Ratifying the Constitution 批准宪法
宪法的地位 英语文章怎么写
The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state that stipulates the fundamental system and tasks of the state, recognizes and safeguards the basic rights of citizens, and concentrates on demonstrating the comparative relationship between various political forces.The uniqueness of the Constitution compared to other general laws:1. In terms of content, the Constitution stipulates the most fundamental and important system and basic national policy of the country2. In terms of status, the Constitution is the highest law and holds the highest position in the entire legal system3. In terms of effectiveness, the Constitution has the highest effectiveness and serves as the legislative basis for other laws. Other general laws must not conflict with the Constitution4. In terms of norms, the Constitution is the fundamental code of conduct. In terms of revision procedures, the formulation and revision procedures of the Constitution are more stringent than those of other general laws.In short, the Constitution holds the highest position in the entire legal system. The formulation of general laws must be based on the Constitution. All laws and regulations shall not be unconstitutional. The constitution is the highest expression of the will of the ruling class.。
中国政法大学学报学术征引与注释规范7页
“天坛杯”论文大赛参赛论文学术征引与注释规范一、学术征引与注释规范，不仅是加强学术规范、学术伦理与学风建设的核心环节，而且是推进学术交流、学术评价与学术创新的重要手段，还是切实保障学术刊物编纂质量的基本要素。
凡参加中国政法大学法学院“天坛杯”论文大赛之征文稿，均请严格遵守本《学术征引与注释规范》（以下简称《规范》）。
二、学术征引是指学术写作中为加强论证而对于他人论著或档案文献中的资料、数据、观点等必要的引用。
引用须尊重作者知识产权、尽量可能保持原貌、伴以明显标识，不可断章取义、过度引用。
无论是直接引用还是间接引用，均须以注释形式标注真实出处，并提供与之相关的作者、版本等准确信息。
若系直接引用，引文需使用双引号。
若直接引文超过一定数量，应改用仿宋体、单起一段、后退一格的方式标识。
倘系间接引用，应在正文或注释中向读者明示。
引用观点时，应尽可能追溯到相关论说的原创者。
若引用多人观点，应明确区分不同作者的异同。
对已有成果的介绍、评论、引用和注释，应实事求是。
学术引用时的作伪，如将转引标注为直引、将引自译著引文标注为原著，均系伪注。
三、学术规范是学术自由、学术创新的保障，为此须尊重前人或已有学术研究成果，以裨益于学术交流、学术积累，推动学术进步。
凡参加大赛的原创性专题研究论文，均应以正文或注释的形式，就其主要研究内容概要说明该课题已有的代表性学术成果或学术史脉络。
完全无此内容者，评委会一般不予受理。
四、凡引用他人观点、方案、资料、数据等，无论曾否发表，无论是纸质或电子版，均应详加注释。
凡转引者，应如实标示。
抄袭剽窃，伪注，伪造、篡改文献和数据等，均属学术不端行为。
倘征文有不端行为者，概不受理。
若一旦获奖的作品事后被证实系抄袭剽窃之作，评奖委员会除书面声明、公开撤销奖项外，还将采取其他相应的必要举措。
五、本刊注释规范如下：（一）采用页末注（随页注）注释序号，按自然顺序，连续排列。
内文及文末注之注码符号，均以六角型括号标明。
宪法的英语作文
宪法的英语作文The Constitution is the fundamental law of a country that establishes the framework of its government, delineates its powers, and safeguards the rights of its citizens. It is a document that serves as the bedrock of a nation's legal and political system, providing stability, order, and a clear allocation of authority. The Constitution is not merely a piece of paper but a living, breathing document that shapes the very essence of a country and its people.At its core, the Constitution is a social contract between the government and the governed. It outlines the principles, structures, and processes that will govern the relationship between the state and its citizens. The Constitution serves as a bulwark against the arbitrary exercise of power, ensuring that the government operates within the confines of the law and respects the fundamental rights and liberties of the people.One of the primary functions of the Constitution is to establish the separation of powers among the three branches of government – the legislative, executive, and judicial. This separation of powers isdesigned to prevent the concentration of power in the hands of a single entity, promoting a system of checks and balances that ensures no one branch becomes too dominant. The legislative branch is responsible for creating laws, the executive branch is tasked with enforcing those laws, and the judicial branch is charged with interpreting the laws and ensuring their constitutionality.The Constitution also enshrines the rights and freedoms of the citizens, protecting them from government overreach and tyranny. These fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial, and the right to vote, are the cornerstones of a democratic society. The Constitution serves as a bulwark against the tyranny of the majority, ensuring that the rights of minority groups and individuals are safeguarded.Moreover, the Constitution establishes the structure and powers of the government, defining the roles and responsibilities of each branch. It determines the process for electing or appointing government officials, the procedures for passing laws, and the mechanisms for amending the Constitution itself. This clarity and predictability in the functioning of the government is essential for maintaining social stability and ensuring the smooth operation of the state.The Constitution also plays a crucial role in shaping the nationalidentity and values of a country. It reflects the aspirations, beliefs, and historical experiences of the people, serving as a unifying force that binds the nation together. The preamble to the Constitution, for instance, often expresses the fundamental principles and goals that the country seeks to uphold, such as the pursuit of justice, the establishment of domestic tranquility, and the promotion of the general welfare.One of the remarkable features of the Constitution is its ability to adapt to changing circumstances and evolving social, political, and economic realities. Through the process of constitutional amendment, the document can be updated and revised to address new challenges and ensure its continued relevance. This flexibility allows the Constitution to remain a living, dynamic document that can respond to the evolving needs of a society.The role of the judiciary in interpreting and upholding the Constitution is also crucial. The courts are tasked with ensuring that the actions of the government and the legislation passed by the legislative branch are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. This process of judicial review serves as a check on the power of the other branches, preventing them from overstepping their authority and safeguarding the rights of the citizens.In conclusion, the Constitution is a fundamental and indispensableaspect of a country's governance and national identity. It establishes the framework for the exercise of power, safeguards the rights and freedoms of the people, and serves as a unifying force that binds the nation together. The Constitution is not merely a static document but a living, evolving entity that must adapt to the changing needs of a society. By upholding the principles and values enshrined in the Constitution, a country can ensure the stability, prosperity, and continued progress of its people.。
《新编法律英语》(姚骏华)课文翻译校对版(课文3)
第3课 Constitution宪法美国宪法确定基本原则，指导国家的政府及法律。
这些基本原则最初制定于1787年，当初只是一个用于确定国家如何来确认它的政府形式。
例如，宪法写明美国有一名总统和一名副总统。
宪法同时也写明人们选出他人来代表他们，这些被选出来的人组成国会。
宪法还保障美国人民的权利和自由，比如言论自由和宗教自由。
现今，宪法仍然是对政府各个部门最重要的指导。
这通常被称为“国家的最高法律”。
那就是意味着没有一个州，没有一个政府部门，没有一个个人，没有一个选出来的官员，连总统或国会都不能制定一部法律或强制实现一个环境违反宪法。
宪法持续保护美国公民的权利和自由。
宪法的广泛议题包括美国宪法的解释与执行。
宪法是美国的基础，宪法处理社会中最基础的关系。
这包括州与州之间的关系，州与联邦政府的关系，联邦政府三个部门（行政部门、司法部门和立法部门）之间的关系以及个人在与州政府和联邦政府的关联中的权利。
最高法院在宪法解释中扮演了重要的角色，因此，宪法的研究主要侧重于最高法院的裁定。
原则和权力美国宪法以几项重要原则，即主要观点为基础。
第一条原则就是政府权力来自人民。
这个观点，也就是人民主权，在《独立宣言》中也得到了确认。
第二条原则就是联邦制度。
宪法划分权力，把一些权力给了中央政府，一些给了州政府。
宪法列举了中央即联邦政府有权做的事，这些就是职权。
宪法同样列举了联邦政府和州政府不能做的事。
一些权力，比如征税权，是联邦政府和州政府能够共同行使的。
下表给出了一些例子。
中央政府权力共同权力州政府权力宣战征税建立学校处理外交事务创设法庭制定婚姻法印刷钞票惩罚罪犯设立县市政府宪法从来不真正列举州的权力，第一条：州政府禁止做的事情，比如印制钞票、对其他国家宣战，与其他国家签订条约。
宪法第十条修正案确认没有授予中央政府，同时又不禁止州政府的权力都保留给州政府。
宪法的另一项原则就是三权分立原则。
前三条把政府分为三个部分：立法机构、行政机构、司法机构。
法律英语课件 (13)精品教育文档
Impeachment
House of Representatives vote a bill of impeachment. 众议院投票通过弹劾议案
Senate , with the Chief Justice of the United States presiding at the trail. 在参议院，由首席大法官主持审判
委任的官员应该让任命他们的人或机构满 意。如果他们的政绩令人不满意，他们就 会被撤职。
Exception
Justices of the Supreme Court and other federal judges
2019/11/10
Lifetime appointment
法律英语
15
Ballot box
2019/11/10
法律英语
13
Elected officials must stand for reelection at periodic intervals, when their records are subject to intensive public scrutiny.
选举产生的官员要接受定期重新选举， 其政绩要受到公众全面监督。
2019/11/10
法律英语
10
Final authority is vested in the American people. 最终权力属于美国人民 …change the fundamental law
amending the Constitution 修改宪法
drafting a new one 起草新宪法
8
Part One: The constitution as supreme law
Constitution宪法
Constitution宪法Part One：The Constitution as Supreme Law第一部分：宪法—最高的法The U.S. Constitution, a relatively simple document, is the self-designated "supreme law of the land". This clause is taken to mean that when state constitutions, or laws passed by state legislatures or the national Congress, are found to conflict with the federal Constitution, they have no force. Decisions handed down by the Supreme Court over the course of two centuries have confirmed and strengthened this doctrine of constitutional supremacy.美国宪法，一份相对简单的文件，却自我确认为是“这个国家最高的法律”。
这一条款的意思被认为是，当州宪法或由州立法机构或美国国会通过的法律被发现与联邦宪法相抵触时，它们便无效。
两百年来美国联邦最高法院所审理的判例已确认且强调了这个宪法至上原则。
Final authority is vested in the American people, who can change the fundamental law if they wish, by amending the Constitution, or--in theory, at least--drafting a new one. The people’s authority is not exercised directly, however. The day-to-day business of government is delegated by the people to public officials, both elected and appointed.最高的权利是属于美国人民的，如果愿意他们可以改变根本法，即通过修改宪法，或者—至少在理论上—可制定一个新宪法。
宪法英文作文模板带翻译
宪法英文作文模板带翻译Title: The Importance of the Constitution 宪法的重要性。
The constitution is the fundamental law of a country, outlining the framework of government and the rights of its citizens. It serves as a guiding document that sets the rules and principles for the functioning of the state. The importance of the constitution cannot be overstated, as it provides the foundation for a stable and just society.宪法是一个国家的基本法律，概述了政府的框架和公民的权利。
它是一份指导文件，为国家的运作规定了规则和原则。
宪法的重要性不言而喻，因为它为一个稳定和公正的社会奠定了基础。
First and foremost, the constitution establishes the framework of government, including the separation of powers and the checks and balances among the branches of government. This ensures that no single branch of government becomes too powerful and that each branch has its own distinct responsibilities. By delineating the powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, the constitution prevents the abuse of power and promotes accountability within the government.首先，宪法建立了政府的框架，包括权力分立和各政府部门之间的制衡。
美国司法制度概论整理一AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM
书名：美国司法制度概论（AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSSTEM）著：Diane S. Kaplan 康大安整理人：翁晓庭（仅供参考，禁止外扬，违反者请主动前往H628宿舍自首，本大小姐可以对你们进行从宽处置，限于本人较懒难免有些错别字大小写之类的低级错误还没有来得及改正希望各位见谅，但是相信还不至于影响到各位的欣赏阅读）内容简介：1、各章目录翻译（方便各位考试时查找章节）2、课堂上老师要求划下的重点（鄙人秉着一颗虔诚的心预测这就是考试重点了）3、案例的中文简介（无数个日日夜夜呕心沥血边发微博咒骂美司边总结出来的基本正确的翻译。
）目录部分：Chapter 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STA TES(美国联邦宪法的简史)Constitutional History(宪政历史)The declaration of independence（独立宣言）The revolutionary war（独立战争/南北战争）The articles of confederation（美国第一部宪法/十三州联邦宪法）The constitutional convention（制宪会议））Ratifying the consititution （宪法的通过）The bill of rights（权利法案/宪法修订案）The constitutional plan of government（政府的宪政计划）The preamble if the constitution （宪法的序言）▲本章课堂上老师让划的重点句子1、P15 the “separation of powers doctrine”（三权分立学说）2、P15 the purpose of distributing government powers among three separate branches is to prevent any one branch ,or any one person,from becoming too powerful.（把政府权力分散到三个部门的目的是为了防止任何一个部门或任何一人的权力过大）3 、P15 the constitution also divides power between the federal government and the individual states. The division of powers between a central government and numerous regional government is called federalism.（宪法还在联邦政府和各州之间进行了权力分配。
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Ratifying the ConstitutionRatification Issues1. Needed 9 or 13 states to ratify because1) The Articles of Confederation were in effect2) The Articles required 9 votes to enact any new laws2. State legislatures did not vote because1) Fear2) The Constitution would reduce powers of legislature3) The framers of the constitution bypassed them because they feared they would vote itdown3. Special convention were held in each state to review and approve the new documentFederalist View1. Federalists favored the Constitution, wanted a strong national government2. Federalists included many Nationalists, George Washington, James Madison andAlexander Hamilton3. To convince the people that this was the way to go, supporters wrote a series of 85essays called The federalist Papers4. The Federalist appeared in newspapers in NYC October 1787 to August 1788, authorsHamilton, Madison and John Jay (a nationalist from NY)Federalist Papers1. The Papers are recognized as sophisticated explanation of new political system, offereda defense of the constitution2. Example: Federalist no.10 answered the fear of that any special interest group or factionwould control the government3. FACTION is a group that is concerned only with its own interest4. Madison claimed that no single faction would be able to control the governmentThe Anti- Federalist view1. Anti- Federalist Opposed a strong National government2. Followed Revolutionary war leaders like Patrick Henry of Va.3. Anti-Federalist Support from isolated regions where protecting commerce not a majorconcern4. Included some Nationalists not happy with new document5. Saw constitution as a betrayal of the American Revolution6. President like a king7. Got rid of one government and picked up another that will tax and tell them what to do8. The Anti- Federalists feared the government more than the people9. Objected to:1) Presidency2) The new federal court system10. Basic fear that local and state governments would be crushed by the new government,feared for Americans civil libertiesWhy the Federalists won1. Articles had widespread flaws- common knowledge, economic problems and Shay’srebellion helped2. Federalists united around plan3. Anti-Federalists no plan just against Constitution4. Federalists well organized regular contact5. Anti-Federalists local and state politicians could not organize on a national level6. Federalists had George Washington7. GW sensed that something like Shay’s rebellion would occur8. GW served as head of Constitutional Convention9. Federalists used his participation as a selling point10. GW support critical, expected to be first President11. People more willing to accept stronger government and a powerful executive12. GW proven leader, gave up power at end of war, a sign he would be committed to thelaw13. Some ratified quickly14. Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut small states would benefit being part of large federalstructure15. Georgia and Pa also ratified quickly16. Massachusetts narrowly voted to ratify17. Maryland and then South Carolina18. New Hampshire vote delayed until they could get a majority, when they did they werethe ninth and deciding vote to ratify19. When did NH ratify the Constitution? June 178820. Large states were needed , without them the plan may not be successful21. NY and Virginia, long tough debates but narrowly ratified.The Final Two1. North Carolina first rejected but reversed decision2. Rhode Island also reversed and became the last of the original thirteen states toapprove new governmentThe Bill of Rights1. Constitution ratified but voting close, could have been rejected2. Federalists offered to support several amendments3. September 1789 COngress proposed twelve amendments to protect citizens rights4. States ratified ten taking effect on December 15th 17915. Today known as the BILL OF RIGHTSAgainst the Bill of Rights1. Most Federalists saw no need for amendments, government of, by and for the people,People and Government were same so why did the people have to protect themselvesfrom themselves2. Federalists Paper number 84 written by Hamilton “ the people surrender nothi ng theykeep all the power”, “no better recognition of popular rights”For the Bill of Rights1. Jefferson favored Constitution but wanted rights he spoke of in Declaration to beguaranteed in the Constitution2. Jefferson was not at convention, in Paris as ambassador3. Jefferson wanted more specific details in Bill of Rights, unsuccessful, wanted armydisbanded and wanted number of days you could be held under arrest specified toinsure a speedy trial4. What current Act passed under the Bush Administration deals with the issue of detention,that some believe violates the 4th and 6th amendmentsBill of Rights1. Freedom of speech2. Right to bear Arms3. Restricts housing troops in citizens homes4. Protects against unreasonable search and seizure5. Protects against self incrimination, being tried twice for same crime6. Guarantees accused to a swift and fair trial7. Guarantees jury trial for civil cases in Federal Courts8. Protects against cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail9. Establishes that people have rights beyond those stated in constitution10. Establishes that all powers not guaranteed by the Federal government and not withheldfrom states belong to each state or their citizensRecall1. Ratify- approve2. Faction- a group that is concerned only with its own interest3. Federalist- favored the Constitution, wanted a strong national government4. Anti-Federalist- opposed a strong National Government5. Bill of rights- ten amendments added to the Constitution, took effect December 1791。