2012开卷(QS2012初试终稿)
2012年高考真题——文综(新课标卷)word版
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。
第I卷1至8页，第II卷9至16页，共300分。
考生注意：1、答题前，考生务必将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。
考生要认真核对答题卡上粘贴的条形码的“准考证号、姓名、考试科目”与考生本人准考证号、姓名是否一致。
2、第I卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
第II卷用黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写作答，在试题卷上作答，答案无效。
3、考试结束，监考员将试题卷、答题卡一并收回。
第I卷（选择题共140分）本卷共35个小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
随着工业化、城市化的飞速发展，耕地不断被挤占，但2004年以来，我国粮食总量仍连续增长。
据此完成1-3题。
1、近年来，我国粮食总产量连续增长的主要原因是A、扩大了粮食播种面积B、加大了农业科技投入C、改进了农田水利设施D、完善了粮食流通体系2、改革开放以来，下列粮食主要产区在全国商品粮食生产中的地位下降最为显著的是A、太湖平原B、洞庭湖平原C、汉江平原D、成都平原3、河南省和黑龙江省都是我国产粮大省。
两省相比，黑龙江省粮食商品率高的主要原因是A、耕地面积广B、生产规模大C、机械化水平高D、人口较少图1示意流域水系分布（a）和该流域吧、内一次局地暴雨前后甲，乙两水文站观测到的河流流量变化曲线（b），读图1完成4~5题4、此次局地暴雨可能出现在图1a中的A ①地B ②地C ③地D ④地5、乙水文站洪峰流量峰值小于甲水文站，主要是因为甲，乙水文站之间A 河道淤积B 河谷变宽C 湖泊分流D 湖水补给量减小读图 2 ，完成6~7题6、根据图是信息可以推断，A 1月平均气温甲城市高于乙城市B 1月平均气温甲城市低于乙城市C 7月平均气温甲城市高于乙城市D 7月平均气温甲城市低于乙城市7、图中甲乙两城市分别位于A 关中平原，浙闽丘陵B 江汉平原，山东丘陵C 汗水谷地，黄淮平原D 汾河谷地，松嫩平原图3表示某区域在一定时期内剩余劳动力数量，人均工资的变化，以及甲、乙两类企业在该区域维持最低经济效益所能支付人均工资的变化，读图3，完成8-9题8、由图3可以推断，该区域A．T0年工业基础雄厚B、T0¯—T1年吸引的工业企业类型最多C、T1—T2年经历产业结构调整D、T2年以后工业生产衰退9、甲、乙两类企业相比A．甲类企业在该区域维持发展的时间更长B．甲类企业趋向廉价劳动力区位C、乙类企业进入该区域的时间更早D、乙类企业产品的附加值较低图4示意某小区域地形，图中等高距为100米，瀑布的落差为72米，据此完成10-11题10.Q地的海拔可能为A、90米B、230米C、340米D、420米11、桥梁附近河岸与山峰的高差最接近A、260米B、310米C、360米D、410米12、货币最早以足值的金属货币形式出现的。
2012年高考全国卷(新课标版)文综试题及答案word
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。
第I卷1至8页，第II卷9至16页，共300分。
考生注意：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。
考生要认真核对答题卡上粘贴的条形码的“准考证号、姓名、考试科目”与考生本人准考证号、姓名是否一致。
2.第I卷每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
第II卷用黑色墨水签字笔在答题卡上书写作答，在试题卷上作答，答案无效。
3.考试结束，监考员将试题卷、答题卡一并收回。
第I卷（选择题共140分）本卷共35个小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
随着工业化、城市化的飞速发展，耕地不断被挤占，但2004年以来，我国粮食总量仍连续增长。
据此完成1-3题。
1.近年来，我国粮食总产量连续增长的主要原因是A.扩大了粮食播种面积B.加大了农业科技投入C.改进了农田水利设施D.完善了粮食流通体系2.改革开放以来，下列粮食主要产区在全国商品粮食生产中的地位下降最为显著的是A.太湖平原B.洞庭湖平原C.汉江平原D.成都平原3.河南省和黑龙江省都是我国产粮大省。
两省相比，黑龙江省粮食商品率高的主要原因是A.耕地面积广B.生产规模大C.机械化水平高D.人口较少图1示意流域水系分布（a）和该流域吧、内一次局地暴雨前后甲，乙两水文站观测到的河题流流量变化曲线（b），读图1完成4~54. 此次局地暴雨可能出现在图1a中的A ①地B ②地C ③地D ④地5. 乙水文站洪峰流量峰值小于甲水文站，主要是因为甲，乙水文站之间第1/13页第2/13页A 河道淤积B 河谷变宽C 湖泊分流D 湖水补给量减小读图 2 ，完成6~7题6. 根据图是信息 可以推断，A 1月平均气温甲城市高于乙城市B 1月平均气温甲城市低于乙城市C 7月平均气温甲城市高于乙城市D 7月平均气温甲城市低于乙城市7. 图中甲 乙两城市分别位于A 关中平原 ，浙闽丘陵B 江汉平原 ，山东丘陵C 汗水谷地 ，黄淮平原D 汾河谷地 ，松嫩平原图3表示某区域在一定时期内剩余劳动力数量，人均工资的变化，以及甲、乙两类企业在该区域维持最低经济效益所能支付人均工资的变化，读图3，完成8-9题8.由图3可以推断，该区域A ．T 0年工业基础雄厚 B.T 0¯—T 1年吸引的工业企业类型最多C. T 1—T 2年经历产业结构调整D. T 2年以后工业生产衰退9.甲、乙两类企业相比A ．甲类企业在该区域维持发展的时间更长B ．甲类企业趋向廉价劳动力区位C.乙类企业进入该区域的时间更早D.乙类企业产品的附加值较低图4示意某小区域地形，图中等高距为100米，瀑布的落差为72米，据此完成10-11题10.Q地的海拔可能为A.90米B.230米C.340米D.420米11.桥梁附近河岸与山峰的高差最接近A.260米B.310米C.360米D.410米12.货币最早以足值的金属货币形式出现的。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all means [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Ev erybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as Love Life recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.‖ Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state f unding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federa l court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Se nate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are wor th.26. The phrase ―reneging on‖(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the li mits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as ―seeing what everybody has seen and thinking wha t nobody has thought.‖ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility ―happens‖ to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. ―We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.‖31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoff a’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged toa union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of theirfellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things downwithout suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that m uch of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But thereal gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly ―back loaded‖ public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fough t against getting rid ofbad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hard-line Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aero plane window and realize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cell phone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwini an evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of huma n courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection IIIWritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语答案Section I Use of English1 B2 A3 B4 D5 C6 B7 D8 B9 A 10 B11 A 12 C 13 C 14 D 15 A 16 C 17 A 18 C 19 D 20 DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121D 22B 23A 24C 25DText 226C 27D 28A 29D 30AText 331A 32B 33B 34D 35CText 436C 37D 38B 39C 40APart B41. C 42. D 43. A 44. F 45. GPart C46.物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论----一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
2012年下半年期末考试开卷科目
2012年下半年期末考试开卷科目汇总如下：序号开卷科目名称1JAVA语言程序设计2WEB程序设计3班组管理与班队活动4比较教育5财政税收法6邓小平理论概论7电子电路基础8儿童文学9公司金融10管理学基础11管理运筹学12国际会计13国际经济法（法学版）14国际物流15行政案例分析16行政领导学17行政伦理学18合同法19婚姻家庭法20绩效管理21绩效考评22金融法（金融学专业）23经济法【注：经济法（新）为闭卷】24经济法概论25酒店财务管理26酒店康乐管理27酒店英语Ⅰ28酒店质量管理29科学教育30课程与教学论31跨国公司与跨国经营32马克思主义基本原理33毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论34毛泽东思想概论35普通高中语文课程标准导读36人体解剖生理学37商法38社会保障学39社会学40市场营销41数字电路42数字电路与逻辑设计43税收筹划44税务会计学45思想道德修养与法律基础46统计学47文学批评学48物流信息管理49物流专业英语50物流自动化51现代教学论52项目管理53小学课堂教学管理54学前比较教育学55学前儿童发展评价56学前儿童家庭教育57学前教育心理学58学前教育专题59音乐教学案例分析60音乐教育理论基础61应用写作62语文教材研究63员工招聘64远程学习方法65招聘与配置66知识产权法67中国古代文学作品导读68中国近代文学作品导读69中国文化概论70中外学前教育史71组织行为学。
2012年天津市初中学业考查历史试卷
渐融合，在元朝开始形成一个新的民族是
A．藏族
B．壮族
1 C．回族
D．苗族
7．1662 年从荷兰殖民者手中收复台湾的民族英雄是
A．戚继光
B．郑成功
对 C．左宗棠
D．邓世昌
1 8．导致中国近代史上第一个不平等条约《南京条约》被迫签订的战争是
A．鸦片战争
B．第二次鸦片战争
C．甲午中日战争
D．八国联军侵华战争
18．马克思主义诞生的标志是
A．《人民宪章》发表
B．《共产党宣言》发表
3
C．巴黎公社成立
D．共产主义者同盟成立
19．十月革命给中国送来了马克思主义。连续发表了《庶民的胜利》、《布尔什维主义的
胜利》，为马克思主义在中国传播作出重要贡献的人是
A．陈独秀
B．李大钊
C．胡适
D．鲁迅
右图是美国拉什莫尔山的总统巨像群雕，图中人物从左至右分别为ＡＢＣＤ。20-21
D．雷锋
2
12．“肥猪赛大象，就是鼻子短，全社杀一口，足够吃半年。”这样荒唐的宣传发生在
A．土地改革时期
B．农业合作化时期
C．大跃进时期
D．坚持“两个凡是”时期
13．中国改革开放的总设计师是
A．毛泽东
B．邓小平
C．江泽民
D．胡锦涛
14．2012 年 4 月 10 日，中国国务院总理温家宝颁发任命梁振英为香港特别行政区第四
来，彻底打垮法西斯国家……到二战结束时有 50 多个国家加入了同盟。联合国此基
础上成立。
1 （1）结合材料说出 26 国为什么要签署《联合国家宣言》？（3 分）为了更好的维护
战后和平与发展，在二战胜利前夕的哪次会议上决定成立联合国？（3 分） （2）右图中新中国的五星红旗哪一年第一次在联合国大厦前飘扬？（3 分）是通过
2012普通高校招生统一考试文综卷浙江卷
2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试文科综合能力测试本试试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分。
全卷共12页，选择题部分1至7页，非选择题部分8至12页。
满分300分，考试时间150分钟。
请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。
选择题部分（共140分）注意事项：1.答题前，考试务必将自己的姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔分别填写在试卷和答题纸规定的位置上。
2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
不能答在试题卷上。
选择题部分共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
2011年11月28日至12月9日，联合国气候变化大会在南非东部海滨城市德班召开，大会重点关注了二氧化碳排放。
完成1-2题。
1.2009年我国政府提出，到2020年单位GDP二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%~45%。
下列措施中有助于实现该目标的有①推广太阳能、核能②降低非化石能源占一次性能源消费的比重③增加森林面积④提高单位GDP能耗A.①②B.①③C.②③D.②④2.根据下表分析，德班的气候类型是A.热带雨林气候B.热带草原气候C.热带季风气候D.地中海气候专家认为，欣赏旅游景观，尤其需要的是提升感受力和理解力。
完成3~4题。
“马穿山径菊初黄，信马悠悠野兴长。
万壑有声含晚籁，数峰无语立斜阳。
棠梨叶落胭脂色，荞麦花开白雪香。
何事吟余忽惆怅，村桥原树似吾乡。
”这是宋朝诗人王禹偁谪居陕西时，描述山村风景的《村行》。
3.下面是四位同学对《村行》的评论，哪些同学的说法是正确的？甲：“马穿山径菊初黄”中的“菊初黄”同时包含了由视觉、听觉感受到的景象；乙：“万壑有声含晚籁”中“万壑”指的是遍布的黄土沟壑；丙：“荞麦花开白雪香”指的是由视觉、嗅觉感受到的春天景象；丁：“村桥原树似吾乡”是由视觉看到的景物，并引发的移情想象欣赏。
2012年高考文综大纲卷有答案
绝密★启用前 2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（大纲卷）文科综合能力测试本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第Ⅰ卷注意事项：1. 答题前，考生在答题卡上务必用直径0.5毫米黑色墨水签字笔将自己的姓名、准考证号填写清楚，并贴好条形码。
请认真核准条形码上的准考证号、姓名和科目。
2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B 铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号，在试题卷上作答无效。
3. 第Ⅰ卷共35小题，每小题4分，共140分。
在每题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
图1示意2008年中国、美国、印度、日本四个国家的煤炭生产量和消费量。
读图1并根据所学知识，完成1，2题。
图11. 图示四个国家中，人均煤炭消费量最高的是（ ）A. 中国B. 美国C. 印度D. 日本 2. 借助图示资料可以大致推算出相应国家的（ ）A. 单位GDP 能耗B. 碳排放量C. 能源进出口量D. 煤炭自给率某大河的一条支流与干流之间存在“吞吐”关系。
图2示意该支流出口处1970～2000年间年净径流量（输出径流量与输入径流之差）和年净输沙量（输出泥沙量和输入泥沙量之差）。
根据图文资料和所学知识，完成3～5题。
图23. 下列各时间段中，年净径流量与年净输沙量变化趋势最接近的是 （ ）A. 1970～1976年B. 1977～1984年C. 1980～1989年D. 1989～2000年 4. 该支流流入（ ）A. 黄河B. 长江C. 辽河D. 黑龙江5. 1983年以来，年净输沙量总体呈下降趋势，最可能的原因是该支流流域 （ ）A. 建设用沙量增加B. 兴修水库和森林覆盖率提高C. 矿产资源开发力度加大D. 连续干旱6月上旬某地约5时（地方时）日出，据此完成6，7题。
6. 该地可能位于（ ）A. 亚马孙河河口附近B. 地中海沿岸C. 北冰洋沿岸D. 澳大利亚7. 6月份该地看到的日出和日落方向分别为（ ）A. 正东，正西B. 东南，西南C. 东北，西北D. 东南，西北-------------在--------------------此--------------------卷--------------------上--------------------答--------------------题--------------------无--------------------效-------------姓名________________ 准考证号_____________图3为示意地区人口密度。
2012年课程卷号及考试时间安排
2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1131 半开卷 卫生经济学 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1156 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1166 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1167 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1170 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1189 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1192 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1196 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1229 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1253 开卷 现代教育管理专题 闭卷 汉语通论 闭卷 环境水利学 闭卷 教育心理专题 闭卷 政府经济学 闭卷 高层建筑施工 闭卷 桥梁工程（本） 闭卷 广告创意与表现(2) 闭卷 C语言程序设计A
100 本科中央 101 本科中央 102 本科中央 103 本科中央 104 本科中央 105 本科中央 106 本科中央 107 本科中央 108 本科中央 109 本科中央 110 本科中央 111 本科中央 112 本科中央 113 本科中央 114 本科中央
2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1076 半开卷 常微分方程 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1084 半开卷 计算方法（本） 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1114 2012-1-6 16:30--18:00 1118 闭卷 混凝土结构(本) 闭卷 机电一体化系统设计基础
附件一：
2011-2012学年度第一学期开放教育(本科）期末考试时间安排
序号 类型 日期 考试时间 试卷 号 考试 方式 考试科目
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
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2012成绩：Array全国特种设备检验人员资格考核委员会二○一二年八月九日一、判断题（正确的划“○”,错误的划“×”，共15题，每题1分，共15分）（○）1、我国从事特种设备检验检测人员可能涉及的法律责任有行政责任和刑事责任。
（×）2、对于流动作业的起重机械，使用单位应当向注册所在地的检验检测机构申请定期检验，并且将定期检验报告报原负责使用登记的质监部门。
（○）3、按照《特种设备安全监察条例》的规定，起重机械事故造成起重机械主要受力结构件折断或者起升机构坠落的，属于一般事故。
（×）4、《起重机械制造监督检验规则》（TSG Q7001-2006）中规定，对制造图样进行制造监检时，必须对所有零件图都进行确认。
（×）5、《起重机械定期检验规则》（TSG Q7015-2008 修改版）中规定的起重机械定期检验，是指在起重机械专业维保单位进行经常性日常维护保养和自行检查的基础上，由国家质量监督检验检疫检总局核准的特种设备检验检测机构，依据本规则对纳入使用登记的在用起重机械进行的检验。
（○）6、《起重机设计规范》（GB/T 3811—2008）中要求，为了加速起升额定载荷或起升试验载荷，以及为补偿电源电压和频率变化所导致的转矩损失，对采用变频控制的所有类型电动机，其电动机轴上产生转矩的最低要求是Md≥1.4 M N，式中Md为电动机轴上转速n = 0时具有的转矩。
（×）7、《起重机设计规范》（GB/T 3811—2008）中规定，对承载后会发生较大弹性变形的结构，设计时应预先采取与此弹性变形相反的措施，如桥、门式起重机主梁跨中应作向上的预拱，门式起重机悬臂段应做出向上的预翘，且这些预变形宜由结构件下料和加热变形来保证。
（○）8、《起重机械安全规程第1部分：总则》（GB 6067.1—2010）中规定，起重机的安全防护装置包括：限制运动行程和工作位置的装置、防起重机超载的装置、防倾翻和滑移的装置、联锁保护装置、其他安全防护装置等5类。
（×）9、液压缸提升的升降横移类机械式停车设备具有运行平稳、反应快、冲击小，能高速启动、制动和换向，能自动防止过载，实现安全保护，容易实行自动化等优点，因此液压缸提升优于钢丝绳提升。
（○）10、《通用桥式起重机》（GB/T 14405—2011）中规定，主梁应有上拱度，并且静载试验后的主梁应满足：当空载小车在极限位置时，上拱最高点应在跨度中部S/10范围内，其值不应小于0.7S/1000。
（○）11、《冶金起重机技术条件通用技术条件》（JB/T 7688.1—2008）中规定，对取物装置是吊钩的起升机构，且额定速度是5m/min以上时，应采取电气制动方法，以保证在额定载荷下降时，制动前电动机转速降到同步转速的1/3以下，制动器在该速度下抱闸。
（×）12、起重机制造公司取得了MG型60t及以下的通用门式起重机制造许可，现拟制造一台额定起重量为20t＋20t的通用门式起重机，监检人员认为在制造许可覆盖范围之内。
（×）13、钢丝绳绕进或绕出滑轮槽时的最大偏斜角（即钢丝绳中心线和与滑轮轴垂直的平面之间的夹角）不应大于3.5°。
（○）14、防爆起重机的防爆级别为ⅡC级时，车轮踏面及轮缘部分应采用不因撞击、摩擦而引燃爆炸性气体混合物的铜合金或者其他材料制造。
（○）15、《缆索起重机技术条件》（SL 375—2007）中规定，缆索起重机是指一种以柔性钢索作为大跨度架空支承架构件，供载重小车在钢索上运行，兼有垂直和水平运输功能的起重机械。
二、选择题（选择最合适的答案,将答案代号填在上。
共15题，每题1分，共15分）1、根据《特种设备检验检测机构质量管理体系要求》（TSG Z7003—2004）的规定，下列 A 条有关记录的叙述是不正确的。
A. 技术记录中不包括工作指令、协议或者合同。
B. 观察结果、数据和计算应当在检验检测时予以记录。
C. 当记录中出现错误时，每一错误应当划改。
D. 记录可以分为质量记录、技术记录和安全记录。
2、按照《起重机械安全监察规定》的要求，起重机械重大维修活动不可以改变 D 。
A. 主要受力结构件B. 主要配置C. 控制系统D. 原性能参数与技术指标3、使用单位应当选择具有相应许可资格的单位进行起重机械的安装、改造、重大维修，并且 C 其按照《起重机械安装改造重大维修监督检验规则》（TSG Q7016-2008）的要求接受监督检验。
A. 监督B. 代表C. 督促D.检查4、《架桥机安全规程》（GB 26469--2011）中规定，对于新制造的、新安装的、改造和大修的架桥机在初次使用之前及架桥机发生重大事故之后再次使用前，除进行安装检查外，还应进行 C 试验。
A. 倾翻稳定性B. 爬坡运行能力C. 载荷起升能力D. 防风抗滑能力5、《起重机械安全规程第1部分：总则》（GB 6067.1—2010）中规定，吊运熔融金属的起重机，还应装设防止越程冲顶的第二级起升高度限位器，第二级起升高度限位器应分断A 的动力源。
上述运动方向的电源切断后，仍可进行相反方向运动（第二级起升高度限位器除外）。
A. 更高一级B. 更低一级C. 上一级D. 下一级6、起重机电气设备接地保护是指 A 。
A. 电气设备的金属外壳与起重机整体金属结构相连接B. 电气设备的金属外壳与大地连接C. 电气设备的金属外壳经电源中性线与大地可靠连接D. 电气设备中性线与大地连接7、《起重机械安全规程第1部分：总则》（GB 6067.1—2010）中规定，当发现汽车起重机主吊臂产生裂纹时，应根据受力情况和裂纹情况采取阻止措施，可采取 B 或改变应力分布的措施，或停止使用。
A. 加强动力B. 加强结构C. 加强机构D. 加强管理8、《通用桥式起重机》（GB/T 14405—2011）中规定，双小车起重机，两小车 D 的操纵应是既可联动，也可单独开动。
A. 运行机构B. 各个机构C. 不同机构D. 相同机构9、《塔式起重机》（GB/T 5031—2008）中规定，在额定载荷作用下，塔式起重机臂根铰点的水平静位移宜不大于 A 。
A. 1.34H/100B. 1.30H/100C. 1.1H/100D. 1H/10010、额定提升速度为0.60m/s的SC型施工升降机，其上防坠安全器标定动作速度应小于等于1.00m/s，在额定载荷工况下进行吊笼坠落试验时，防坠安全器的制动距离应为 C m。
A. 0.55～2.00B. 0.35～1.80C. 0.15～1.40D. 0.25～1.6011、《港口门座起重机》（GB/T 17495—2009）中规定，检查和调试所有安全保护装置。
通过C 次试验，确认安全保护装置的动作灵敏性、可靠性及准确性。
A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 412、以下关于制造监督检验说法正确的为 B 。
A. 某企业取得QD50t及以下的通用桥式起重机制造资质后，可以生产50t及以下的各种类型的通用桥式起重机。
B. 经总局特种设备安全监察机构同意后，制造单位可以向检验机构同时申报两台同型号的样机进行制造监督检验。
C. 某企业在取得特种设备制造许可受理后应先约请型式试验机构，制造监检机构按规定对样机进行制造过程监检，待型式试验合格后，再到制造监检机构办理样机的“起重机械制造监督检验证书”。
D. 用于提供型式试验的起重机械样机，可以不进行制造监检。
13、《起重机械制造监督检验规则》（TSG Q7001-2006）中规定,以下检验项目中属于A类监检项目的是： D 。
A. 设计文件B. 安全保护装置C. 无损检测报告D. 隐蔽件14、对于垂直循环类机械式停车设备，下列说法有误的是 D 。
A. 该类停车设备具有动力单一，控制简单，占地面积小的优点B. 小型垂直循环类机械式停车设备只要在附近有消火栓即可C. 张紧装置、链条及导轨、存车托架及导轨、回转台等部分属于机械传动系统D. 垂直循环类机械式停车设备中，升降机主要用于升降出入库的车辆15、升降横移类机械式停车设备一般不装设 C 。
A. 警示装置B. 人车误入检出装置C. 防重叠自动检测装置D. 防止超限运行装置三、问答题((共6题，共40分 )1、（4分）一通用桥式起重机的型号为QD20-22.5 A6，该机使用简单控制方式能达到中等定位精度，请问静挠度值应不大于多少？并简述静态刚性的检验方法。
参考答案：(1) 由于该机的控制方式及定位精度特性，相关法规或标准规定，该机静挠度值f≤S/750，即f≤22.5/750=30mm。
（2分）(2) 静态刚性检验方法：小车位于主梁跨中，起吊20吨载荷，从主梁实际上拱值算起，测量跨中垂直静挠度。
（2分）2、（5分）按照《起重机械制造监督检验规则》（TSG Q7001-2006）的规定，制造图样属哪类监检项目？实施监检时有哪些要求？参考答案：(1) 属B类监检项目。
（1分）(2) 监检要求：（4分）①起重机总图、各机构装配图、主要受力结构件图（指主梁、主支撑腿、主副吊臂、标准节等）、电气原理图等签字齐全；②图样更改符合规定程序；③图样符合现行安全技术规范﹑标准；④制造图样应与型式试验图样一致。
3、（6分）分别指出图a）和图b）中焊缝的种类和存在的缺陷？该种焊缝的成形尺寸一般采用何种手段进行测量？简述焊接工艺评定报告的主要内容？参考答案：(1) ①焊缝的种类：图a）和图b）中的焊缝都是角焊缝。
（1分）②存在的缺陷：图a）中焊脚尺寸K1、K2均偏小；图b）中焊脚尺寸K1偏小，K2偏大。
（1分）(2) 采用样板或是焊缝检验尺进行测量。
（1分）(3) 一份完整的焊接工艺评定报告应记录评定试验时所使用的全部重要参数。
其内容主要包括：评定项目名称、评定报告编号及相对应的焊接工艺指导书编号、评定试验采用的焊接方法、焊接位置、所依据的产品技术标准编号、试板的坡口形式、实际坡口尺寸、试板焊接接头焊接顺序和焊缝的层次、试板母材金属的牌号、规格、类别号，母材的化学成分化验结果和力学性能的实测数据、焊接试板所用的焊接材料，牌号等。
当然，还有焊接参数、预热温度、热处理参数、试样的力学性能试验结果及评定结论等内容。
（4分）4、（8分）根据《塔式起重机》（GB/T 5031—2008）的规定，简述：(1) 对塔式起重机金属结构接料是如何要求的？(2) 起重力矩限制器定幅变码的试验方法？(3) 对塔式起重机整机的稳定性要求有哪些？参考答案：(1) 当需要接料时，接头的型式与强度应充分考虑其对结构疲劳的影响和受力要求，每个杆件的接料处不应多于一处。
（1分）(2) 定幅变码试验方法如下：①在最大工作幅度R0处以正常工作速度起升额定起重量Q0，力矩限制器不应动作，能够正常起升。