哈工大数控技术大作业 三 加工中心编程
数控加工中心编程
千里之行，始于足下。
数控加工中心编程数控加工中心编程是通过编写指令程序，控制数控加工中心实现自动加工的过程。
在进行数控加工中心编程时，需要考虑几个方面的因素，包括数控加工中心的坐标系、工件的具体形状和尺寸以及加工工艺等。
数控加工中心编程的基本步骤如下：1.了解数控加工中心的坐标系：数控加工中心的坐标系包括绝对坐标系和相对坐标系，需要根据实际情况选择合适的坐标系。
2.确定刀具和工件的坐标系：刀具和工件的坐标系有时候可能与数控加工中心的坐标系不同，因此需要先确定刀具和工件在数控加工中心中的坐标系。
3.绘制工件图形：根据工件的形状和尺寸，使用CAD软件或其他绘图软件绘制出工件的几何图形。
4.确定切削路径：根据工艺要求和加工的顺序，确定切削路径，包括走刀路径、刀轨和切入切出点等。
5.选择加工刀具：根据工件的材料和形状，选择合适的刀具，并确定切削参数，如切削速度、进给速度和切削深度等。
6.编写加工程序：根据确定的切削路径和刀具选择，编写数控加工中心的加工程序，包括刀具补偿、速度和进给控制等。
7.仿真和优化：在加工之前，可以使用数控软件进行仿真和优化，检查程序中的错误和潜在问题，并进行必要的修正和优化。
第1页/共3页锲而不舍，金石可镂。
8.上传程序到数控加工中心：将编写好的加工程序上传到数控加工中心，并进行机床的调试和预热工作。
9.加工：进行数控加工中心的加工操作，通过控制系统的指令，实现切削、进给和速度等操作。
10.检验和修正：在加工完成后，对加工件进行检验，检查尺寸和表面质量是否满足工艺要求，如果有问题，及时修正。
在进行数控加工中心编程时，需要注意以下几个方面的问题：1.编程语言：数控加工中心编程常用的语言有G代码和M代码，需要熟悉这两种语言的编写规范和功能。
2.刀具半径补偿：根据不同的刀具，需要进行相应的刀具半径补偿，以保证加工尺寸的准确性。
3.切削参数：不同的工件材料和形状，需要调整不同的切削参数，如切削速度、进给速度和切削深度等。
加工中心编程及操作
模块三 数控铣削、加工中心编程及操作
刀库移动—主轴升降式换刀过程
模块三 数控铣削、加工中心编程及操作
5 .加工中心的刀具系统
加工中心上使用的刀具由刃具部分和连接刀柄两部分组成。 刃具部分包括钻头、铣刀、镗刀、铰刀等等。连接刀柄部分基本 已规范化，制订了一系列标准。
刀具系统的种类
整体式数控刀具系统 应用广 模块式数控刀具系统
图1-1
模块三 数控铣削、加工中心编程及操作
2. 加工中心的分类及其加工范围
根据机床的主轴布置形式将其分为以下三种：
(1) 立式加工中心： 指主轴垂直布置的加工中心。 它具有操作方便、工件装夹和找正容易、占地面积小等
优点，故应用较广。但由于受立柱的高度和自动换刀装置 的限制，不能加工太高的零件。因此，主要适用于加工高 度尺寸小、加工面与主轴轴线垂直的板材类、壳体类零件， 也可用于模具加工 。
模块二 加工中心编程与加工操作
5.对刀
对刀的目的是通过刀具或对刀工具确定工件坐标系与 机床坐标系之间的空间位置关系，并将对刀数据输入到相 应的存储位置，是数控加工中最重要的操作内容，其准确 性将直接影响零件的加工精度。对刀可以采用铣刀接触工 件或通过塞尺接触工件对刀，但精度较低。加工中常用寻 边器和Z向设定器对刀，效率高，能保证对刀精度。
模块二 加工中心编程与加工操作
3.实训过程参照企业5S标准进行管理和实施。
1S整理：即——1）对自己的工作场所(范围)全面检查,包括看得 到和看不到的；2）将不要物品清除出工作场所；3）每日自我检查。
2S整顿：即1）需要的物品明确放置场所；2）摆放整齐、有条不 紊；3）地板划线定位 ；4）场所、物品标示
它是加工中心中种类最多、规格最全、应用范围最广的一 种。
数控技术加工中心编程
1．对刀具的要求
决定零件加工质量的重要因素是刀具的正确选择和使用，在 选择刀具材料时，一般尽可能选用硬质合金刀具，精密镗孔等还 可以选用性能更好、更耐磨的立方氮化硼和金刚石刀具。
2．刀具的种类
加工中心使用的刀具包括：铣刀、麻花钻、扩孔钻、锪孔钻、 铰刀、镗刀、丝锥以及螺纹铣刀等。
② 尽量采用气动、液压夹紧装置。
③ 夹具要尽量开敞，夹紧元件的位置应尽量低，给刀 具运动轨迹留有空间。
④ 夹具在机床工作台上的安装位置应确保在主轴的行程范围 内能使工件的加工内容全部完成。
第十八页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
⑤ 自动换刀和交换工作台时不能与夹具或工件发生干涉。
⑥ 要考虑拆除定位元件后，工件定位精度的保持问题。
(a) 中心钻
第二十页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
(b) 丝锥
(c) 铣刀
第二十一页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
(d) 锥柄T型铣刀
(e) 锥柄饺刀
第二十二页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
(f) 镗刀
第二十三页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
(g) 螺纹铣刀
3．刀柄 刀柄可分为整体式与模块式两类刀柄可分为整体式与模块 式两类。常用的刀柄有：ER弹簧夹头刀柄、强力夹头刀柄、莫 氏锥度刀柄、侧固式刀柄、面铣刀刀柄、钻夹头刀柄 、丝锥夹 头刀柄、镗刀刀柄、增速刀柄、中心冷却刀柄、转角刀柄、多 轴刀柄等。
第十七页，编辑于星期五：九点 十分。
④ 当零件的定位基准与设计基准难以重合时，通过尺 寸链的计算，严格规定定位基准与设计基准间的公差范围 ，确保加工精度。
(二) 加工中心夹具的选择和使用
① 一般夹具的选择原则是：在单件生产中尽可能采用 通用夹具；批量生产时优先考虑组合夹具，其次考虑可调 夹具，最后考虑成组夹具和专用夹具。
数控加工中心编程作业
数控加工中心编程作业1. 编制如下图1中（底面及四周面已加工）所有加工部位的程序。
工件材料为45号钢调质。
要求：1）列出所用刀具和加工顺序2）编制出加工程序（因系统功能有差异，请注明采用数控系统型号）2. 如图2所示为二阶外轮廓矩形槽板零件，底面已精铣完毕，分析该零件的加工工艺，并编制其轮廓的加工程序。
图1 图23.如图3所示，为一长方形板类零件，工件材料为45号钢，六面已加工，试分析孔加工工艺及编写该零件的加工程序。
图3（1）程序1（采用增量指令编程）O0001；程序号N0010 G91G00Z-50.0M03S600；G91：增量编程指令；G00；快速进给N0020 G98G81X20.0Y30.0Z-16.0F100;G98:固定循环返回初始点指令，G81：钻削循环指令、钻#1孔 N0030 G99X28.0Y20.0R-10.0；G99：固定循环返回R点，钻#2孔N0040X15.0Y-10.0L2;钻#3、#4孔N0050G98X15.0Y-10.0；钻#5孔N0060G73X20.0Y20.0R0Z-42.0Q5.0;G73：深孔钻循环指令，钻#6孔N0070G80G00Z50.0;G80：取消固定循环指令N0080G00X-113.0Y-40.0M05；返回加工起点N0090M30;程序结束（2）程序2（采用绝对指令编程）O0002；程序号N0010G92X0Y0Z52.0;G92：建立工件坐标系N0020G90G00Z2.0M03S600;G90：绝对编程指令N0030G98G81X30.0Y20.0Z-14.0F100;G98：固定循环返回初始点指令，G81：钻削循环指令，钻#1孔 N0040G99X58.0Y40.0R-8.0Z-24.0;G99：固定循环返回R点，钻#2孔N0050X73.0Y30.0;钻#3孔N0060X88.0Y20.0;钻#4孔N0070G98X103.0Y10.0;钻#5孔N0080G73X123.0Y30.0R2.0Z-42.0Q5.0;G73：深孔钻循环指令，钻#6孔N0090Z52.0;N0100X0Y0M05;返回加工起点N0110M30；程序结束。
加工中心编程与操作
加工中心编程与操作
一、数控加工中心编程
1、编写程序
数控加工中心程序的编写，是将程序表示成控制程序控制加工中心的程序，以控制加工中心的工作过程。
编程主要要按照加工中心操作手册中的操作方法及要求进行编程，根据不同的加工内容，分析预先确定加工坐标系统，确定工件坐标系和工装坐标系，绘制加工的坐标系，规划加工的路径和坐标系，制定主轴和副轴的选择，选择加工工具，确定转弯，再规定加工的转速，选择通过编程机构控制其转速，完成程序的编写，根据程序的加工步骤将程序编写完成。
2、优化程序
优化加工程序是指在保证加工质量的前提下，尽可能减少加工时间和减少加工费用，以提高加工效率的过程。
常见的优化手段有：缩短加工时间，增加加工质量，减少加工物料，减少加工能耗，减少加工中出现故障的可能性，合理使用机床加工时间，增设机床，合理搭配工具，选择新型加工工艺。
二、数控加工中心操作
1、检查机床
在操作数控加工中心之前，首先要检查机床，检查机床有无损坏，有无漏油，各接口无松动现象，仪表显示正常，进给系统无阻塞等。
2、使用加工刀具
在使用加工刀具之前。
数控加工工艺编程大作业
《数控加工工艺与编程》大作业加工图1所示零件，毛坯为φ50mm棒料，材料为45钢，单件生产。
图1 上机作业零件图
一、加工工艺的确定
1、分析零件图样
该零件为轴类零件。
主要加工面包括：外圆柱面、外圆锥面、外圆弧、外沟槽、外螺纹等。
其中多个尺寸有较高的尺寸精度和表面质量，无形位公差要求。
2、工艺分析
1）加工方案的确定
根据零件的加工要求，各表面的加工方案确定为：粗车→精车
2）装夹方案的确定
此零件采用三爪自定心卡盘装夹棒料φ50外圆，毛坯伸出卡盘95~100mm，完成各部分加工，注意找正。
3）加工工艺的确定
加工工序卡见表1。
表1 数控加工工序卡
装夹：夹φ50外圆毛坯面，找正，对刀，毛坯伸出卡盘95~100mm，调程序
加工刀具卡见表2。
表2 数控加工刀具卡
二、加工程序的编制
1、工件坐标系的建立
以工件右端面与轴线的交点为编程原点建立工件坐标系。
2、编制程序
程序见表3。
表3 程序
三、仿真结果
仿真加工后的零件见图2所示。
图2 仿真加工完成的零件
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哈工大数控大作业完美版
第一作业调研报告 (1)1.1调研内容 (1)1.2工作量与要求 (1)1.3正文 (1)The development and application of NC machine tool servo system (2)第二作业：典型曲线数字积分法插补方法 (13)2.1目的 (13)2.2要求 (13)2.3 DDA法双曲线插补的积分表达式 (13)2.4终点判别 (15)2.5插补举例 (15)第三作业：加工中心零件加工编程 (17)3.1目的和要求 (17)3.2数控机床设备 (17)3.3加工工艺制订 (19)3.4要完成的程序编写任务 (22)《数控技术》课程（2015）大作业院（系）专业姓名学号班号任课教师完成日期哈尔滨工业大学机电工程学院2015年5月数控大作业第一作业调研报告1.1调研内容请以课堂所学习的知识为基础，自主选择课程中所涉及的任一知识点进行调研。
可以调研知识点的发展脉络，也可以重点介绍该知识点的发展现状、争议与未来发展趋势。
请提交交独一无二的报告1.2工作量与要求1. 报告需用英文撰写，可计算机打印，也可手写，但最后封面需手工签名。
2. 格式请参照本科生毕业论文要求（见教务处网站），总字数不少于2000字。
3.在调研报告的最后，请列出参考的主要文献（英文学术刊物上正式发表的文献不少于5篇）或网址，并在正文中标注引用。
4. 如果出现雷同，两位同学均无成绩。
1.3正文The development and application of NC machine tool servo system Since the invention of NC machine tool in 1950s, servo system has been the indispensable component of the NC machine tool. With the rapid development of new materials, electronic power and controlling system, the servo system has evolved from the step-by-step system to DC system and then to AC system. As the blossom of AC servo technology, AC servo system will replace the DC system wholly and take up the dominant position in the family of servo system.With the electronic power conversion unit as actuator and controller as c ore , Servo system which contains the servo driver and servo motor const itutes the main part of the electric-driving and automatic control system . When working, firstly the servo system willreceive the signal from NC devices, and then drive the motion of machine tool as well as ensure the accuracy and speediness of movement under the guidance of pulse command . Usually, precision and speed of t he NC machine tool and other technical indicatorsmainly depend on the servo system itself1.The improvement and assortment of NC servo systemAt present, engineers tend to assess the quality by reference to several im portant indicators, such as precision, speed and so on. Therefore, a NC se rvo system must meet these requirements.High precisionUnlike the traditional manufacturing which can be manually handled to r egulate and compensate errors, the NC servo system has a high demand o n positioning accuracy and repeated positioning accuracyQuick repose characteristicQuick response is one of important indicators of servo system’s dynamic quality which requires the servo system following the command signal with minimum error as well as quick repose and high stability. Once receiving the instruction of manipulator, the working machine can restore the original state of equilibrium quickly after a short regulation or a disturbance from outer space.Wide speed rangeDue to the difference in work piece materials, cutting tool and process requirements, servo system must have wide speed range, so as to ensure that the CNC machine in any circumstances can get the optimal cutting condition. Thus the machine tool can satisfy the requirement of high speed machining as well as the requirement of low speed feed.The speed range is generally larger than 1 to 10000. when the machine is working in a low cutting speed which ask for a larger stable torqueoutput, NC servo system must maintain a good reliability.Good reliabilitythe usage of machine tool is frequent, usually with 24 hours' continuous work, so the servo system must have good working reliability. Servo system of NC machine tool can be divided into open loop control system and closed loop control system according to the presence of feedback test components. Drive control Unit transforms feeding instructions to perform signal needed by actuator, and then actuator convert this signal into mechanical displacement.In Open loop control system, there is no feedback detecting components and comparing control links. On the contrary, these are essential part of a closed-loop control system.The composition of servo systemServo system can be classified into the feed drive system and the spindle drive system on the basis of function and usage. Besides,the NC servo system can also be sorted into open loop control system and the closed loop control system in light of the presence of feedback detecting element.In addition, according to the difference of actuators, servo system can be divided into stepping servo system, dc servo system and ac servo system.Stepping servo systemBefore the 1960 s,the stepping servo system is based on step motor driven hydraulic servo motor or characterized by power steppingmotor as direct drive,and servo system uses open-loop control. Stepping servo system works with the pulse signal, and its speed and turning Angle depends on the frequency or the number ofInstruction pulses.Because there is no testing and feedback loop, the precision of the stepper motor step depends on the step angle, the accuracy of the gear transmission clearance and so on, its accuracy is low. stepping motor is easy to appear vibration phenomenon when working in the low frequency,and its output torque decreases with increment of speed. Because the stepping servo system is the open loop control, step motor in the start of machine with the over-high frequency or large load shows"lost" or "blocked" phenomenon and prone to appear phenomenon of high speed overshoot in the braking of the machine tool. At the same time, step motor speed accelerating from 0 to working speed requires longer time and slower speed response. But because of its simple structure, easy adjustment, and good working reliability and the low prices, the stepping system is a good choice in many many occasions of low occasions.Dc servo systemAfter 60 and 70 s, most of numerical control system adopts dc servo system. Dc servo motor has a good wide range speed performance, large output torque, and strong overload capacity. servo system also has evolved from open loop control into closed-loop control, thus in the industry as well as its related fields gains the more extensive or aboard application. However, with the rapid development of modern industry, the corresponding equivalents such as precision CNC machine tools, industrial robots make higher and higher requirements to the electrical servo system, especially the precision, reliability and other performance.The traditional dc motor uses a mechanical commutator, faced up with many problems in the application process, such as brush and commutator wear easily, maintenance work is heavy and the cost of it is high. Commutator reversing would produce sparks, the maximum speed of the motor and the application environment is limited;Dc motor has a more complex structure, higher cost,and prone to interfere other devices'work.Ac servo systemThe existence of these problems, limiting the dc servo system in high precision, high performance requires the application of servo driveoccasion.Because hard-overcoming weakness of dc motor, people have been seeking the development of ac servo motor to replace the dc motor whose advantage is limited by mechanical commutor and brush to satisfy the needs of various application fields, especially in the field of high precision and high-performance servo drive .But because the ac motor has strong coupling, nonlinear characteristics, so control is very complete and the high-performance application has been limited. Since the 1980 s, with the boom of the new technology such as electronic electricity, the modern control theory, and the breakthrough in the field of vector control algorithm, the original problems of AC motor which has bothered so many engineers has been solved, and ac servo development faster and faster.The characteristics of the ac servo systemIn addition to good stability, good rapidity,and high precision,servo motor system has a series of other advantages.with out the limitation of commutator circumferential speed and armature reactance potential numerical element, the speed limit ofAC motor can be design higher than DC motor in the same given motor. with a wide range of speed regulation, the most ac servo motor speed ratio can reach 1:50000,and high-performance servo motor speed ratio can even amount to ver 100000. Meet the numerical control machine tooldrive, wide speed range and small static rate request.good torque speed characteristicAC motor as the constant torque output, i.e. within its rated speed output rated torque, in for a constant power output above the rated speed.And torque overload capacity, can overcome the inertia moment of inertia load moment at start-up.Meet the machine tool servo system, large output torque, good dynamic accordingly, high positioning accuracy demands.The research status of domestic ac servoAc servo system consists of the ac servo system based on asynchronous motor and the ac servo system on the base of synchronous motor.At present machine mainly adopts a permanent magnet synchronous ac servo system.In the field of ac servo research, the Japan, the United States and Europe are in the forefront.In the mid 1980s, Japan yaskawa company has successfully developed the world's first ac servo drive.Then F ANUC, Mitsubishi, Panasonic and other companies have launched their own ac servo system. Most of these products from aboard companies are based on the asynchronous motor. However,domestic institutes has set up late in ac servo system with asynchronous motor,and so far there are still no products available. Many domestic researchers put much importance on the research of permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system. Huazhong university of science and technology, Beijing machine toolresearch institute, xi 'an micro motor research institute, shenyang institute of automation of Chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou electric factory etc have started out in the research of AC servo system and are expected to launch their own products. DA98 all-digital ac servo drive unit from guangzhou NC manufacturing company has already knock at the door of high-precision servo driver industry in our country, broken the monopoly of foreign countries , and initiated a new era belonging to our national brands.Ac servo signal and numerical control system interface have three different modes, which can also divided into three stages.Domestically, Guangzhou CNC DA98 which belongs to the first generation and is also a epoch-making servo drive, at the same time, it is first all-digital domestic ac servo drive unit, pulse command it accept direction. The second generation is EDB series delegated by Aston, it can not only accept pulse command signal, but also receive the signal from the speed control and torque control analog input.The third generation is networked ac servo worked servo system is the organic combination of industrial field-bus technology and full digital ac servo,which enables users to adjust the parameters according to load conditions and saves some unstable factors such as drift produced by analog circuits. Based on field bus network control technology,the servosystem the microprocessor and field bus interface in all type ac motor servo drive, form independent of intelligent digital servo control unit, it directly connected to the industrial field bus, it formed a new type of network control system based on field-bus.Reduced the number of hardware and the attachment, the structure of intelligent units on independent, to the outside world and realize data sharing between each other, but also can use other field control equipment, easy to extend.So far, the network communication server product in domestic has not yet mature.Robotics institute of Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics development design a network based on DSP + FPGA + ASIPM ac servo control system, the principle prototype has been got preliminary validation of the three-dimensional carving machine. currently, the most server drive adopt high-speed DSP processors,which promote the movement of all kinds of advanced control algorithms in the use of new type of drive. Mostly, suppliers of servo system employ the structure of DSP + CPLD (FPGA) on the hardware. Because the DSP and CPLD (FPGA) can repeat programming,they are easy to realize modular re-configurable of the ac servo system.As long as the software for corresponding different system configurations, including the control algorithm can control and asynchronous motor, permanent magnet synchronous servo motor, brush-less dc motor, and through the reconfiguration of FPGA can also drive dc motor and three phaseinduction of stepping motor.It's for NC machine tool upgrade and innovation has left a lot of space.The development tendency of ac servoWith the constant improvement of productive forces, the ac servo system will be sophisticated in the direction of the integration, intelligent and network .integrationBy using a single and multi-function control unit, the servo system can achieve position control and speed control function through the setting of software and constitute a half closed loop feedback unit configuration or full closed loop control system of high accuracy through the external interface composition.intelligentServer intelligent control mode, such as internal programming can achieve a certain trajectory in advance and control the surrounding IO port as well as the adjustment of master-slave's following with electronic CAM, etc.networkServer implementation is distributed by network.The server's modulation could be reconstructed with low cost .conclusionThe modern NC machine tool is developing rapidly in the direction ofhigh speed and high precision.As the essential component of the NC machine tool,servo system has gradually equated to ac servo system which has several incomparable advantages compared with other servo systems. With the progress of the ac servo technology, it will gradually replace dc servo system overall.[参考文献][1]Tryling, David P.Simple servo uses.ProQuest Journal,2009.[2]J. Cao ；Z.W. Li ；Z.X. Meng.Development Of A Nc Servo System Based On Fuzzy Adaptive Control.Key engineering materials,2009.[3]Fusaomi&Nagata.Development of CAM system based on industrial robotic servo controller without using robot languag.Robotics andComputer Integrated Manufacturing,2013.[4]Mulan Wang Kaiyun Xu Chuan He Lei Zhou.Research on Servo System for CNC Machine Tool Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Torque Motor.Materials Engineering and Automatic Control,2012[5]Xu, Kaiyun Li, Ning Lin, Jian He, Chuan.Development of linear servo control system for CNC machine tool based on DSP.International Conference on Mechatronic Science, Electric Engineering and Computer,2011第二作业：典型曲线数字积分法插补方法2.1目的数字积分插补方法是实现数控插补功能的重要方法之一。
加工中心最详细讲解编程操作实例
加工中心最详细讲解编程操作实例加工中心是一种高效率、高精度的机床，广泛应用于各种金属加工领域。
它能够通过数控系统控制刀具的运动轨迹，实现复杂零件的加工。
在加工中心的编程操作中，常用的编程语言有G代码和M代码。
本文将详细讲解加工中心的编程操作，并给出一个实例。
编程前的准备工作：在编程前，我们需要了解机床的结构和加工工艺要求，还需要获取零件的图纸和加工工艺流程，以便于编写合理的程序。
编写程序的步骤：1.选择编程方式：根据实际情况选择直线插补编程方式或者圆弧插补编程方式。
2.设置坐标系：根据机床的坐标系，设置工件坐标系或者机床坐标系。
3.定义刀具：根据刀具尺寸和刀补，定义刀具的参数和类型。
4.设定工件原点：确定工件坐标系的原点位置，以便于后续运动的参考。
5.运动轨迹描述：根据加工图纸，描述刀具的运动轨迹，包括直线运动和圆弧运动等。
6.切削数据设定：根据加工要求，合理设定切削速度、进给速度和切削深度等参数。
7.编写完整程序：将以上步骤编写成完整的程序，包括G代码和M代码。
编程实例：下面以一个简单的加工任务为例，进行编程操作的详细讲解。
加工任务：在一块正方形工件上加工一个圆形凸起。
1.设置坐标系：假设工件坐标系原点为工件的左下角。
G90G54G17G49G402. 定义刀具：假设使用直径为10mm的铣刀。
T1M6S30003. 设定工件原点：假设工件原点为距离工件底边10mm的位置。
G92X10Y104.运动轨迹描述：以一定的半径和角度，描述刀具的运动轨迹。
G1Z5G3X30Y30I20J205. 切削数据设定：设定切削速度为1000mm/min，进给速度为200mm/min。
F1000F2006.编写完整程序：将以上步骤组合成完整的程序。
%O001(加工程序)G90G54G17T1M6S3000G92X10Y10G1Z5G3X30Y30I20J20G1Z5M30以上就是一个简单的加工中心编程操作的实例。
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《数控技术》课程（2015）
大作业
院（系）机电工程学院
专业机械制造及自动化
姓名段泽军
学号1120810810
班号1208108
任课教师付云忠
完成日期2015年5月5日
哈尔滨工业大学机电工程学院
2015年5月
题目三：加工中心零件编程
数控技术（双语）课程作业要求
目的和要求：
本作业通过给定一台数控机床具体技术参数和零件加工工艺卡，使学生对数控机床具体参数、加工能力和加工工艺流程有直观了解和认识。
同时，锻炼学生解决实际加工问题的能力。
1．了解加工中心的具体技术参数，加工范围和加工能力；
2．了解实际加工中，从零件图纸分析到制定零件加工工艺过程；
3．按照加工工艺编写指定的工序的零件数控加工程序。
编程要求：
坐标原点：￠40圆的圆心处为工件编程X、Y轴原点坐标，Z轴原点坐标在精铣后的工件上表面。
刀具补偿：刀具补偿号自定。
作业内容：
1.作业中画出加工工件和坐标系。
2.编写精铣￠60外圆工序（仅工序5中￠60外圆，台阶不管）加工程序；
3.编写工序6～10加工程序；
4.编写工序12精铣外轮廓加工程序。
1.1 机床结构
主要由床身、铣头、横进给、升降台、冷却、润滑及电气等部分组成。
XKJ325-1数控铣床配用GSK928型数控系统，对主轴和工作台纵横向进行控制，用户按照加工零件的尺寸及工艺要求，先编成零件的加工程控，最后完成各种几何形状的加工。
1.2 机床的用途和加工特点
本机床适用于多品种中、小批量生产的零件，对各种复杂曲线的凸轮、孔、样板弧形糟等零件的加工效能尤为显著；该机床高速性能好，工作稳定可靠，定位精度和重复精度较高，不需要模具就能确保零件的加工精度，减少辅助时间，提高劳动生产率。
1.3 加工中心的主要技术参数
数控机床的技术参数，反映了机床的性能及加工范围。
二，加工工艺制订
2.1 加工零件
加工图1零件，材料HT200，毛坯尺寸长*宽*高为170×110×50mm，试分析该零件的数控铣削加工工艺、如零件图分析、装夹方案、加工顺序、刀具卡、工艺卡等，编写加工程序和主要操作步骤。
2.2 工艺分析
2.2.1 零件图工艺分析
该零件主要由平面，孔及外轮廓组成，平面与外轮廓的表面粗糙度要求Ra6.3，可采用铣粗—精铣方案。
2.2.2 确定装夹方案
根据零件的特点，加工上表面￠60外圆及其台阶面和孔系时选用平口虎钳夹紧；铣削外轮廓时，采用一面两孔的定位方式，即以底面，￠40H和￠13孔定位。
按照基面先行，先面后孔，先粗后精的原则确定加工顺序，即粗加工定位基准面（底面）——￠60外圆及其台阶面——孔系加工——外轮廓铣削——精加工底面并保证尺寸40。
图3.1 加工零件图
2.2.4 刀具的选用
加工中心刀具通常由刃具和刀柄两部分组成,刃具有面加工用的各种铣刀和孔加工用的各种钻头、扩孔钻、镗刀、铰刀及丝锥等，刀柄要满足机床主轴自动松开和夹紧定位，并能准确地安装各种刃具和适应换刀机械手的夹持等要求。
主要是刀具的长度和直径的选择，如加工孔依据其深度和孔径选择。
2.2.5 切削用量的选择
该材料，铣削平面、￠60外圆及其台阶面和外轮廓时可留0.5MM的精加余量，其余一次走完粗铣。
确定主轴转速时，可先查确削用量手册，硬质合金铣刀加工铸铁（190～260HB）时的速度为45～90m/min,取Vc=70m/min,根据铣刀直径和公式计算主轴转速，并填入工序卡片中。
确定进给速度时，根据铣刀齿数、主轴转速、和切削用量手册中给出的每齿进给量，计算进给速度并填入工序卡片中。
拟订数控铣削加工工序卡片如表3。
把零件加工顺序，采用的刀具和切削用量等参数编入数控加工工序卡片中，以指导编程加工操作。
接下页
续表3.3数控加工工序卡片
三、加工工件和坐标系
（a）
(b)
图3.2 加工工件和坐标系
六、加工程序
换刀点选在坐标系的X=0，Y=0，Z=100mm处，初始平面设在Z=50mm的位置。
6.1 精铣Φ60外圆工序的加工程序
N010 G92 X0 Y0 Z50;
N020 G90 G00 Z100 T02 M06;
N030 G41 X0 Y-30 D01;
N040 G43 H01 S600 M03;
N050 Z-18;
N060 G02 I0 J0 F100;
N070 G00 G40 G49 X0 Y0 Z50 M05 M30;
6.2 工序6~10的加工程序
N010 G92 X0 Y0 Z50;
N020 G90 G00 Z100 T03 M06;
N030 G43 Z50 H02 S400 M03;
N040 G98 G81 X0 Y0 Z-43 R3 F50;
N050 G28 X0 Y0 M05;
N060 G49 Z100 T04 M06;
N070 G43 Z50 H03 S400 M03;
N090 M05;
N100 S900 M03;
N110 G98 G76 Z-43 R3 F100;
N120 M05;
N130 G49 G00 Z100 T05 M06;
N140 G43 Z50 H04 S500 M03;
N150 G98 G81 X-60 Y0 Z-43 R-15 F50;
N160 G98 X60;
N170 G00 X0 Y0 M05;
N180 G49 Z100 T06 M06;
N190 G43 Z50 H05 S350 M03;
N200 G98 G81 X-60 Y0 Z-30 R-15 P2000 F200;
N210 G98 X60;
N220 G49 G00 X0 Y0 M05 M30;
6.3 工序12精铣外轮廓的加工程序
N010 G92 X0 Y0 Z50;
N020 G00 G90 Z100 T7 M06;
N030 G41 X80 Y0 Z-40 D02 S1200 M03;
N040 G02 X69.25 Y-17.74 R20;
N050 G01 X13.87 Y-46.60;
N060 G02 X-13.87 R30;
N070 G01 X-69.25 Y-17.74;
N080 G02 Y17.74 R20;
N090 G01 X-13.87 Y46.602;
N100 G02 X13.87 R30;
N110 G01 X69.25 Y17.74;
N120 G02 X80.0 Y0 R20;
N130 G00 G40 X0 Z50 M05;
N140 M30;。