Translation
Definition of Translation

内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具, 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步,它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像,完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
翻译的定义、分类和标准

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言,跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译);Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译);Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢,贫穷也罢,丈夫和妻子携手一生,情深意长。
翻译基础知识

翻译基础知识一、翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质,可分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)、语符翻译(inersemiotic translation)。
2.按翻译主体的性质,可分为人工翻译、机器翻译(Machine Translation)两类。
3.按翻译的工具和成品形式,可分为口译和笔译。
4.按翻译的客体,亦即所译资料的性质,可分为文学翻译(literal translation)和实用翻译(pragmatictranslation)。
二、译家译论1.支谦:在三国时期,支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨,不加文饰”的译经原则。
2.道安:晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出,“案本而传,不令有损言游字;时改倒句,余尽实录。
”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多,最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。
其意思是,翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目,有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的,因此必须慎之又慎。
3.彦琮:北朝末年及隋初,彦琮著《辨证论》,它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论,他主张译经“宁贵朴而近理,不用巧而背源”。
可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。
4.玄奘:唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是:“既须求真,又须喻俗”。
“求真”即追求准确,要力求“忠实原作”,这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。
同时必须“喻俗”,亦即使群众理解,这就是说要“通顺”。
玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。
5.马建忠:清末,马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说:“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字,深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故。
所有当相之实义,委曲推究,务审其声音之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然。
”6.林纾:林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情,译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵相交流。
翻译的形式和类型

翻译的形式和类型(同声传译篇)翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ,是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译,必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文,适如其所译” ,并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外,人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来,机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型:交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译(simultaneous interpreting ),又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译,简称同传;交替传译(consecutive interpreting ),又称连续翻译,简称交传。
同声传译同传,顾名思义,即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译,多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式:译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译,即译员通过话筒讲话,听众通过耳机接收,这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言,如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求,专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判,其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译,这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来,二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭(1945-1946 ),同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯,效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传,结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半,经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用,时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高,有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
Translation

词类转换
动词---名词 例1: 原文: 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文: His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 : 原文: 他支持这个建议,但我反对。
译文: He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语:
汉语的谓语具有开放性,除了动词之外,名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语, 而且可以横排式连用多个动词,而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任, 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2: 原文:同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文: The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补:
1 语法需要:由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分,增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文: A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.
翻译方法总结

翻译方法总结标准化文件发布号:(9312-EUATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII一.直译法(Literal translation)直译法不是一字对一字的翻译,而是按照字面翻译,不做太多的引申和注释。
直译法一般可以保留原文的文化特色。
(1)General Motors and Chrysler were working feverishly to bring out their subcompacts. But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck hishead in the sand.通用汽车公司和莱克斯勒公司正全力以赴推出他们的超小汽车,而福特公司的老板却把头埋在沙里。
(2)—A traitor to our glorious cause—The pot’s calling the kettle black好啊,你出卖了我们的光荣事业得了,你这话岂不是盆叫嚷罐黑二.意译法(Free translation)牺牲原文的某些文化特色,结合上下文进行意译,以保持原文内容的完整性(1)She was driving into such a corner that she was obliged to give up all projects with Cupid had any share她被逼的走投无路了,不得不放弃一切和恋爱婚姻有关的打算(2)but it is as dark as Egypt outdoors .We might go tomorrow if there is a moon只是外面漆黑黑的。
明个要是有月亮,明个去也成三.借用法(Borrowing method)用异语文化代替源语文化。
这种方法针对文化共性,在源出语和目的语存在内容和形式相似时,或者形式不尽相同但表达意义非常接近时使用(1)Why, I have got gooseflesh this minute, just thinking about it.这会儿,我一想到这点二就浑身起鸡皮疙瘩(2)The American ambassador may have a card up his sleeve美国大使也许胸有成竹四.分译法(Spitting method)—根据行文要求,讲一句译为几句。
translation用法

translation用法
在英语中,“translation”是一个名词,表示“翻译”或“译文”。
它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。
例如:
The translation of the book was very accurate.(这本书的译文非常准确。
)
The original text was translated into several languages.(原文被翻译成了几种语言。
)
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.(我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。
)
除了作为名词,“translation”也可以用作动词,表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。
例如:
The text was translated into French.(这段文字被翻译成了法语。
)
The scientist translated the formula into English.(科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。
)
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.(翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。
)。
第2课 翻译的基本概念

1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说, 它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一 种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说:
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从 一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语言习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保 留原有的风味,那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”:
翻译要能扬长避 短,要挥译文语言优 势,忠实于原文内容, 通顺的译文形式可以 当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德:信达贴 刘重德:信达切
严复“信达雅”:
“译事三难:信达雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾 信矣,不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。”
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Translation•Unit 2• 1. The expedition might have reached the top of the mountain by now.• 2. If there should be any change in the schedule, please let me know in time./ should there be any change in the schedule, please let me know in time.• 3. Passengers must check in 45 minutes prior to flight departure.• 4. Hurry up!It would be a pity to miss the concert.• 5. The man standing in the distance can't be Mr. Li because he left for New York yesterday afternoon.• 1. The baby can't even crawl, let alone walk!• 2. Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. • 3. To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related toreading skills, which can make you cope with extra-curricular reading better.• 4. Can you take a look at the engine to see what's wrong? • 5. Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word.• 6. We have told all relevant information to the police.•7. It is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer.•08. It's a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract withoutreading it carefully.•09. They refused to provide us with all the information weneed.•10. This accident is very similar to the one that happenedthree years ago.•11. The film is based on a play by Shakespeare.•12. If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.Unit 31. We are good friends, however, he kept such an importantmatter from me, which took me by surprise.2. She felt a lump in her throat but fought back her tears at the commencement.3. Tom chatted with me last night. He told me that his disease had been brought under control, and there wasno need for surgery4. Her parents were worried sick when they knew that shehad run off the highway.5. She looks very worried and I wonder what's on her mind.6. He is a shy and silent boy. He sat quietly in a corner of the auditorium, gathering his thoughts before he went onto the stage to share his experiences.7. After several years of working in a band, he has now gone back to being a solo musician, so his career has come full circle.8. To his relief his son has turned into acapable businessman.Unit 41. Many teachers frowned on this practice.2. An old man glared at me when I was trying to cut across the lawn.3. When I mentioned my father, she showed a smile of recognition on her face.4. My firstborn was quite obedient whereas my younger child was very stubborn. I can still recall now how the younger child insisted on going abroad to study after he finished his secondary school.5. Countries in South East Asia sustained great losses when thetsunami struck the area.6. Each time the mother tries to compare theyounger brother with his elder brother, the younger one will protest.7. He found himself unable to fit in with his classmates when he first came to this school.8. The fury on her face terrified me. I dared not say no to heragain.9. No wonder you ended up in trouble. You never followed your parents' advice.10. It took him two years to adapt to the new environment.Unit 51. William likes the girl a lot so he tries very hard to impress her and is optimistic that he will win their heart.2. He is very creative and has a good vision of the future, but he likes to keep things to himself.3. They come from a poor village where people are shut off from modern civilization.4. We must work hard and make an effort to achieve the goals that we have set.5. We should learn to be content with what we have and shouldnot be too critical about things around us.6. They often represent our school in debating competitions and we will throw a party to celebrate their success.7. Through reading, not only has he expanded his horizon, he has also learned to keep improving his character.8. Two policemen sacrificed their lives in order to save that girl from the fire.9. A stable relationship without conflicts between husband and wife benefits the children in the family.10. Don't complain about your fate and make the best of your life.Unit 61. She likes listening to music with her eyes closed.2. He waved me goodbye, with eyesfilled with tears.3. With the guide leading the way, the tourists walked towards the seaside.4. The first round of negotiations ended, with no agreement reached between the two sides.5. It is bad table manners to talk with the mouth full of food. 1. There is no other alternative and all you can do is to adjustyourself to the new environment.2. For most people, wealth and fame don't/doesn't contributemuch to creating a sense of well-being.3. The house has been deserted for a long time and there is a thick layer of dust on the furniture.4. The teacher did not think the boy's act was deliberate, so he chose to ignore it and gave him another chance.5. It was that incident that made me see him in a completely different light.6. The report points out that the fire was due to his neglect of duty.7. It is rude to spit in public. I want you to put a stop to such bad behavior.8. Basically, there's nothing wrong with his learning ability. What isat the root of the problem i his lack of interest in language learning.。