《中和反应pH》说课稿范文

《中和反应pH》说课稿范文
《中和反应pH》说课稿范文

《中和反应pH》说课稿范文

【内容目标概述】

本节课是在酸、碱的通性学习后,结合酸与碱的相互作用——中和反应而设置的,就内容的难度以及大纲(或新的课程标准)的要求而言,这节课较前二节明显下降。但本节课在整个初中综合理科中联系点比较多:如与人的内环境,酸雨、环境污染、金属的锈蚀,人体的免疫等均有一定联系,所以重要性不言而喻。

本课是第二课时,科学(7-9年级)课程标准对此内容提出的具体目标为“会测定溶液的酸碱性”,活动建议是“测定土壤的酸碱性,提出改良土壤的建议;测定常见溶液、几种果汁、食品、人体汗液的酸碱性;自制酸碱指示剂”。

限于初中生的知识储备不够,对pH的意义无法理解;同时自制酸碱指示剂也有操作上困难,因而是学习的难点。

鉴于本节课需要学生参与实验探究身边以及生活中常见溶液的酸碱性,因此增设教学目标“体会科学就在身边”及在课外拓展确认自制酸碱指示剂的实用性以及得出指示剂概念时所用的科学方法目标“运用归纳法”。

【教学设计思路】

一、情景创设

为激起学生的学习需求,教师引述科学史上波义耳实验时的“意外发现”,并投影相关图片,同时边讲解边演示紫罗兰花瓣遇酸碱变色实验,自然引出学习任务:酸碱指示剂。

二、复习归纳,引出新概念:指示剂

通过复习原先分散学习的紫色石蕊与酚酞试液与酸、碱反应时的颜色变化,不但可接通学生原有经验,同时有助于引导学生归纳出可用做酸碱指示剂的根本特征:遇酸、碱颜色不一样,而不一定两者都变色,从而得出酸碱指示剂的概念。

三、提出问题

同是酸或碱性溶液,它们的强度又有不同。通过演示盐酸与醋酸酸性强弱的对比实验,自然提出问题:盐酸比醋酸强多少?如何反映酸/碱性的强弱呢?从而引出新的学习任务:溶液的酸碱性—pH。

四、讲解:溶液的酸碱度——pH

1.板图

2.说明

溶液的酸碱度用一相对数值pH来表示,pH值越大,溶液的碱性越强,pH 值越小,溶液的酸性越强。酸、碱的分界点是pH=7——中性。

3.板书

4.举例说明:pH的意义。因为二氧化碳的水溶液——碳酸显酸性这一知识学生已经熟悉,所以如下例子会让学生在亲切之余体会酸碱度定量测定的意义。

例:人体血液pH正常值7.35-7.45,如果血液中二氧化碳含量过多,pH值会_______?(为什么?)

5.再配以简单练习既巩固新知,又丰富学生对pH的理解。

练习:判断以下溶液的酸碱性,并比较强弱。

五、pH的测量

1.连接:不但人体各环境有一定的酸碱度范围,超出范围,肌体会发病;同样道理,植物对生活的水土环境的’pH也有一定的要求,如图(投影):

2.基于现实需要提出联系实际的问题,会使学生觉得知识学习有价值。问题:农民在种植作物前除了根据经验判断哪些土壤适合种什么,不适合种什么外,要是能预先知道就好了;如果能改良土壤就更好了?那么,怎样测量或改良土壤的酸碱度呢?

3.介绍pH试纸以及用法:边演示、

边介绍,同时要求学生判断酸碱性。

六、学生活动

经过简单的小结后,紧接着安排学生活动,马上亲历新学的知识与技能,并且所测量的对象多是与学生的生活紧密关联的,其兴趣和兴奋之情可以预见。并且正因为pH对学生来说显得太抽象,有必要让学生从多个途径“接触”它,从而消除“隔阂”。

限于材料以及指导的难度,学生活动按内容难度拟分成两组:一组是动手能力较强的,测量附近土壤浸出液的pH,另一组测量唾液、食醋、果汁、人体汗液的酸碱度,教师可以多花时间指导前组。同时通过组织交流实验结果,可以使学生分享合作学习的成果。

七、评价

实验结束后,教师就合作精神、实验操作能力以及实验结果的差异性进行评价,作为课堂总结。

八、练习(见教案)

【学习方法指导】

由于本节课的pH概念超出了学生所能理解的水平,决定了这一部分的教学以接受式为主,但要达到“有意义的接受式”学习水平,需要联系生活、生产实际,不能死记硬背,这是老师需要特别引导学生的。

【对结果的预测】

通过接受老师的介绍,联系实际、生活实例的分析与亲自活动,相信学生对溶液的酸碱性、酸碱度、pH等概念会有初步的了解,并能在后续的生物的内、外环境的学习中得以应用。

【讨论】

从探究教学的角度来看,这节课学生参与设计、思考的思维容量并不大,如果条件许可,能找到比较方便萃取的含色素植物(器官),则教学设计还可以更加大胆、精彩。基本思路是:科学史介绍指示剂的发现——老师实验举例——学生自制指示剂——检测已知酸、碱、中性溶液,得出变色规律/或剔除——检测未知液体,并与石蕊、酚酞等比较——整理出本地可用于制造酸碱指示剂的植物(器官)清单——pH试纸(视时间而定)。

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