lecture 4 & 5 UK-cutural and social life英美文化
托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4
托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4托福听力TPO17原文Lecture4下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO17原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO17Lecture4BiologyProfessor：Ok,now I want to talk about an animal that has a fascinating set of defense mechanisms. And that’s the octopus,one of the unusual creatures that live in the sea.The octopus is prey to many species,including humans,so how does it escape its predators?Well,let me back up here a second. Anyone ever heard of Proteous?Proteus was a God in Greek mythology who could change form.He could make himself look like a lion or a stone or a tree,anything you wanted,and he could go through a whole series of changes very quickly.Well,the octopus is the real world version of Proteus.Just like Proteus,the octopus can go through all kinds of incredible transformations.And it does this in three ways:by changing color,by changing its texture,and by changing its size and shape.For me,the most fascinating transformation is when it changes its color.It’s a normal skin color,the one it generally presents,is either red or brown or even grey,and it’s speckled with dark spots.But when it wants to blend in with its environment to hide from its enemies,it can take on the color of its immediate surroundings:the ocean floor,a rock,a piece of coral,whatever.Charles?Student：Do we know how that works,I mean,how they change colors?Professor：Well,we know that the reaction that takes place is not chemical in nature.The color changes are executed by two different kinds of cells in the octopus’skin,mainly by color cells on the skin’s surface call chromatophoresChromatophores consist of tiny sacks filled with color dye.There might be a couple hundred of these color sacks per square millimeter of the octopus’skin,and depending on the species,they can come in as many as five different colors.Each one of these sacks is controlled by muscles. If the muscles are relaxed,the sack shrinks,and all you see is a littl e white point.But if the muscle’s contract,then the sack expands,and you can see the colors.And by expanding different combinations Student：And just with various combinations of those five colors,they can recreate any color in their environment?Professor：Well,they can no doubt create a lot with just those five colors,but you are right,maybe they can’t mimic every color around them,so that’s where the second kind of cell comes in.Just below the chromatophores is a layer of cells that reflect light from the environment,and these cells help the octopus create a precise match with the colors surround them.The colors from the color sacks are supplemented with colors that are reflected from the environment,and that’s how they are able to mimic colors with such pr ecision.So,that’s how octopus mimic colors.But they don’t just mimic the colors in their environment; they can alos mimic the texture of objects in their environment.They have these little projections on their skin that allow them to resemble various textures.The projections are called papillae6If the octopus wants to have a rough texture,it raises the papillae.If it wants to have a smooth texture,it flattens out the papillae, so it can acquire a smooth texture to blend inwith the sandy bottom of the sea.So the octopus has the ability to mimic both the color and the texture of its environment.And it’s truly amazing how well it can blend in with its surroundings.You can easily swim within a few feet of an octopus and never see it.Student：I read that they often hide from predators by squirting out a cloud of ink,or something like that.Professor：Yes.The octopus can release a cloud of ink if it feels threatened.But it doesn’t hide behind it,as is generally believed.Um,the ink cloud is...it serves to distract a predator while the octopus makesits escape.Um,now there’s a third way that octopus can transform themselves to blend in withor mimic their environment,and that’s by changing their shape and size,well,at least their apparent size.The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures.So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone,and sit perfectly still on the seafloor.Or it can nestle up7in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves.Even Proteus would be impressed,I think.教授：好的，现在我想讲一讲一种特别的动物，它有一套令人惊叹的防御机制——它就是章鱼，一种生活在大海之中的不凡之物。
lecture-4-英语词汇记忆与语法
Tense
Comments on writing
But in the past many years, children had another kind of lifestyle, they had several brothers and sisters. And their parents needed to take care of several children at the same time, so they couldn’t be looked after well like the children who live in the modern time, but they had fine childhoods what they thought of.
When I was a child, I always wear my mother clothes are done, or my brother wearing a small, not clothes. About one year to get a new clothes until my high school age in 1983.
pronoun
我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们
主格
I you he she it we you they
宾格
me you him her it us you them
形容词性 所有格
my your his her its our your their
名词性 所有格
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
The postman is always putting your letters into my letter-box. (不满情 绪)；
lecture-4-翻译讲解-如何写地道的句子市公开课获奖课件省名师示范课获奖课件
一、怎样翻译"地道旳"句子
认清英汉两种语言旳差别 英语属于“形合”语言,而汉语属于“意合”语言。 所谓“形合”,是
经过语言“形式”来体现意义,主要涉及语言形式(词、词组和句子) 旳 变化以及连接手段旳使用等等。例如, 英语中词旳变化有单数和复数, 动词旳变化有不定 式、动名词和分词, 形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级等; 句子旳变化有简朴句,并列 句和主从句。 连接手段有连词(涉及并列连词和隶属连词)和介词等,它们将单词连成 词组, 将词组连成句子,将简朴句连成并列句和从句等。 能够说,语言形式与意义旳统一是"形合" 语言旳基本特征。
柯灵 散文《旳抒情》
LOGO
参照译文： ①书是我旳恩师。②贫穷剥夺了我童年旳幸福，把我关在学校大门旳外面，
是课本敞开它宽厚旳胸脯，接纳了我，给我以慷慨旳哺育。③没有书，就没 有我旳今日④——可能我旱就委身于沟壑。⑤书是我旳良友。⑥它给我一把 金钥匙，诱导我打开浅短旳视界，愚昧旳头脑、闭塞旳心灵，它从不吝惜对 我帮助。⑦书是我青春期旳恋人，中年旳知己，暮年旳伴侣，有了它，我就 不再愁寂寞，不再怕人情冷暖，世态炎凉。⑧它使我成为精神世界旳富翁。 Books are my beloved teachers. Poverty deprived me of my childhood happiness and school education, while books embraced me liberally and nurtured me generously. It is to them that I owe what I am today. Without them, I would probably have ended up in abject misery long ago. Books are my good friends, which have offered me a golden key to broadening my horizons and ridding myself of stupidity and ignorance. They spare no efforts to help me. Books are my sweethearts in my youth, my bosom friends in my middle age, and my companions in my declining years. They make me never feel lonely, nor fear social snobbery or fickleness of the world. It is no more than them that have made me rich in the inner world.
【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 4
【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 4众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 16 Lecture 4 art historyNarrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.ProfessorOK, now um, a sort of paradigmatic art form of the Middle Ages was stainedglass art. Stained glass of course is simply glass that has been colored and cutinto pieces and re-assembled to form a picture or a decorative design. To trulyexperience the beauty of this decorative glass you should see it with lightpassing through it, especially sunlight, which is why stained glass is usuallyused for windows. But of course it has other uses, especially nowadays.Um, anyway the art of making stained glass windows developed in Europe, urn,during the Middle Ages and was closely related to church building. In the early1100s a church building method was developed that reduced the stress on thewalls so more space could be used for window openings allowing for large andquite elaborate window designs.Back then, the artists made their own glass, but first they came up with thedesign. Paper was scarce and expensive, so typically they drew the design onto awhite tabletop. They’d draw the principal outline but also outline the shape ofeach piece of glass to be used and indicate its color.Now in the window itself the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead. So in the drawing the artists would also indicate the location of the lead strips. Then you could put a big piece of glass on the tabletop and see the design right through it and use it to guide the cutting of the glass into smaller pieces.Student：And the lead that was just to hold the pieces of glass together? Professor：Well, lead is strong and flexible so it’s ideal for joining pieces of glasses cut in different shapes and sizes. But up to the 15th century the lead strips also helped create the design. They were worked into the window as part of the composition. They were used to outline figures to show boundaries just like you might use solid lines in a pencil drawing.Student：How did they get the color’? I mean how did they color the glass? Professor：Well up until the 16th century stained glass was colored during the glass making process itself. You got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glass making ingredients.So if you wanted red you added copper, if you wanted green you added iron. You just added these compounds to the other ingredients that the glass was made of.Student：So each piece of glass is just one color?Professor：Yes, at least up until the 16th century. Then they started... um.. .you started to get painted glass. Painted glass windows are still referred toas stained glass but the colors were actually painted directly onto clear glass after the glass was made. So um ... with this kind of stained glass, you could paint a piece of glass with more than one color.Student：And with painted glass they still used the lead strips?ProfessorYes, with really large windows it took more than one piece of glass, so you still needed lead strips to hold the pieces together. But the painters actually tried to hide them. So it was different from before when the lead strips were part of the design. And it is different, because with painted glass the idea of light corning through to create the magical effect wasn’t the focus any more. The paintwork was.And painted glass windows became very popular. In the 19th century, people started using them in private houses and public buildings. Unfortunately, many of the original stained glass windows were thought to be old fashioned and they were actually destroyed, replaced by painted glass.Student：They actually broke them? That showed good judgment, real foresight, didn’t it?ProfessorYes, if only they had known. Uh, and it’s not just that old stained glass is really valuable today, we lost possibly great artwork. But luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-I 800s and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs. The effectsare much more beautiful.In the 19th century, Louis Tiffany came up with methods to create beautiful effects without having to paint the glass. He layered pieces of glass and used thin copper strips instead of lead, which let him make these really intricateflowery designs for stained glass, which he used in lampshades. You’ve heard ofTiffany lampshades, right? These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting. Electric light bulbs don’t give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass, but it’s close. So layered glass, Tiffany glass, became very popular and still is today.So let’s look at some examples of different types of stained glass from each era.。
Lecture4_视频基础
彩色幅载波（MHz）
色度带宽（MHz） 声音载波（MHz）
3.58
1.3(I)，0.6(Q) 4.5
4.43
1.3(U)，1.3(V) 6.5
4.25
>1.0(U)，>1.0(V) 6.5
YUV、YIQ与YCrCb颜色空间
视频信号的类型
分量视频
高质量视频系统分别使用三路信号来表示红、绿、蓝三种图 像分量。这种视频被称为分量视频。 分量视频使用三根信号线连接视频设备（ BNC或RCA连接器） 传送信号。 计算机系统一般使用分量视频，包含RGB的分量信号；电视系 统的分量视频使用的是亮度-色差信号。 对于分色系统，由于分量视频的三个信道之间没有任何色度、 亮度干扰，所以颜色再现能力最好。但需要更高的带宽和良 好的同步机制。
视频信号的类型
S-Video
作为折中方案，S-Video使用的是两条信号线传送视频信号， 一条传送亮度信号，一条传送混合的色度信号。这样的方案 使得颜色信息与关键的亮度信息之间的干扰变小。 S-Video的视频信号连接设备使用称为S端子的四芯连接器。 S-Video的视频其颜色再现质量介于分量视频和复合视频之间。
分量数字化：先从复合彩色电视图像中分离出彩色 分量，然后数字化。
数字化标准
ITU-RBT.601 (1980s) 该标准规定了 • 彩色电视图像转换成数字图像时使用的采样 频率， • RGB和YCbCr(或者写成YCBCR)两个彩色 空间之间的转换关系等。
场频ff：每秒钟扫描多少场；
帧频fF：每秒扫描多少帧
PAL
PAL制电视的扫描特性
• 625行(扫描线)/帧，25帧/秒(40 ms/帧) • 高宽比(aspect ratio)：4:3 • 隔行扫描，2场/帧，312.5行/场 • 颜色模型：YUV
lecture 4
13
一价定律的数学表达： Pi=S· Pi* 其中，Pi、Pi*分别表示本国和外国第i种商品的价格水 平 ，S为直接标价法下的均衡汇率。 一价定律表明，一种商品的价格在国内和国外的价格应 该是一致的，否则会导致商品套购活动，拉平差价。 案例演示 例：美国：100斤大米=25美元；中国：100斤大米=200元人 民币。求人民币对美元的汇率。 答： S=外币购买力/本币购买力=（100/25）/（100/200）=8.00 则：$1=￥8.00或$100=￥800这就是人民币对美元的汇率。
17
购买力平价的主要内容
绝对购买力平价理论
理论要点
汇率取决于两种货币的购买力。 汇率最终由本国价格水平和外国价格水平的比率决 定。1/P表示单位货币的购买力 外币购买力 1/Pt* Pt S= = = 本币购买力 1/Pt Pt* （直接标价法的汇率水平）
18
Purchasing power parity theory
14
英国《经济学家》杂志的“巨无霸汉堡指数”
/show/9WBZRsojGjbWe2qq.ht ml
“汉堡经济报告”的基础是购买力平价理论。这份报告 研究的商品是麦当劳的汉堡，约120个国家的麦当劳都提 供这种汉堡。
15
Exchange Rates in the Longasing power parity 相对购买力平价理论
Relative purchasing power parity postulates
that the change in the exchange rate is equal to the difference in the change in the price levels (rates of inflation) of the two countries.
lecture 4
• In a moment she reappeared再（出）现 to hurl 猛地投 掷my change and the ticket on the counter with such force most of it fell on the floor at my feet. • 过了一会儿,她又回来了,将零钱和车票往柜台上重重地 一甩,大部分都洒落在我脚边. • The Harrow custom of calling the roll is different from that of Eton.哈罗和伊顿的点名习惯是不同的。 • On August 16, 1983, they started for the South to seek their fortune. • “Contrary, then,” answered another, in deep but softened tones. “And now, kiss me, for minding so well.” “好，相反的，”另一個回答，是深沉而柔和的聲 調。“現在，親親我，因爲我記得這麽好。” 《呼啸 山庄》
•
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ• •
You describe this policy as rigid and inflexible, when in fact it has been extremely flexible. 你把这项政策说成是僵硬的、不灵活的,当 你把这项政策说成是僵硬的、不灵活的 当 实际上它已经相当灵活了。 实际上它已经相当灵活了。 你把这项政策说成是僵硬的、 你把这项政策说成是僵硬的、不灵活 实际上它已经相当灵活了。 的 ,( 当 ) 实际上它已经相当灵活了。
• 1.The Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1921. • 在 1921 年中国共产党成立。 • 1921 年中国共产党成立。 • 2.On December 20，1999,China resumed the ， exercise of sovereignty over Macao. • 在 1999 年 12 月 20 日, 中国恢复对澳门行使主权。 中国恢复对澳门行使主权。 • 1999 年 12 月 20 日,中国恢复对澳门行使主权。 中国恢复对澳门行使主权。 中国恢复对澳门行使主权 • 3.Smoking is prohibited in public places. • 在公共场所不准吸烟。 • 公共场所不准吸烟。 • 4.Now riots break up in all parts of that country. • 在该国目前到处爆发骚乱。 • 该国目前到处爆发骚乱。
lecture 4 汉英语言类型对比与翻译(动态与静态)
III. 汉英动态与静态取向对比
• The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. • 【原译】计算机比人检查的更细心、更勤快。 • 【试译】机检比人检要细致、勤快得多。 • 3. 名词优势加上介词优势，使英语的静态倾向更加显著。英 语介词具有丰富多样的词汇意义，常常表达汉语中要用动词 表达的概念，例如， • （1） He has someone behind him. • 【原译】有人给他撑腰。 • 【试译】他有人撑腰。（他有后台。） • （2） The smell of wild flowers came to us on the light breeze that was blowing. • 【原译】野花的芬芳乘着轻风向我们扑来。 • 【试译】和着微风，野花香扑鼻而来。
II. Main Concepts
• Nominalization • In linguistics, nominalization is the use of a word which is not a noun (e.g. a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase, with or without morphological transformation. • The term can also refer specifically to the process of producing a noun from another part of speech via the addition of derivational affixes. • Two types of nominalization are found in English. One type requires the addition of a derivational suffix to create a noun. For example, in the sentence “Combine the two chemicals,” “combine” acts as a verb. This can be turned into a noun via the addition of -ation, as in “The experiment involved the combination of the two chemicals.”
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38
Haggis (Scotland) 肉馅羊肚
Irish Stew (Ireland) 爱尔兰土豆炖肉
40
Welsh Rarebit (Wales) 干酪面包片
41
Laver Bread (Wales) 紫菜面包
Sunday Roast (British) 周日烤肉
British families & leisure time
Nuclear family:
Legal marriage age: 16
Wedding: the daughter is “given away” to her husband
31
Family meals (privacy)
32
English Breakfast (England)
Moseley, Birmingham
12
working class peasants workers
Terraced houses
13
aristocracy (upper class) upper-middle class middle class lower-middle class skilled working class unskilled working class lower class (underclass)
class structure
feudalism: the basis of the class system 封建制度
The feudal system was a way of government based on obligations between the king and those under him.
10
Aristocracy 贵族
P. 63 Relatively small (“primogeniture”长子继承权) Wealth from land ownership
(professionals)
middle class
largest class most important best educated most skilled
43
Fish and Chips (British) 薯条和土豆片
44
How do the people of the UK live their lives?
8-hour working day
(9 am-to-5 pm)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
46
8 hours asleep
5 hours leisure
Over 2 hours of chores
So Britain pay great attention to education and the development of science and technology
99% in the UK
What is “literacy”?
21
2nd largest exporter of intellectual property(知识产权) (“invisible trade”).
34
The dinner
Three courses:
1. First course: soup & salad
35
2. Main course: beef, mutton, carrots, peas & beans
36
3. Last course: dessert or “sweet”
37
Special cuisine
Until what age is education “compulsory” in the UK?
16
5 years
11 years
16 years
GCSE
18 years
A-level
public schools
private schools
university (3-4 years)
university
Review about the economy of the U.K.
1
1)
How would you describe the UK’s economic system?
A (free) market economy.
2) What kinds of things/products are involved in “visible trade and “invisible trade”?
33
Coffee or tea for the English? Afternoon tea
high tea (working class): hot dishes & biscuits light tea (middle-class): earlier than high tea Heavy drinks or soft drinks? soft drinks
little or no freedom
what kind of person would live in these places?
Aristocracy贵族
(exclusive families)
Castle Howard, Yorkshire
9
Why the class system still exist in modern British?
Products that you can hold and see (cars, electronics, etc.). Things that you can’t see (ideas, services).
3) How does the UK make its money (what does it do)? It is a major player in “invisible trade” 4) Who was Adam Smith (and what did he write)? A philosopher who wrote An Inquiry into the Wealth of Nations 5) Who was Margaret Thatcher? The UK’s first and only female Prime Minister, who made big changes to the British economy when she became PM in 1979. 2
60%
40%
The ability of people to move up or down in status: based on wealth, occupation, education, or some other social variable.
social mobility
blue collar
16
white collar
17
Another point on P.65
18
education (p. 69)
why does the UK depend on a well-educated workforce(高素质的劳动力)?
It is a developed nation that has limited natural resources
darts, snooker, pool, dominos, cards.
Bournemouth, England 伯恩茅斯
60% take holidays
sports
what do all these sports have in common?
football (soccer), tennis, golf, badminton, boxing, rugby, cricket, snooker, squash, billiards, formula one racing, curling
Power was expressed through ownership of land. The king gave large estates to his friends and relatives (“nobles”). In return, the nobles swore an oath of loyalty to the king. The nobles promised never to fight against the king. They also had to give the king whatever he asked for: men to fight a war, money, or advice.
bachelor’s degree (3-4 years)
master’s degree (1 year)
doctoral degree/PhD (3 years)
27
28
Read the passage from P.77-78 and answer: •What is Oxbridge and Ivy League? •Who are dons? •Who are tutors or fellows? •The Cambridge University is famous by what? •The Oxford University is famous by what?
How would you spend your leisure time?
There are 82,716 pubs (“public houses) in the UK 7 out of 10 adult visit pubs 1/3 go once or more each week