language and culture
跨文化交际Unit4
பைடு நூலகம்
More examples
“Why time flies?”
“Because somebody wants to kill it.” “你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”
“不能,我是回民！” 外甥打灯笼照(舅)旧
Language = neutral codes and grammatical rules? We make cultural choices when we select words,
form sentences and send a message. All languages have social questions and information
as before; as usual; as of old 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫
very good
More examples
恋爱“三草”原则: 女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我
呢？
男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.)
meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
Language reflects the environment in which we live. (snow, wine)
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
chapter 9 Language and Culture
Chapter 9 Language and CultureIntroduction语言和文化之间有密切的联系，这是一条不证自明的公理。
如果我们简要回顾一下过去一个世纪中语言学领域发生的事情，就可以找到更多的证据支持这个观点。
必须承认，18世纪初以来，对语言的探究从本质上说要么是历史比较的，要么是结构形式化的；然而，一些新的变化在20世纪开始的时候出现了。
无论是在英国还是在北美，语言研究都开始了人类学转向这种新传统的特征就是将语言研究置于社会文化的语境之中。
在英国，马林诺夫斯基和弗斯是这一运动的先驱，而在与之平行却有着独立传统的北美，鲍阿斯，萨丕尔和沃尔夫自然是其代表。
由于他们的创新和不懈努力，在语言和文化关系的研究领域中，许多重要而有创造性的工作得以完成。
尤为重要的是，这些研究建立了一种范式。
在此后多年中，这一学科范式引发了对这个问题的各种研究。
早在20世纪20年代，一个人类语言学学派在英国产生。
人类学家马林诺夫斯基在新几内亚东岸的Trobriand岛进行田野调查时，观察到这这种原始文化中，一个词的意义在很大程度上依赖于它所出现的语境，或者说依赖于生活中真实的语言环境。
比如wood一词，在本地文化中，它既有英语中相当的用法，即指树的坚固的物质成分，也可以更具体地指独木舟。
独木舟是这些岛屿居民的一种重要交通工具，在这个言语社会的日常生活中具有十分重要的功用。
然而这个词的第二种释义有着极强的环境色彩和文化意味，对一个来自不同文化环境的外来者而言，可能不那么容易掌握。
文化在语言研究中占什么地位？从20世纪70年代初开始，随着向水门(Watergate)事件这样的政治丑闻不断被揭露，一连串的衍生词语涌进了英语。
如―Billygate (比利门)‖，―Cattlegate (牲畜门)‖都是这样的复合形式。
在这种情形下人们感到在―(gate)‖构成的组合形式和衍生形式进行社会语言学研究时，有必要考察这些新词涉及的语义，结构以及功能的发展情况，同时在进行构词研究时需要更多了解这些相关因素之间的相互关系。
《新大学英语跨文化交际阅读》Language and Culture
Hale Waihona Puke Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf visited Geely on May 2010 and met Geely Group Chairman Li Shufu. At the meeting, the Swedish King showed his great concern for the future Volvo Cars, so he asked Li how Geely would guarantee that Volvo's standards would not be undermined after Geely's acquisition. Li Shufu said "We are not just keeping Volvo's standards, but helping Volvo regain its past glory.” The following day, the Swedish group attended the Geely-Volvo acquisition forum in Shanghai. One of the textbook authors made a presentation to the Swedish group and he asked the Swedish group whether they understood what Li meant by saying “We are not just keeping Volvo's standards, but helping Volvo regain its past glory.” They replied “No” and they asked the author what Li meant. When the author gave a short explanation from an intercultural perspective, they were all relieved and showed their gratitude to Geely’s acquisition.
nida,_e._a._(2001)._language_and_culture的主要内容
nida, e. a. (2001). language and culture的主要内容1. 引言1.1 概述本文将探讨Nida, E.A. (2001)的著作《Language and Culture》中关于语言和文化之间相互影响的观点和理论。
语言和文化是人类社会中不可分割的两个要素，它们相互交织、相互影响，并共同塑造着我们的社会生活和认知方式。
通过深入研究Nida的论述，本文将展示语言如何塑造文化，以及文化又如何影响着语言使用。
1.2 文章结构本文主要分为四个部分：引言、Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture背景介绍、语言与文化的关系以及Nida的观点和理论、正文（包括语言对文化的影响、文化对语言的影响以及跨文化交流中的挑战和解决途径）和结论。
每一部分都将详细阐述相关内容，并根据作者的观点进行阐释和探讨。
1.3 目的本文旨在通过研究Nida, E.A. (2001)所提出的有关语言和文化之间相互关系的理论，增进我们对这一领域认识的理解。
通过实证研究和案例分析，本文将探索语言如何塑造文化，以及文化对语言的影响，并讨论跨文化交流中的挑战以及可能的解决途径。
通过深入理解语言和文化之间的互动关系，我们可以更好地理解多样性、发展跨文化教育方法并促进更有效的跨文化交流。
综上所述，本篇文章旨在探讨语言与文化之间的紧密联系并阐述Nida, E.A. (2001)在此领域的观点和理论。
以下部分将详细介绍Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture的背景、语言与文化之间的关系以及相关问题。
2. Nida, E.A. (2001). Language and Culture:2.1 背景介绍:Nida, E.A.是一位著名的语言学家和翻译家，他对多种语言及其文化之间的关系进行了深入研究。
在他的著作《Language and Culture》中，他探讨了语言与文化之间的紧密联系，并提出了一些重要观点和理论。
语言学教程胡壮麟(第四版) 第7章
第7章Language, Culture and Society第一部分Language and culture一、Language and culture 语言与文化的关系In a broad sense, culture means the total way of a people, including the patterns of beliefs, language, institutions, techniques, customs, and objects that shape the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may mean local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.The relationships are as follows:(1) Culture is a wider system that includes language as a subsystem. The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole.(2) Culture affects language. Culture universals and biological universals lead to linguistic universals. E.g. the seven days of a week. In addition, different cultural features produce different linguistic features. E.g. “24 jie qi” in Chinese.(3) Language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s beliefs, attitudes and world outlooks etc.(4) Language plays an important role in perpetuating culture over time, especially, in print form. Therefore, on the one hand, language as an integral part of human beings, runs through his thinking and way of viewing the world. On the other hand, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture.二、The Sapir-Whorf hypothesisThis hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express speaker’s unique ways of understanding the world.Following this argument, there are two important points in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other hand, similarity between languages is relative. And this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity.Consequently, two versions of the hypothesis have been developed, a strong and a weak version. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-cultural differences thus produced in our ways of thinking are relative, rather than categorical.三、Culture in language teaching classroom? 怎样实现；两者关系There are at least three objectives for us to teach culture in our class:(1)To get the students familiar with cultural differences;(2)To help the students transcend their own culture and see things as the members of the target culture will;(3)To emphasize the inseparability of understanding language and understanding culture through various classroom practices.Therefore, successful mastery of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture, because language and culture are correlated with each other at different levels of linguistic structure.四、Firth 语境说的观点Firth tried to set up a model to illustrate the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed the theory of context of situation:第二部分Language and society一、Language and society 关系Language is regarded as a mirror of society, through which we can understand social activities of a certain society better. Functionally, society provides language with a suitable context of use, in which we can enjoy aspects of language vividly and truthfully. However, language is not always used to exchange information as is generally assumed, it is sometimes used to fulfill an important social function, that is, to maintain social relationship between people. And users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. What each of them chooses to use is partly determined by one’s social background. Besides, when we speak we cannot avoid giving listener clues about our origin and our background. The social environment can also be reflected in language, and can often have an effect on the structure and the vocabulary.二、A situationally and socially variationist perspective 社会语境中的文体变异7个因素An appropriate language use in any social interaction not only has something to do with structural rules, but also involves some socially institutionalized norms in usage. The choice of one form over another is both stylistically and socially governed. The following social factors are believed to influence our language behaviors in a social context:(1)Age;(2)Class;(3)Gender;(4)Ethnic identity;(5)Education background;(6)Occupation;(7)Religious belief.三、What implications can we get from sociolinguistics? 应用First, sociolinguistics is believed to have made some important contributions in language classroom: sociolinguistics has contributed to a change of emphasis in the content of language teaching;it has also contributed to innovations in materials and activities for the classroom;it has contributed to a fresh look at the nature of language development and use;it has contributed to a more fruitful research in this field.Second, in law courts:The analysis of language data gathered as evidenceThe preparation of some legal documentsEnrich our understanding of the relationship between the concept of power and language use.Third, in clinic settings:The analysis of the dialogue between doctors and patients四、在跨文化交际的Case study中学到什么；由语言和社会得到的启示(1) When in Rome do as the Romans do.(2) Put yourself in other’s shoes.(3) One culture’s meat is another culture’s poison.(4) Honesty and sincerity are key points to mutual understanding.。
语言与文化(Language and Culture)
Language and CultureI firmly believe that language and culture are familiar with everyone on earth. Nevertheless, I don’t think everyone is clear about the real meaning of language and culture. On this basis, this essay will explain some basic information about language and culture, including what is language, what is culture and the relationship between language and culture. What’s more, quite a number of examples will be cited to help you have a better understanding of language and culture.Let’s begin with the concept of language. When we put a key word “language”into the online Wikipedia(维基百科)，which is a free encyclopedia to people all over the world, we find that language is defined as the human capacity for acquiring and using complex system of communications , and a language is any specific example of such a system. From this definition, we have a clear consciousness towards language. When we look into the Oxford English-Chinese Dictionary, Language is divided into several meanings as follow：1. use of words in an agreed way as a method of human communications 2. system of words of a particular community or country etc. 3. faculty of speech 4. system of symbols and rules for writing computer programs 5. any method of communication.6. professional or specialized vocabulary. Besides, I have also learned the definition of language from my linguistics class. In the book A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English(新编简明英语语言学教程). Langue is thought to be a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, that is, elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that theme is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous quotation: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. This quotation means rose is still rose even it is called by another name.For my part, the definition of language is varied. Generally speaking, it is a series code that facilitates human communication. And beyond a specific context, language has no intrinsic meaning.After finishing talking about what is language, let’s know more about culture. Similarly, in the Wikipedia, culture is defined as fallowing meanings, Firstly, culture is deemed as a modern concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the roman orator Cicero: Cultura animi ( cultiration of the soul). Secondly, the term “culture”in American anthropology had two meanings: the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbol, and to act imaginatively and creatively. Thirdly, Hoebel describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns and which are not a result of biological inheritance. Besides, we learn the meaning of culture from theIntercultural Communication course. Culture is defined as the group of people who share the same ancestry. There are also many renowned socialists give culture several definitions. For example, E.sapir once said that culture may be defined as what a societu does and thinks.Shortly, culture is involved in so many aspects that it is hard to give it an accurate definition. Put in another way, for different people, culture has very different meaning, according to their own value, education background, social status and so forth. So there is nothing to criticize when other’s understanding of culture is different from yours.Having known so much basic information about language and culture, we will have look at the relationship between language and culture. In the book Intercultural communication in English(新编跨文化交际英语)，there is a description of the relationship between language and culture. It goes like this: culture and language are intertwined and shape each other. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written. We also make cultural choices. We all agree that language helps in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literary is necessary to understand the language being used. Personally speaking, language and culture is not two totally different subjects with no relevance. On the contrary, they are tightly related. That is to say, onlywhen language is put into a specific environment of cultural context does it have some real meaning.To have a better understanding of language and culture, several typical examples of the language and cultural difference between China and the western countries will be cited. We all know that the Chinese culture is both profound and extensive which leads to numerous idioms, allusions, proverbs and sayings, which is hard for foreigners to understand. Take some of them for instances. Firstly, take “过着牛郎织女的生活” for example, it can be literally translated as the Herd-boy and the spinning maid(mythical lovers separated by the Milky Way). But a foreigner may feel puzzled when look at this allusion, for they do not have the cultural background of the allusion. Actually, it is a folk tale of ancient China which means husband and wife living apart. If you want a foreigner fully understand this allusion, you’d better to tell him the whole tale, which also help him to know more about Chinese culture.There are also other four-character allusions in Chinese. Such as 三顾茅庐—make three calls at the thatched cottage(as Liu Bei did when he sought the aid of Zhuge Liang, a master straight then living in seclusion)—repeatedly request someone to take up a responsible post.完璧归赵——return the jade intact to the state of Zhao—return something to its owner in perfect condition.拔苗助长—stand by a stump waiting for hares to come and dash themselves against it—trust to chance and waiting forgains without pains.对牛弹琴—play music to an ox—cast pearls before swine.Most of the allusions come into being according to china’s long history. That’s why many foreigners find it hard to know comprehensively about Chinese language and culture. Nevertheless, there are some equivalents between these two different cultures. For example, in Chinese , there is an allusion called “画蛇添足” , in English, there is a similar proverb called gilding the lily. What’s more, it takes two to make a quarrel can be found in Chinese 一个巴掌拍不响. Hopefully, these make it easier to understand each other’s culture.In short, language in different cultures is hard to understand to most foreigners. The only thing to do is try one’s best to know more about each other’s culture, including all walks of life.。
Language and culture-跨文化交际
Language and Culture1. Public signAs the world around us grows increasingly cosmopolitan by the day, bilingual signs have become a fundamental need in most places around the globe. And bilingual public signs are common in the public areas like stores, streets and scenic spots in China.No Bills 不准张贴On Sale 削价出售Staff Only 本处职工专用No Smoking 禁止吸烟Business Hours 营业时间Lost and Found 失物招领处Beware of Pickpocket 谨防扒手Keep Away From Fire 切勿近火Luggage Depository 行李存放处Dogs Not Allowed 禁止携犬入内But when we proof-read the bilingual signs in China, there are many ridiculous Chinglish which seriously affect China’s international image.进/出口Import/ Export Exit/ Entrance存包处Bag keeping Luggage Center小心落水Be careful: falling water CAUTION!WA-TER小心碰头Be careful of your head/ Pay attention to your headWatch Your Head电话预约Telephone be speak Phone Reservations北京欢迎你Beijing welcome you Welcome to Beijing厕所WC/ Toilet public: restroom; Men’s/Women’s Roomprivate: Bathroom; washroom( British)“行平安路”被写成“路上安全的线”，“回幸福家”则干脆用汉语拼音“HUI XING FU”和英语单词“FAMILY”来生硬替代，看了让人满头雾水不知所云。
Language-and-Culture
Language as a reflection of culture
• Language reflects the environment in which we live. We label many things that are around us. • e.g. People in north has a lot of words to describe "snow", but people in Amazon area not.
• They both cannot survive with each other. On t he other hand, the difference of language and cult ure may arouse inconvenience and misunderstandi ng. Therefore, lears b etween different countries is very important. Realiz ing the difference of cultures between different nati ons is good for us to communicate with different la nguages
Conclusion
• Language is closely related to culture. La nguage expresses and embodies cultural re ality. If we are in different countries, we m ust know their cultures, thus, we can use t he language freely. On the other hand, lan guage, as a product of culture, helps perpe tuate the culture, and the changes in langu age uses reflect the culture changes in retu rn. • In short, language is one of the most im portant carriers of culture and culture has agreat impact on language in conditioning.
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We have read about World WarⅡ. But to most of us students, that's an event on a textbook page that would never happen today. After all, this was a time of peace and wealth—the United States was powerful and successful. There would be no more wars, and we were lucky to live in such a time.
Language is a system of communication consisting of a set of small parts and a set of rules which decide the way in which these parts can be combined to produce messages that have meaning. (Cambridge international dictionary of English, P757)
international dictionary of English,
P317)
《百科辞典》：人文就是人类文化中的先进部分和核心部分，即
先进的价值观及其规范。其集中体现是，重视人，尊重人，关 心人爱护人。简而言之，人文，即重视人的文化。 《辞海》：人文指人类社会的各种文化现象。
How is language used/learned/understood?
happiness
(m6u1 Reading: Stand-up for your health/ m6u2 the search for happiness)
• Language and culture are always combined to achieve communication. • English -- a language only? a language and carrier of culture
English – a language?
Xing Wenjun
From Nanjing Jinling High School
What is language?
Of all systems of symbols, language is the most highly developed. It has been pointed out that human beings, by agreement, can make anything stand for anything. Human beings have agreed, in the course of centuries of mutual（相互的）dependency, to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs, throats, tongues, teeth, and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems. We call that system of agreement language. There is no necessary connection between the system and what it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in.
My generation has seen this. On Monday, a fight with my sister, a bad grade and homework seemed to be the biggest problems in the world. Tonight, so many across the c pain is at its worst ever. (Monday blues/ TGIF)
Culture is the continuing traditions of art, music, literature philosophy, life style etc. of a particular society or group within a society. (Cambridge
But when those planes hit; when firefighters with terror on their faces ran among the parts of the building that had fallen; when people screamed for their family members; when history was unfolding before our eyes, in full, clear color--then we knew the world had been changed. Knowing how many human beings turned to ashes in a second, and seeing some jump from the buildings, I know that my generation is growing up in a world where mankind can still be evil. But seeing those heroes risk their lives among the castle-like ruins, and seeing the eager blood donors(捐献 者 ) at the hospitals, my generation has learned that tears are allowed, that mankind can also be beautiful, and that the ghost of evil never defeats the spirit of good.
What is culture?
The half-empty coffee cups, still standing next to their plates, tell of a morning like any other. And yet, that grey covering of dust that everything wears tells a different story: it tells of screams, tears, terror and blood. Now the restaurant in the World Trade Center will never again serve breakfast. And never again will all those people go there to eat or work. So many people whose faces we associate with life and liveliness are gone this morning. So many words remain unsaid, and so much happiness has been destroyed. In their places are tear-stained faces.