action Final quality check (Final visual inspection) Edge bonding Proof of Concept Prototype build Development builds IO Clamp fixture Major Issue List Geber release Bill of Material Limited Purpose Purchase Order Post RAMP Qualification
2. during Proto/EVT/D VT, we just need to do FA of FATP failure, because there is no CQA/EUT/RR T/ERI/SDA during these stages. But during PVT or risk ramp, we should do FA of CQA/EUT/RR T/ERI/SDA failures if there is any. CQA(custom er quality assurance)/E UT(end user testing): both are CM bundle testing, test end user’s RRT(reliabilit y rolling back testing): 7 days runin
• FSB • Factory Scale Build. formerly Design Validation Test (DVT) • Gate
• Compone nt whose availability is preventing the CTB Quantity from matching MPS
• EOH • Ending on Hand • EOL • End of Life • EOP • End of Program • ETA
• Estimated time of arrival • ETD
• Estimated time of departure • FATP
• Final Assembly, Testing, and Packaging
• Product Lifecycle Managem ent, New Apple IT system to manage BOMs
• PO • Purchase O• rdPeOr Lead Time
• The time between when the OEM places a PO for a part and when the part arrives at the OEM (assumes standard • PRQ
• New Product Introductio n • OEM
• Original Equipment Manufactu rer, also known as Contract Manufactu rer (CM)
• PIB • Product Intent Build. formerly Engineerin g Validation • PLM
ERI(extensio n runin): PVT/risk ramp runin fail units go to ERI(PE SDA(system design assurance): 系统设计品 保，抗压性测 试, 高/低温, 高处摔下, 沙 There is CND(cannot duplicate) process during PVT stage(RD During riskramp and ramp, we need to do yield improvemen t to make the yield During each stage, we may find some serious issues. Then we need to do DOEs(data collection of experiment) to verify how to duplicate and what’s
Validation Testing
PVT
Production Validation Testing
Between each stage, will have some Regressions which to verify some SW fix(dropThere may be risk ramp before/follow /after PVT, different Apple team will have different
EPM
Engineering Project Manager
TPM
Technology Project Manager
EPS
Engineering planing special
NPO PDCA DRI CMM OMM DOE MCO VMI POR CPP FATP Radar
CA FQC EB POC Proto
T• imTieme
between
when a
part ships
from the
supplier
and when
it arrives at
the OEM • VMI
• Vendor
Managed
Inventory
• WOS
• Weeks
of Supply
• WW
•
Worldwide
简写
全称
CTB
Clear to build
• GSM
• Global Supply Manager, Apple employee responsibl e for managing a specific commodity across all programs
• L/T • Lead Time
• Lead Time • See Manufactu ring Lead Time, PO Lead Time, or Transit L• ead Time Manufact uring Lead T• imThee amount of time between when a part arrives at the OEM and when it will be packed out as a finished good • MLB
• Cut
• Removing units from a product's Master Production Schedule
• DRI • Directly responsibl e individual • E&O • Excess and Obsolete • ECO
• Engineerin g Change Order, a change to a product’ s Bill of Materials
There seems just 2 configs during ramp or risk ramp, CTO(custom er ordered) & BTR(better Usually we cannot do FA of CTO units.
PMC Product Material Control 生产及物料控 制，通常分为 两个部分： PC：生产控 制或生产管制 （台、日资公 司俗称生管） 主要职能是生 产的计划与生 产的进度控 制； MC：物料控 制（俗称物 控） 主要职能 是物料计划、 请购、物料调 度、物料的控 制（坏料控制 和正常进出用 料控制）等。
• Clear to Build, a report showing how many units can be built given expected componen t demand and supply
• CTO
• Configureto-Order (Z-part numbers in Apple systems)
ASPM--Airport's PCI root port ASPM on
1. new product normal build stages: Proto -> EVT -> DVT -> PVT -> Ramp EVT
Engineering Validation Testing
DVT Design
• Bill of Materials • BTR
• Build-toReplenish (M-part numbers in Apple systems) • C• M/OEM Contract Manufactu rer, also known as Original Equipment Manufactu rer (OEM) • CTB
3. UUT’s config: There are different configs during Proto/EVT/D VT/PVT, which will be provided by Apple EPS team to QSMC EPS team (included in Build Matrix