新编简明英语语言学上课重点

路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索- 百度文库Linguistics' notes第一周Chapter 1 Introduction .1. Definition of language*Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.●Language is a system.●Language is arbitrary.●Language is vocal.●Language is human-specific.2.Design features of language●Arbitrariness 任意性●Productivity 多产性●Duality 双重性●Displacement 移位性●Cultural transmission 文化传播性3.Functions of language(Halliday)●The ideational 概念功能to organize language user's experience of the word.●The interpersonal 人际功能to establish/maintain social relationship.●The textual 语篇功能to organize texts in a coherent and appropriate way.第二周1. Definition of linguistics*Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.----general linguistics.Scientific study of language.2. The branches of linguistics●Phonetics语音学--the study of how speech sounds are produced and classified@研究发音，自然属性，无序的语音●Phonology音系学--the study of how sounds form systems and functions to convey meaning@研究音间联系，注重功能，有序的语音●Morphology形态学、词法--the study of the form off words@涉及词语的内部组织，研究词语的最小单位-语素●Syntax句法学--the study of how words and phrases are combined to form sentences@研究如何组词成句，形成、理解正确的句子●Semantics语义学--the study of meaning(in abstraction)@研究词语的意义如何在语音中编码●Pragmatics语用学--the study of meaning in context of use@特定情景中的特定话语的理解和运用●Historical linguistics历史语言学--the study of language change.●Sociolinguistics社会语言学--the study of language with reference to society●Psycholinguistics心理语言学--the study of language with reference to the working ofthe mind.●Applied linguistics应用语言学--the study of applying linguistic findings to the solutionof practical problems.@广义-实践，狭义-教学研究3.Some important distinctions in linguistics1)Prescriptive vs. DescriptivePrescriptive规定式--to aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" verbal behaviour.@做规定Descriptive描写式--to describe and analyze the language people actually use.@写现象Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.2）Synchronic vs. DiachronicSynchronic共时--the description of a language at some point of time in history.@语言在特定时间点上的研究Diachronic历时--the description of a language as it changes through time.@语言随时间演变的研究Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic.3)Speech vs. WritingModern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.●Linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing;●the amount of information, speech is more than writing;●the learning of mother tongue, speech first,writing later.4)Langue and ParoleTheir distinction was made by the Swiss linguist F. De Saussure.Langue语言--the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.@抽象的。

规范的语言系统Parole言语-- the realization of langue in actual use.@特定情景，个人对语言的应用5)Competence and PerformanceTheir distinction was proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky.Competence语言能力--the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.@人对语言系统的理解Performance语言应用--the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.@人对语言系统的真实应用{The difference between Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's:Saussure's distinction-- a sociological view of language, a matter of social convention. Chomsky's distinction--a psychological point of view, a property of the mind of eachindividual.}6)Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsThe beginning of modern linguistics--the publication of F. De Saussure's book "course in general Linguistics".F. De Saussure is called the father of modern linguistics.●Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive;●Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary; traditional grammarianstended to emphasize the importance of the written word;●Modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.第三周Chapter 2 Phonology音系学1.Definition of phonetics语音学Three branches of phonetics:●Articulatory phonetics发音语音学：studying how a speaker uses his or her speechorgan to articulate the sounds.研究语音的产生●Auditory phonetics听觉语音学：studying how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.研究语音的感知●Acoustic phonetics声学语音学：studying how sounds are transmitted through the airfrom one person to another.研究语音的物理特征ans of speech●The pharyngeal cavity---the throat;咽腔●The oral cavity---the mouth;口腔●The nasal cavity---the nose.鼻腔3.Orthographic representation of speech sounds标音法1)International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)国际音标The IPA is using on letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.2)Two ways to transcribe speech sounds:Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription严式标音---有添加附加符号（diacritics)3)Classification of English speech sounds语音分类An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in english into two broad categories:vowels元音&consonants辅音（元音和辅音的区别在于气流是否受阻）In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.In the production of a consonants it is obstructed in one way or another.4)Classification of English consonants辅音分类划分标准两种：(判断哪一类是根据什么标准划分）●一是根据manner of articulation发音方式：S t o p s.塞音（爆破音）F r i c a t i v e s.擦音A f f r i c a t e s.塞擦音L i q u i d s.流音N a s a l s.鼻音G l i d e s.滑音（半元音）●二是根据place of articulation发音部位：Bilabial.双唇音Labiodental.唇齿音Dental.齿音Alveolar.齿龈音P a l a t a l.腭音V e l a r.软腭音G l o t t a l.喉音5)Classification of English vowels元音分类●The position of the tongue in the mouth;●The openness of the mouth;●The shape of the lips;●The length of the vowels.第四周1、Phonology音系学and phonetics语音学●语音学——发音、自然属性、发现规律。