List of Standards for the Smart Grid
The future of energy Smart grids
The future of energy Smart grids The future of energy is a topic that is constantly evolving, and one of the most exciting developments in this field is the concept of smart grids. Smartgrids are revolutionizing the way we generate, distribute, and consume energy, and they hold the potential to significantly reduce our carbon footprint and make our energy systems more efficient and reliable. However, there are also challenges and concerns associated with the widespread adoption of smart grids, and it is important to consider these as we look towards the future of energy. One of the key benefits of smart grids is their ability to integrate renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the energy system. This is crucial for reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impacts of climate change. Byusing advanced technologies, smart grids can efficiently manage the variability of renewable energy sources and ensure a stable supply of electricity to consumers. This not only helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also promotes energy independence and security. In addition to integrating renewable energy, smart grids also enable more efficient energy distribution and consumption. Through the use of sensors, advanced metering, and real-time data analytics, smart grids can optimize the flow of electricity, reduce transmission losses, and enable demand response programs. This means that energy can be delivered to where it is needed most, and consumers can better manage their energy usage, leading to cost savings and a more sustainable energy system. However, the transition to smart grids is not without its challenges. One of the main concerns is the cybersecurity risks associated with the increased connectivity and digitalization of the energy system. As smart grids rely on communication technologies and data exchange, they become more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Ensuring the security and resilience of smart grids is therefore critical to their successful implementation, and this requires significant investment in cybersecurity measures and protocols. Another challenge is the need for significant infrastructure upgrades to support the deployment of smart grids. This includes investments in advanced metering infrastructure, grid automation, and communication networks. While these upgrades have the potential to modernize our energy infrastructure and create jobs, they also require substantial capital and may pose logistical challenges in terms of deployment and integration.Furthermore, the widespread adoption of smart grids raises questions about data privacy and consumer protection. With the collection of real-time energy usage data and the potential for remote control of devices, there are concerns about how this information is used and who has access to it. It is essential to establish clear regulations and standards to safeguard consumer privacy and ensure transparency in the collection and use of energy data. Despite these challenges, the future of smart grids is promising, and the potential benefits far outweigh the risks. By enabling the integration of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and enhancing grid reliability, smart grids have the power to transform our energy systems and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future. It is crucial for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and consumers to work together to address the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by smart grids, as they hold the key to a cleaner, more efficient, and more reliable energy future.。
How-to-Guide for Smart Grids in Distribution Netwo
Network transformation for Telco -Fixed/Mobile convergence, voice to data, move
to IP
Business Process Management
Organization / Technology Transformation ESB Networks telecom
Operations and organizational evolution
Operational effectiveness and efficiency, organization and competence management
OPERATIONS
Sma r t Gr id
“Is there a need to develop people and processes
when upgrading to smart grid?”
TECHNOLOGY
Technology evolution and performance
Technology strategy, planning and design, performance
Smart grid roadmap is not only about technology Energy technology roadmaps
© OECD/IEA 2012
Best practice for ICT transformation process
Strategy to execution : example of telecom network migration
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Transformation Planning
Smart Grid Technologies Communication
Smart Grid Technologies:Communication Technologies and StandardsVehbi C.Güngör,Member,IEEE,Dilan Sahin,Taskin Kocak,Salih Ergüt,Concettina Buccella,Senior Member,IEEE,Carlo Cecati,Fellow,IEEE,andGerhard P.Hancke,Senior Member,IEEEAbstract—For100years,there has been no change in the basic structure of the electrical power grid.Experiences have shown that the hierarchical,centrally controlled grid of the20th Century is ill-suited to the needs of the21st Century.To address the challenges of the existing power grid,the new concept of smart grid has emerged.The smart grid can be considered as a modern electric power grid infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control,high-power converters, modern communications infrastructure,sensing and metering technologies,and modern energy management techniques based on the optimization of demand,energy and network availability, and so on.While current power systems are based on a solid information and communication infrastructure,the new smart grid needs a different and much more complex one,as its di-mension is much larger.This paper addresses critical issues on smart grid technologies primarily in terms of information and communication technology(ICT)issues and opportunities.The main objective of this paper is to provide a contemporary look at the current state of the art in smart grid communications as well as to discuss the still-open research issues in thisfield.It is expected that this paper will provide a better understanding of the technologies,potential advantages and research challenges of the smart grid and provoke interest among the research community to further explore this promising research area.Index Terms—Advanced metering infrastructure(AMI),com-munication technologies,quality-of-service(QoS),smart grid, standards.I.I NTRODUCTIONT ODAY’S electrical infrastructure has remained un-changed for about100years.The components of the hierarchical grid are near to the end of their lives.While theManuscript received May16,2011;revised August04,2011;accepted Au-gust09,2011.Date of publication September06,2011;date of current version November09,2011.The work of V.C.Gungor,D.Sahin,T.Kocak,and S. Ergüt was supported in part by Türk Telekom under Award Number11316-01 and the work of C.Buccella and C.Cecati was supported by DigiPower s.r.l., L’Aquila,Italy,and the work of G.P.Hancke was supported by Eskom,South Africa.Paper no.TII-11-252.V. C.Güngör, D.S¸ahin,and T.Koçak are with the Department of Computer Engineering,Bahçes¸ehir University,˙Istanbul34353,Turkey (e-mail:cagri.gungor@.tr;dilan.sahin@.tr; taskin.kocak@.tr).S.Ergüt is with Türk Telekom Group R&D Division,˙Istanbul34353,Turkey (e-mail:salih.ergut@.tr).C.Buccella and C.Cecati are with the University of L’Aquila,Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics,L’Aquila67100, Italy,and with DigiPower Ltd.,L’Aquila67100,Italy(e-mail:concettina.buc-cella@univaq.it;carlo.cecati@univaq.it).G.P.Hancke is with the Department of Electrical,Electronic and Computer Engineering,University of Pretoria,Pretoria0002,South Africa(e-mail: g.hancke@).Color versions of one or more of thefigures in this paper are available online at .Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TII.2011.2166794electrical grid has been ageing,the demand for electricity has gradually increased.According to the U.S.Department of En-ergy report,the demand and consumption for electricity in the U.S.have increased by2.5%annually over the last20years[1]. Today’s electric power distribution network is very complex and ill-suited to the needs of the21st Century.Among the deficiencies are a lack of automated analysis,poor visibility, mechanical switches causing slow response times,lack of situational awareness,etc.[2].These have contributed to the blackouts happening over the past40years.Some additional inhibiting factors are the growing population and demand for energy,the global climate change,equipment failures,energy storage problems,the capacity limitations of electricity gen-eration,one-way communication,decrease in fossil fuels,and resilience problems[5].Also,the greenhouse gas emissions on Earth have been a significant threat that is caused by the electricity and transportation industries[6].Consequently,a new grid infrastructure is urgently needed to address these challenges.To realize these capabilities,a new concept of next genera-tion electric power system,the smart grid,has emerged.The smart grid is a modern electric power grid infrastructure for im-proved efficiency,reliability and safety,with smooth integration of renewable and alternative energy sources,through automated control and modern communications technologies[1],[11].Re-newable energy generators seem as a promising technology to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions[7].Im-portantly,smart grid enabling new network management strate-gies provide their effective grid integration in Distributed Gen-eration(DG)for Demand Side Management and energy storage for DG load balancing,etc.[8],[9].Renewable energy sources (RESs)are widely studied by many researchers[10]and the integration of RES,reducing system losses and increasing the reliability,efficiency and security of electricity supply to cus-tomers are some of the advances that smart grid system will in-crease[12].The existing grid is lack of communication capabil-ities,while a smart power grid infrastructure is full of enhanced sensing and advanced communication and computing abilities, as illustrated in Fig.1.Different components of the system are linked together with communication paths and sensor nodes to provide interoperability between them,e.g.,distribution,trans-mission and other substations,such as residential,commercial, and industrial sites.In the smart grid,reliable and real-time information becomes the key factor for reliable delivery of power from the gener-ating units to the end-users.The impact of equipment failures, capacity constraints,and natural accidents and catastrophes, which cause power disturbances and outages,can be largely1551-3203/$26.00©2011IEEEFig.1.Smart grid architecture increases the capacity andflexibility of the net-work and provides advanced sensing and control through modern communica-tions technologies.avoided by online power system condition monitoring,diagnos-tics and protection[1].To this end,the intelligent monitoring and control enabled by modern information and communication technologies have become essential to realize the envisioned smart grid[1],[14].The U.S.,Canada,China,South Korea,Australia,and Eu-ropean Community(EC)countries have started doing research and development on smart grid applications and technologies. For example,the ernment has announced the largest power grid modernization investment in the U.S.history,i.e., $3.4billion in grant awards,funding a broad range of smart grid technologies[2].Local Distribution Companies(LDCs)are in-tegrating advanced metering and two-way communication,au-tomation technologies to their distribution systems[15].In ad-dition to research and development projects,many electric util-ities are also taking incremental steps to make the smart grid technology a reality.Most of them are signing agreements with telecom operators or smart meter vendors to carry out smart grid projects.All these agreements define the main requirements and features of the necessary communications infrastructure to provide online communication between smart meters and the utility’s back-haul system,i.e.,the so-called advanced metering infrastructure(AMI).In general,the AMI is a two-way com-munications network and is the integration of advanced sensors; smart meters,monitoring systems,computer hardware,software and data management systems that enable the collection and dis-tribution of information between meters and utilities[14].In this paper,a comprehensive but brief review on smart grid communications technologies is presented.Section II describes smart grid communications technologies and their advantages and disadvantages.Section III mentions smart grid communi-cations requirements in terms of security,system reliability, robustness,availability,scalability and the quality-of-service (QoS)mechanism.The standardization activities are reviewed in Section IV.Finally,this paper is concluded in Section V.II.C OMMUNICATIONS T ECHNOLOGIES A V AILABLEFOR S MART G RIDSA communications system is the key component of the smart grid infrastructure[1],[14],[16].With the integration of ad-vanced technologies and applications for achieving a smarter electricity grid infrastructure,a huge amount of data from dif-ferent applications will be generated for further analysis,con-trol and real-time pricing methods.Hence,it is very critical for electric utilities to define the communications requirements andfind the best communications infrastructure to handle the output data and deliver a reliable,secure and cost-effective ser-vice throughout the total system.Electric utilities attempt to get customer’s attention to participate in the smart grid system,in order to improve services and efficiency.Demand side manage-ment and customer participation for efficient electricity usage are well understood,furthermore,the outages after disasters in existing power structure also focus the attention on the impor-tance of the relationship between electric grids and communi-cations systems[1].Different communications technologies supported by two main communications media,i.e.,wired and wireless,can be used for data transmission between smart meters and electric utilities.In some instances,wireless communications have some advantages over wired technologies,such as low-cost infrastructure and ease of connection to difficult or unreachable areas.However,the nature of the transmission path may cause the signal to attenuate.On the other hand,wired solutions do not have interference problems and their functions are not dependent on batteries,as wireless solutions often do. Basically,two types of information infrastructure are needed for informationflow in a smart grid system.Thefirstflow is from sensor and electrical appliances to smart meters,the second is between smart meters and the utility’s data centers.As sug-gested in[17],thefirst dataflow can be accomplished through powerline communication or wireless communications,such as ZigBee,6LowPAN,Z-wave,and others.For the second infor-mationflow,cellular technologies or the Internet can be used. Nevertheless,there are key limiting factors that should be taken into account in the smart metering deployment process,such as time of deployment,operational costs,the availability of the technology and rural/urban or indoor/outdoor environment,etc. The technology choice thatfits one environment may not be suitable for the other.In the following,some of the smart grid communications technologies along with their advantages and disadvantages are briefly explained.An overview of smart grid communication technologies can be found in Table I.A.ZigBeeZigBee is a wireless communications technology that is rela-tively low in power usage,data rate,complexity,and cost of de-ployment.It is an ideal technology for smart lightning,energy monitoring,home automation,and automatic meter reading,etc. ZigBee and ZigBee Smart Energy Profile(SEP)have been re-alized as the most suitable communication standards for smart grid residential network domain by the U.S.National Institute for Standards and Technology(NIST)[18].The communica-tion between smart meters,as well as among intelligent home appliances and in home displays,is very important.Many AMI vendors,such as Itron,Elster,and Landis Gyr,prefer smart me-ters,that the ZigBee protocol can be integrated into[37].ZigBee integrated smart meters can communicate with the ZigBee inte-grated devices and control them.ZigBee SEP provides utilitiesGÜNGÖR et al.:SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES:COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS 531TABLE IS MART G RID C OMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIESto send messages to the home owners,and home owners can reach the information of their real-time energy consumption.1)Advantages:ZigBee has 16channels in the 2.4GHz band,each with 5MHz of bandwidth.0dBm (1mW)is the max-imum output power of the radios with a transmission range be-tween 1and 100m with a 250Kb/s data rate and OQPSK mod-ulation [18].ZigBee is considered as a good option for me-tering and energy management and ideal for smart grid imple-mentations along with its simplicity,mobility,robustness,low bandwidth requirements,low cost of deployment,its operation within an unlicensed spectrum,easy network implementation,being a standardized protocol based on the IEEE 802.15.4stan-dard [4].ZigBee SEP also has some advantages for gas,water and electricity utilities,such as load control and reduction,de-mand response,real-time pricing programs,real-time system monitoring,and advanced metering support [18],[19].2)Disadvantages:There are some constraints on ZigBee for practical implementations,such as low processing capabil-ities,small memory size,small delay requirements and being subject to interference with other appliances,which share the same transmission medium,license-free industrial,scientific and medical (ISM)frequency band ranging from IEEE 802.11wireless local area networks (WLANs),WiFi,Bluetooth and Microwave [18].Hence,these concerns about the robustness of ZigBee under noise conditions increase the possibility of corrupting the entire communications channel due to the interference of 802.11/b/g in the vicinity of ZigBee [20].In-terference detection schemes,interference avoidance schemes and energy-efficient routing protocols,should be implemented to extend the network life time and provide a reliable and energy-efficient network performance.B.Wireless MeshA mesh network is a flexible network consisting of a group of nodes,where new nodes can join the group and each node can act as an independent router.The self-healing characteristic of the network enables the communication signals to find an-other route via the active nodes,if any node should drop out of the network.Especially,in North America,RF mesh-based sys-tems are very popular.In PG&E’s SmartMeter system,every smart device is equipped with a radio module and each of them routes the metering data through nearby meters.Each meter acts as a signal repeater until the collected data reaches the elec-tric network access point.Then,collected data is transferred to the utility via a communication network.A private company,SkyPilot Networks uses mesh networking for smart grid appli-cations due to the redundancy and high availability features of mesh technology [37].1)Advantages:Mesh networking is a cost effective solu-tion with dynamic self-organization,self-healing,self-config-uration,high scalability services,which provide many advan-tages,such as improving the network performance,balancing the load on the network,extending the network coverage range [21].Good coverage can be provided in urban and suburban areas with the ability of multihop routing.Also,the nature of a mesh network allows meters to act as signal repeaters and adding more repeaters to the network can extend the coverage and capacity of the network.Advanced metering infrastructures and home energy management are some of the applications that wireless mesh technology can be used for.2)Disadvantages:Network capacity,fading and interfer-ence can be counted as the major challenges of wireless mesh networking systems.In urban areas,mesh networks have been faced with a coverage challenge since the meter density cannot provide complete coverage of the communications network.Providing the balance between reliable and flexible routing,a sufficient number of smart nodes,taking into account node cost,are very critical for mesh networks.Furthermore,a third party company is required to manage the network,and since the metering information passes through every access point,some encryption techniques are applied to the data for security purposes.In addition,while data packets travel around many neighbors,there can be loop problems causing additional overheads in the communications channel that would result in a reduction of the available bandwidth [20].C.Cellular Network CommunicationExisting cellular networks can be a good option for com-municating between smart meters and the utility and between far nodes.The existing communications infrastructure avoids utilities from spending operational costs and additional time for building a dedicated communications infrastructure.Cel-lular network solutions also enable smart metering deployments spreading to a wide area environment.2G,2.5G,3G,WiMAX,and LTE are the cellular communication technologies available to utilities for smart metering deployments.When a data transfer interval between the meter and the utility of typically 15min is used,a huge amount of data will be generated and a high data rate connection would be required to transfer the data to the utility.For example,T-Mobile’s Global System for Mobile532IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS,VOL.7,NO.4,NOVEMBER2011Communications(GSM)network is chosen for the deployment of Echelon’s Networked Energy Services(NES)system.An embedded T-Mobile SIM within a cellular radio module will be integrated into Echelon’s smart meters to enable the com-munication between the smart meters and the back-haul utility. Since T-Mobile’s GSM network will handle all the communi-cation requirements of the smart metering network,there is no need for an investment of a new dedicated communications net-work by utilities.Telenor,Telecom Italia,China Mobile,V oda-fone have also agreed to put their GSM network into service for dataflow of smart metering communications.Itron’s SEN-ITEL electricity meter is integrated with a GPRS module and communicates with a server running SmartSynch’s Transaction Management System.Code-division multiple-access(CDMA), wideband code-division multiple-access(WCDMA),and Uni-versal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS)wireless technologies are also used in smart grid projects.A CDMA smart grid solution for the residential utility market has been introduced by Verizon,and Verizon’s3G CDMA network will be used as the backbone of the smart grid communications with the SmartSynch smart grid solutions[37].UMTS is IP-based and a packet oriented service that is suitable for metering appli-cations[37]Telenor with Cinclus technology is offering UMTS technology for smart grid communications[37].An Australian energy delivery company,SP AusNet,is building a dedicated communications network for smart grid applications and chose WiMAX technology for the commu-nications need of the smart meters.WiMAX chip sets are embedded into the smart meters and wireless communications is dedicated between smart meters and the central system in SP AusNet’s system.A U.S.wireless carrier,Sprint Nextel, had signed a partnership with the smart grid software provider, Grid Net,on a project to provide communication between smart meters and smart routers over its4G wireless network. General Electric(GE)is developing WiMAX-based smart meters with CenterPoint Energy and had collaborated with Grid Net,Motorola,and Intel to focus on WiMAX connectivity solutions.In GE’s smart meter project with CenterPoint En-ergy,it will deploy WiMAX-based MDS Mercury3650radios to connect the utility’s back-haul system to collection points, which will collect data from smart meters that are installed by CenterPoint[37].Furthermore,some major companies,such as Cisco,Silver Springs Network,and Verizon,also implement WiMAX smart grid applications.The world’s largest WiMAX vendor,Alvarion,has announced its partnership with a U.S. utility company,National Grid,for a WiMAX-based smart grid project.Lower deployment and operating costs,proper security protocols,smooth communications,high data speeds(up to75 Mb/s),an appropriate amount of bandwidth and scalability are the advantages of today’s WiMAX technology.1)Advantages:Cellular networks already exist.Therefore, utilities do not have to incur extra cost for building the commu-nications infrastructure required for a smart grid.Widespread and cost-effective benefits make cellular communication one of the leading communications technologies in the market.Due to data gathering at smaller intervals,a huge amount of data will be generated and the cellular networks will provide sufficient bandwidth for such applications.When security comes into dis-cussion,cellular networks are ready to secure the data transmis-sions with strong security controls.To manage healthy commu-nications with smart meters in rural or urban areas,the wide area deployment capability of smart grid becomes a key com-ponent and since the cellular networks coverage has reached al-most100%.In addition,GSM technology performs up to14.4 Kb/s,GPRS performs up to170Kb/s and they both support AMI,Demand Response,Home Area Network(HAN)applica-tions.Anonymity,authentication,signaling protection and user data protection security services are the security strengths of GSM technology[37].Lower cost,better coverage,lower main-tenance costs,and fast installation features highlight why cel-lular networks can be the best candidate as a smart grid com-munications technology for the applications,such as demand re-sponse management,advanced metering infrastructures,HAN, outage management,etc.2)Disadvantages:Some power grid mission-critical appli-cations need continuous availability of communications.How-ever,the services of cellular networks are shared by customer market and this may result in network congestion or decrease in network performance in emergency situations.Hence,these considerations can drive utilities to build their own private com-munications network.In abnormal situations,such as a wind storm,cellular network providers may not provide guarantee pared to public networks,private networks may handle these kinds of situations better due to the usage of a va-riety of technologies and spectrum bands.D.Powerline CommunicationPowerline communication(PLC)is a technique that uses the existing powerlines to transmit high-speed(2–3Mb/s)data sig-nals from one device to the other.PLC has been thefirst choice for communication with the electricity meter due to the direct connection with the meter[20]and successful implementations of AMI in urban areas where other solutions struggle to meet the needs of utilities.PLC systems based on the LV distribution network have been one of the research topics for smart grid ap-plications in China[22].In a typical PLC network,smart meters are connected to the data concentrator through powerlines and data is transferred to the data center via cellular network tech-nologies.For example,any electrical device,such as a powerline smart transceiver-based meter,can be connected to the power-line and used to transmit the metering data to a central loca-tion[37].France has launched the“Linky meter project”that includes updating35million traditional meters to Linky smart meters.PLC technology is chosen for data communication be-tween the smart meters and the data concentrator,while GPRS technology is used for transferring the data from the data con-centrator to the utility’s data center[37].ENEL,the Italian elec-tric utility,chose PLC technology to transfer smart meter data to the nearest data concentrator and GSM technology to send the data to data centers.1)Advantages:PLC can be considered as a promising technology for smart grid applications due to the fact that the existing infrastructure decreases the installation cost of the communications infrastructure.The standardization efforts on PLC networks,the cost-effective,ubiquitous nature,and widely available infrastructure of PLC,can be the reasons forGÜNGÖR et al.:SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES:COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND STANDARDS533its strength and popularity[23].Data transmissions are broad-cast in nature for PLC,hence,the security aspects are critical. Confidentiality,authentication,integrity,and user intervention are some of the critical issues in smart grid communications. HAN application is one of the biggest applications for PLC technology.Moreover,PLC technology can be well suited to urban areas for smart grid applications,such as smart metering, monitoring and control applications,since the PLC infrastruc-ture is already covering the areas that are in the range of the service territory of utility companies.2)Disadvantages:There are some technical challenges due to the nature of the powerline networks.The powerline trans-mission medium is a harsh and noisy environment that makes the channel difficult to be modeled.The low-bandwidth charac-teristic(20kb/s for neighborhood area networks)restricts the PLC technology for applications that need higher bandwidth [37].Furthermore,the network topology,the number and type of the devices connected to the powerlines,wiring distance be-tween transmitter and receiver,all,adversely affect the quality of signal,that is transmitted over the powerlines[37].The sen-sitivity of PLC to disturbances and dependency on the quality of signal are the disadvantages that make PLC technology not suited for data transmission.However,there have been some hy-brid solutions in which PLC technology is combined with other technologies,i.e.,GPRS or GSM,to provide full-connectivity not possible by PLC technology.E.Digital Subscriber LinesDigital Subscriber Lines(DSLs)is a high-speed digital data transmission technology that uses the wires of the voice tele-phone network.It is common to see frequencies greater than 1MHz through an ADSL enabled telephone line[16].The al-ready existing infrastructure of DSL lines reduces installation cost.Hence,many companies chose DSL technology for their smart grid projects.The Current Group,a Smart Grid Solution Company,has collaborated with Qwest to implement a Smart Grid project.Qwest’s existing low latency,secure,high capacity DSL network will be used for data transmissions.Xcel Energy’s “SmartGridCity”project has also proved the interoperability of the technology by utilizing the Current’s intelligent sensors and OpenGrid platform and Qwest’s DSL network.A smart metering project has been carried out for Stadtwerke Emden-Municipal Utilities in Germany by Deutsche Telekom.In the project,Deutsche Telekom is responsible to provide the data communications for electric and gas meters.A communication box will be installed at the customer premises and the consump-tion information will be transmitted over DSL to Stadtwerke Emden[37].Deutsche Telekom offers many services in this project,such as reading consumption data,installation and op-eration,data transmission,etc.However,the throughput of the DSL connection depends on how far away the subscriber is from the serving telephone exchange and this makes it difficult to characterize the performance of DSL technology[16].1)Advantages:The widespread availability,low-cost and high bandwidth data transmissions are the most important rea-sons for making the DSL technology thefirst communications candidate for electricity suppliers in implementing the smart grid concept with smart metering and data transmission smart grid applications.2)Disadvantages:The reliability and potential down time of DSL technology may not be acceptable for mission critical applications.Distance dependence and lack of standardization may cause additional problems.The wired DSL-based commu-nications systems require communications cables to be installed and regularly maintained,and thus,cannot be implemented in rural areas due to the high cost of installingfixed infrastructure for low-density areas.To conclude,wired technologies,such as DSL,PLC,optical fiber,are costly for wide area deployments but they have the ability to increase the communications capacity,reliability and security.On the other hand,wireless technologies can reduce the installation costs,but provide constrained bandwidth and security options.III.S MART G RID C OMMUNICATIONS R EQUIREMENTS The communication infrastructure between energy genera-tion,transmission,and distribution and consumption requires two-way communications,interoperability between advanced applications and end-to-end reliable and secure communi-cations with low-latencies and sufficient bandwidth[25]; Moreover,the system security should be robust enough to pre-vent cyber-attacks and provide system stability and reliability with advanced controls.In the following,major smart grid communication requirements are presented.A.SecuritySecure information storage and transportation are extremely vital for power utilities,especially for billing purposes and grid control[24].To avoid cyberattacks,efficient security mecha-nisms should be developed and standardization efforts regarding the security of the power grid should be made.B.System Reliability,Robustness and Availability Providing the system reliability has become one of the most prioritized requirements for power utilities.Aging power infra-structure and increasing energy consumption and peak demand are some of the reasons that create unreliability issues for the power grid[26].Harnessing the modern and secure communi-cation protocols,the communication and information technolo-gies,faster and more robust control devices,embedded intel-ligent devices(IEDs)for the entire grid from substation and feeder to customer resources,will significantly strengthen the system reliability and robustness[26].The availability of the communication structure is based on preferred communication technology.Wireless technologies with constrained bandwidth and security and reduced installation costs can be a good choice for large-scale smart grid deployments[24].On the other hand, wired technologies with increased capacity,reliability and secu-rity can be costly[24].To provide system reliability,robustness and availability at the same time with appropriate installation costs,a hybrid communication technology mixed with wired and wireless solutions can be used.C.ScalabilityA smart grid should be scalable enough to facilitate the op-eration of the power grid[3].Many smart meters,smart sensor。
list of iec standards -回复
list of iec standards -回复IEC standards are a set of globally recognized standards developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). These standards cover a wide range of industries and help ensure the safety, efficiency, and compatibility of electrical and electronic devices, systems, and services.In this article, we will dive into the world of IEC standards, exploring their importance, development process, and benefits to various sectors.1. Introduction to IEC StandardsIEC standards are developed by technical experts from around the world who collaborate within IEC technical committees and subcommittees. These committees focus on specific areas such as power generation and transmission, telecommunications, medical devices, or consumer electronics. The primary goal is to establish common guidelines and requirements that facilitate international trade, technological development, and product safety.2. Types of IEC StandardsIEC standards can be broadly categorized into three types:a. Product standards: These dictate the requirements and test methods for specific devices or equipment, ensuring their safety, performance, and compatibility. Examples include IEC 60079 for explosive atmospheres or IEC 61010 for electrical laboratory equipment.b. System standards: These focus on the integration and interoperability of different components within a specific system. These standards facilitate the smooth operation of complex systems, such as IEC 61850 for substation automation or IEC 62351 for smart grid security.c. Management and assessment standards: These address quality management systems, conformity assessment procedures, and best practices for different industries. IEC 9001 for quality management and IEC 27001 for information security management are examples of such standards.3. Development ProcessThe development of an IEC standard involves several steps, including:a. Proposal: The first step is the identification of a need for a new standard or the revision of an existing one. Stakeholders, including governments, industries, or consumer groups, can propose new standards or changes to existing ones.b. Preparatory stage: Once a proposal is accepted, a technical committee or subcommittee is formed to initiate the standardization process. Experts from different countries and industries collaborate to draft the standard's content.c. Committee draft: The committee develops the initial draft, which then undergoes internal review and revision. Comments from experts and interested parties are taken into account during this stage.d. Committee draft for vote: The revised draft is then submitted for voting within the technical committee. Consensus is sought, and if the draft receives the necessary support, it progresses tothe next stage.e. Enquiry draft: The draft is then released for public review and comments. Interested parties, including stakeholders, industry associations, and regulatory bodies, have the opportunity to provide feedback on the proposed standard.f. Approval and publication: After the comments are addressed and revisions made, the standard is approved for publication. It becomes an official IEC standard and is available for use by industries worldwide.4. Benefits of IEC StandardsIEC standards offer numerous benefits to various sectors, including:a. Safety: IEC standards provide guidelines for ensuring the safety of electrical and electronic devices, protecting users and environments from potential hazards. Compliance with these standards helps prevent accidents and ensures the safety of both individuals and property.b. Interoperability and compatibility: By defining common requirements, IEC standards facilitate the interoperability and compatibility of different devices, systems, and technologies. This, in turn, promotes innovation, market growth, and the seamless integration of new technologies.c. Trade facilitation: IEC standards play a critical role in international trade by harmonizing technical regulations and requirements across different countries and regions. Conformity to these standards helps eliminate technical barriers to trade, simplifies market access, and fosters global market integration.d. Efficiency and sustainability: IEC standards contribute to improving the efficiency and sustainability of electrical and electronic technologies. They set energy efficiency requirements, promote the use of renewable energy sources, and support the development of eco-friendly products and systems.e. Consumer protection: Compliance with IEC standards ensures that consumers are provided with safe, reliable, and high-quality products. These standards lay down requirements for productperformance, labeling, and testing, ensuring transparency and empowering consumers to make informed choices.5. ConclusionIEC standards are essential for promoting global harmonization, enhancing safety, and driving technological innovation across various industries. These standards play a crucial role in ensuring the interoperability, efficiency, and sustainability of electrical and electronic devices, systems, and services. By adhering to IEC standards, companies can deliver safe, reliable, and high-quality products while gaining access to global markets.。
Smart Grid and Energy Storage
Smart Grid and Energy Storage The smart grid and energy storage are crucial components of the modern energy infrastructure, playing a pivotal role in ensuring a reliable, efficient, and sustainable supply of electricity. The smart grid encompasses a range of technologies and strategies aimed at optimizing the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity, while energy storage systems enable the capture and utilization of surplus energy, providing a valuable resource for balancing supply and demand. However, despite their numerous benefits, the integration of smartgrid and energy storage technologies poses various challenges and considerations that must be carefully addressed to realize their full potential. One of the primary benefits of the smart grid is its ability to enhance the overallefficiency and reliability of the electricity system. By leveraging advanced communication and control capabilities, the smart grid enables real-time monitoring and management of electricity flows, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources, demand response programs, and other distributed energy resources. This enhanced visibility and control empower utilities to optimizetheir operations, reduce system losses, and improve the overall resilience of the grid. Additionally, the smart grid enables more precise billing and consumption data, empowering consumers to make informed decisions about their energy usage and potentially reduce their electricity costs. Energy storage technologies play a complementary role in the smart grid ecosystem, offering a means to capture and store excess energy for later use. This capability is particularly valuable in the context of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, which may produce surplus energy during periods of low demand or low generation. By deploying energy storage systems, utilities can capture this surplus energy and deploy it during peak demand periods, thereby reducing the need for conventional peaking power plants and enhancing the overall flexibility and reliability of the grid. Furthermore, energy storage systems can provide backup power during outages, support critical infrastructure, and enable off-grid electrification in remote or underserved areas. Despite these benefits, the integration of smart grid and energy storage technologies presents various technical, regulatory, and economic challenges. From a technical perspective, the deployment of advanced communicationand control systems, as well as the integration of diverse energy storage technologies, requires careful planning and coordination to ensure compatibility and interoperability. Moreover, the intermittent and variable nature of renewable energy sources introduces additional complexity, requiring sophisticated forecasting and optimization algorithms to maximize the value of energy storage assets. On the regulatory front, the deployment of smart grid and energy storage technologies may raise concerns related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and grid reliability. As the smart grid enables the collection of granular consumption data and the remote control of grid assets, it is essential to establish robust regulations and standards to protect consumer privacy and ensure the secure operation of the grid. Additionally, the integration of energy storage systemsinto the grid may require updates to existing regulations and market structures to accurately value the services provided by these assets and incentivize their deployment. From an economic standpoint, the upfront costs of deploying smartgrid and energy storage technologies can be significant, requiring utilities and policymakers to carefully assess the potential benefits and trade-offs. While energy storage technologies are becoming increasingly cost-competitive, especially for applications such as peak shaving and grid support, the business case fortheir deployment may vary depending on local market conditions, regulatory frameworks, and the specific needs of the grid. Furthermore, the long-term operation and maintenance of these technologies must be carefully considered to ensure their continued performance and value over time. In conclusion, the integration of smart grid and energy storage technologies holds great promise for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of the electricity system. By leveraging advanced communication and control capabilities, the smart grid enables the seamless integration of renewable energy sources and demand-side resources, while energy storage systems provide a valuable means to capture and deploy surplus energy. However, realizing the full potential of these technologies requires careful consideration of technical, regulatory, and economic challenges, as well as ongoing innovation and collaboration among stakeholders. Ultimately, the smart grid and energy storage represent essential building blocks for thefuture of energy, offering a pathway to a more resilient, flexible, and sustainable electricity system.。
IATF16949-2016中英文对照
TABLE OF CONTENTS目录TABLE OF CONTENTS (3)目录 (3)FOREWORD – AUTOMOTIVE QMS STANDARD (14)前言——汽车质量管理体系标准 (14)HISTORY (14)历史 (14)GOAL (15)目标 (15)REMARKS FOR CERTIFICATION (15)有关认证的说明 (15)INTRODUCTION (17)引言 (17)0.1 GENERAL (17)0.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (17)0.2 QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRONCIPLES (18)0.2 质量管理原则(ISO 9001:2015) (18)0.3 PROCESS APPROACH (19)0.3 过程方法(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.1 GENERAL (19)0.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (19)0.3.2 PLAN – DO – CHECK – ACT CYCLE (20)0.3.2 计划-执行-检查-处理循环(ISO 9001:2015) (20)0.3.3 RISK BASED THINKING (22)0.3.3 基于风险的思维(ISO 9001:2015) (22)0.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STANDARDS (22)0.4 与其他管理体系标准的关系(ISO 9001:2015) (22)QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS – REQUIREMENTS (24)质量管理体系——要求 (24)1 SCOPE (24)1 范围(ISO 9001:2015) (24)1.1 SCOPE – AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLEMENTAL TO ISO 9001:2015 (24)1.1 范围——汽车行业对ISO 9001:2015的补充 (24)2 NAORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2 引用标准(ISO 9001:2015) (25)2.1 NORMATIVE AND INFORMATIVE REFERENCES (25)2.1 规范性应用标准和参考性引用标准 (25)3 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (25)3 术语和定义(ISO 9001:2015) (25)3.1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY (25)3.1 汽车行业的术语和定义 (25)4 CONTEXT OF THE ORGANIZATION (32)4 组织的背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.1 UNDERSTANDING THE ORGANIZATION AND ITS CONTEXT (32)4.1 理解组织及其背景环境(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.2 UNDERSTANDING THE NEEDS AND EXPECTIATIONS OF INTERESTED PARTIES (32)4.2 理解相关方的需求和期望(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3 DETERMINING THE SCOPE OF THE QUALITY MANAGEMENTS SYSTEM (32)4.3 确定质量管理体系的范围(ISO 9001:2015) (32)4.3.1 Determinging the scope of the quality management system –suppliemental (33)4.3.1 确定质量管理体系的范围——补充 (33)4.3.2 Customer- specific requirements (33)4.3.2 顾客特定要求 (33)4.4 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS PROCESSES (34)4.4 质量管理体系及其过程(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1(ISO 9001:2015) (34)4.4.1.1 Conformance of products and processes (34)4.4.1.1 产品和过程的符合性 (34)4.4.1.2 Product safety (34)4.4.1.2 产品安全 (34)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)4.4.2(ISO 9001:2015) (35)5 LEADERSHIP (36)5 领导作用(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1 LEADERSHIP AND COMMITMENT (36)5.1 领导作用与承诺(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1 GENERAL (36)5.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (36)5.1.1.1 Corporate responsibility (37)5.1.1.1 公司责任 (37)5.1.1.2 Process effectiveness and efficiency (37)5.1.1.2 过程有效性和效率 (37)5.1.1.3 Process owners (37)5.1.1.3 过程拥有者 (37)5.1.2 CUSTOMER FOCUS (37)5.1.2 以顾客为关注焦点(ISO 9001:2015) (37)5.2 POLICY (38)5.2 方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.1 ESTABLISHING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.1 建立质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.2.2 COMMUNICATING THE QUALITY POLICY (38)5.2.2 沟通质量方针(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITIES (38)5.3 组织的作用、职责和权限(ISO 9001:2015) (38)5.3.1 Organbizational roles, responsibilities and authorities–suppliemental 395.3.1 组织的作用、职责和权限——补充 (39)5.3.2 Responsibility and authority for product requirements and correctiveactions (39)5.3.2 产品要求和纠正措施的职责和权限 (39)6 PLANNING (40)6 策划(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1 ACTIONS TO ADDRESS RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES (40)6.1 风险和机遇的应对措施(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.1(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2(ISO 9001:2015) (40)6.1.2.1 Risk analysis (41)6.1.2.1 风险分析 (41)6.1.2.2 Preventive actions (41)6.1.2.2 预防措施 (41)6.1.2.3 Contingency plans (41)6.1.2.3 应急计划 (41)6.2 QUALITY OBJECTIVES AND PLANNING TO ACHIEVE THEM (42)6.2 质量目标及其实施的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (42)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (43)6.2.2.1 Quality objectives and planning to achieve them – supplemental.. 436.2.2.1 质量目标及其实施的策划——补充 (43)6.3 PLANNING OF CHANGES (43)6.3 更改的策划(ISO 9001:2015) (43)7 SUPPORT (44)7 支持(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1 RESOURCES (44)7.1 资源(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.1 GENERAL (44)7.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.2 PEOPLE (44)7.1.2 人员(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3 INFRASTRUCTURE (44)7.1.3 基础设施(ISO 9001:2015) (44)7.1.3.1 Plant, facility, and equipment planning (45)7.1.3.1 工厂、设施及设备策划 (45)7.1.4 ENVIRONMNT FOR THE OPERATION OF PROCESSES (45)7.1.4 过程操作的环境(ISO 9001:2015) (45)7.1.4.1 Environment for the operation of processes – supplemental (46)7.1.4.1 过程操作的环境——补充 (46)7.1.5 MONITORING AND MEASURING RESOURCES (46)7.1.5 监视和测量资源(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1 GENERAL (46)7.1.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (46)7.1.5.1.1 Measurement system analysis (46)7.1.5.1.1 测量系统分析 (46)7.1.5.2 MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY (47)7.1.5.2 测量可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (47)7.1.5.2.1 Calibration/verification records (47)7.1.5.2.1 校准/验证记录 (47)7.1.5.3 Laboratory requirements (48)7.1.5.3 实验室要求 (48)7.1.5.3.1 Intenal laboratory (48)7.1.5.3.1 内部实验室 (48)7.1.5.3.2 External laboratory (49)7.1.5.3.2 外部实验室 (49)7.1.6 ORGANIZATION KNOWLEDGE (50)7.1.6 组织知识(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2 COMPETENCE (50)7.2 能力(ISO 9001:2015) (50)7.2.1 Competence – supplemental (51)7.2.1 能力——补充 (51)7.2.2 Competence – on – the – job training (51)7.2.2 能力——在职培训 (51)7.2.3 Internal auditor competency (51)7.2.3 内部审核员能力 (51)7.2.4 Second party auditor competency (52)7.2.4 第二方审核员能力 (52)7.3 AWARENESS (53)7.3 意识(ISO 9001:2015) (53)7.3.1 Awareness – supplemental (53)7.3.1 意识——补充 (53)7.3.2 Employee motivation and empowerment (53)7.3.2 员工激励和授权 (53)7.4 COMMUNICATION (54)7.4 沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5 DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (54)7.5 形成文件的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1 GENERAL (54)7.5.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (54)7.5.1.1 Quality management system documentation (54)7.5.2 CREATIONG AND UPDATING (55)7.5.2 编制和更新(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3 CONTROL OF DOCUMENTED INFORMATION (55)7.5.3 形成文件的信息的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (55)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (56)7.5.3.2.1 Record retemtion (56)7.5.3.2.1 记录保留 (56)7.5.3.2.2 Engineering specifications (57)7.5.3.2.2 工程规范 (57)8 OPERATION (57)8 运行(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1 OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND CONTROL (57)8.1 运行策划和控制(ISO 9001:2015) (57)8.1.1 Operational planning and control – supplemental (58)8.1.1 运行策划和控制——补充 (58)8.1.2 Confidentiality (58)8.1.2 保密 (58)8.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2 产品和服务要求(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1 CUSTOMER COMMUNICATION (59)8.2.1 顾客沟通(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.1.1 Customer communication – supplemental (59)8.2.1.1 顾客沟通——补充 (59)8.2.2 DETERMINING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (59)8.2.2 产品和服务要求的确定(ISO 9001:2015) (59)8.2.2.1 Determining the requirements for products and services –supplemental (60)8.2.2.1 产品和服务要求的确定——补充 (60)8.2.3 REVIEW OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (60)8.2.3 产品和服务要求的评审(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1(ISO 9001:2015) (60)8.2.3.1.1 Review of the requirements for products and services –supplemental (61)8.2.3.1.1 产品和服务要求的评审——补充 (61)8.2.3.1.2 Customer – designated special characteristics (61)8.2.3.1.2 顾客指定的特殊特性 (61)8.2.3.1.3 Organization manufacturing feasibility (61)8.2.3.1.3 组织制造可行性 (61)8.2.3.2(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.2.4 CHANGES TO REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (61)8.2.4 产品和服务要求的更改(ISO 9001:2015) (61)8.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (62)8.3 产品和服务的设计和开发(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1 GENERAL (62)8.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.1.1 Design and development of products and services – supplemental.. 628.3.1.1 产品和服务的设计和开发——补充 (62)8.3.2 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (62)8.3.2 设计和开发策划(ISO 9001:2015) (62)8.3.2.1 Design and development planning – supplemental (63)8.3.2.1 设计和开发策划——补充 (63)8.3.2.2 Product design skills (63)8.3.2.2 产品设计技能 (63)8.3.2.3 Development of products with embedded software (63)8.3.2.3 带有嵌入式软件的产品的开发 (63)8.3.3 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IMPUTS (64)8.3.3 设计和开发输入(ISO 9001:2015) (64)8.3.3.1 Product design input (64)8.3.3.1 产品设计输入 (64)8.3.3.2 Manufacturing process design input (65)8.3.3.2 制造过程设计输入 (65)8.3.3.3 Special characteristics (66)8.3.3.3 特殊特性 (66)8.3.4 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS (66)8.3.4 设计和开发控制(ISO 9001:2015) (66)8.3.4.1 Monitoring (67)8.3.4.1 监视 (67)8.3.4.2 Design and development validation (67)8.3.4.2 设计和开发确认 (67)8.3.4.3 Prototyoe programme (67)8.3.4.3 原型样件方案 (67)8.3.4.4 Product approval process (68)8.3.4.4 产品批准过程 (68)8.3.5 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OUTPUTS (68)8.3.5 设计和开发输出(ISO 9001:2015) (68)8.3.5.1 Design and development outputs – supplemental (68)8.3.5.1 设计和开发输出——补充 (68)8.3.5.2 Manufacturing process design output (69)8.3.5.2 制造过程设计输出 (69)8.3.6 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT CHANGES (70)8.3.6 设计和开发更改(ISO 9001:2015) (70)8.3.6.1 Design and development changes – supplemental (71)8.3.6.1 设计和开发更改——补充 (71)8.4 CONTROL OF EXTERNALLY PROVIDED PROCESSES, PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (71)8.4 外部提供的过程、产品和服务的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1 GENERAL (71)8.4.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (71)8.4.1.1 General – supplemental (72)8.4.1.1 总则——补充 (72)8.4.1.2 Supplier selection process (72)8.4.1.2 供应商选择过程 (72)8.4.1.3 Customer–directed sources (also known a s “Directed–Buy”) (73)8.4.1.3 顾客指定的货源（亦称“指向性购买”） (73)8.4.2 TYPE AND EXTENT OF CONTROL (73)8.4.2 控制的类型和程度(ISO 9001:2015) (73)8.4.2.1 Type and extent of control – supplemental (74)8.4.2.1 控制的类型和程度——补充 (74)8.4.2.2 Statutory and regulatory requirements (74)8.4.2.2 法律法规要求 (74)8.4.2.3 Supplier quality management system development (74)8.4.2.3 供应商质量管理体系开发 (74)8.4.2.3.1 Automotive product – related software or automotive productswith embedded software (75)8.4.2.3.1 汽车产品相关软件或带有嵌入式软件的汽车产品 (75)8.4.2.4 Supplier monitoring (75)8.4.2.4 供应商监视 (75)8.4.2.4.1 Second – party audits (76)8.4.2.4.1 第二方审核 (76)8.4.2.5 Supplier development (76)8.4.2.5 供应商开发 (76)8.4.3 INFORMATION FOR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (77)8.4.3 外部供方的信息(ISO 9001:2015) (77)8.4.3.1 Information for external providers – supplemental (77)8.4.3.1 外部供方的信息——补充 (77)8.5 PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5 生产和服务提供(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1 CONTROL OF PRODUCTION AND SERVICE PROVISION (78)8.5.1 生产和服务提供的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (78)8.5.1.1 Control plan (79)8.5.1.1 控制计划 (79)8.5.1.2 Standardised work – operator instructions and visual standards.. 808.5.1.2 标准化作业——操作指导书和目视标准 (80)8.5.1.3 Verification of job set-ups (80)8.5.1.3 作业准备的验证 (80)8.5.1.4 Verification after shutdown (80)8.5.1.4 停工后的验证 (80)8.5.1.5 Total productive maintenance (81)8.5.1.5 全面生产维护 (81)8.5.1.6 Management of production tooling and manufacturing, test, inspectiontooling and equipment (81)8.5.1.6 生产工装及制造、试验、检验工装和设备的管理 (81)8.5.1.7 Production scheduling (82)8.5.1.7 生产排程 (82)8.5.2 IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY (82)8.5.2 标识和可追溯性(ISO 9001:2015) (82)8.5.2.1 Identification and traceability – supplemental (83)8.5.2.1 标识和可追溯性——补充 (83)8.5.3 PROPERTY BELONGING TO CUSTOMERS OR EXTERNAL PROVIDERS (84)8.5.3 属于顾客或外部供方的财产(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4 PRESERVATION (84)8.5.4 防护(ISO 9001:2015) (84)8.5.4.1 Preservation – supplemental (84)8.5.4.1 防护——补充 (84)8.5.5 POST – DELIVERY ACTIVITIES (85)8.5.5 交付后的活动(ISO 9001:2015) (85)8.5.5.1 Feedback of information from service (85)8.5.5.1 服务信息的反馈 (85)8.5.5.2 Service agreement with customer (86)8.5.5.2 与顾客的服务协议 (86)8.5.6 CONTROL OF CHANGES (86)8.5.6 更改的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (86)8.5.6.1 Control of changes – supplemental (86)8.5.6.1 更改的控制——补充 (86)8.5.6.1.1 Temporary change of process controls (87)8.5.6.1.1 过程控制的临时更改 (87)8.6 RELEASE OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES (88)8.6 产品和服务的放行(ISO 9001:2015) (88)8.6.1 Release of products and services – supplemental (88)8.6.1 产品和服务的放行——补充 (88)8.6.2 Layout inspection and functional testing (88)8.6.2 全尺寸检验和功能性试验 (88)8.6.3 Appearance items (89)8.6.3 外观项目 (89)8.6.4 Verification and acceptance of conformity of externally provided productsand services (89)8.6.4 外部提供的产品和服务符合性的验证和接受 (89)8.6.5 Statutory and regulatory conformity (90)8.6.5 法律法规的符合性 (90)8.6.6 Acceptance criteria (90)8.6.6 接收准则 (90)8.7 CONTROL OF NONCONFORMING OUTPUTS (90)8.7 不符合输出的控制(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1(ISO 9001:2015) (90)8.7.1.1 Customer authorization for concession (91)8.7.1.1 顾客的让步授权 (91)8.7.1.2 Control of nonconforming product – customer – specified process (91)8.7.1.2 不合格品控制——顾客规定的过程 (91)8.7.1.3 Control of suspect product (91)8.7.1.3 可疑产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.4 Control of reworked product (91)8.7.1.4 返工产品的控制 (91)8.7.1.5 Control of repaired product (92)8.7.1.5 返修产品的控制 (92)8.7.1.6 Customer notification (92)8.7.1.6 顾客通知 (92)8.7.1.7 Nonconforming product disposition (92)8.7.1.7 不合格品的处置 (92)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)8.7.2(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION (93)9 绩效评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1 MONITORING, MEASUREMENT, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (93)9.1 监视、测量、分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1 GENERAL (93)9.1.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (93)9.1.1.1 Monitoring and measurement of manufacturing processes (93)9.1.1.1 制造过程的监视和测量 (93)9.1.1.2 Identification of statistical tools (94)9.1.1.2 统计工具的确定 (94)9.1.1.3 Application of statistical concepts (95)9.1.1.3 统计概念的应用 (95)9.1.2 CUSTOMER SATISFACTION (95)9.1.2 顾客满意(ISO 9001:2015) (95)9.1.2.1 Customer satisfaction – supplemental (95)9.1.2.1 顾客满意——补充 (95)9.1.3 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION (96)9.1.3 分析和评价(ISO 9001:2015) (96)9.1.3.1 Prioritization (96)9.1.3.1 优先级 (96)9.2 INTERNAL AUDIT (97)9.2 内部审核(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (97)9.2.2.1 Internal audit programme (98)9.2.2.1 内部审核方案 (98)9.2.2.2 Quality management system audit (98)9.2.2.2 质量管理体系审核 (98)9.2.2.3 Manufacturing process audit (98)9.2.2.3 制造过程审核 (98)9.2.2.4 Product audit (99)9.2.2.4 产品审核 (99)9.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW (99)9.3 管理评审(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1 GENERAL (99)9.3.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.1.1 Management review – supplemental (99)9.3.1.1 管理评审——补充 (99)9.3.2 MANAGEMENT REVIEW INPUTS (99)9.3.2 管理评审输入(ISO 9001:2015) (99)9.3.2.1 Management review inputs – supplemental (100)9.3.2.1 管理评审输入——补充 (100)9.3.3 MANAGEMENT REVIEW OUTPUTS (101)9.3.3 管理评审输出(ISO 9001:2015) (101)9.3.3.1 Management review outputs – supplemental (101)9.3.3.1 管理评审输出——补充 (101)10 IMPROVEMENT (101)10 改进(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.1 GENERAL (101)10.1 总则(ISO 9001:2015) (101)10.2 NONCONFORMITY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION (102)10.2 不符合和纠正措施(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.1(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.2(ISO 9001:2015) (102)10.2.3 Problem solving (103)10.2.3 问题解决 (103)10.2.4 Error – proofing (103)10.2.4 防错 (103)10.2.5 Warranty management systems (103)10.2.5 保修管理体系 (103)10.2.6 Customer complaints and field failure test analysis (104)10.2.6 顾客投诉和使用现场失效试验分析 (104)10.3 CONTINUAL IMPROVEMENT (104)10.3 持续改进(ISO 9001:2015) (104)10.3.1 Continual improvement – supplemental (104)10.3.1 持续改进——补充 (104)ANNEX A: CONTROL PLAN (105)附录A：控制计划 (105)A.1 PHASES OF THE CONTROL PLAN (105)A.1 控制计划的阶段 (105)A.2 ELEMENTS OF THE CONTROL PLAN (105)A.2 控制计划的要素 (105)ANNEX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY – SUPPLEMENTAL AUTOMOTIVE (108)附录B：参考书目——汽车行业补充 (108)FOREWORD – AUTOMOTIVE QMS STANDARD前言——汽车质量管理体系标准This Automotive Quality Management System Standard, herein referred to as “Automotive QMS Standard” or “IATF 16949”, along with applicable automotive customer-specific requirements, ISO 9001:2015 requirements, and ISO 9000:2015 defines the fundamental quality management system requirements for automotive QMS Standard cannot be considered a stand –alone QMS Standard but has to be comprehended as a supplement to and used in conjunction with ISO 9001:2015. ISO 9001:2015 is published as a separate ISO Standard.本汽车质量管理体系标准（本文简称为“汽车QMS标准”或“IATF 16949”），连同适用的汽车顾客特定要求，ISO 9001:2015要求以及ISO 9000:2015一起定义了对汽车生产件及相关服务件组织的基本质量管理体系要求。
Smart Grid Technologies
Smart Grid TechnologiesSmart grid technologies have become increasingly important in the modern world as we strive to create more sustainable and efficient energy systems. These technologies encompass a wide range of tools and systems that aim to modernize the existing electrical grid infrastructure, making it more reliable, efficient, and responsive to the changing needs of consumers and the grid itself. However, the implementation of smart grid technologies is not without its challenges and controversies, as it involves significant investment, potential privacy and security concerns, and the need for regulatory and policy changes. In this response, we will explore the various perspectives on smart grid technologies, including their benefits, challenges, and implications for the future of energy management.From an environmental perspective, smart grid technologies hold great promise in helping to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. By enabling better integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the grid, smart technologies can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Additionally, smart grid technologies can enable more efficient energy distribution, reducing wastage and overall energy consumption. This has the potential to make a significant impact on global efforts to combat climate change and create a more sustainable energy future for generations to come.On the other hand, from an economic perspective, the implementation of smart grid technologies presents significant challenges and costs. Upgrading the existing grid infrastructure to incorporate smart technologies requires substantial investment, and the benefits may not be immediately apparent. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for increased electricity prices as a result of these investments, which could have a disproportionate impact on low-income households. Balancing the economic costs and benefits of smart grid technologies is therefore a complex issue that requires careful consideration and planning.Furthermore, from a technological perspective, smart grid technologies raise important questions about privacy and security. The increased connectivity and data collection that come with smart technologies create potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited bymalicious actors. Ensuring the security of the grid and the privacy of consumer data is therefore a critical consideration in the development and implementation of smart grid technologies. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for technological failures or glitches that could have widespread impacts on the grid and the communities it serves. These technological risks must be carefully managed to ensure the reliability and safety of smart grid technologies.From a regulatory and policy perspective, the implementation of smart grid technologies requires careful planning and coordination among various stakeholders, including government agencies, utilities, and consumers. Policy and regulatory frameworks must be updated to accommodate the new capabilities and challenges that come with smart grid technologies, including issues related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and consumer protection. Additionally, there is a need for clear standards and guidelines to ensure interoperability and compatibility among different smart grid technologies, as well as to promote fair and equitable access to the benefits of these technologies for all consumers.In conclusion, smart grid technologies have the potential to revolutionize the way we produce, distribute, and consume energy, offering significant environmental, economic, and technological benefits. However, their implementation is not without challenges and implications that must be carefully considered and managed. By addressing these challenges and working collaboratively to develop and implement smart grid technologies, we can create a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy system that benefits both current and future generations.。
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy
Smart Grid and Renewable Energy The integration of smart grid technology and renewable energy sources is a critical step towards building a more sustainable and efficient energy system. Smart grids are advanced power systems that utilize digital communication technology to detect and react to changes in electricity supply and demand. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power are essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the impacts of climate change. By combining these two elements, we can create a more reliable, resilient, and environmentally friendly energy infrastructure. One of the key benefits of smart grids is their ability to accommodate the variability of renewable energy sources. Unlike traditional power systems, which rely heavily on fossil fuels and nuclear energy, smart grids can adjust to the fluctuations in solar and wind power generation. This flexibility allows for a more seamless integration of renewable energy into the grid, reducing the need for backup power and improving overall system efficiency. Furthermore, smart grids enable two-way communication between utilities and consumers, empowering individuals to actively participate in energy management. Through the use of smart meters and home energy management systems, consumers can monitor their energy usage in real-time, adjust their consumption patterns, and even sell excess energy back to the grid. This not only promotes energy conservation but also fosters a sense of empowerment and engagement among consumers, ultimately leading to a more sustainable energy culture. In additionto their technical advantages, smart grids also offer economic benefits for both utilities and consumers. By optimizing the use of renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on traditional power plants, smart grids can lower energy costs and improve overall grid reliability. This can lead to long-term savings for consumers and reduce the financial burden on utilities, ultimately contributing to a more stable and efficient energy market. Despite these benefits, theintegration of smart grids and renewable energy is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the initial cost of implementing smart grid technology. Upgrading existing infrastructure and deploying advanced communication systems can be a significant investment for utilities and governments. However, it isimportant to recognize that these upfront costs can lead to long-term savings andenvironmental benefits, making it a worthwhile investment in the transition towards a more sustainable energy future. Another challenge lies in the complexity of integrating various renewable energy sources into the grid. Solar, wind, and hydro power each have unique characteristics and require specialized equipment for efficient integration. Smart grid technology must be able to accommodate these differences and ensure a smooth and reliable flow of energy from diverse sources. This requires careful planning, coordination, and investment in grid modernization to ensure that renewable energy can be effectively harnessed to meet growing energy demands. Furthermore, the regulatory and policy landscape can also present barriers to the integration of smart grids and renewable energy. In many regions, outdated regulations and market structures may hinder the adoption of new technologies and impede the growth of renewable energy. Policymakers must work collaboratively with utilities, technology providers, and other stakeholders to develop supportive policies that encourage the deployment of smart grid technology and the expansion of renewable energy capacity. In conclusion, the integration of smart grid technology and renewable energy holds great promise for the future of our energy system. By leveraging advanced communication and control systems, smart grids can effectively manage the variability of renewable energy sources, improve grid reliability, and empower consumers to actively participate in energy management. While there are challenges to overcome, such as upfront costs, technical complexities, and regulatory barriers, the long-term benefits of a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy infrastructure make the integration of smart grids and renewable energy a critical priority for the energy sector. It is imperative that stakeholders work together to overcome these challenges and realize the full potential of this transformative combination.。
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at:https:///publication/275408226Smart Grid Standards: Specifications, Requirements, and TechnologiesBOOK · APRIL 2015DOI: 10.1002/9781118653722.indexREADS3368 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:Daniel M. KammenUniversity of California, Berkeley312 PUBLICATIONS 8,191 CITATIONSSEE PROFILEMuhammad TariqPrinceton University24 PUBLICATIONS 24 CITATIONSSEE PROFILEAvailable from: Muhammad TariqRetrieved on: 21 March 2016List of Standards for the Smart Grid Smart Grid Standards:Specifications,Requirements,and Technologies,First Edition.Takuro Sato,Daniel M.Kammen,Bin Duan,Martin Macuha,Zhenyu Zhou,Jun Wu,Muhammad Tariq and Solomon Abebe Asfaw.©2015John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Published2015by John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.T y p e o f S t a n d a r d :A :P o w e r g e n e r a t i o n B :P o w e r c o n s u m p t i o n C :P o w e r d e l i v e r y D :D a t a e x c h a n g e E :S e c u r i t y o r s a f e t y F :E l e c t r i c S t o r a g eA p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e r P r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14774-1T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t (o v e n d r y m e t h o d )A B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d I n s t i t u t i o n (B S I )P u b l i s h e d 2009C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1e x p l a i n s t h e t o t a l m o i s t u r e r e f e r e n c e m e t h o d P a r t 2e x p l a i n s t h e m o i s t u r e s i m p l i fi e d m e t h o d P a r t 3e x p l a i n s t h e m o i s t u r e i n g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s s a m p l e R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14775T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o e x t r a c t i n g o f a s h c o n t e n t AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14918T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o e x t r a c t i n g o f c a l o r i fi c v a l u e AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 14961-1T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o s p e c i fi c a t i o n a n d c l a s s e s o f b i o f u e l (g e n e r a l s p e c i fi c a t i o n s )AB S IP u b l i s h e d2010C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15103T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l b u l k d e n s i t y AB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15148T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h e x t r a c t i n g o f t h e c o n t e n t o f v o l a t i l e m a t t e rAB S IP u b l i s h e d2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )B S E N 15210T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h e x t r a c t i n go f m e c h a n i c a l d u r a b i l i t y o f p e l l e t s a n d b r i q u e t t e s A B S I P u b l i s h e d C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s a b o u t t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l d u r a b i l i t y o f p e l l e t s a n d b r i q u e t t e s 15210-1(2009)P a r t 2i s a b o u t s o l i d b i o f u e l s15210-2(2010)R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14588T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o v a r i o u s t e r m i n o l o g y ,d e fi n i t i o n s ,a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f b i o f u e l sAE u r o p e a n C o m m i t t e e f o r S t a n d a r d i z a t i o n (C E N )P u b l i s h e d 2004C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14778T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l s a m p l i n g AC E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s a b o u t t h e m e t h o d s f o r b i o m a s s s a m p l i n g P a r t 2i s a b o u t m e t h o d s f o r s a m p l i n g p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t e d i n l o r r i e s R e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14779T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o b i o f u e l s a m p l i n g (m e t h o d s f o r p r e p a r i n g s a m p l i n g p l a n s a n d s a m p l i n g c e r t i fi c a t e s )A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 14780T h e s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o t h e m e t h o d s f o r s a m p l e p r e p a r a t i o n AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15104T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t o t a l c o n t e n t o f c a r b o n ,h y d r o g e n ,a n d n i t r o g e n (i n s t r u m e n t a l m e t h o d s )AC E NP u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2A p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e rP r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15105T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e w a t e r s o l u b l e c o n t e n t o f c h l o r i d e ,s o d i u m ,a n d p o t a s s i u m A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2005C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E N /T S 15149T h e s t a n d a r d d e a l s w i t h t h e m e t h o d s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n A C E N P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2P a r t 1i s r e l a t e d t o t h e o s c i l l a t i n g s c r e e n m e t h o d u s i n g s i e v e a p e r t u r e s o f 3.15m m a n d a b o v e P a r t 2i s b a s i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e v i b r a t i n g s c r e e n m e t h o d u s i n g s i e v e a p e r t u r e s o f 3.15m m a n d b e l o w P a r t 3i s r e l a t e d t o t h e p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y o f b i o f u e l s R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (B i o m a s s )C E 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n a r y f u e l c e l l p o w e r s y s t e m s d e s i g n e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l ,c o m m e r c i a l ,a n d a g r i c u l t u r e s y s t e m s AI E CP u b l i s h e d 2011C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-3-3I t i s r e l a t e d t o i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s t a t i o n a r y f u e l c e l l p o w e r s y s t e m sA I E C P u b l i s h e d 2007C h a p t e r 2A p p l i c a t i o n o r s e r v i c e a r e a sS t a n d a r dB r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n sT y p e I s s u e rP r o g r e s s s t a t e I s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-5-1I t i s r e l a t e d t o s a f e t y o f p o r t a b l e f u e l c e l l a p p l i a n c e s AI E C P u b l i s h e d 2007C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I E C 62282-6-100I t i s r e l a t e d t o s a f e t y o f m i c r o f u 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m e a s u r e m e n t .P a r t 1d e a l s w i t h v e h i c l e s f u e l e d w i t h c o m p r e s s e d h y d r o g e n g a s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2008C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T R 11954I t d e a l s w i t h f u e l c e l l b a s e d v e h i c l e ’s m a x i m u m s p e e d m e a s u r e m e n t A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2008C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 6469-1I t d e a l s w i t h s a f e t y s p e c i fi c a t i o n s o f e l e c t r i c a l l y p r o p e l l e d r o a d v e h i c l e s A I S O P u b l i s h e dC h a p t e r 2P a r t 1d e a l s w i t h o n -b o a r d r e c h a r g e a b l e e n e r g y s t o r a g e s y s t e m s (R E S S s )6469-1(2009)P a r t 2o f t h i s s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d t o v e h i c l e o p e r a t i o n a l s a f e t y m e a n s a n d p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t f a i l u r e s 6469-2(2009)P a r t 3s p e c i 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s s u i n g d a t e L o c a t i o n i n t h i s b o o kR e n e w a b l e E n e r g yG e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /P A S 15594I t d e a l s w i t h t h e a i r p o r t h y d r o g e n f u e l i n g f a c i l i t y o p e r a t i o n AI S O P u b l i s h e d 2004C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O 17268I t d e a l s w i t h t h e c o m p r e s s e d h y d r o g e n s u r f a c e v e h i c l e (r e f u e l i n g c o n n e c t i o n d e v i c e s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2006C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O /T S 15869I t d e a l s w i t h t h e g a s e o u s h y d r o g e n b l e n d s a n d h y d r o g e n f u e l s (l a n d v e h i c l e s f u e l t a n k s )A I S O P u b l i s h e d 2009C h a p t e r 2R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y G e n e r a t i o n (F u e l C e l l )I S O T R 15916I t d e a l s w i t h t h e b a s i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r t h e s a 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