2.Effective sentences 句型结构
英语写作：Effective Sentences
She is absent today, because she doesn’t feel well.
Part 2:Structure
Practice: Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex sentence?
1.China is willing to work with Italy to contribute to international cooperation in combating the epidemic and to the construction of a Health Silk Road.
1 Simple 简单句 2 Compound 并列句 3 Complex 复合句 4 Compound-Complex
并列复合句
Part 2:Structure
Practice: Simple, compound, complex or compound-complex sentence?
1.China is willing to work with Italy to contribute to international cooperation in combating the epidemic and to the construction of a Health Silk Road.
Part 1:Function
1 Declarative sentences 陈述句 2 Interrogative sentences 疑问句 3 Imperative sentences 祈使句 4 Exclamatory sentences 感叹句
2
Structure
Part 2:Structure
英语写作中的四种基本句式
英语写作中的四种基本句式英语写作中的四种基本句式英语写作有什么句式呢?大家在进行英语写作的时候，都喜欢用是什么样的句式来表达?下面店铺为大家搜索整理了英语写作的四种基本句式，希望能给大家带来帮助!There are four sentence types in English: Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative and Exclamatory.英语中有四种基本的句式：陈述句、祈使句、疑问句和感叹句。
Declarative: Tom'll come to the meeting tomorrow.陈述句：(汤姆明天会参加会议。
)Imperative: Turn to page 232 in your science book.祈使句：(请把你的科学课本翻到第232页)Interrogative: Where do you live?疑问句：(你住在哪里啊?)Exclamatory: That's awesome!感叹句：(太棒了!)1.Declarative陈述句A declarative sentence "declares" or states a fact, arrangement or opinion. Declarative sentences can be either positive or negative. A declarative sentences ends with a period (.).陈述句是对事实、安排或观点进行“声明”或陈述。
陈述句可以是肯定句，也可以是否定句。
陈述句以句号(.)结尾。
I'll meet you at the train station.(我们在火车站见面吧。
)The sun rises in the East.(太阳从东方升起。
)He doesn't get up early.(他不早起。
effective sentences---conciseness
Wordy: It was small in size. Concise: It was small.
Wordy: He returned in the early part of the month of August. Concise: He returned in early August.
Concise: Every morning, Li Qing, a freshman, would go to a nearby park with a small recorder and listen to English stories in a quiet corner.
Wordy: Mr. Smith usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France. Concise: Mr. Smith likes to drink wines produced in France.
A clause can be replaced by a phrase and a phrase by a word without any change in the meaning.
Two sentences may be combined with the idea of the less important one expressed in a participial phrases, and attributive clause, or some other form.
Or: The giant pine tree on the top of the mountain towered over the trees around it. Or: On the top of the mountain was a giant pine tree which towered over the trees around it.
Effective-sentences
• Faulty: One cannot think well, love well, have a good sleep, if one has not dined well. • Revised: One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well. • Faulty: I went to the ball with a girl from Memphis and who has a Southern accent. • Revised: I went to the ball with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a Southern accent.
Shift: The little boy finally had to go to his uncle’s, but it was not liked by him. Better: The little boy finally had to go to his uncle’s, but he did not like it.
• Misplaced: The funny cartoon attracts the reader's eye on the cover of the magazine. • Corrected: The funny cartoon on the cover of the magazine attracts the reader's eye. • Misplaced: The doctor promised on her way to her hospital to come and see me. • Corrected: The doctor promised to come and see me on her way to her hospital. • Misplaced: She bought several picture books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children. • Corrected: She bought several picture books for her children and put them into her bag. • Misplaced: He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. • Corrected: He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. Or: He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.
effectivesentences
3. Revise repeating structures or compound predicates set off as sentences. Repeating elements and compound predicates cannot stand alone. Incorporate such structures into an existing sentence or add words to construct a new sentence. Fragment: College sports has long been conducted as a business. A profitable business. Revised: College sports has long been conducted as a business—a profitable business.Fragment: Some coaches achieve legendary status on campus. And are paid legendary salaries. Revised: Some coaches achieve legendary status on campus and are paid legendary salaries
Completeness of a sentence 1. Locate a verb. Every sentence has a verb. As you look for the sentence verb, disqualify verbals: verb forms ending in -ing: Eugene laughing to himself.verb forms ending in -ed: A suspected terrorist verb forms beginning with to: To visit the country Once you have located what you think is the sentence verb, see if you can change its ending by placing the pronouns I and she before it and by making it refer to both a past event and a present event. If the word changes form, it is a verb. 2. Locate the subject of the verb. Every verb in a sentence has a subject. Ask who or what makes the assertion or does the action implied by the verb; the answer will be the subject of the verb. 3. Check for subordinate conjunctions and relative pronouns.
EffectiveSentences-conciseness
Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. A cloud of hot rock and gas surged northward from its collapsing slope. The cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. The effects of Mount St. Helens were well documented with geophysical instruments. The origin of the eruption is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Some scientists believe the steam comes from groundwater heated by the magma. Other scientists believe the steam comes from water originally dissolved in the magma. W e need to understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions. W e need to determine how much water the magma contains. (110)Mount St. Helens erupted on May 18, 1980. Its slope collapsing, the mountain emitted a cloud of hot rock and gas. In minutes, the cloud devastated more than 500 square kilometers of forests and lakes. Although the effects of the eruption were well documented, the origin is not well understood. V olcanic explosions are driven by a rapid expansion of steam. Recently, debate has arisen over the source for the steam. Is it groundwater heated by magma or water originally dissolved in the magma itself? To understand the source of steam in volcanic eruptions, we need to determine how much water the magma contains. (103)Effective SentencesCorrectness alone cannot make a good sentence. It has to be effective at the same time. Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities:Unity, coherence, conciseness, emphasis and variety.1.Unity:referring to two qualities—there is only one main idea; and the idea is complete.Avoid ambiguity and fragments. Be logic.This does not mean that all sentences have to be short and simple. It is often necessary to write long sentences with many parts in it. It expresses a central idea supported or modified by various subordinate ideas, and/or more related parallel ideas.e.g. Everyone studies English in this school.___ Everyone in this school studies English.Here is a short sentence:Born in Sichuan Province, he later became a famous writer.This sentence can be said correct, but it is not a good sentence for the two facts mentioned are not logically connected. Hence we can changed into:He was born in Sichuan Province and began to work as a teacher when he graduated from university. He liked to write stories in his spare time and published many of his works in new spapers and magazines. Later he became a famous writer.(Here the meaning is clear by something about his work experience that may help make him famous.)Faulty: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets. (A)Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty. (B) (her e the last part makes the sentence clear. Or sentence (A )may cause ambiguity. At least is not complete, not telling time or country)2.Coherence:meaning clear and correct arrangement of the parts of a sentence.1. A coherent sentence is easy to understand and its meaning cannot be mistakenbecause its connection between its words conforms to grammar rules and usage. An incoherent sentence is often hard to understand and may be interpreted in different ways.Here are some rules that may help prevent the incoherence:(1)Do not separate words that are closely related unless it is necessary;e.g. a).the funny cartoon attracts the reader’s eye on the cover of the magazine.b). the doctor promised on her way to her hospital to come and see her(2)Do not use a pronoun with ambiguous reference;e.g. Mrs Green said to her sister that she had done the right thing. (meaningMrs Green or sister?)(3)Do not a dangling modifier or put a modifier far from the word it modifies;e.g. a) Looking out of the window, only dull grey can be seen.b)After studying lesson T en, the mid-term test was given to us.(4)Do not make unnecessary or confusing shifts in person or number;e.g. a). Those who wants t join the chorus should sign your name on this sheetof paper.b) He looked up difficult words in his dictionaries, and it is very helpful.(5)Do not make unnecessary changes in the voice, tense or mood of verbs;e.g.(6)Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas.e.g. a) It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than whatone says. The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliableworker.b) This composition is quite good as far as the use of language isconcerned, but its content is poor.then they can be changed into;a. It is generally believed that one’s action is more important than one’s words. The youngman is an honest, hardworking and reliable worker. Or: … the young man is honest, hardworking and reliable.b. this composition is good in language but poor in content. Or: the language of thiscomposition is good but its content is rather poor.In short, coherence is essential to the accurate and clear expression of ideas. It is advisable to read the sentences we have written and see if they are coherent and make necessary changed when needed.3.Conciseness:using only the necessary words, or as few words as possible, to express the full meaning.e.g.i.There are trees on all sides of the house, and the trees hide the house. Peoplehardly see the house from the outside. (conciseness)ii.Surrounded by trees, the house The house can hardly been seen from the outside.4.Emphasis:ways to emphasize certain words or phrases –placing (end or beginning); climatic sequence; the use of verbs in the active voice (more emphatic); Subordination (to stress the main idea); repetition of the important words; short sentences; balance sentences; periodic sentences, negative-positive statement and rhetorical questions (not asked for the answers).Cf.She made a decision that she would not take the job. – she decided not to take the job.A plane is wheeling over the big city, producing a big noise that surprised theinhabitants.5.V ariety:varying sentence structure and mixing short and long, simple and complex, and loose and periodic sentences so long as the meaning is properly expressed.e.ga)He was born in a small village. His father was a teacher in the village school. His mother didthe housework. H e began to go to his father’s school at seven. He graduated from it six years later. Then he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town.He studied at a senior middle school in the county seat. He was a good student there. He got good marks at the college entrance examinations. He enrolled in a university in the provincial capital. He studied civil engineering there. He wanted to build a highway for his home village in future. He loved his village very much. (monotonous)He was born in a small village. His father taught at the village school and his mother did the housework. He began to study in his father’s school at seven and six years later he went to the junior middle school in a nearby town. After graduating from it he entered a senior middle school at the county seat, where he was a good student and ranked in the first class. He took the national college entrance examinations and was admitted to a university in the provincial capital. As he majored in civil engineering, he wished to build a highway for his home village in future, which he loved very much.b)In this article we look at a general policy-based architecture that can be used to simplify several new technologies emerging in the context of IP networks. We explain how network administration can be simplified by defining two levels of policies.We discuss how business-level policies are validated and transformed.We then show how to apply this architecture to two areas: managing performance service level agreement, and supporting enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(70)This paper first gives an overview of a general policy-based architecture adopted to simplify several new technologies in the context of IP networks.Then it explains the simplification of the network administration by defining two levels of policies and discusses the validation and transformation of the business-level policies. Finally, the architecture is applied to manage performance service level agreement and support enterprise extranets using IPSec communication.(66)Concisenesse non-finites to replace a clause1)In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider that thecompany uses a domestic loan.__ In addition to bank loan in the Eurodollar market, Bell South can consider usinga domestic loan.2)If you look car efully, you will discover even more ways to shorten the sentenceswithout changing their meaning.___ Looking carefully, you will discover even more ways to shorten thee replacement of attributes1)The precision of the experiment was affected by the noise of the engine nearby.__ The precision of the experiment was affected by the nearby engine noise.Communications satellitesNoun modifierA research on/of/in business managementA business management researchGovernment policy/decisionManagement decisione adverbs1)It is admitted that our university is one of the largest geology research center inChina.-- Our university is admittedly one of the largest geology research center in China.It is reported that… ReportedlyIt is clear that… Clearlye nouns or noun phrases1)The density of water at 400C is the greatest.⏹The greatest water density is at 400C.2)Due to the fact that the direct measurements of the radial current distributioncannot be performed at present, it is therefore complicated to describe in a detailedway the current build-up period for large machines like ours.To describe current build-up, complicated,Reason; cannot perform direct measurement⏹It is complicated to describe in detail the current build-up period for largemachines like ours due to impossible performance of the dir ectmeasurements of the radial current distribution at present.⏹The detailed description of the current build-up period for large machineslike ours is complicated due to the lack of the direct measurements of theradial current distribution at present.We began the experiment and hoped t hat the experiment could be successful.⏹We began the experiment and hoped/expected to finish the experiment (it)successfully.⏹We began the experiment and hoped for its success.⏹We began the experiment and hope it could be successful.⏹We began the hoped successful experiment⏹We began the experiment, hoping it successful.⏹We began the experiment, expecting it to be successful.⏹Hopefully, we began with the experiment.⏹We began the experiment in a hope for a success.Convey the main idea / key part of the idea in the shortest possible sentence.e verbs1)The analysis of this method will be undertaken in the following sections.⏹This method will be analyzed in the following sections.2)By the way of piping lines,the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to therefinery.⏹The crude oil is piped from the w ell to the refinery.⏹Using the pipes, the crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery.⏹The crude oil is transmitted from the w ell to the refinery by pipes.e adjectives1)He shut himself up reading and did not know what was happening outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, knowing nothing about the outside.⏹He shut himself up reading, unknown Unawar e of (ignoring, uncertain)what was happening outside.7. Use elliptical forms1)Electromagnetic waves, though they ar e invisible to our eyes, do not exist in spaceand reveal the same speed as light waves.⏹Electromagnetic waves, though invisible,do not exist in space and revealthe same speed as light waves.e preposition phrasesMiniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible if ISI had not been invented.-- But for the invention of ISI Miniaturization of electronic devices would be impossible.bulky concisein spite of the fact that although/thoughon a regular basis regularlyin all other cases other wisebring to a consideration considerafford an opportunity to allowin conjunction with within view of the fact that seeing thaton account of the fact that becausea number of severalin regard to about/ concerningin all cases alwaysin order that (in order ) toin hasty manner hastilywith the exception of except (for)…ing elliptical formsSome motions appear to be very simple, others appear very complicated.__ Some motions appear to be very simple, others very complicated.Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy.___ Heat energy can be converted into mechanical energy, and vice versa, mechanical energy into electrical energy.One won’t learn to s wim while he is standing by the pool.__ One won’t learn to swim while standing by the pool.You may do the experiment with us if you want to do it with us.__ You may do the experiment with us if you want toThe rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion of the control rods or removal of the control rods.__ The rate of nuclear reaction is controlled by insertion or removal of the control rods.ing technical termsIn assembling a steel tower, we have adopted a new approach, which is just the contrary of the conventional method – first the main leg and then the cross-arm.__ W e have adopted a new ―head-to-foot‖ approach to assemble a steel tower.ing contracted wordsThe research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.__ The research now being carried out in our laboratory is financially assisted by the UESCO.We have obtained the data from the earth resources technology satellite.__ W e have obtained the data from ERSTS.11.Deleting redundant expressionsThe time for learning is the time of youth.__ Youth is the time for learning.The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class at the same time that he or she is working with a small group.__ The teacher can continue to monitor the entire class while working with a small group.As far as the study goes on, the result tends to show an approximate relationship between growth rate and dietary intake,__ the result shows a weak relationship between growth rate and dietary intake.At the present time, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) due to the fact that they can be well mixed.__ At present, we use natural 85Rb (72.15%) and natural 87Rb (27.8%) because of their good mixing.。
Effective Sentences
Sentence Unity
Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s. In his childhood, he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. In the 70s he became a famous musician.
Coherence: Parallel Constructions
Example 1 Faulty: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. Note: Parallel ideas had better be expressed by parallel structures, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence.
Exercises Original: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. Revised 1: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and capable. Revised 2: We thought she was a young woman who was charming, intelligent, and capable. Original: We have great faith and high hopes for her. Revised: We have great faith in and high hopes for her.
sentence 3 Effective sentences
• Enable the students to write effective sentenas reading the newspaper, and the day was fine.
1. The day was fine. He was reading the newspaper.
• He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously injured.
P38. Task 6
Conciseness
• I would like you to call me Sally. • We planned to meet just before sunrise very
Review
2 independent = Compound
Simple
≥1 independent+ ≥1 dependent = Complex ≥2 independent + ≥1 dependent = compound-complex
Lead-in
When making English sentences, what should we
Which one is better?
Summary
• He boasts of not only his strength and courage but also his achievements and kindness.
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Rewrite the following passage, giving the sentences some variety in length and structure:
• I got up a little later than usual on Sunday morning. I washed and had a quick breakfast. Then I started going to town to buy the dictionary recommended by the teacher. At the school gate I saw Joey. I asked him if he was going to town too, and he said that he was. So we decided to go together. All the buses were crowded. We had to wait for a long time at the bus stop before we could get on a bus. An hour later we got off the bus at a busy street. There were three bookstores there. We went to the first one and didn’t find the dictionary. Then we went to the second one and the shop assistant said that the dictionary was sold out. I finally bought the dictionary at the third bookstore. After that Joey and I went to other stores and bought various things. We returned to school just in time for lunch.
Emphatic Sentences
• Rhetorical questions • Didn’t I tell you that you mustn’t touch my computer. • You call that a good play? What is good about it? • Can anyone believe his explanation? • Repetition • Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! I say, let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand …
Effective Sentences
Effective Sentences
• • • • • 1. Unity 2. Coherence 3. Conciseness 4. Emphasis 5. Variety
Effective Sentences: Unity
• A unified sentence express a single complete thought. • Born in a small town in South China, he grew up to be a famous musician. • He was born in a small town in South China. In his childhood he liked to sing songs. Later he entered a conservatory. Later in the 90s he became a famous musician.
Emphatic Sentences
• Short sentences and sentence fragments • Short sentences are more emphatic than long ones. Only the few words but express the main idea. • The sky was overcast. A north wind was blowing. It threatened to rain at any moment. A glooces: Coherence
• Clear and reasonable connections between parts • A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. • A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does. • A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds. • We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
Emphatic Sentences
• Subordination • The professor walked into the classroom and he carried a bag of books with him. • The professor walked into the classroom, carrying a bag of books with him. • The professor walked into the classroom with a bag of books under his arm. • Leo is a new student. He comes from a southern province. He speaks a dialect. We find it hard to understand his dialect. • Leo, a new student from a southern province, speaks a dialect which is difficult for us to understand.
Effective Sentences: Emphasis
• When there is an important idea, it should be expressed with emphasis. • Emphatic Sentences • Emphasis within the Sentence
Emphatic Sentences
• Inverted sentences • In rushed the noisy children. • Never have I found him in such a good mood. • Through the window, came the sound of music. • Imperative and exclamatory sentences • Don’t move! • How nice!
Emphatic words and phrases
• This is the very dictionary I have been looking for. • The manager himself told me this news. • Do tell us problem. • What on earth are those students doing in the corridor? • I don’t like English at all.
Please make the following incoherent sentences coherent
• 1. She told my sister that she was wrong. • 2. He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious. • 3. Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach. • 4. To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. • 5. I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. • 6. The idea he mentioned at first sounded good. • 7. Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently. Don’t rely on your teachers’ help.
Effective Sentences: Conciseness
• A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. • If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. • It was blue in color. • It was small in size. • Mary is a quiet and careful woman. • He returned in the early part of the month of August. • In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.
Effective Sentences: Variety
• Short sentences in between long ones • Simple sentences in between compound and complex ones • An occasional question, command, or exclamation among statements may also be helpful.