自考高级英语下Lesson 11 On Human Nature and Politics
英语自考本科高级英语笔记-下册-Lesson_Eleven_2
Lesson Eleven On Human Nature and Politics Words and ExpressionsText Explanation1…even in Paradise.even when he is dead.2Human beings, for the most part, are not like this."for the most part" means mostly, most of them.3on that accountbecause of that, on that reason 为了那个缘故The game was cancelled on account of the rain.4…satiety is a dream which will always elude you.…to think that man can become satisfied is an illustion.5…motives that survive the conquest of hunger.…motives that continue to exist when hunger is satisfied.6One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on.One problem of vanity is that one grows more vain if one is encouraged in one's vanity.虚荣心的问题之一是，越是有鼓励它的东西，虚荣心就越强。
feed on: give food to 给予食物，喂What do you feed your cat on?7the condemned murderera murderer who has been found guilty and sentenced to punishment, possibly the death sentence.8Politicians and literary men are in the same case.政治家和文人也属于此列。
英语专业高级英语2 lesson 11,12 words and paraphrase
•Lesson 11•In outline---generally speaking •Immediate---Close at hand; near1. niche (Para. 1)(n.) the status of an organism within its environmentand community (affecting its survival as a species) 生态位，小生态环境e.g. According to the competitive exclusion principle, notwo species can occupy the same niche in the sameenvironment for a long time.•Intricate---Having many complexlyarranged elements; elaborate.•Pollen---花粉fine powder formed inflowers•Fungi---真菌类•Degrade---To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation•Make up---put together, construct /compose2. bewildering (Para. 2)(adj.) confusing, especially because there are too manychoices or things happening at the same timee.g. John faces a bewildering variety of choices.3. intricate (Para. 2)(adj.) containing many small parts or details that allwork or fit togethere.g. This is a novel with an intricate plot. •Explicitly---fully and clearly •Cohesive---well-integrated4. exemplify (Para. 3)(v.) clarify by giving an example ofe.g. This painting exemplifies the artist’s early style.•Population--- All the organisms that constitute a specific group or occur in a specified habitat.•Multiple--- manifold•Picture---describe•Cybernetics---控制论The theoretical study of communication and control processes in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems, especially the comparison of these processes in biological and artificial systems.•Owe to--- be indebted to5. act on (Para. 5)to do something because of another person’sadvice or order, or because you have receivedinformation or have an ideae.g. She is acting on the advice of her lawyers. •Veer---To turn aside from a course, direction, or purpose; swerve•Deflect---To turn aside or cause to turn aside; bend or deviate6. helmsman (Para. 6)(n.) someone who guides a ship or boate.g. He is a very experienced helmsman.7. steer (Para. 6)(v.) to control the direction a vehicle is going, forexample by turning a wheele.g. He steered the car skillfully through the narrowstreets.8. rudder (Para. 6)(n.) a flat part at the back of a ship or aircraft thatcan be turned in order to control the direction inwhich it moves 舵, 方向舵e.g. Some tried to stop up the leaks while others triedto steady the rudder.9. deplete (Para. 7)(v.) to reduce the amount of something that ispresent or availablee.g. Our stock of food is greatly depleted.10. build into (Para. 7)to make an integral part of; to make something apermanent part of a system, agreement, etc.e.g. The rate of pay was built into her contract.11. out of balance (Para. 7)losing the state of being steadye.g. The baby tottered out of balance and fell on thefloor.•Agent---A force or substance that causes a change•Oscillate---To swing back and forth with a steady, uninterrupted rhythm•Periodic---Having or marked by repeated cycles•Die off---To undergo a sudden, sharp decline in population12. unwaveringly (Para. 8)(adv.) with resolute determinatione.g. He holds his political belief unwaveringlyeven duringthe social turmoil.13. obscure (Para. 9)(v.) to prevent something from being seen or heardclearlye.g. The windscreen was obscured by the rain.14. ravage (Para. 9)(v.) cause extensive destruction or ruin utterlye.g. The forests were ravaged by fire.15. die off (Para. 9)if a group of people or animals die off, they die one byone until they are no more of theme.g. If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle willdie off.•Eutrophication--n.富(养)化作用; 水体加富过程•a process by which pollution from such sources as sewage effluent or leachatefrom fertilized fields causes a lake, pond, or fen to become overrich in organic and mineral nutrients, so that algae and cyanobacteria grow rapidly and deplete the oxygen supply•Intrinsic-- Of or relating to the essential nature of a thing; inherent.•Die back-- The gradual dying of plant shoots, starting at the tips, as a result of various diseases or climatic conditions. •Debris--The scattered remains of something broken or destroyed; rubble or wreckage•Decay--To break down into component parts; rot16. debris (Para. 11)(n.) pieces of waste materiale.g. Clean the ventilation ducts to remove dust and insectdebris.•Turnover-- The number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those whohave left in a given period of time •Dump-- To release or throw down in a large mass•Exceed—surpass•Intrude—enter as an improper element •Marine--Of or relating to the sea •Shoreline--The edge of a body of water •Alfalfa--[植]紫花苜蓿•Pathway--A course usually followed by a body part or process•Fabric--A complex underlying structure •Strand-- rope, thread, or yarn •Vulnerable--Susceptible to attack17. crisscross (Para. 16)(v.) to make a pattern of straight lines that crosseach othere.g. The curtain has a crisscrossed pattern.18. be vulnerable to (Para. 16)can be easily harmed to hurte.g. She is very young and vulnerable to fraud •Amplify-- To make larger or morepowerful; increase •Magnitude—greatness in size, extent, etc. •Incorporate--To cause to merge or combine together into a united whole •Earthworm--蚯蚓•Woodcock--[鸟] 鸟鹬19. oxidize (Para. 17)(v.) to combine with oxygen or make somethingcombine with oxygen, especially in a way that causesruste.g. Iron is easily oxidized. •Indestructible--Impossible to destroy •Nitrate--[化]硝酸盐, 硝酸钾•Phosphate--磷酸盐20. excrete (Para. 19)(v.) (formal) to get rid of waste material from yourbody through your bowels, your skin, etc.e.g. Dogs are not permitted to excrete on thepavement.21. respiratory (Para. 19)(adj.) (formal) relating to breathing or your lungs 与呼吸有关的e.g. Lungs are respiratory organs. •Surface--To emerge after concealment •Incinerator--One that incinerates, especially an apparatus, such as a furnace, for burning waste•Emit—give or send out matter or energy •Toxic—poisonous•Condense--To become more compact •Convert—change or transform•Methyl--甲基：单价碳氢基•Soluble--That can be dissolved, especially easily dissolved•Deposit--To lay down or leave behind by a natural process22. vapor (Para. 20)(n.) a mass of very small drops of a liquid which floatin the air, for example because the liquidhas beenheated 蒸汽，水汽e.g. Water can be changed into vapor when heated.23. stack (Para. 20)(n.) a chimneye.g. Mercury vapor is emitted by the incinerator stack.24. soluble (Para. 20)(adj.) a soluble substance can be dissolved in a liquide.g. This substance is soluble in alcohol.25. lodge (Para. 21)(v.) to provide someone with a place to stay for ashort timee.g. a building used to lodge prisoners of war26. be extracted from (Para. 21)to carefully remove a substance from something whichcontains it, using a machine, chemicalprocess, etc.e.g. Petroleum is extracted from oil.27. be converted into (Para. 21)to change something into a different form of thinge.g. This bedroom can be converted into a study.Ⅲ. Sentence Paraphrase1. All this, many times multiplied and organized species by species in intricate, precise relationships, makes up the vast network of life on the earth. (Para. 2)The above is just a single example about the connections of deer to other forms of life. In reality this is added many times and organized species by species in precise relationships with many details. And this makes up the large and extensive network of life on the earth.2. It is the science of planetary housekeeping. (Para. 3)Ecology is the science about how the affairs of our house, the planet, are managed.3. Our ability to picture the behavior of such systems has been helped considerably by the development, even more recent than ecology, of the science of cybernetics. (Para. 5)The development of the science of cybernetics has greatly helped our ability to describe the behavior of ecosystems. The science of cybernetics is even younger than the science of ecology.4. In quite a similar way, stabilizing cybernetic relations are built into an ecological cycle. (Para. 7)Similar to the ship system, cybernetics systems with stabilizing effects are an integral part of an ecological cycle.5. The most famous examples of such ecological oscillations are the periodic fluctuations of the size of fur-bearing animalpopulations.(Para. 9)The best-known examples that can clearly illustrate such ecological oscillations are the changes of the size of fur-bearing animal populations that take place periodically.6. These oscillations are built into the operations of the simple cycle, in which the lynx population is positively related to the number of rabbits and the rabbit population is negatively related to the number of lynx. (Para.9)More rabbits provide more food for lynx and thus the rising population of rabbits increases the population of the lynx. Reversely, when there are more lynx, rabbits are more fiercely hunted and consumed, and as a result the population of the rabbits decreases.7. Ecosystems differ considerably in their rate characteristic and therefore vary a great deal in the speed with which they react to changed situations or approach the point of collapse.(Para. 15)There are many different ecosystems on the earth: the air, the fresh water, the ocean, the soil, the desert, the forest, etc. Their rate characteristics differ, and for that reason they respond to changed situations or come near to the point of collapse with differing speeds.8. Environmental pollution is often a sign that ecological links have been cut and that the ecosystem has been artificially simplified and made more vulnerable to stress and to final collapse. (Para. 16)Environmental pollution indicates that some ecological links have been destroyed. As a result the ecosystem has been altered by simplification caused by human activity, and its ability to resist stress is weakened and thus it is more vulnerable to final collapse.9. A persistent effort to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ can yield a surprising amount of valuable information about anecosystem. (Para. 20)If everything must go somewhere, we may persistently try to answer the question, ―where does it go?‖ In doing so , we can learn a great deal of valuable information about an ecosystem.10. Consider, for example, the fate of a household item which contains mercury- a substance with environmental effects that have just recently surfaced. (Para. 20)Let’s examine what’s going to happen to a household item which contains mercury. Mercury is a substance with environmental effects that science has recently discovered.•Lesson 121. detrimental (Para. 1)(a.) cause harm or damage to 有害的，不利的be detrimental to (Para. 1)e.g. Staying up late is detrimental to health. e.g. Online reputations can be detrimental to jobseekers.2. thrust (Para. 2)(n.) a strong blow with a knife or other sharp pointedinstrumente.g. The knife thrust almost killed him.3. predecessor (Para. 2)(n.) one who precedes you in time (as in holding aposition or office)e.g. He undid most of the good work of his predecessor.4. induce (Para. 3)(v.) (formal) to cause a particular physical conditione.g. Too much food induces sleepiness.5. mutation (Para. 3)(v.) (biology) a change in the genetic structure of ananimal or plant that makes it different from others ofthe same kinde.g. The mutations in plants caused by radiation have beenfound in experiments.6. staggering (Para. 4)(adj.) so surprisingly impressive as to stun or overwhelme.g. The juvenile delinquency has soared to a staggeringnumber these days.7. variant (Para. 5)(n.) a group of organisms within a species that differ intrivial ways from similar groupse.g. The story has many variants.8. screen (Para. 5)(v.) to remove people or things that are not acceptableor not suitable 筛选，筛查e.g. It is now possible to screen babies forheart disease .screen oute.g. An answering service can screen out nuisance calls.自动应答服务可以剔除骚扰电话。
自考高级英语课后翻译下册
1.They hold meetings ,make promotions , and allow their names to be used on announcements that are prepared and issued by somebody else .他们主持会议,研究该提升谁,别人准备并发布的通告上也要署上他们的名字.2. He makes it clear to me every now and then that he wishes to see everything coming out of my department before it is shown to other departments .他不时地让我清楚一个事实,即希望我的部门所做的每项工作在显示给其他部门之前先给他看看.3. The result of this photocopying and distributing is that there is almost continuous public scrutiny and discussion throughout the company of how well or poorly the salesmen in each sales office of each division of the company are doing at any given time .把统计数字复印,分发,这种做法的结果是公司每个部门的每个销售办事处的推销员在任何时期内业绩的好坏都不断地处于公众的审查和评论之中.4. They are stimulated and motivated by discipline and direction . 纪律和监督激励他们.5. Their budget , too , is small , for they are no longer permitted to undertake large projects .》他们的经费很少，因为不再允许他们承担大的项目。
自考高级英语下册课后练习答案
自考高级英语下册课后练习答案The Company in Which I Workby Joseph Heller课后练习(Exercises on the text)A.Answer the following questions on the text.1.In the company,everyone is afraid of al least one person.2.Because their position is the lowest.3.Because they fear that they may,start doing worse and they should begin doing better.4.They live and work under pressure that is extraordinary.5.Yes.6.Because first their salaries are small,arid they know they will not have much trouble finding jobs paying just as little in other companies if they lose their jobs here.7.They are not expected to change reality,but merely to find it if they can and suggest ingenious ways of disguising it.8.He is bored with his work very often now.9.On days when he's especially melancholy,he began constructingtables of organization…classifying people in the company on the basis of envy,hope,fear,ambition,frustration,rivalry,hatred,or disappointment.10.The passage is a satire on the company's ruining the normal humanfeelings and on the sad fact that people scramble for power and profit at the cost of sacrificing their dignity.B.Translate the following into Chinese.1．他们召开会议，研究该提升谁，别人准备并发布的声明上也要署上他们的名字。
自考高级英语下册课文翻译
全国高等教育自学考试指定教材英语专业(本科段）高级英语（下）王家湘课文翻译Lesson OneThe Company in Which I Work我工作的公司约瑟夫·海勒我工作的公司里，每个人都至少害怕一个人。
职位越低，所惧怕的人越多.所有的人都害怕那十二位顶层上司，他们帮助创建了这个公司，而且现在仍然大权在握。
所有这十二位都已经上了年纪，而且岁月的沧桑和对成功的执著追求使他们心力交瘁。
他们中很多人在这儿干了一辈子。
当我在大厅里遇见他们时，他们看上去非常友善、沉稳而心满意足，而且他们与别人一起乘坐公共电梯时又总是彬彬有礼、沉默不语。
他们不再努力工作.他们主持会议，决定别人的晋升，任凭别人在准备发布的通告中使用他们的名字,没有人知道谁真正经营这家公司（甚至连人们认为现在经营着这家公司的那些人都不知道)，然而公司的确在运转。
在平常的工作日里，我很害怕杰克·格林，这是因为我所在的部门属于他的部门,而杰克·格林是我的上司。
格林害怕我则是因为我的部门的绝大部分工作是为销售部所做的,而销售部比他的部门更重要,而且同他相比，我与迪·卡葛勒以及销售部的其他人员的关系更加密切。
格林偶尔也对我不信任，他有时会向我表示他希望我的部门的每一项工作在其他部门知道前要先让他知道.我知道这不是他真正的意思，他自己的工作非常忙,根本就无暇顾及我们所有的工作。
我会将大部分工作绕过格林并直接交给需要它们的人，而不愿意占他的时间.毕竟我们部门绝大部分工作只是微不足道的.但是每当其他部门赞扬我们部门的工作时,格林就会变得不安，如果他从未看见或听到过的话，就更是恼羞成怒。
在我的部门里，有六个人害怕我,其中一个小秘书害怕我们所有的人。
有一个为我工作的人,他对任何人都毫不惧怕，甚至连我也不怕，我真想尽快把他解雇掉，然而我害怕他……公司里非常惧怕大多数人的人是销售人员，他们都生活和工作在极大压力之下,当情况不好时，对销售人员来说就会更糟。
自考高级英语试题及答案
自考高级英语试题及答案近年来，由于社会竞争的加剧和对职业素养要求的提高，越来越多的人选择自考，其中英语是必考科目之一。
为了帮助自考生们更好地备考和提高成绩，本文将介绍一些自考高级英语试题及答案。
第一部分：阅读理解（共两篇）阅读理解一：文章内容：关于环境保护Now there are many hobby organizations in the USA, and one of the most successful is the Sierra Club. The Sierra Club was started in 1892 by a group of people who wanted to do something about the destruction of natural beauty. Do you know what the Sierra Club's most important activity is? It is publishing books and magazines. The people who work for the club try to save the natural environment of the USA. They think that the most important thing in this work is to let people see the beautiful places in the USA. Many of these places are in danger now. The club has about 700,000 members. The members must pay for their books and magazines, but they enjoy themselves on the club's trips.1. When did the Sierra Club start?答案：The Sierra Club started in 1892.2. What is the club's most important activity?答案：The club's most important activity is publishing books and magazines.3. Why do the people who work for the club think it is important to let people see the beautiful places in the USA?答案：They think it is important to let people see the beautiful places in the USA because many of these places are in danger now.阅读理解二：文章内容：关于科学与技术的发展The development of science and technology has greatly changed people's life. With the rapid development of the internet, people can easily get access to a vast amount of information and communicate with others from different parts of the world. In addition, modern technology has also revolutionized industries and agriculture, greatly improving productivity and efficiency.However, the development of science and technology also brings about some challenges. One of the major challenges is the issue of employment. Many traditional jobs are gradually replaced by machines and artificial intelligence, leading to high unemployment rates in some areas. Furthermore, the excessive reliance on technology may lead to a decline in human abilities and social skills.In order to cope with these challenges, it is necessary to foster a balanced approach towards the development of science and technology. While embracing technological advancements, it is equally important to invest in education and training programs to ensure that individuals have the necessary skills to adapt to the changing job market. Moreover, emphasis should also be placed on the ethical implications of scientific development, to prevent any potential negative impacts on society and the environment.4. What are the advantages brought by the development of science and technology?答案：The development of science and technology has greatly improved people's life, providing easy access to information, global communication, and increased productivity.5. What is one major challenge brought by the development of science and technology?答案：One major challenge is the issue of employment, as many traditional jobs are being replaced by machines and artificial intelligence.6. How can society cope with the challenges brought by the development of science and technology?答案：Society can cope with these challenges by fostering a balanced approach towards development, investing in education and training programs, and considering the ethical implications of scientific advancements.第二部分：完形填空完形填空一：文章内容：关于环保Environmental protection is a global issue that concerns all of us. As individuals, we can make small changes in our daily lives to contribute to a healthier environment. For example, we can start by 7 our water and electricity consumption. We should turn off the lights and unplug electronicdevices when they are not in use. Additionally, we can reduce, reuse, and recycle. 8 shopping, we should bring our own bags instead of using plastic ones. We should also choose products with less packaging. Furthermore, we should limit our use of single-use items such as plastic water bottles and disposable utensils.9 important aspect of environmental protection is reducing carbon emissions. We can do this by using public transportation, carpooling, or even walking or biking instead of driving our cars. Renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power should also be promoted. Another way to contribute to environmental protection is by planting trees. Trees help absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, making our air cleaner.By making these small changes in our daily lives, we can all do our part to protect the environment and create a better world for future generations.7. A. improving B. increasing C. reducing D. controlling答案：C. reducing8. A. Upon B. When C. While D. Before答案：B. When9. A. Another B. The other C. Others D. Other答案：A. Another完形填空二：文章内容：关于健康Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for our well-being. One important aspect of a healthy lifestyle is a balanced diet. It is important to 7 a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Avoiding excessive intake of sugar, sodium, and saturated fats is also important. Additionally, staying hydrated by drinking enough water throughout the day is essential.Regular exercise is another key component of a healthy lifestyle. Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, strengthens muscles, and improves cardiovascular health. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, on most days of the week.Furthermore, getting enough sleep is vital for our overall health and well-being. Lack of sleep can lead to increased stress levels, reduced cognitive function, and weakened immune system. It is recommended to aim for 7-8 hours of quality sleep each night.In conclusion, adopting a balanced diet, engaging in regular exercise, and getting enough sleep are essential for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. By prioritizing our health, we can enjoy a higher quality of life and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.7. A. consume B. include C. avoid D. promote答案：B. include8. A. excessive B. regular C. minimum D. occasional答案：B. regular9. A. lack B. increase C. reduce D. maintain答案：A. lack第三部分：听力理解听力理解一：请根据听到的对话内容选择正确答案。
英语专业 高级英语第11课 beauty (课堂PPT)
Story
• “beauty” is a chapter in Scott Sanders’ book Hunting for Hope, published in 1998. In this essay, sanders makes a comparison of his daughter’s shinning beauty on her wedding day to the beauty of physics and cosmos.
18
• I can summon up hundreds of details from that radiant day, but on the day itself I was aware only of a surpassing joy.(P13)
• summon (up): to call forth; to make an effort (to recall the details of that day)
Outline
• --Warming up • 1.about the author • 2.brief introduction of text • 3.appreciation of rhetorical devices • 4.analysis of difficult sentences • Notes on the text
自考00600《高级英语》背熟重点
Lesson 1: Rock Superstars: What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society?How do you feel about all this adulation and hero worship? When Mick Jagger’s fans look at him as a high priest or a god, are you with them or against them? Do you share Chris Singer’s almost religious reverence for Bob Dylan? Do you think he – or Dylan – is misguided? Do you reject Alice Cooper as sick? Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown, perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies?Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young PeopleThe trouble with this solution is that it no longer is practical on a large scale. Our planet, unfortunately, is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscaped; except for the polar regions, the frontiers are gone. A few gentleman farmers with plenty of money can still escape to the bucolic life – but in general the stream of migration is flowing the other way.Lesson 4: Die as You ChooseIn January the Journal of the American Medical Association published a bizarre letter, in which an anonymous doctor claimed to have killed a 20-year-old cancer patient at her own request. This started a debate that will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia. The letter was probably written for polemical impact. It is scarcely credible. It’s author claims that he met the cancer patient for the first time, heard five words from her – “Let’s get this over with” – then killer her. Even the most extreme proponents of euthanasia do not support such an action in those circumstances.Lesson 5: I’d Rather Be Black than FemaleIt is still women – about three million volunteers – who do most of this work in the American political world. The best any of them can hope for is the honor of being district or county vice-chairman, a kind of separate-but-equal position with which a woman is rewarded for years of faithful envelope stuffing and card-party organizing. I n such a job, she gets a number of free trips to state and sometimes national meetings and conventions, where her role is supposed to be to vote the way her male chairman votes.Lesson 6: A Good Chancethe back door which hung open, we saw people standing in the kitchen. I asked carefully, “What’s wrong?”Nobody spoke but Elgie came over, his bloodshot eyes filled with sorrow and misery. He stood in front of us for a moment and then gestured us to go into the living room. The room was filled with people sitting in silence, and finally Elgie said, quietly, “They shot him.”Lesson 7: Miss BrillAlthough it was so brilliantly fine – the blue sky powdered with gold and the great spots of light like white wine splashed over the Jardins Publiques – Miss Brill was glad that she had decided on her fur. The air was motionless, but when you opened your mouth there was just a faint chill, like a chill from a glass of iced water before you sip, and now and again a leaf came drifting – from nowhere, from they sky. Miss Brill put up her hand and touched her fur. Dear little thing! I t was nice to feel it again. She had taken it out of its box tat afternoon, shaken out the moth-powder, given it a good brush, and rubbed the life back into the dim little eyes. “What has been happening to me?” said the sad little eyes. Oh, how sweet it was to see them snap at her again from the red eiderdown! …But the nose, which was of some black composition, wasn’t at all firm. It must have had a knock, somehow. Never mind – a little dab of black sealing-wax when the time came – when it was absolutely necessary. … Little rogue! Yes, she really felt like that about it. Little rogue biting its tail just by her left ear. She could have taken it off and laid it on her lap and stroked it. She felt a tingling in her hands and arms. But that came from walking, she supposed. And when she breathed, something light and sad – no, not sad, exactly – something gentle seemed to move in her bosom.Lesson 8: A Lesson in Living"It was the best of times and the worst of times. . ." Her voice slid in and curved down through and over the words. She was nearly singing. I wanted to look at the pages. Were they the same that I had read? Or were there notes, music, lined on the pages, as in a hymn book? Her sounds began cascading gently. I knew from listening; to a thousand preachers that she was nearing the end of her reading, and I hadn't really heard, heard to understand, a single word.I have tried often to search behind the sophistication of years for the enchantment I so easilyI said aloud, "It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done…" tears of love filled my eyes at my selflessness.Lesson 9: The Trouble with TelevisionEverything about this nation—the structure of the society, its forms of family organization, its economy, its place in the world— has become more complex, not less. Yet its dominating communications instrument, its principal form of national linkage, is one that sells neat resolutions to human problems that usually have no neat resolutions. It is all symbolized in my mind by the hugely successful art form that television has made central to the culture, the 30-second commercial: the tiny drama of the earnest housewife who finds happiness in choosing the right toothpaste.When before in human history has so much humanity collectively surrendered so much of its leisure to one toy, one mass diversion? When before has virtually an entire nation surrendered itself wholesale to a medium for selling?Lesson 11: On Getting Off to SleepWhat a bundle of contradictions is a man! Surety, humour is the saving grace of us, for without it we should die of vexation. With me, nothing illustrates the contrariness of things better than the matter of sleep. If, for example, my intention is to write an essay, and 1 have before me ink and pens and several sheets of virgin paper, you may depend upon it that before I have gone very far I feel an overpowering desire for sleep, no matter what time of the day it is. I stare at the reproachfully blank paper until sights and sounds become dim and confused, and it is only by an effort of will that I can continue at all. Even then, I proceed half-heartedly, in a kind of dream. But let me be between the sheets at a late hour, and I can do anything but sleep. Between chime and chime of the clock I can write essays by the score. Fascinating subjects and noble ideas come pell-mell, each with its appropriate imagery and expression. Nothing stands between me and half-a-dozen imperishable masterpieces but pens, ink, and paper.Lesson 12: Why I Writeof good prose or the rhythm of a good story. Desire to share an experience whichvaluable and ought not to be missed…Lesson 14: I Would Like to Tell You SomethingThe investigation was not staged so that veterans could spill out their hearts or purge their souls; it was done to prove that the policy of the United States in Indochina is tantamount to genocide, and that not only the soldiers are responsible for what is happening, but that everyone here in America who has allowed the brutalization and de-personalization to go on is responsible. It was done also to show that you don't start making things right by prosecuting William Galley, no matter how guilty he may be; you also prosecute the men who encouraged the situation. It was done to show that there is not just one Mylai but countless Mylais and they are continuing every single day. There was an almost total press blackout on the testimony of those veterans.Lesson 15: The Beauty IndustryWomen, it is obvious, are freer than in the past. Freer not only to perform the generally unenviable social functions hitherto reserved to the male, but also freer to exercise the more pleasing, feminine privilege of being attractive. They have the right, if not to be less virtuous than their grandmothers, at any rate to look less virtuous. The British Matron, not long since a creature of austere and even terrifying aspect, now does her best to achieve and perennially preserve the appearance of what her predecessor would have described as a Lost Woman. She often succeeds. But we are not shocked—at any rate, not morally shocked. Aesthetically shocked—yes; we may sometimes be that. But morally, no. We concede that the Matron is morally justified in being preoccupied with her personal appearance. This concession depends on another of a more general nature—a concession to the Body, with a large B, to the Manichaean principle of evil. For we have now come to admit that the body has its rights. And not only rights—duties, actually duties. It has, for example, a duty to do the best it can for itself in the way of strength and beauty. Christian-ascetic ideas no longer trouble us. We demand justice for the body as well as for the soul. Hence, among other things, the fortunes made by face-cream manufacturers and beauty-specialists, by the vendors of rubber reducing belts and massage machines, by the patentees of hair-lotions and the authors of books on the culture of the abdomen.下册Lesson One The Company in Which I workOn days when I ‘m especially melancholy , I began constructing tables of organization….classifying people in the company on the basis of envy , hope , fear , ambition , frustration, rivalry , hatred , or disappointment . I call these charts my Happiness Charts . These exercises in malice never fail to boost my spirits ----but only for a while . I rank pretty high when the company is analyzed this way , because I ‘m not envious or disappointed , and I have no expectations . At the very top , of course , are those people , mostly young and without dependents , to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred merit but still only a place to work , and who regard their present association with it as something temporary . I put these people at the top because if you asked any one of them if he would choose to spend the rest of his life working for the company , he would give you a resounding No ! , regardless of what inducements were offered . I was that high once . if you asked me that same question today, I would also give you a resounding No ! and add:Lesson Two EvelineBut in her new home , in a distant unknown country , it would not be like that . Then she would be married ---she , Eveline . People would treat her with respect then . She would not be treated as her mother had been . Even now , though she was over nineteen , she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’s violence . She knew it was that that had given her the palpitations . When they were growing up he had never gone for her , like he used to go for Harry and Ernest , because she was a girl ; but latterly he had begun to threaten her and say what he would do to her only for her dead mother’s sake . And now she had nobody to protect her , Ernest was dead and Harry ,who was in the church decorating business , was nearly always down somewhere in the country . Besides , the invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights had begun to weary her unspeakably . She always gave her entire wages ----seven shillings ----and Harry always sent up what he could , but the trouble was to get any money from her father . He said she used to squander the money , that she had no head , that he wasn’t going to give her his hard-earned money to throw about the streets ,elbowed her way through the crowds and returning home late under her load of provisions . She had hard work to keep the house together and to see that the two young children who had been left to her charge went to school regularly and got their meals regularly . It was hard work ----a hard life ----but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life .She stood among the swaying crowd in the station at the North Wall .He held her hand and she knew that he was speaking to her , saying something about the passage over and over again . The station was full of soldiers with brown baggages . Through the wide doors of the sheds she caught a glimpse of the black mass of the boat , lying in beside the quay wall , with illumined portholes . She answered nothing . She felt her cheek pale and cold and , out of a maze of distress , she prayed to God to direct her , to show her what was her duty . The boat blew a long mournful whistle into the mist . If she went , tomorrow she would be on the sea with Frank , steaming towards Buenos Ayres . Their passage had been booked . Could she still draw back after all he had done for her ? Her distress awoke a nausea in her body and she kept moving her lips in silent fervent prayer .Lesson Three What’s Wrong With Our Press ?The fact is that although network television still allots too little time to the vital service of informing the public , it does a better job in that little time than the nation’s press as a whole . And when I speak of the nation’s press as a whole , I am not speaking of the five or six splendid newspapers ----and the one great newspaper -----which serve the world as models of responsible public information . I am speaking of the local press which in hundreds of American communities is the only news available , aside from those recitals of ticker tape that pass for radio news .Fortunately for the American public , television does not tolerate the kind of distortion of fact , the kind of partisan virulence and personal peeve , that many newspapers not only welcome but encourage . In its entertainment , television caters far too much to the lowest instincts of man , particularly the lust for violence . But there is one appetite it does not feed and which the partisan newspapers of the nation do : the appetite for hate ---hate of whatever is different . I do not find on televison the kind of editorials chronic in the New York tabloids as well as in many local papers across the country .that elevates news above dogfood . it is easier to write editorial copy that appeal to emotion rather than reason .Lesson Four The Tragedy of Old Age in AmericaWhat can we possibly conclude from these discrepant points of view ? Our popular attitudes could be summed up as a combination of wishful thinking and stark terror . We base our feelings on primitive fears , prejudice and stereotypes rather than on knowledge and insight . In reality , the way one experiences old age is contingent upon physical health , personality , earlier-life experiences , the actual circumstances of late –life events ( in what order they occur , how they occur , when they occur ) and the social supports one receives : adequate finances , shelter, medical care , social roles , religious support , recreation . All of these are crucial and interconnected elements which together determine the quality of late life .Lesson Seven Ace in the HoleNo sooner did his car touch the boulevard heading home than Ace flicked on the radio . He needed the radio , especially today . In the seconds before the tubes warmed up , he said aloud , doing it just to hear a human voice , “ Jesus . She ‘ll pop her lid . “ His voice , though familiar , irked him ; it sounded thin and scratchy . In a deeper register Ace added , “ She’ll murder me . “ Then the radio came on , warm and strong , so he stopped worrying . The five Kings were doing “ Blueberry Hill “ ; to hear them made Ace feel so sure inside that from the pack pinched between the car roof and the sun shield he plucked a cigarette , hung it on his lower lip , snapped a match across the rusty place on the dash . He rolled down the window and snapped the match so it spun end-over-end into the gutter . “ Two points , “ he said , and cocked the cigarette toward the roof of the car , sucked powerfully , and exhaled two plumes through his nostrils . He was beginning to feel like himself , Ace Anderson , for the first time that whole day , a bad day . He beat time on the accelerator . The car jerked crazily .The run must have tuned Bonnie up . When they got back home , as soon as he lowered her into the crib , she began to shout and wave her arms . He didn’t want to play with her . He tossed some blocks and rattle into the crib an walked into the bathroom , where he turned on the hot water andwent bald first . He remembered reading somewhere , though , that baldness shows virility .Lesson Eight Science Has Spoiled My SupperEconomics entered . It is possible to turn out in quantity a bland , impersonal , practically imperishable substance more or less resembling , say cheese ---at lower cost than cheese . Chain groceries shut out the independent stores and “ standardization “ became a principal means of cutting cost .Lesson Ten How Market Leaders Keep Their EdgeThe third value discipline we have named customer intimacy . Its adherents focus on delivering not what the market wants but what specific customers want . Customer-intimate companies do not pursue one-time transactions ; they cultivate relationships . They specialize in satisfying unique needs , which often only they recognize , through a close relationship with ---and intimate knowledge of ----the customer . Their proposition to the customer: We have the best solution for you , and we provide all the support you need to achieve optimum results , or value , or both , from whatever products you buy . Long distance telephone carrier Cable& Wireless , , for example , practices customer intimacy with a vengeance , achieving success in a highly competitive market by consistently going the extra mile for its selectively chosen , small-business customers .Lesson Eleven On Human Nature and PoliticsBut great as is the influence of the motives we have been considering , there is one which outweighs them all... Power, like vanity, is insatiable. Nothing short of omnipotence could satisfy it completely. And as it is especially the vice of energetic men, the casual efficacy of love of power is out of all proportion to its frequency. It is, indeed, by far the strongest motive in the lives of important men. Love of power is greatly increased by the experience of power, and this applies to petty power as well as to that of potentates. In the happy days before 1914,when well-to-do ladies could acquire a host of servants, their pleasure in exercising power over the domestics steadily increased with age. Similarly, in any autocratic regime, the holders of power become increasingly tyrannical with experience of the delights that power can afford. Since power over human beings is shown inconsent. If you require a building permit, the petty official concerned will obviously get more pleasure from saying "No" than from saying "Yes". It is this sort of thing which makes the love of power such a dangerous motive . But it has other sides which are more desirable . The pursuit of knowledge is, I think, mainly actuated by love of power. And so are all advances in scientific technique. In politics, also, a reformer may have just as strong a love of power as a despot . It would be a complete mistake to decry love of power altogether as a motive. Whether you will be led by this motive to actions which are useful, or to actions which are pernicious, depends upon the social system, and upon your capacities.Lesson Twelve The Everlasting WitnessThe three were eating breakfast on the terrace, a thousand and one felicitous birds in the garden trees. In unsullied damp brown circles of soft earth the roses bloomed serenely against the pink Mexican wall. Marian's brother-in-law read the English page, as dedicated as a nice little boy reading the funnies, and Theresa, Marian's sister, chatted softly and merrily about their next week-end holiday. Theresa's bright smile had always been her mark and now, childless and with a husband beyond war age, and a life both ordered and gay, it looked as if that smile had justified itself.Lesson Thirteen Selected SnobberiesAll men are snobs about something. One is almost tempted to add : There is nothing about which men cannot feel snobbish. But this would doubtless be an exaggeration. There are certain disfiguring and mortal diseases about which there has probably never been any snobbery. I cannot imagine, for exam4ple, that there are any leprosy-snobs. More picturesque diseases, even when they are dangerous, and less dangerous diseases, particularly when they are the diseases of the rich, can be and very frequently are a source of snobbish self-importance. I have met several adolescent consumption-snobs , who thought that it would be romantic to fade away in the flower of youth , like Keats or Marie Bashkirtseff. Alas, the final stages of the consumptive fading are generally a good deal less romantic than these ingenuous young tubercle-snobs seem to imagine . To anyone who has actually witnessed these final stages, the complacent poeticizings of these adolescents must seem as exasperating as they are profoundly pathetic. In the case ofexasperation is not tempered by very much sympathy. People who possesssufficient wealth, not to mention sufficient health, to go travelling from spa to spa. from doctor to fashionable doctor, in search of cures from problematical diseases (which, in so far as they exist at all. probably have their source in overeating) cannot expect us to be .very lavish in our solicitude and pity.lesson fourteen Saturday Night and Sunday MorningHe sat by the canal fishing on a Sunday morning in spring, at an elbow where alders dipped over the water like old men on their last legs, pushed by young sturdy oaks from behind. He straightened his back, his fingers freeing nylon line from a speedily revolving reel. Around him lay knapsack and jacket, an empty catch-net, his bicycle, and two tins of worms dug from the plot of garden at home before setting out. Sun was breaking through clouds, releasing a smell of earth to heaven. Birds sang. A soundless and minuscular explosion of water caught his eye. He moved nearer the edge, stood up, and with a vigorous sweep of his arm, cast out the line.Lesson Fifteen Is America Falling Apart?During my year's stay in New Jersey I let my appetite flower into full Americanism except for one thing. I did not possess an automobile. This self-elected deprivation was a way into the nastier side of the consumer society. Where private ownership prevails, public amenities decay or are prevented from coming into being. The rundown rail services of America are something I try, vainly, to forget. The nightmare of filth, outside and in, that enfolds the trip from Springfield, Mass., to Grand Central Station would not be accepted in backward Europe. But far worse is the nightmare of travel in and around Los Angeles, where public transport does not exist and people are literally choking to death in their exhaust fumes . This is part of the price of individual ownership.Lesson sixteen Through the TunnelAs for Jerry, once he saw that his mother had gained her beach , he began the steep descent to the bay . From where he was, high up among red-brown rocks, it was a scoop of moving bluish green fringed with white. As he went lower, he saw that it spread among small promontories and inlets of rough, sharp rock, and the crisping, lapping surface showed stains of purple and darkerblue.。
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s
• a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud;
Byzantine
• 1. of or relating to the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it;
• 2. of or relating to or characteristic of the Byzantine Empire or the ancient city of Byzantium
inactive
• not active or exerting influence • Some animals are inactive during the
daytime. • 有些动物白天不活动。
exquisite
• of delicate composition and artistry; • of extreme beauty; • The Indians brought in exquisite beadwork
young nurse who befriends her... • 电影讲述的是一位老太太和一个待她友善
的年轻护士的故事。
Esthonia
• a republic in northeastern Europe on the Baltic Sea
• 爱沙尼亚
starvation
• a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period
chieftains
• the head of a tribe or clan • ...the legendary British chieftain, King
Arthur. • 传说中的不列颠部落首领——亚瑟王
silken
• having a smooth, gleaming surface; • ...her long silken hair. • 她那丝滑的长发 • ...a silken nightshirt. • 丝绸睡衣
elude
• if something that you want eludes you, you fail to find or achieve it
– The appropriate word eluded him. – 他找不到合适的字眼
• to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them SYN avoid
viands at the slightest nod. • 只要他们轻轻点点头希腊奴隶就会供奉给
他们精美的食品。 • The family sat down to table, and a frugal
meal of cold viands was deposited before them. • 一家老少，都围着桌子坐下．几样简单的 冷食，摆在他们面前。
• Thousands of refugees are trapped by war, drought and famine...
• 成千上万的难民陷于战争、旱灾和饥荒之 中。
hoard
• a secret store of valuables or money • They've begun to hoard food and gasoline
• Over three hundred people have died of starvation since the beginning of the year.
• 从年初起，已有 300 多人饿死。
famine
• a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death饥荒
boa constrictor
• n. 大蟒蛇； 王蛇 • In matters of finance, Monsieur Grandet
combined the characteristics of the tiger and the boa constrictor. • 讲起理财的本领，葛朗台先生是只老虎， 是条巨蟒。
vanity
• feelings of excessive pride • the quality of being valueless or futile • A man's vanity is actually in proportion to
his ignorance. • 一个人的虚荣心实际上是和他的愚蠢程度
Lesson Eleven On Human Nature
and Politics
Bertrand Russell
infinite
• having no limits or boundaries in time or space or extent or magnitude
• "the infinite ingenuity of man" • "infinite wealth"
成正比。
title
• an established or recognized right权利 • He never had title to the property. • 他从来就不具有这项财产的所有权
befriend
• become friends with待 ... 如友；帮助 • The film's about an elderly woman and a
adequate
• enough to meet a purpose; • "an adequate income" • "the food was adequate"
sparingly
• to a meager degree or in a meager manner;节俭地；保守地
• "these voices are meagerly represented at the conference"
acquisitiveness
• strong desire to acquire and possess • We live in an acquisitive society... • 我们生活在一个物欲横流的社会。 • The most acquisitive firms tend to be
Paradise
• any place of complete bliss and delight and peace
• According to some religions, paradise is a wonderful place where people go after they die, if they have led good lives
• to fail, or to be harmed or destroyed in an accident遭到灾难， 出事； 以失败告终； 吃亏
date
• n. （北非和西亚常见的海枣树的）海枣
dwell in
• 住在（某地）； 保留，存在 • As for him, the marriage clause did not
dwell in his mind. • 至于他，并没有把结婚这个条款放在心上。 • They dwell in the country but work in the
gratified
• having received what was desired
• He was gratified to hear that his idea had been confirmed...
• 听到自己的想法得到了认可，他感到很开心。
• They were gratified that America kept its promise. • 美国政府信守承诺，这使他们感到高兴。
to sell... • 印第安人带了精美的珠饰来卖。 • Mr Zhang's photography is exquisite. • 张先生的摄影作品非常精美。
viands
• a stock or supply of foods • Greek slaves supplied them with exquisite
– You begin to understand what actions were the mainspring of the story.
– 你开始体会到是什么样的行动在推动这个故事 的发展。
by no means
• definitely not;
– "the prize is by no means certain" – This by no means the first time you have been
engineering groups. • 最贪得无厌的公司往往是工程队
rivalry
• the act of competing as for profit or a prize 竞争，敌对
– There has always been intense rivalry between New Zealand and Australia.