研究生英语重点单词
考研英语词汇大全

读故事20天搞定英语考研单词还可以希望有用a-1abandon v.放弃,抛弃abide v.(by)坚持,遵守ability n.能力,智能;才能,才干able to 能,会abnormal a.反常的,不正常的aboard ad.在船(飞机、车)上,上船(飞机、车)prep.在(船,飞机,车)上,上(船,飞机,车)abolish v.废除,取消be about to 即将above all 首要,尤其abroad ad.到国外,在国外;到处abrupt a.突然的,意外的;(举止言谈等)唐突的,鲁莽的absence n.缺席,不在场;缺乏,没有absent a.(from)缺席,不在场;漫不经心的absolute a.绝对的,完全的absorb v.吸收,吸引,使专心be absorbed in 专心于absorption n.吸收abstract a.抽象的 n.摘要,提要v.抽取,提取absurd a.荒唐的abundance n.丰富,充裕abundant a.(in)丰富的,充分的,充裕的abuse v./n.滥用;虐待;谩骂academic a.学院的,学术的academy n.学院accelerate v.加速,促进acceleration n.加速度a cruel man abandoned his wife and son. above all, everyone must abide by the law . so he was arrested. but the trial came to an abrupt end because of the man's absence. it was said he was mentally abnormal and was set free according to one law! what an absurd judgment! that's absolute nonsense! the angry people thought this bad law ought to be abolished to keep the judge from abusing his power. fortunately, the boy's mother was able to afford enough money for the boy to go abroad to study. the moment the son was about to go aboard the ship, they kissed good-bye with tears. the boy went to an academy of technology successfully. no one could doubt his ability to learn abstract knowledge. he was absorbed in knowledge so much, just like dry sand absorbed water. his teacher really appreciated his complete absorption in his studies. so he supplied the boy abundant books for study, which accelerated the boy working harder.一个冷酷的男人抛弃了他的妻子和儿子。
研究生学术综合英语帝单元单词

研究生学术综合英语帝单元单词1, sector ['sekt?]n. 部门;扇形,扇区;象限仪;函数尺vt. 把…分成扇形2, breed [bri:d]vi. 繁殖;饲养;产生vt. 繁殖;饲养;养育,教育;引起n. 品种;种类,类型3, fragile ['fr?d?ail]adj. 脆的;易碎的4, byproduct ['bai,pr?d?kt]n. 副产品5, misappropriation ['mis?'pr?upri'ei??n] n. 侵吞;滥用6, kickback ['k ikb?k]n. 回扣,佣金;强烈反应;退回赃物7, legitimacy [li'd?itim?si]n. 合法;合理;正统8, content ['k?ntent]n. 内容,目录;满足;容量adj. 满意的vt. 使满足9, systemic [si'stemik, -'sti:-]adj. 系统的;全身的;体系的10, cynicism ['sini,siz?m]n. 玩世不恭,愤世嫉俗;犬儒主义;冷嘲热讽11, enact [i'n?kt]vt. 颁布;制定法律;扮演12, prohibitingv. 禁止(prohibit的ing形式)13, bribery ['braib?ri]n. [法] 贿赂;受贿;行贿14, extortion [ik'st?:??n]n. 勒索;敲诈;强夺;被勒索的财物15, promulgate ['pr?m?lɡeit, pr?u'm?l-]vt. 公布;传播;发表16, cooperation [k?u,?p?'rei??n]n. 合作,协作;[劳经] 协力17, corporation [,k?:p?'rei??n]n. 公司;法人(团体);社团;大腹便便;市政当局18, implement ['implim?nt, 'impliment]vt. 实施,执行;实现,使生效n. 工具,器具;手段19, advocacy ['?dv?k?si]n. 主张;拥护;辩护20, underlying [,?nd?'laii?]adj. 潜在的;根本的;在下面的;优先的v. 放在…的下面;为…的基础;优先于(underlie的ing形式)21, rhetoric ['ret?rik]n. 修辞,修辞学;华丽的词藻adj. 花言巧语的22, recognition [,rek?g'ni??n]n. 识别;承认,认出;重视;赞誉;公认23, demonstrably ['dem?nstr?bli]adv. 可论证地;明确地24, deleterious [,deli'ti?ri?s]adj. 有毒的,有害的25, consequence ['k?nsi,kw?ns]n. 结果;重要性;推论26, pundit ['p?ndit]n. 博学者;梵文学者27, efficient [i'fi??nt]adj. 有效率的;有能力的;生效的28, corrective [k?'rektiv]adj. 矫正的;惩治的n. 矫正物;改善法29, inevitable [in'evit?bl]adj. 必然的,不可避免的30, intractable [in'tr?kt?bl]adj. 棘手的;难治的;倔强的;不听话的31, distort [dis't?:t]vt. 扭曲;使失真;曲解vi. 扭曲;变形32, undermine [,?nd?'main]vt. 破坏,渐渐破坏;挖掘地基33, rule [ru:l]vi. 统治;管辖;裁定n. 统治;规则vt. 统治;规定;管理;裁决;支配34, corrode [k?'r?ud]vt. 侵蚀;损害vi. 受腐蚀;起腐蚀作用35, integrity [in'teɡr?ti]n. 完整;正直;诚实;廉正36, barrier ['b?ri?]n. 障碍物,屏障;界线vt. 把…关入栅栏37, kleptocracy [klep't?kr?si]n. 盗贼统治38, quantify ['kw?ntifai]vt. 量化;为…定量;确定数量vi. 量化;定量39, estimate ['estimeit]vi. 估计,估价n. 估计,估价;判断,看法vt. 估计,估量;判断,评价40, trillion ['trilj?n]n. [数] 万亿adj. 万亿的num. [数] 万亿41, bribes赃物42, bribe [braib]vt. 贿赂,收买vi. 行贿n. 贿赂43, embezzlement [im'bezlm?nt] n. 侵占;挪用;盗用44, annually ['?nju?li]adv. 每年;一年一次45, committee [k?'miti]n. 委员会46, scheme [ski:m]n. 计划;组合;体制;诡计vi. 搞阴谋;拟订计划vt. 计划;策划47, drumbeat ['dr?mbi:t]n. 鼓声;打鼓声48, scandal ['sk?nd?l]n. 丑闻;流言蜚语;诽谤;公愤49, credibility [,kredi'bil?ti]n. 可信性;确实性50, momentum [m?u'ment?m]n. 势头;[物] 动量;动力;冲力51, critical ['kritik?l]adj. 鉴定的;[核] 临界的;批评的,爱挑剔的;危险的;决定性的;评论的52, broad [br?:d]adj. 宽的,辽阔的;显著的;大概的n. 宽阔部分adv. 宽阔地53, lengthy ['le?θi]adj. 漫长的,冗长的;啰唆的54, discretionary [dis'kre??n?ri]adj. 任意的;自由决定的55, authority [?:'θ?r?ti]n. 权威;权力;当局56, petty ['peti]adj. 琐碎的;小气的;小规模的57, dynamic [dai'n?mik]adj. 动态的;动力的;动力学的;有活力的n. 动态;动力58, fundfund: 基金 | 资金 | 现款59, host [h?ust]n. [计] 主机;主人;主持人;许多vt. 主持;当主人招待vi. 群集;做主人60, tackle ['t?kl]n. 滑车;装备;用具;扭倒vt. 处理;抓住;固定;与…交涉vi. 扭倒;拦截抢球61, priority [prai'?r?ti]n. 优先;优先权;[数] 优先次序;优先考虑的事62, pursue [p?'sju:, -'su:]vt. 继续;从事;追赶;纠缠vi. 追赶;继续进行63, misconduct [,mis'k?nd?kt, ,misk?n'd?kt] n. 不端行为;处理不当vt. 处理不当;行为不检64, investigate [in'vestiɡeit]v. 调查;研究65, prosecute ['pr?sikju:t]vt. 检举;贯彻;从事;依法进行vi. 起诉;告发;作检察官66, legislation [,led?is'lei??n]n. 立法;法律67, administrative [?d'ministr?tiv]adj. 管理的,行政的68, regulation [,reɡju'lei??n]n. 管理;规则;校准adj. 规定的;平常的69, choke [t??uk]vt. 呛;使窒息;阻塞;抑制;扑灭vi. 窒息;阻塞;说不出话来n. 窒息;噎;[动力] 阻气门70, practice ['pr?ktis]n. 实践;练习;惯例vi. 练习;实习;实行vt. 练习;实习;实行71, ombudsmen ['?mbudzm?n, ?m'budzm?n]n. 监察员;民政专员72, whistleblower告发者;检举者73, transparent [tr?ns'p?r?nt, -'pε?-, tr?nz-, trɑ:n-] adj. 透明的;显然的;坦率的;易懂的74, procurement [pr?u'kju?m?nt]n. 采购;获得,取得75, accounting [?'kaunti?]n. 会计,会计学;帐单v. 解释(account的ing形式);叙述76, auditing ['?:diti?]n. 审计;[审计] 查帐v. 审计;查账(audit的现在分词)77, requirement [ri'kwai?m?nt]n. 要求;必要条件;必需品78, entity ['ent?ti]n. 实体;存在;本质79, reform [ri'f?:m]n. 改革,改良;改正vt. 改革,革新;重新组成vi. 重组;改过adj. 改革的;改革教会的80, institution [,insti'tju:??n]n. 制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗81, institutional [,insti'tju:??n?l]adj. 制度的;制度上的;学会的82, design [di'zain]vt. 设计;计划;构思n. 设计;图案vi. 设计83, compliance [k?m'plai?ns]n. 顺从,服从;承诺84, beneficiary [,beni'fi??ri]n. [金融] 受益人,受惠者;封臣adj. 拥有封地的;受圣俸的85, inimical [i'nimik?l]adj. 敌意的;有害的86, repugnant [ri'p?ɡn?nt]adj. 讨厌的;矛盾的;敌对的87, accountable [?'kaunt?bl]adj. 有责任的;有解释义务的;可解释的88, durable ['dju?r?bl]adj. 耐用的,持久的n. 耐用品89, dimension [di'men??n, dai-]n. [数] 维;尺寸;次元;容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的90, norm [n?:m]n. 规范,基准;定额,分配之工作量91, financial [fai'n?n??l] adj. 金融的;财政的,财务的92, discipline ['disiplin]n. 学科;纪律;训练;惩罚vt. 训练,训导;惩戒93, operational [,?p?'rei??n?l] adj. 操作的;运作的94, perspective [p?'spektiv]n. 观点;远景;透视图adj. 透视的95, oppose [?'p?uz]vt. 反对;对抗,抗争vi. 反对96, conditioning [k?n'di??ni?]n. 调节;条件作用;整修v. 以…为条件(condition的ing形式)97, loan [l?un]n. 贷款;借款vi. 借出vt. 借;借给98, grant [ɡrɑ:nt, ɡr?nt]vt. 授予;允许;承认vi. 同意n. 拨款;[法] 授予物99, commitment [k?'mitm?nt]n. 承诺,保证;委托;承担义务;献身100, ultimately ['?ltim?tli] adv. 最后;根本;基本上101, morally ['m?r?li, 'm?:-] adv. 道德上;有道德地;确实地102, welfare ['welfε?]n. 福利;幸福;福利事业;安宁adj. 福利的;接受社会救济的103, estrange [i'streind?]vt. 使疏远;离间104, plague [pleiɡ]n. 瘟疫;灾祸;麻烦;讨厌的人vt. 折磨;使苦恼;使得灾祸105, starvation [stɑ:'vei??n]n. 饿死;挨饿;绝食106, assumption [?'s?mp??n]n. 假定;设想;担任;采取107, influential [,influ'en??l]adj. 有影响的;有势力的108, dramatic [dr?'m?tik,-k?l]adj. 戏剧的;引人注目的;激动人心的109, infant ['inf?nt]n. 婴儿;幼儿;未成年人adj. 婴儿的;幼稚的;初期的;未成年的110, mortality [m?:'t?l?ti]n. 死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运111, replacement [ri'pleism?nt]n. 更换;复位;代替者;补充兵员112, outnumber [,aut'n?mb?]vt. 数目超过;比…多113, sponsor ['sp?ns?]n. 赞助者;主办者;保证人vt. 赞助;发起114, procreate ['pr?ukrieit]vi. 生育(子女);产生vt. 生殖115, incentive [in'sentiv]n. 动机;刺激adj. 激励的;刺激的116, explicitly [ik'splisitli]adv. 明确地;明白地117, pronatalist [pr?u'neit?list]adj. 鼓励提高人口出生率的;多生育主义者的n. 主张提高人口出生率的人;多生育主义者118, otherwise ['?e?waiz]adv. 否则;另外;在其他方面adj. 另外的;其他方面的119, imperial [im'pi?ri?l]adj. 帝国的;皇帝的;至高无上的;威严的n. 纸张尺寸;特等品120, parenthood ['pε?r?nt,hud]n. 亲子关系;父母身分121, dictator [dik'teit?, 'dikteit?] n. 独裁者;命令者122, multiply ['m?ltiplai]vt. 乘;使增加;使繁殖;使相乘vi. 乘;繁殖;增加adv. 多样地;复合地adj. 多层的;多样的123, fertility [f?'tiliti]n. 多产;肥沃;[农经] 生产力;丰饶124, recur [ri'k?:]vi. 复发;重现;采用;再来;循环;递归125, tendency ['tend?nsi]n. 倾向,趋势;癖好126, civilization [,sivilai'zei??n, -li'z-] n. 文明;文化127, reproduction [,ri:pr?'d?k??n]n. 繁殖,生殖;复制;复制品128, primordial [prai'm?:dj?l]adj. 原始的;根本的;原生的129, coerce [k?u'?:s]vt. 强制,迫使130, genital ['d?enitl]adj. 生殖的;生殖器的n. 生殖器;外阴部131, mutilation [,mju:ti'lei??n]n. 毁损;残缺;切断132, abortion [?'b?:??n]n. 流产,小产;流产的胎儿133, infanticide [in'f?ntisaid]n. 杀婴,杀婴者;杀婴犯;杀婴罪134, econabbr. 经济(economic );经济模式(economics )135,military ['milit?ri]adj. 军事的;军人的;适于战争的n. 军队;军人136, conquest ['k??kwest]n. 征服,战胜;战利品137, granary ['ɡr?n?ri]n. 谷仓,粮仓;盛产粮食的地区138, raid [reid]n. 袭击;突袭;搜捕;抢劫vi. 对…进行突然袭击vt. 袭击,突袭139, rape [reip]n. 强奸,掠夺;[园艺] 油菜;葡萄渣vt. 强奸;掠夺,抢夺vi. 犯强奸罪140, domestication [d?u,mestikei??n]n. 驯养;教化141, surplus ['s?:pl?s, -pl?s]n. 剩余;[贸易] 顺差;盈余;过剩adj. 剩余的;过剩的142, pyramid ['pir?mid]n. 金字塔;角锥体vi. 渐增;上涨;成金字塔状vt. 使…渐增;使…上涨;使…成金字塔状143, fateful ['feitful]adj. 重大的;决定性的;宿命的144, abundance [?'b?nd?ns]n. 充裕,丰富145, demographic [,dem?'ɡr?fik,-k?l]adj. 人口统计学的;人口学的n. 威胁;恐吓vi. 恐吓;进行威胁vt. 威胁;恐吓147, tribe [traib]n. 部落;族;宗族;一伙148, warrior ['w?ri?, 'w?:-]n. 战士,勇士;鼓吹战争的人149, fierce [fi?s]adj. 凶猛的;猛烈的;暴躁的150, valiant ['v?lj?nt]adj. 英勇的,勇敢的n. 勇士;勇敢的人151, prevail [pri'veil, pri:-]vi. 盛行,流行;战胜,获胜152, pouring ['p?:ri?]v. 倾泻;倾诉(pour的ing形式)n. [冶] 浇注;传布153, loot [lu:t]n. 战利品;抢劫;掠夺品vt. 抢劫,洗劫;强夺vi. 洗劫,掠夺;抢劫154, colony ['k?l?ni]n. 殖民地;移民队155, dreary ['dri?ri]adj. 沉闷的,枯燥的156, chore [t??:]n. 家庭杂务;日常的零星事务;讨厌的或累人的工作157, dearth [d?:θ]n. 缺乏;饥馑;粮食不足adj. 一般的,普通的;综合的;大体的n. 一般;将军,上将;常规159, decay [di'kei]vi. 衰退,[核] 衰减;腐烂,腐朽n. 衰退,[核] 衰减;腐烂,腐朽vt. 使腐烂,使腐败;使衰退,使衰落160, lament [l?'ment]n. 挽歌;恸哭;悲痛之情vi. 哀悼;悲叹;悔恨vt. 哀悼;痛惜161, perverted [p?'v?:tid]adj. 歪曲的;不正当的;性变态的v. 使入歧途(pervert的过去分词)162, pas sion ['pn]n. 激情;热情;酷爱;盛怒163, idle ['aidl]adj. 闲置的;懒惰的;停顿的vi. 无所事事;虚度;空转vt. 虚度;使空转164, dronesn. 雄蜂;(英)懒汉;遥控飞机(drone的复数形式)v. 混(日子);懒散地打发时间(drone的三单形式);闲散度日(drone的三单形式)165, hegemonic [,heɡi'm?nik, hed?i-] adj. 霸权的;支配的166, collapsn. 塌陷167, overrun [,?uv?'r?n, '?uv?r?n]n. 泛滥成灾;超出限度vt. 泛滥;超过;蹂躏vi. 泛滥;蔓延168, obnoxious [?b'n?k??s]adj. 讨厌的;可憎的;不愉快的169, enlightened [in'lait?nd]adj. 开明的;文明的;进步的;被启发的v. 启迪(enlighten的过去式)。
研究生考试必会的英语[1]
![研究生考试必会的英语[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/42885483ec3a87c24028c489.png)
研究生考试必会的单词adandon vt. ①放弃②抛弃(妻子儿女)出现频率5次discard vt. 丢弃,抛弃(老朋友或旧物)出现频率5次reject vt. ①丢弃②排斥,退掉③拒绝,抵制,驳回出现频率8次resign vt. 辞去,辞职出现频率2次quit vt. ①停止,放弃,辞职②离开,退出出现频率1次abolish vt. 废除(法律,制度或习俗等),取消出现频率3次eliminate vt. 消除出现频率8次enforce vt. ①强制②实行,执行出现频率1次oblige vt. ①迫使②责成③帮(使)感激,施恩于出现频率3次compel vt. 强迫,迫使出现频率4次impose vt. ①(on)把…强加给②征(税)出现频率6次render vt. ①使得,致使②提出,提供,呈报出现频率5次arbitrary a. 任意的,专断的出现频率2次compulsory a. 强制的,义务的,(课程)必修的出现频率1次alternative a. 两者挑一的// n.可供选择的事物,替换物,选择对象出现频率4次voluntary a. 自愿的,志愿的出现频率1次efficient a. ①有能力的,能胜任的②有效的,效率高的出现频率8次competent a. 有能力的,胜任的出现频率7次proficient a. 熟练的,精通的出现频率2次sophisticated a. ①老练的,老于世故的②尖端的,复杂的,先进的出现频率1次eff iciency n. ①效率②功效出现频率7次potential n. 潜能,潜力// a. ①潜在的,可能的②势的,位的出现频率14次productivity n. 生产率wisdom n. ①智慧,明智②名言,格言出现频率4次resource n. ①[pl.]资源,财力②办法,智谋③应变之才出现频率1次appropriate a. (to)适当的,恰如其分的// vt. ①私占,侵吞,挪用②拨出(款项等)供专用出现频率14次available a. ①可用的,可得到的②可以见到的,随时可来的出现频率22次liable a. ①(to+inf)有…倾向的,易于…的②(for)有责任的,有义务的出现频率4次bound a. ①必定的,一定的,理应…,被束缚的②准备(或正在)到…去的,开往…的//v./n.跳(跃)出现频率9次inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然发生的出现频率5次potential a. ①潜在的,可能的②势的,位的出现频率14次tendency n. 趋向,趋势出现频率2次interior a. 内部的,里面的//n.①内部,内地出现频率10次internal a. ①内部的,内的②国内的,内政的external a. 外部的,外面的,外表的出现频率5次surface n. 表面,面,外表出现频率6次superficial a. ①表面的②肤浅的,浅薄的出现频率3次inherent a. (in)固有的,内在的,天生的出现频率2次spontaneous a. (冲动。
研究生英语综合教程单词表

adversity n逆境、不幸、厄运aftermath n后果、余波alleyway n 小巷、胡同altruism n 利他主义、无私anodyne adj 不冒犯他人的、四平八稳的aspire v 最求、渴望、有志于bliss n 极乐,无上幸福bona fide a dj 真正的、真实的bromide n 意在使人消气却没有效果的话dazed adj 茫然的、迷乱的、恍惚的encompass v覆盖、围住excruciating adj 剧烈疼痛的gratifying adj 令人高兴的、使人满足的harrowing a dj 折磨人的、可怕的、令人痛苦的ineffable a dj 难以名状的、不可言喻legacy n 遗留下来的状况mind-blowing adj 令人极度的、非常奇怪的neurological n 神经的nostalgia n对往昔事物的留恋、怀旧情绪ordeal n 可怕的经历、痛苦的折磨paramount a dj 至高无上的、最重要的province n 范围、领域、职责范围preoccupied adj 全神贯注的、入神的refrain n 一再重复的话rheumatoid arthritis n 类风湿性关节炎shrivel v 皱缩、干枯、干瘪steroid n 类固醇tranquil adj 平静的、宁静的、安谧的traumatic a dj 痛苦难忘的、造成精神创伤的tribulation n 苦难ultramarathoner n 超级马拉松vomit v 呕吐、呕出、吐出wimp n 懦弱无用的人anecdote n 趣闻、轶事auditory adj 听觉的boon n 恩物、有用之物circuitry n电路系统conduit n 渠道、通道consortium n 财团、联合企业curtail v 缩减、消减decoder n 解码器disengaged adj 自由的、未约束的duly adv 适当的、恰当的etch v 蚀刻、fidgety adj 烦躁的、坐立不安的footnote n 脚注forage v 四处搜寻godsend v 及时雨hyperlink n超文本链接ideogram n 表意文字longish adj 略长的、相当长的neural adj 神经的、神经系统的pithy adj 精辟的remap v 重新绘制staccato adj 断音的、断奏的telltale adj 暴露真相terse adj 简短的thicket n 灌木丛、小树丛voracious a dj 贪吃的wayward adj 倔强的adversary n对手almighty god n 全能的上帝anew adv 重新beachhead n滩头堡belabor v 强调embattled a dj 问题缠身engulf v 严重影响foe n 敌人forebear n 祖先、祖宗heed v 听从invective n咒骂invoke v 唤起outpace v 超过、胜过reverend adj 值得尊敬的subversion n 颠覆symbolize v象征tribulation n 苦难twilight n 曙光暮色tyranny n 暴政unleash v 释放出、发泄writ n 书面命令anemic adj 没有活力的awash adj 被水或其他液体浸过的bawl v 叫嚷、大喊bawl n 叫嚷、大喊bleach v 使变淡、变白coyote n 丛林狼decipher v 辨认、解释defiant adj 违抗的、挑衅的defoliate v使….落叶dictum n 断言、意见、宣言doe n 雌兔、雌鹿dust bowl n干旱尘暴区extirpate v消灭、根除fang n 尖牙ford v 涉水而过gleanings n费力搜索到的零星信息juniper n 刺柏、maul v 撕…的皮肉、抓裂maze n 迷宫似得的街道/小路melee n 混乱局面molder v 腐烂、腐朽rattle n 格格声requisite n必需品sage n 鼠尾草scuffle n 扭打seedling n 种苗、幼苗shears n 大剪刀spruce v 显得更加整齐干净supple adj 灵活的tingle v 感到刺痛torrent n 湍流、急流tyro n 新手、生手wag v 狗摇尾巴whinny n\v (马)撕叫willow n 柳树writhe v 剧烈地扭动身体affective a dj 感情anecdotal a dj 轶事的、趣闻的arousal n 唤起beset v 困扰、使苦恼disinterest n 缺乏兴趣fester v 恶化irritant n 烦躁的事物mentality n心态obituary n 讣告outpouring n 强烈感情的不断流露peripheral adj 次要的、非主要的populist adj 声称代表人民的、平明主义的sermon n 布道、讲道syndicate v通过报业联合会安排出售给多家报刊发表audible adj 声音听得见auspicious adj 吉利的、吉祥的bulky adj 庞大的、宽大的circumscribe v 约束、限制comport v 行动、表现comportment n 举止、行为cosmopolitan adj 见识广的、兼容并包的delineate v描绘、描写demographics n 人口统计数据detergent n洗涤剂、洗衣粉distaste n 不喜欢franchise n特许经营权garish adj 过于艳丽的generality n 普遍性、共同性ingrained a dj 根深蒂固的、难以改变的jolly adj 欢乐的、愉快的miniscule(minuscule)adj 很小nuance n 细微差别pretest n 预先测试self-effacing adj 避免引人注目的subtlety n 微妙的思想supplant v 取代、代替tadpole n 蝌蚪unpalatable adj 难吃的。
研究生英语第一课单词

Unit One-- College Pressure●Desperately =frustrated 绝望的,沮丧的●Conceive(1)怀孕she has just conceived a baby.(2)产生(ideas)conceive a new ideaConceivable 想象的inconceivable 难以想象的●Incredible难以置信的Incredibly●Fall behind 落后了I’ve fallen incredibly, inconceivably behind.●Totally blew/blow it 搞砸了●Anxious a. Anxiety n.焦虑●Leave town 出城了●Bugging out =run away =To start doing sth逃避I left town because I bugging out again.●Go to the dentist (说dentist能博得很多同情)●Get back to my studies回到学习上,专心学习●Take a lot out of me 累死我了This whole thing has taken a lot out of me.●Be up the creek=be in difficulty遇到难处了creek(从山上流下来的很小的溪流)I’m up the creek.Creek, brook小溪,小河n.●Proverb 谚语pro- 支持the pros and cons of sth问题的正反面Proverbial 众所周知的Verbal 愿意、善于用语言表达自己verb 有时候是语言,不是动词I’m up the proverbial creek.●Need the course for my major 非常需要这门专业课成绩● A tale of woe 悲惨的故事woe= sadnessHere follows a tale of woe.The book tells a tale of woe.●Pile up堆积Nothing original but everything is piling up at once.事情都堆到一起了●Mononucleosis 单核细胞增多症●Wretched 可怜的,可悲的A poor little boy =A wretched little boy●Supplicant恳求者●Scribble潦草地写-script- 写=writingManu-人工,手工,manuscript手稿manual a.手动的Transcript(1)手抄本(书记员把陈述写出来);(2)成绩单;(3)编剧●Be laden with =be loaded with 充满I’m laden with anxiety.●Balm 原谅●Residential colleges 住校生的学院●Young man /young women girl, boy他们一般用前两个词,不用boy, girl●Slipped under his door 从门缝下塞进去●From coast to coast●High academic standards 学术水平的高低是美国学校好坏的标准●Gallows humor都要上绞刑架了还说笑幽默gallows 绞刑架●Authentic =true 真实的●Panicky a. panic n. 惊恐,恐慌in a panic●Gothic quadrangle 哥特式四角楼●Be privy to +n. 了如指掌(内心隐藏的东西我都知晓)I am privy to their hopes and fears.一般只这么说/expectations and fears●pierce v. 穿、刺piercing cries 刺耳的叫声have ears pierced 穿耳洞●in the dead of night深夜●the road ahead is a long one; unexpected turnsMainly I try to remind them that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns.●Unswervingly 不动摇地(常用)swerve v. 动摇(不常用)Make consistent efforts 不屈不挠地●Presumably 应当说,应该是●Grave n.墓地;adj.严峻的,严重的 a grave problem; a grave situation●Clammy a. 冒汗的●Grip v. 紧紧抓住Some release from clammy grip of the future●Savor = taste and experience尝试,品尝不是enjoySegment =part Savor each segment●grim a.严峻的●trip v.绊倒to trip and fallThe rock trips me.I just trip over the rock.●Instructive 有教育意义的●Bureau 局●Victims 受难者●Inevitable 不可避免的=unavoidable●Proclaim (1)赞美,赞扬;(2)声称●The right to fail●National god●Venerate =respect =revere Veneration n.●Revere v. Reverent a. reverence n.reveratev. irreverent a. 不值得尊敬地●Defer v. deference n. in deference of = in respect of 遵循…●In our praise of possessionsPossess 拥有Possessions n. 财富material possession/wealth物质财富●In the presence of 在…面前I’m shy in the presence of my girlfriend parents.●Potent=powerful potential impotent 无能的(男性性无能)A potent state religion●Omni- 全omnipotent无所不能的omnipresent无所不在的omniscient 无所不知的●Science=knowing conscience 良知的conscious con-一起的,良知的●Herbivorous 食草的carnivorous食肉的omnivorous 杂食的●Induce 引发=trigger =evoke =elicitYour failure to try hard/make efforts may trigger such a result.His words trigger our sympathy.●Batter v. 打击battery n. (1)打击(2)电池He was put into prison because wife battery.●Cellular a.蜂窝电池的cell phone prison cell 监仓(监狱里关犯人的小房间)●Inflation通货膨胀●Endowment 捐赠give给,赋予grant (可以继承享有,但不能处置)= bestow= Endow art endowment 艺术捐赠(白给的)= conferAward= offer=afford = (give)Scholarship(要干活的)奖学金, grant, endowment 奖学金(白给的)●Heating 暖气●Postage 邮费●Premium (1)保费coverage 保额insurance coverage health-premium cost(2)好的premium card●Deficits 赤字●Paupers 贫民●Accrue 累积+钱accrue $5000●Lower-interest 低息●Exhorted 被鼓舞●Commencement ceremony 毕业典礼,一般都只说commencement,ceremony不说Commence=start=begin 开始●Go forth into the world 走向社会●Reckon(1)算账day of reckoning 算账的日子(跟公司算帐;不好好学习父母跟你算账)(2)认为,考虑I reckon that =consider…我认为●Brevity n.简洁●Justify to justify:用合理的理由去解释理性的Justification you are late, can you give me some justifications?Justifiable 不可以用合理的理由解释的it is not justifiable.●Be equipped with 拥有了…;被武装起来的●Along with A goes B 不仅有A还有BAlong with economic pressure goes parental pressure.●Intertwined 缠绕在一起,不可分开的A is an integral part ofB A是B不可分割的部分The two are deeply intertwined.●Premedical courses 学医的预选课程●Tenacity 坚韧不拔的精神tenacious 坚忍不拔的●Conviction信念=true belief convict 给…定罪to convict sb给谁定罪He is a convicted man.他已经被定罪了●Be caught in webs of love and duty and guiltThey are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilty.●The parents mean well. 他们的本意是好的● A secure future●Classics 古典学history or classics or philosophy●Payoff v.回报=reward rewarding a. 值得最的,收获最多的most rewarding experience●Faculty 教职员工faculties(复数)= ability 能力The intellectual faculties developed●Synthetic materials合成材料synthesis n.to synthesize v. A with B=to integrate to integrate my ability with the abilitiesinto the group abilities=to incorporateSynthesize 只能●An ability to synthesize and relate综合和联系能力●To weigh cause and effectIt’s important to weigh the pros and cons before making a decision.●To see events in perspective●To examinesth审视,审查The present essay is going to examine the feature of this new material.●I have heard it put = I have heard someone said●Tear v. 撕扯tore torn●To fulfill their parents’ expectations /to meet someone’s expectation●Presumably wiser presumably应当说,应当是After all, the parents are older and presumably wiser.●Peer pressure●Self-induced pressure● A and B are also intertwined.Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined.●Symptomatic a. symptom n. (1)病症;(2)社会的征兆●Get blocked卡住了●Bug out逃避,退却,(眼球)暴突●Break the circle 打破循环Break the circle in which they are trapped. 打破陷入困境的循环●Be jolted into 被震到(晃一下身体,晃醒)●Shape v. 塑造shape their own futureMy parents’ words shaped me.Traditional Chinese culture has shaped everyone.●Violence is being done. 很残暴的Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience.●Codified a.加密码的●Slot 缝,槽(桌子和桌子之间的缝隙,游戏币投币口的槽)Token 游戏币,地铁代币Fit into certain slot 一个萝卜一个坑Fit into the best-paying slot●Mediocrity n.平庸人(中等、一般,不优秀)mediocre a.●Drab =dreary= boring 无聊的●Solemn a. 严肃的,不苟言笑的● A lot (1)许多,很多;(2)lot 地块,a lot , parking lot(3)一群a lot, 一群人a solemn lot 一群不苟言笑的人●Extracurricular课外的extracurricular pursuit 课外追求,课外活动●Predecessor 前辈●Row on the crew 在划船队划船●Self-limiting 自我限制●Crunch 关键点,难点●Get ahead 领先的●Start from a different point 起点不同●Bound for a different destination 目的地不同bound for 开往,驶向● A tonic 功能饮料(喝了能有能量和活力的,例如“红牛”)●Labor leader 公会领袖labor union 公会trade union 贸易会● A mixed bag of achievers各式各样的成功者●Knew all along一直以来就知道all along 自始自终●Circuitous route弯路●Detour n. 绕弯的路many detours●Be startled 惊讶=be surprised=be shocked=be stunned stunning beauty 美得惊为人天(只能用stun,其他的词不可以用)stunning new 爆炸新闻=be astonished●Conceive of 想到●Allow the hand of God or chance 让上帝之手或偶然的●Nudge v. 用手肘顶别人,轻推They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.。
考研英语必备词汇

考研英语必备词汇考研英语必备词汇考研英语必备词汇1考研英语必备词汇1productivity n.生产率profession n.职业,专业,表白,宣布professional a.职业的,专门的n.自由职业者,专业人员professor n.教授proficiency n.(in)熟练,精通profile n.侧面(像);轮廓,外形;人物简介profit n.利润,收益v.(by,from)得利,获益;有利于profitable a.有利可图的,有益的profound a.深刻的,意义深远的;渊博的,造诣深的programme n.(program)节目,计划,规划,程序v.编程序progress v./n.进步,进展;前进progressive a.进步的,先进的;前进的prohibit v.禁止,不准;阻止project n.方案,工程,项目v.投射,放映;设计,规划projector n.放映机,幻灯机,投影仪prolong v.拉长,延长,拖延prominent a.突起的,凸出的;突出的,杰出的promise v.允许,答应;有可能n.承诺;希望,出息promising a.有希望的,有前途的promote v.促进,发扬;提升,提拔;增进,助长prompt a.敏捷的,迅速的,即刻的v.激起,促进,推动考研英语必备词汇2备受考生关注的《全国硕士研究生招生考试英语考试大纲》(以下简称大纲)于20xx年8月26日新鲜出炉,从整体上看,今年的大纲与去年相比,没有任何变化,因此,各位考生大可按照既定的复习思路继续备考。
那么相对于试卷上客观存在的5类题型,很多考生在备考过程中容易忽略掉一个最最基础的内容词汇。
本文将结合最新的考纲及真题,为各位考生总结归纳9月份以后词汇备考策略。
到了9月份以后,考生们开始专注于各个题型的解题技巧的学习或真题的演练。
而做过真题的同学必然会发现,通过解题技巧定位出题目答案所在的范围后,面临的最大的问题就是锁定的那句话读不明白,原因很简单:单词不认识。
全国硕士研究生招生考试英语单词

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语单词The National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree in China, also known as the postgraduate entrance examination, is a crucial examination for those who wish to pursue a master's degree. The English vocabulary section of the examination plays a significant role in assessing the candidates' English language proficiency. In this article, we will explore some essential English words that frequently appear in the National Entrance Examination for Master's Degree.1. Comprehend。
The ability to comprehend is vital for success in the examination. Candidates should have a thorough understanding of the meaning and usage of various English words. It is essential to comprehend the nuances and context in which these words are used.2. Synonym。
In the examination, candidates may encounter questions that require them to find synonyms for given words. It is crucial to have a wide range of vocabulary and be able to identify words with similar meanings. Building a strong foundation of synonyms will help candidates tackle such questions effectively.3. Antonym。
研究生英语单词汇总

45.strife争吵;冲突;敌对
46.radiant放射光线的;闪烁明亮的
47.cling to(sth.)抓住,粘住,坚持
48.break through突破,透过
49.be indifferent to(sth.)对…不感兴趣的;漠不关心的
50.dawn on/upon(sb.)开始现出;变得(为人所)明白
29.parable寓言;比喻
30.demise(法律)死亡
31.be reconciled to克服(对…的)反对;顺从(于);听从(于)
32.contradictory互相矛盾的
33.evanescent迅速掉落的;不久便被遗忘的
34.eternity永恒;来世
35.relentless无慈悲的;不怜悯的
26. munch用力咀嚼;大声咀嚼
27. junk废弃的旧物;破烂物
28. caution警告;小心;谨慎
29. triumph成功;胜利;成功或胜利的喜悦
30. shoelace鞋带
31. landmark界标;里程碑
32. flounder挣扎;(喻)踌躇或混乱地做事
33. dumb哑的;愚蠢的
15.bias偏见
16.calamity灾难;极不幸的事
17.cinders煤渣
18.curb控制
19.deficit赤字
20.depict描写
21.diarrhea腹泻
22.dramatically戏剧性的;显著的
23.episode插曲;独立的一段事
24.exaggeration夸张,夸大
25.featherweight不重要的人或物
Unit One
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ab ortion 流产,堕胎accessible容易取得的,容易获得的ack now ledge承认acqui siti on收购ad ore 崇拜,爱慕all ocate分配amb itiou s 有雄心的,有野心的asp irati on强烈的愿望,抱负bleak阴冷的,阴郁的,凄凉的categorize分类,归类coll ab orati on合作,协作commitment承诺,保证,承担的义务competitive具有竞争力的comp ulsory 强制性的,义务的confr ont 使不得不面对,勇敢地面对,正视consultant 顾问corp orate法人团体的,公司的coun selin g 心理辅导counterp art相对应或具有相同功能的人或物courtesy礼貌,殷勤decline下降,减少,衰退deficiency 缺乏,短缺,不足deviation 背离,偏差deviou s 刁滑的,不诚实的dign ity 尊重dilige nt 勤勉的,细致而坚持不懈的dip 蘸dish one st 欺骗的,不诚实的,欺诈的disrespect 不尊重,不尊敬don ate 捐献entrepreneu r 企业家escort护送estate 地产excellence卓越,杰出executi on执行,履行,完成,处决extract拔出,抽出facet 面,情况,局面facilitate使便利,减轻......的困难factual事实的,真实的flattering 比真实更美的foster 培养,促进function al有利的,实用的gloomy 沮丧的,悲观的herb 芳草,草药heritage 继承物,遗产high light着重,使突出,强调ideali st 理想主义者incorp or ate 包含Influ x 流入,注入ingre dient成分innov ation 改革,革新,创新instrume ntal重要的,起作用的integr ate 使结合,使成一体intent 目的,意图intention al故意的intention ally故意地,有意地justifiable有理由的,情有可原的layoff 裁员,下岗lease出租,租约liar说谎者maximize 使增加到最大限度medi a 传播媒介,媒体milli on aire百万富翁minimal最小的,极少的noti on 概念,观念novelty 小玩具,小装饰品nuclear 核子的omi ssi on省略,删除opti on 选择,选择的项目par ad ox 有明显的矛盾特点的事物/人passi on ate 热情的pathetic可悲的,可怜的peculi arity 特性,特质pensi on养老personality 个性prestige 威信,威望,声望prevalent流行的,盛行的,普遍的prod uctivity 生产率,生产力prof ound深刻的,意义深远的prosper发达,兴隆,昌盛purity 纯,纯洁,纯正,洁净raider非法盗用者reassure使放心,使消除疑虑repay 偿还,付还resent 不满于,愤恨riot 骚乱sentiment思想感情,情绪serge ant军事,中士shrew d 精明的,狡猾的simult ane ou sly 同时地spare 节省,节约,舍不得,吝惜spouse配偶,夫,妻子stereotype陈规,老套,旧框柜strok e 抚摸,敲,击subtle微妙的testify 证明,作证theol ogy神学therapy 疗法tick钟的嘀嗒声toothp aste 牙膏transaction 一笔交易,办理,处理upgr ade升级uphe aval激变,剧变utilizati on利用vest 背心,汗衫violati on违纪,违背w ithhold 不给,拒绝ab ortion 流产,堕胎accessible容易取得的,容易获得的ack now ledge承认acqui siti on收购ad ore 崇拜,爱慕all ocate分配amb itiou s 有雄心的,有野心的asp irati on强烈的愿望,抱负bleak阴冷的,阴郁的,凄凉的categorize分类,归类coll ab orati on合作,协作commitment承诺,保证,承担的义务competitive具有竞争力的comp ulsory 强制性的,义务的confr ont 使不得不面对,勇敢地面对,正视consultant 顾问corp orate法人团体的,公司的coun selin g 心理辅导counterp art相对应或具有相同功能的人或物courtesy礼貌,殷勤decline下降,减少,衰退deficiency 缺乏,短缺,不足deviation 背离,偏差deviou s 刁滑的,不诚实的dign ity 尊重dilige nt 勤勉的,细致而坚持不懈的dip 蘸dish one st 欺骗的,不诚实的,欺诈的disrespect 不尊重,不尊敬don ate 捐献entrepreneu r 企业家escort护送estate 地产excellence卓越,杰出executi on执行,履行,完成,处决extract拔出,抽出facet 面,情况,局面facilitate使便利,减轻......的困难factual事实的,真实的flattering 比真实更美的foster 培养,促进function al有利的,实用的gloomy 沮丧的,悲观的herb 芳草,草药heritage 继承物,遗产high light着重,使突出,强调ideali st 理想主义者incorp or ate 包含Influ x 流入,注入ingre dient成分innov ation 改革,革新,创新instrume ntal重要的,起作用的integr ate 使结合,使成一体intent 目的,意图intention al故意的intention ally故意地,有意地justifiable有理由的,情有可原的layoff 裁员,下岗lease出租,租约liar说谎者maximize 使增加到最大限度medi a 传播媒介,媒体milli on aire百万富翁minimal最小的,极少的noti on 概念,观念novelty 小玩具,小装饰品nuclear 核子的omi ssi on省略,删除opti on 选择,选择的项目par ad ox 有明显的矛盾特点的事物/人passi on ate 热情的pathetic可悲的,可怜的peculi arity 特性,特质pensi on养老personality 个性prestige 威信,威望,声望prevalent流行的,盛行的,普遍的prod uctivity 生产率,生产力prof ound深刻的,意义深远的prosper发达,兴隆,昌盛purity 纯,纯洁,纯正,洁净raider非法盗用者reassure使放心,使消除疑虑repay 偿还,付还resent 不满于,愤恨riot 骚乱sentiment思想感情,情绪serge ant军事,中士shrew d 精明的,狡猾的simult ane ou sly 同时地spare 节省,节约,舍不得,吝惜spouse配偶,夫,妻子stereotype陈规,老套,旧框柜strok e 抚摸,敲,击subtle微妙的testify 证明,作证theol ogy神学therapy 疗法tick钟的嘀嗒声toothp aste 牙膏transaction 一笔交易,办理,处理upgr ade升级uphe aval激变,剧变utilizati on利用vest 背心,汗衫violati on违纪,违背w ithhold 不给,拒绝ab ortion 流产,堕胎accessible容易取得的,容易获得的ack now ledge承认acqui siti on收购ad ore 崇拜,爱慕all ocate分配amb itiou s 有雄心的,有野心的asp irati on强烈的愿望,抱负bleak阴冷的,阴郁的,凄凉的categorize分类,归类coll ab orati on合作,协作commitment承诺,保证,承担的义务competitive具有竞争力的comp ulsory 强制性的,义务的confr ont 使不得不面对,勇敢地面对,正视consultant 顾问corp orate法人团体的,公司的coun selin g 心理辅导counterp art相对应或具有相同功能的人或物courtesy礼貌,殷勤decline下降,减少,衰退deficiency 缺乏,短缺,不足deviation 背离,偏差deviou s 刁滑的,不诚实的dign ity 尊重dilige nt 勤勉的,细致而坚持不懈的dip 蘸dish one st 欺骗的,不诚实的,欺诈的disrespect 不尊重,不尊敬don ate 捐献entrepreneu r 企业家escort护送estate 地产excellence卓越,杰出executi on执行,履行,完成,处决extract拔出,抽出facet 面,情况,局面facilitate使便利,减轻......的困难factual事实的,真实的flattering 比真实更美的foster 培养,促进function al有利的,实用的gloomy 沮丧的,悲观的herb 芳草,草药heritage 继承物,遗产high light着重,使突出,强调ideali st 理想主义者incorp or ate 包含Influ x 流入,注入ingre dient成分innov ation 改革,革新,创新instrume ntal重要的,起作用的integr ate 使结合,使成一体intent 目的,意图intention al故意的intention ally故意地,有意地justifiable有理由的,情有可原的layoff 裁员,下岗lease出租,租约liar说谎者maximize 使增加到最大限度medi a 传播媒介,媒体milli on aire百万富翁minimal最小的,极少的noti on 概念,观念novelty 小玩具,小装饰品nuclear 核子的omi ssi on省略,删除opti on 选择,选择的项目par ad ox 有明显的矛盾特点的事物/人passi on ate 热情的pathetic可悲的,可怜的peculi arity 特性,特质pensi on养老personality 个性prestige 威信,威望,声望prevalent流行的,盛行的,普遍的prod uctivity 生产率,生产力prof ound深刻的,意义深远的prosper发达,兴隆,昌盛purity 纯,纯洁,纯正,洁净raider非法盗用者reassure使放心,使消除疑虑repay 偿还,付还resent 不满于,愤恨riot 骚乱sentiment思想感情,情绪serge ant军事,中士shrew d 精明的,狡猾的simult ane ou sly 同时地spare 节省,节约,舍不得,吝惜spouse配偶,夫,妻子stereotype陈规,老套,旧框柜strok e 抚摸,敲,击subtle微妙的testify 证明,作证theol ogy神学therapy 疗法tick钟的嘀嗒声toothp aste 牙膏transaction 一笔交易,办理,处理upgr ade升级uphe aval激变,剧变utilizati on利用vest 背心,汗衫violati on违纪,违背w ithhold 不给,拒绝ab ortion 流产,堕胎accessible容易取得的,容易获得的ack now ledge承认acqui siti on收购ad ore 崇拜,爱慕all ocate分配amb itiou s 有雄心的,有野心的asp irati on强烈的愿望,抱负bleak阴冷的,阴郁的,凄凉的categorize分类,归类coll ab orati on合作,协作commitment承诺,保证,承担的义务competitive具有竞争力的comp ulsory 强制性的,义务的confr ont 使不得不面对,勇敢地面对,正视consultant 顾问corp orate法人团体的,公司的coun selin g 心理辅导counterp art相对应或具有相同功能的人或物courtesy礼貌,殷勤decline下降,减少,衰退deficiency 缺乏,短缺,不足deviation 背离,偏差deviou s 刁滑的,不诚实的dign ity 尊重dilige nt 勤勉的,细致而坚持不懈的dip 蘸dish one st 欺骗的,不诚实的,欺诈的disrespect 不尊重,不尊敬don ate 捐献entrepreneu r 企业家escort护送estate 地产excellence卓越,杰出executi on执行,履行,完成,处决extract拔出,抽出facet 面,情况,局面facilitate使便利,减轻......的困难factual事实的,真实的flattering 比真实更美的foster 培养,促进function al有利的,实用的gloomy 沮丧的,悲观的herb 芳草,草药heritage 继承物,遗产high light着重,使突出,强调ideali st 理想主义者incorp or ate 包含Influ x 流入,注入ingre dient成分innov ation 改革,革新,创新instrume ntal重要的,起作用的integr ate 使结合,使成一体intent 目的,意图intention al故意的intention ally故意地,有意地justifiable有理由的,情有可原的layoff 裁员,下岗lease出租,租约liar说谎者maximize 使增加到最大限度medi a 传播媒介,媒体milli on aire百万富翁minimal最小的,极少的noti on 概念,观念novelty 小玩具,小装饰品nuclear 核子的omi ssi on省略,删除opti on 选择,选择的项目par ad ox 有明显的矛盾特点的事物/人passi on ate 热情的pathetic可悲的,可怜的peculi arity 特性,特质pensi on养老personality 个性prestige 威信,威望,声望prevalent流行的,盛行的,普遍的prod uctivity 生产率,生产力prof ound深刻的,意义深远的prosper发达,兴隆,昌盛purity 纯,纯洁,纯正,洁净raider非法盗用者reassure使放心,使消除疑虑repay 偿还,付还resent 不满于,愤恨riot 骚乱sentiment思想感情,情绪serge ant军事,中士shrew d 精明的,狡猾的simult ane ou sly 同时地spare 节省,节约,舍不得,吝惜spouse配偶,夫,妻子stereotype陈规,老套,旧框柜strok e 抚摸,敲,击subtle微妙的testify 证明,作证theol ogy神学therapy 疗法tick钟的嘀嗒声toothp aste 牙膏transaction 一笔交易,办理,处理upgr ade升级uphe aval激变,剧变utilizati on利用vest 背心,汗衫violati on违纪,违背w ithhold 不给,拒绝。