Cost optimization of process tolerance allocation-a tree based approach

合集下载

物流中心业务流程优化外文文献

物流中心业务流程优化外文文献Logistics center business process optimization is a critical aspect of improving operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the supply chain industry. 物流中心业务流程优化是提高供应链行业的运营效率和成本效益的关键方面。

By streamlining and redesigning the various processes involved in the movement and storage of goods, logistics centers can reduce lead times, minimize errors, and ultimately deliver better services to their customers. 通过简化和重新设计涉及货物运输和存储的各种流程，物流中心可以缩短交货时间、减少错误，并最终向客户提供更好的服务。

One of the primary areas of focus in logistics center business process optimization is warehouse management. 物流中心业务流程优化的主要重点之一是仓库管理。

Efficient warehouse operations are crucial for ensuring timely order fulfillment and minimizing inventory holding costs. 高效的仓库操作对于确保及时订单履行和减少库存持有成本至关重要。

Implementing advanced technologies such as automated storageand retrieval systems, barcode scanning, and inventory management software can significantly improve the accuracy and speed ofwarehouse operations. 实施先进技术，如自动存储和检索系统、条形码扫描和库存管理软件，可以显著提高仓库操作的准确性和速度。

统计学英语词汇

统计学专业词汇英语翻译Abbe-Helmert criterion Abbe-Helmert准则美、英、加标准(美军标准105D) ABC standard (MIL-STD-105D) 非常态曲线abnormal curve非常态性abnormality简易生命表abridged life table突出分布；突出分配abrupt distribution绝对连续性absolute continuity绝对离差absolute deviation绝对离势absolute dispersion绝对有效性absolute efficiency估计量的绝对有效性absolute efficiency of estimator绝对误差absolute error在线英语学习绝对次数absolute frequency绝对测度absolute measure绝对动差absolute moment绝对常态计分检定absolute normal score test绝对临界absolute threshold绝对变异absolute variation绝对不偏估计量absolutely unbiased estimator吸收界限absorbing barrier吸收状态absorbing state吸收系数absorption coefficient吸收分布absorption distributions吸收律absorption law加速因子accelerated factor加速寿命试验accelerated life test加速随机逼近accelerated stochastic approximation 加速试验accelerated test乘幂加速近似acceleration by powering允收制程水准acceptable process level允收品质acceptable quality允收品质水准acceptable quality level (AQL)允收可靠度水准acceptable reliability level (ARL)允收；验收acceptance接受界限；允收界线acceptance boundary允收系数acceptance coefficient允收管制图acceptance control chart允收管制界限acceptance control limit接受准则；允收准则acceptance criterion允收误差acceptance error允收检验acceptance inspection允收界限acceptance limit允收界线acceptance line允收数acceptance number接受域；允收域acceptance region允收抽样acceptance sampling属性允收抽样；计数值允收抽样acceptance sampling by attributes 属量允收抽样；计量值允收抽样acceptance sampling by variables 允收抽样计画acceptance sampling plan允收抽样方案；允收抽样计画acceptance sampling scheme允收检定；验收检定acceptance testing允收值acceptance value接受区；允收区acceptance zone接近时间；故障诊断时间access time在线英语学习接近性；故障诊断性accessibility可达界限点accessible boundary point可达点accessible point事故统计accident statistics偶然误差accidental error偶然波动accidental fluctuation偶然移动accidental movement偶然变异accidental variation国民所得帐accounts of national income 累积离差accumulated deviation累积次数accumulated frequency累积过程accumulated process准确度；准确性accuracy估计准确度accuracy of estimation取得成本acquisition cost行动action行动空间action space主动备便active standby实际次数actual frequency实际数actual number实际值actual value保险精算师actuary适应性adaptability适应控制adaptive control适应估计adaptive estimation适应估计量adaptive estimator适应推论adaptive inference适应的M型估计量adaptive M-estimator 适应最适性adaptive optimization适应品质管制adaptive quality control适应的R型估计量adaptive R-estimator适应值adaptive value适应的截尾平均数adaptively trimmed mean累积寿命期addition of life length机率加法法则addition rule of probability加法(随机漫步)过程；可加(随机漫步)过程additive (random walk) process 加法函数additive function加法模型additive model加法运算additive operation可加性additive property加法定理additive theorem可加性双向配置；可加性双因子配置additive two-way lay-out在线英语学习可加性additivity平均数可加性additivity of means可加性检定additivity test附着机率adherent probabilities伴随矩阵adjoint matrix调整平均数adjusted average调整判定系数adjusted coefficient of determination调整平均数adjusted mean调整值adjusted value调整因子；调整系数adjustment factor链比的修正adjustment of chain relatives行政时间administrative time可容性admissibility贝氏估计量的可容性admissibility of Bayes estimator可容决策函数admissible decision function可容决策规则admissible decision rule可容设计admissible design可容估计量admissible estimator可容假设admissible hypothesis可容数admissible number可容区域admissible region可容策略admissible strategy可容检定admissible test采用值adopted value仿射α可分解性affine α-resolvability仿射性affinity年龄构成age composition年龄相依生死过程age dependent birth and death process 年龄分布age distribution年龄组age group老年幼年比aged-child ratio年龄相依生死过程age-dependent birth and death process年龄相依分支过程age-dependent branching process年龄别性别死亡率age-sex specific death rate年龄别死亡率age-specific death rate年龄别生育率age-specific fertility rate综合指数aggregate index number总市值aggregate market value总面值aggregate par value综合值加权法aggregate-value method of weighting总合aggregation综合指数aggregative index在线英语学习总合模型aggregative model老化指数aging index老化过程aging process农业灾害统计agricultural damage statistics农业劳动生产力指数agricultural labor productivity index农业土地生产力指数agricultural land productivity index农产品产地价格agricultural prices at farm gate农业生产指数agricultural production indices农、林、渔、牧、狩猎工作人员agricultural;forestry and fishery workers;animal producers;hunters and trappers农业普查agriculture census农业人口agriculture population农业生产统计agriculture production statistics农、林、渔、牧业普查agriculture;forestry;fishing;livestock censuses 标的精度aimed precisionAitken estimator Aitken估计量Ajne‘s An test Ajne的An检定随机变数aleatory variable演算法algorithm假名；别名alias假次数aliased frequencies余相关alienation余相关系数alienation coefficient列线图alignment chart所有可能回归法all possible regression配置allocation样本配置allocation of a sample可靠度配置allocation of reliability异峰度的allokurtic异峰度曲线allokurtic curre可允许缺点allowable defects几乎可容决策函数almost admissible decision function几乎到处收敛almost certain convergence几乎必然地almost certainly几乎等变异数almost equivariance几乎到处almost everywhere几乎到处收敛almost everywhere convergence几乎到处收敛almost sure convergence几乎必然地almost surely欧特(Alter)周期图Alter periodiagram交替更新过程alternating renewal process对立假设alternative hypothesis组间变异among class variation在线英语学习资讯量amount of information检验量amount of inspection幅度amplitude幅比amplitude ratio娱乐指数amusement index娱乐统计amusement statistics类比计算机analogue computer类比analogy分析图analysis chart属性资料分析；计数资料分析analysis of attribute data相关分析analysis of correlation互变异分析analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 互变异分析模型analysis of covariance model 互变异分析表analysis of covariance table离势分析analysis of dispersion平均数分析analysis of means回归分析analysis of regression允差分析analysis of tolerance不确定性分析analysis of uncertainty变异性分析analysis of variability变异数分析模型analysis of variance model 变异数分析analysis of variance (ANOVA)变异数分析表analysis of variance table分析回归；解析回归analytic regression解析调查analytic survey分析趋势analytic trend分析误差analytical error分析表analytical table辅助ancillarity辅助概度ancillarity likelihood辅助估计量ancillary estimator辅助讯息ancillary information辅助统计量ancillary statisticAnderson-Darling statistic Anderson-Darling统计量Anderson‘s classification statistic Anderson分类统计量Andrews‘Fourier-type plot Andrews的Fourier型描点图角变换angular transformation角变数angular variables异类分布anisotropic distribution年减量annual decrement年增量annual increment年总增加率annual rate of total increase在线英语学习岁入与岁出annual receipts arid outlays不等偏态的anomicAnosov‘s theorem Anosov定理Ansari-Bradley dispersion test Ansari-Bradley离势检定反众数antimode反秩anti-rank反数列antiseries对立变换antithetic transforms对立变量antithetic variates反向回归函数；逆序回归函数antitonic regression function 非周期状态aperiodic state应用统计学applied statistics鉴定成本；评估成本appraisal cost品质评估appraisal of quality评估制度appraisal system近似误差approximate error近似F分布；近似F分配approximate F-distribution近似常态性approximate normality实验设计的近似理论approximate theory of experimental designs 近似变异数approximate variance近似；逼近approximation近似误差approximation error逼近理论approximation theory水产养殖统计aquaculture statistics随意性arbitrariness暂定平均数arbitrary average暂定平均数arbitrary mean暂定原点arbitrary origin暂定尺度arbitrary scale反正弦分布；反正弦分配arc sine distribution反正弦变换arc sine transformation地区长条图area bar chart地区图area chart地区比较因子area comparability factor地区图解area diagram地区图area graph地区样本area sample地区抽样area samplingArfwedson distribution Arfwedson分布；Arfwedson分配算术平均数arithmetic average算术交叉arithmetic cross算术图arithmetic graph在线英语学习算术线图arithmetic line chart算术平均数arithmetic mean算术机率纸arithmetic probability paper算术尺度arithmetic scaleArmitage‘s restricted procedure Armitage受制程序Arnold distribution Arnold分布；Arnold分配序列；阵array序列分布；序列分配array distribution到达分布；到达分配arrival distribution人工智慧artificial intelligence (AI)拟变数artificial variable递增因素ascending factor递增次序ascending order确定误差ascertainment error试验；分析assay装配检验assembly inspection评估可靠度assessed reliability评估值assessed value可寻原因assignable cause可寻变异assignable variation指派模型assignment model指派问题assignment problem可相联设计associable design相联组associate class相联二元随机变数associated binary random variables 相联元件associated components相联因变数associated dependent variable相联因子组associated factor sets时间相联的associated in time相联随机变数associated random variables相联变量associated variate相联处理associates相联association相联分析association analysis相联系数association coefficient属性相联association of attributes相联方案association scheme相联表association table假定平均数assumed average假定平均数assumed mean假定中位数assumed median假定原点assumed origin在线英语学习假设；前提assumption品质保证assurance quality显著性的星标asterisk for significance天文统计astronomical statistics不对称分布；不对称分配asymmetrical distribution 不对称因子设计asymmetrical factorial design不对称检定asymmetrical test不对称截尾平均数asymmetrically trimmed mean 不对称性asymmetry渐近线asymptote渐近贝氏程序asymptotic Bayes procedure渐近偏误asymptotic bias渐近分布；渐近分配asymptotic distribution概度比率的渐近分布；概度比率的渐近分配asymptotic distribution of likelihood ratio最大概度估计量渐近分布；最大概度估计量渐近分配asymptotic distribution of maximum likelihood estimator渐近效率asymptotic efficiency贝式估计量渐近效率asymptotic efficiency of Bayes estimators渐近展开式asymptotic expansion动差渐近展开式asymptotic expansion of moments渐近推论asymptotic inference渐近平均值asymptotic mean渐近大中取小性质asymptotic minimax property渐近常态性asymptotic normality顺序统计量的渐近常态性asymptotic normality of order statistics最大概度估计量的渐近最适性asymptotic optimality of maximum likelihood estimator渐近检力asymptotic power尼曼－皮逊检定的渐近检力asymptotic power of Neyman-Pearson (N-P)test均匀最强力检定的渐近检力asymptotic power of uniformly most powerful test渐近相对效率asymptotic relative efficiency渐近标准误差asymptotic standard error渐近理论asymptotic theory渐近变异数asymptotic variance渐近有效估计量asymptotically efficient estimator渐近局部最适设计asymptotically locally optimal design渐近最强力检定asymptotically most powerful test渐近最短不偏信赖区间asymptotically shortest unbiased confidence interval 渐近平稳的asymptotically stationary渐近次大中取小的asymptotically subminimax渐近不偏估计量asymptotically unbiased estimator渐近不偏最强力检定asymptotically unbiased most powerful test渐近弱辅助的asymptotically weakly ancillary按固定价格at constant prices在线英语学习按当期价格at current prices按要素成本at factor cost按市价at market prices疾病侵袭率attack rate减弱；衰减attenuation减弱相关法attenuation correlation method属性；计数值attribute属性分类attribute classification属性资料attribute data属性检验attribute inspection属性量测值attribute measurement属性抽样attribute sampling属性统计attribute statistics属性检定attribute testing属性值；计数值attribute value稽核检验audit inspection自我频谱auto spectrum自触曲线；自身成长曲线auto-catalytic curve自身相关母体autocorrelated population自身相关autocorrelation自身相关系数autocorrelation coefficient自身相关函数autocorrelation function自我互变异数autocovariance自我互变异函数autocovariance function自我互变异生成函数autocovariance generating function自动交互作用侦测automatic interaction detection(AID)自动切换复联automatic switch-over redundancy自主方程式autonomous equation自身回归；自回归autoregression自身回归整合移动平均模型(ARIMA模型) autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA model)自身回归模型(AR模型) autoregressive model (AR model)自身回归移动平均模型(ARMA模型) autoregressive moving average model (ARMA model) 自身回归算子autoregressive operator自身回归过程autoregressive process自身回归方案autoregressive scheme自身回归数列autoregressive series自身回归变换autoregressive transformation辅助资讯auxiliary information辅助动差auxiliary moment辅助统计量auxiliary statistic可用度availability可用特性available characteristic在线英语学习平均数average平均检验量average amount of inspection平均数及全距管制图average and range chart年平均每日交通量average annual daily traffic平均项目连串长度average article run length平均可用度average availability分组平均校正average correction for grouping平均临界值法average critical value method平均离差average deviation对平均数的平均离差average deviation about the mean 平均发散度average divergence平均误差average error平均额外不良品界限average extra defectives limit平均不准确度average inaccuracy平均组间相关average intercorrelation平均组内相关average intracorrelation平均连接average linkage平均不良数average number of defects平均不良数管制图average number of defects chart比值平均average of relatives平均出厂水准average outgoing level平均出厂品质average outgoing quality (AOQ)平均出厂品质曲线average outgoing quality curve平均出厂品质水准average outgoing quality level平均出厂品质界限average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) 平均消费倾向average propensity to consume平均储蓄倾向average propensity to save平均品质水准average quality level平均品质水准线average quality level line平均品质线average quality line平均品质保护average quality protection平均全距average range平均连串长度average run length平均样本数average sample number (ASN)平均样本数曲线average sample number curve平均样本数函数average sample number function平均样本连串长度average sample run length平均样本大小average sample size (ASS)平均样本大小曲线average sample size curve平均抽样average sampling平均斜率average slope平均总检验数average total inspection (ATI)在线英语学习平均总检验数曲线average total inspection curve平均值average value国民平均教育年数average years for formal education 可避原因avoidable cause可避免的品质成本avoidable quality cost轴分布axial distribution轴向量axial vector机率公设axioms of probability横轴axis of abscissa纵轴axis of ordinate轴测图axonometric chart轴测法；轴量法axonometrytype A OC curve A型OC曲线unbiased critical region of type A A型不偏临界域type A distirubtion A型分布；A型分配type A series A型级数type A region A型区域A-optimal discrete design A型最适离散设计加快折旧Accelerated Depreciation意外与健康福利Accident and Health Benefits应收账款Accounts Receivable (AR)具增值作用的收购项目Accretive Acquisition酸性测试比率Acid Test收购Acquisition收购溢价Acquisition Premium天灾债券Act of God Bond活跃债券投资者Active Bond Crowd活动收入Active Income积极投资Active Investing积极管理Active Management。

单侧下界公差极限法英文范文

单侧下界公差极限法英文范文Navigating through the intricacies of manufacturing standards can be a daunting task, especially when it comes to ensuring precision and quality in production processes. One such method that has garnered attention in recent years is the Single-Sided Lower Tolerance Limit (SSLTL) approach, a technique that plays a pivotal role in maintaining product consistency and reliability.At its core, the SSLTL method revolves around establishing a minimum acceptable limit for product dimensions, particularly in scenarios where asymmetry or unidirectional specifications are prevalent. Unlike traditional tolerance analysis methods that consider deviations from both sides of a nominal value, the SSLTL method focuses solely on the lower end of the spectrum. This unique approach offers several advantages, ranging from enhanced efficiency to cost savings in manufacturing processes.One of the key benefits of employing the SSLTL method isits ability to streamline production workflows bypinpointing critical areas where deviations could lead to functional or structural issues. By setting a single-sided lower tolerance limit, manufacturers can concentrate their efforts on mitigating potential risks without overcompensating for variations that may not significantly impact product performance.Furthermore, the SSLTL approach aligns with the principles of lean manufacturing by promoting waste reduction and process optimization. Instead of allocating resources to address tolerance variations that fall within an acceptable range, organizations can allocate their resources more effectively, thereby maximizing productivity and minimizing defects.In addition to its operational advantages, the SSLTL method also holds implications for quality assurance and regulatory compliance. By establishing clear guidelines for minimum acceptable limits, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet industry standards and customer expectations consistently. This proactive approach to quality management not only enhances brand reputation butalso fosters trust and confidence among consumers.Despite its merits, implementing the SSLTL method requires careful consideration of various factors, including product specifications, manufacturing capabilities, and risk assessment. Additionally, organizations must invest in advanced metrology and measurement technologies to accurately quantify and monitor deviations within the defined tolerance limits.In conclusion, the Single-Sided Lower Tolerance Limit (SSLTL) method represents a paradigm shift in tolerance analysis, offering a streamlined approach to ensuring product quality and consistency. By focusing on the lower end of tolerance specifications, manufacturers can optimize production processes, minimize waste, and enhance overall efficiency. However, successful implementation necessitates a comprehensive understanding of industry standards, technological advancements, and risk management strategies. As manufacturing continues to evolve, the SSLTL method stands poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of quality assurance and precision engineering.。

统计学英语词汇

物流专业术语

物流专业术语范围本标准确定了物流活动中的基本概念术语、物流作业术语、物流技术装备与设施术语、物流管理术语及其定义.本标准适用于物流及相关领域的信息处理和信息交换,亦适用于相关的法规、文件;引用标准下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文;本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效;所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性;GB/T 1992--1985 集装箱名词术语neq ISO 830：1981GB/T 4122;1--1996 包装术语基础CB/T 17271--1998 集装箱运输术语中文索引AABC分类管理....................................6.9安全库存.......................................4.16B班轮运输.......................................5.34搬运...........................................4.22包装...........................................4.25保管...........................................4.12保税仓库.......................................5.5报关...........................................5.40报关行.........................................5.41C仓库...........................................5.1仓库布局.......................................6.4.仓库管理.......................................6.3叉车...........................................5.19储存...........................................4.11船务代理.......................................5.36D大陆桥运输.....................................5.33单元装卸.......................................4.24第三元物流.....................................3.25电子订货系统...................................6.10电子数据交换...................................3.31定量订货方式...................................6.7定牌包装.......................................4.27定期订货方式...................................6.8定制物流.......................................3.26堆码...........................................4.21F发货区.........................................5.14废弃物物流.....................................3.19分拣...........................................4.37G公路集装箱中转站...............................5.28 供应链.........................................3.29供应链管理.....................................6.21供应商库存.....................................6.26供应物流.......................................3.15共同配送.......................................4.35国际多式联运...................................5.32国际货物运输保险...............................5.39 国际货运代理...................................5.37国际铁路联运...................................5.31国际物流.......................................3.24H海关监管货物...................................5.7换算箱.........................................5.24回收物流.......................................3.18货场...........................................5.16货垛...........................................4.20货架...........................................5.17J集货...........................................4.39集装化.........................................4.31集装箱.........................................5.23集装箱货运站...................................5.29.集装箱码头.....................................5.30集装箱运输.....................................4.7集装运输.......................................4.6计算局付诸订货系统.............................6.25 监管仓库.......................................5.6拣选...........................................4.38检验...........................................4.43进出口商品检验.................................5.42 经常库存.......................................4.15经济订货批量...................................6.6K控湿储存区.....................................5.11.库存...........................................4.14库存控制.......................................6.5库存周期.......................................4.17.库房...........................................5.8快速反应.......................................6.22L冷藏区.........................................5.9冷冻区.........................................5.10冷链...........................................4.42理货...........................................5.38立体仓库.......................................5.3联合运输.......................................4.2连续库存补充计划...............................6.24 料棚...........................................5.15零库存技术.....................................6.13.流通加工.......................................4.41绿色物流.......................................3.20M门到门.........................................4.8P配送...........................................4.34配送需要计划...................................6.17 配送中心.......................................4.36配送资源计划...................................6.18 拼箱货.........................................4.10Q企业物流.......................................3.21企业资源计划...................................6.20 前置期或提前期.............................4.18全集装箱船.....................................5.26S散装化.........................................5.32社会物流.......................................3.22生产物流.......................................3.16收货区.........................................5.13输送区.........................................5.20甩挂运输.......................................4.5T特种货物集装箱.................................5.25铁路集装箱.....................................5.27. 托盘...........................................5.18托盘包装.......................................4.30 W温度可控区.....................................5.12 无形损耗.......................................3.33 物料需要计划...................................6.15 物流...........................................3.2物流成本.......................................3.7.物流成本管理...................................6.14. 物流单证.......................................3.13 物流管理.......................................3.8物流活动.......................................3.3物流技术.......................................3.6物流联盟.......................................3.14 物流模数.......................................3.5物流企业.......................................3.12 物流网络.......................................3.10 物流信息.......................................3.11 物流战略.......................................6.1物流战略管理...................................6.2. 物流中心.......................................3.9物流资源计划...................................6.19. 物流作业.......................................3.4物品...........................................3.1物品储备.......................................4.13. X箱式车.........................................5.22销售包装.......................................4.26 销售物流.......................................3.17 虚拟仓库.......................................5.4虚拟物流.......................................3.27Y业务外包.......................................6.27 有效客户反应...................................6.23 有形损耗.......................................3.32 运输...........................................4.1运输包装.......................................4.29. Z增值物流服务...................................3.28 整箱货.........................................4.9直达运输.......................................4.3直接换装.......................................4.33制造资源计划...................................6.16中性包装.......................................4.28中转运输.......................................4.4装卸...........................................4.23准时制.........................................6.11准时制物流.....................................6.12自动导引车.....................................5.21自动化仓库.....................................5.2租船运输.......................................5.35组配...........................................4.40英文索引AABC classification......................................6.9 Article.................................................3.1Article reserves........................................4.13 Assembly................................................4.40 Automatic guided vehicle AGV .........................5.21 Automatic warehouse.....................................5.3.BBar code................................................3.30Boned warehouse.........................................5.6Box car.................................................5.22CCargo under custom's supervision........................5.8 Chill space.............................................5.9Cold chain..............................................4.42 Combined transport......................................4.2 Commodity inspection....................................5.42 Computer assisted ordering CAO .......................6.25 Container...............................................5.23 Container freight station CFS ........................5.29 Container terminal......................................5.30 Container transport.....................................4.7 Containerization........................................4.31 Containerized transport.................................4.6 Continuous replenishment program CRP .................6.24 Conveyor................................................5.20Cross docking...........................................4.33 Customized logistics....................................3.26 Customs broker..........................................5.41 Customs declaration.....................................5.40Cycle stock.............................................4.15D Distribution............................................4.34 Distribution center.....................................4.36 Distribution logistics..................................3.17 Distribution processing.................................4.41 Distribution requirements planning DRP ...............6.17 Distribution resource planning DRP II ................6.18 Door-to-door............................................4.8Drop and pull transport.................................4.5EEconomic order quantity EOQ ..........................6.6 Efficient customer response ECR ......................6.23 Electronic data interchange EDI ......................3.31 Electronic order system EOS ..........................6.10 Enterprise resource planning ERP .....................6.20 Environmental logistics.................................3.20 Export supervised warehouse.............................5.7 External logistics......................................3.22FFixed-interval system FIS ............................6.8Fixed-quantity system FQS ............................6.7Fork lift truck.........................................5.19Freeze space............................................5.10Full container load FCL ..............................4.9Full container ship.....................................5.26 G Goods collection........................................4.39Goods shed..............................................5.15Goods shelf.............................................5.17Goods stack.............................................4.20Goods yard..............................................5.16HHanding/carrying........................................4.22 Humidity controlled space...............................5.11IIn bulk.................................................4.32Inland container depot..................................5.28 Inspection..............................................4.43 Intangible loss.........................................3.33Internal logistics......................................3.21 International freight forwarding agent..................5.37 International logistics.................................3.24 International multimodal transport......................5.32 International through railway transport.................5.31 International transportation cargo insurance............5.39Inventory...............................................4.14 Inventory control.......................................6.5 Inventory cycle time....................................4.17JJoint distribution......................................4.35Just in time JIT .....................................6.11Just-in-time logistics..................................6.12 LLand bridge transport...................................5.33Lead-time ..............................................4.18Less than container load LCL .........................4.10 Liner transport.........................................5.34 Loading and unloading ..................................4.23 Logistics...............................................3.2Logistics activity......................................3.3Logistics alliance......................................3.14 Logistics center........................................3.9 Logistics cost..........................................3.7Logistics cost control..................................6.14 Logistics documents.....................................3.13 Logistics enterprise....................................3.12 Logistics information...................................3.11 Logistics management....................................3.8 Logistics modulus.......................................3.5 Logistics network.......................................3.10 Logistics operation.....................................3.4 Logistics resource planning LRP ......................6.19 Logistics strategy......................................6.1 Logistics strategy management...........................6.2 Logistics technology....................................3.6MManufacturing resource planning MRP II ...............6.16 Material requirements planning MRP ...................6.15 Military logistics......................................3.23NNeutral packing.........................................4.28OOrder cycle time........................................4.19Order picking...........................................4.38 Outsourcing.............................................6.27PPackage/packaging.......................................4.25 Packing of nominated brand..............................4.27 Pallet..................................................5.18 Palletizing.............................................4.30QQuick response QR ....................................6.22RRailway container yard..................................5.27 Receiving space.........................................5.13 Returned logistics......................................3.18SSafety stock............................................4.16Sales package...........................................4.26 Shipping agency.........................................5.36 Shipping by chartering..................................5.35 Shipping space..........................................5.14 Sorting.................................................4.37Specific cargo container................................5.25 Stacking................................................4.21 Stereoscopic warehouse..................................5.4 Storage.................................................4.12 Storehouse..............................................5.2 Storing.................................................4.11Supply chain............................................3.29 Supply chain management SCM ..........................6.21 Supply logistics........................................3.15T Tally...................................................5.38Tangible loss...........................................3.32 Temperature controlled space............................5.12 Third-part logistics TPL .............................3.25 Through transport.......................................4.3 Transfer transport......................................4.4 Transport package.......................................4.29 Transportation..........................................4.1 Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU ......................5.24 UUnit loading and unloading..............................4.24VValue-added logistics service...........................3.28 Vendor managed inventory VMI .........................6.26 Virtual logistics.......................................3.27Virtual warehouse.......................................5.5W Warehouse...............................................5.1 Warehouse layout........................................6.4 Warehouse management....................................6.3ZZero-inventory technology...............................6.133．基本概念术语3．1 物品article经济活动中涉及到实体流动的物质资料3．2 物流logistics物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程;根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合;3．3 物流活动logistics activity物流诸功能的实施与管理过程;3．4 物流作业logistics operation实现物流功能时所进行的具体操作活动;3．5 物流模数logistics modulus物流设施与设备的尺寸基准;3．6 物流技术logistics technology物流活动中所采用的自然科学与社会科学方面的理论、方法,以及设施、设备、装置与工艺的总称;3．7 物流成本logistics cost物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的货币表现;3．8 物流管理logistics management为了以最低的物流成本达到用户所满意的服务水平,对物流活动进行的计划、组织、协调与控制;3．9 物流中心logistics center从事物流活动的场所或组织,应基本符合以下要求：a 主要面向社会服务；b物流功能健全；c完善的信息网络；d辐射范围大；e少品种、大批量；f存储\吞吐能力强；g物流业务统一经营、管理;3．10 物流网络logistics network物流过程中相互联系的组织与设施的集合;3．11 物流信息logistics information反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称;3．12 物流企业logistics enterprise从事物流活动的经济组织;3．13 物流单证logistics documents物流过程中使用的所有单据、票据、凭证的总称;3．14 物流联盟logistics alliance两个或两个以上的经济组织为实现特定的物流目标而采取的长期联合与合作;3．15 供应物流supply logistics为生产企业提供原材料、零部件或其他物品时,物品在提供者与需求者之间的实体流动; 3．16 生产物流production logistics生产过程中,原材料、在制品、半成品、产成品等,在企业内部的实体流动;3．17销售物流distribution logistics生产企业、流通企业出售商品时,物品在供与需方之间的实体流动;3．18 回收物流returned logistics不合格物品的返修、退货以及周转使用的包装容器从需方返回到供方所形成的物品实体流动;3．19 废弃物物流waste material logistics将经济活动中失去原有使用价值的物品,根据实际需要进行收集、分类、加工、包装、搬运、储存等,并分送到专门处理场所时形成的物品实体流动;3．20 绿色物流environmental logistics在物流过程中抑制物流对环境造成危害的同时,实现对物流环境的净化,使物流资料得到最充分利用;3．21 企业物流internal logistics企业内部的物品实体流动;3．22 社会物流external logistics企业外部的物流活动的总称;3．23 军事物流military logistics用于满足军队平时与战时需要的物流活动;3．24 国际物流international logistics不同国家地区之间的物流;3．25 第三方物流third-part logistics TPL由供方与需方以外的物流企业提供物流服务的业务模式;3．26 定制物流customized logistics根据用户的特定要求而为其专门设计的物流服务模式;3．27 虚拟物流virtual logistics以计算机网络技术进行物流运作与管理,实现企业间物流资源共享和优化配置的物流方式; 3．28 增值物流服务value-added logistics service在完成物流基本功能基础上,根据客户需要提供的各种延伸业务活动;3．29 供应链supply chain生产及流通过程中,涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业,所形成的网链结构;3．30 条码bar code由一组规则排列的条、空及字符组成的,用以表示一定信息的代码;同义词：条码符号bar code symbolGB/T 4122.1-1996中4.173．31 电子数据交换electronic data interchange EDI通过电子方式,采用标准化的格式,利用计算机网络进行结构数据的传输和交换;3．32 有形消耗tangible loss可见或可测量出来的物理性损失、消耗;3．33 无形消耗intangible loss由于科学技术进步而引起的物品贬值;物流作业术语4．1 运输transportation用设备和工具,将物品从一地点向另一地点运送的物流活动;其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.174．2 联合运输combined transport一次委托,由两家以上运输企业或用两种以上运输方式共同将某一批物品运送到目的的运输方式;4．3 直达运输through transport物品由发运地到接收地,中途不需要换装和在储存场所停滞的一种运输方式;4．4中转运输transfer transport物品由生产地运达最终使用地,中途经过一次以上落地并换装的一种运输方式;4．5 甩挂运输drop and pull transport用牵引车拖带挂车至目的地,将挂车甩下后,换上新的挂车运往另一个目的地的运输方式; 4．6 集装运输containerized transport使用集装器具或利用捆扎方法,把裸装物品、散粒物品、体积较小的成件物品,组合成为一定规格的集装单元进行的运输;4．7 集装箱运输container transport以集装箱为单元进行货物运输的一种货运方式; GB/T17271-1998中3.2.14．8 门到门door-to-door承运人在托运人的工厂或仓库整箱接货,负责运抵收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.14．9 整箱货full container load FCL一个集装箱装满一个托运人同时也是一个收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.24．10 拼箱货less than container load LCL一个集装箱装入多个托运人或多个收货人的货物;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.34．11 储存storing保护、管理、贮藏物品; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.24．12 保管storage对物品进行保存及对其数量、质量进行管理控制活动;4．13 物品储存article reserves储存起来以备急需的物品;有当年储存、长期储存、战略储备之分;4．14 库存inventory处于储存状态的物品;广义的库存还包括处于制造加工状态和运输状态的物品;4．15 经常库存cycle stock在正常的经营环境下,企业为满足日常需要而建立的库存;4．16 安全库存safety stick为了防止由于不确定性因素如大量突发性订货、交货期突然延期等而准备的缓冲库存; 4．17 库存周期inventory cycle time在一定范围内,库存物品从入库到出库的平均时间;4．18 前置期或提前期lead time从发出订货单到货物的时间间隔;4．19 订货处理周期order cycle time从收到订货单到将所订货物发运出去的时间间隔;4．20 货垛goods stack为了便于保管和装卸、运输,按一定要求分门别类堆放在一起的一批物品;4．21 堆码stacking将物品整齐、规则地摆放成货垛的作业;4．22 搬运handing/carrying在同一场所内,对物品进行水平移动为主的物流作业;4．23 装卸loading and unloading物品在指定地点以人力或机械装入运输设备或卸下; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.54．24 单元装卸unit loading and unloading用托盘、容器或包装物见小件或散装物品集成一定质量或体积的组合件,以便利用机械进行作业的装卸方式;4．25 包装package/packaging为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售,按一定技术方面而采用的容器、材料及辅助物等的总体名称;也指为了达到上述目的而采用容器、材料和辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等的操作活动; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.14．26 销售包装sales package又称内包装,是直接接触商品进入零售网点和消费者或用户直接见面的包装;4．27 定牌包装packing of nominated brand买方要求卖方在出口商品/包装上使用买方指定的牌名或商标的做法;4．28 中性包装neutral packing在出口商品及其内外包装上都不注明生产国别的包装;4．29 运输包装transport package以满足运输贮存要求为主要目的的包装;它具有保障产品的安全,方便储运装卸,加速交接、点验等作用; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.54．30 托盘包装palletizing以托盘为承载物,将包装件或产品堆码在托盘上,通过捆扎、裹包或胶粘等方法加以固定,形成一个搬运单元,以便用机械设备搬运; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.174．31 集装化containerization用集装器具或采用捆扎方法,把物品组成标准规格的单元货件,以加快装卸、搬运、储存、运输等物流活动;4．32 散装化containerization用专门机械、器具进行运输、装卸的散装物品在某个物流范围内,不用任何包装,长期固定采用吸扬、抓斗等机械、器具进行装卸、运输、储存的作业方式;4．33 直接换装cross docking物品在物流环节中,不经过中间仓库或站点,直接从一个运输工具换载到另一个运输工具的物流衔接方式;4．34 配送distribution在经济合理区域范围内,根据用户要求,对物品进行拣选、加工、包装、分割、组配等作业,并按时送达指定地点的物流活动;4．35 共同配送joint distribution由多个企业联合组织实施的配送活动;4．36 配送中心distribution center从事配送业务的物流场所或组织,应基本符合下列要求：a 主要为特定的用户服务；b 配送功能健全；c 完善的信息网络；d 辐射范围小；e 多品种、小批量；f 以配送为主,储存为辅;4．37 分拣sorting将物品按品种、出入库先后顺序进行分门别类推放的作业;4．38 拣选order picking按订单或出库单的要求,从储存场所选出物品,并放置指定地点的作业;4．39 集货goods collection将分散的或小批量的物品集中起来,以便进行运输、配送的作业;4．40 组配assembly配送前,根据物品的流量、流向及运输工具的载质量和容积,组织安排物品装载的作业; 4．41 流通加工distribution processing物品在从生产地到使用地的过程中,根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、拴标签、组装等简单作业的总称;4．42 冷链cold chain为保持新鲜食品及冷冻食品等的品质,使其在从生产到消费的过程中,始终处于低温状态的配有专门设备的物流网络;4．43 检验inspection根据合同或标准,对标的物品的品质、数量、包装等进行检查、验收的总称;物流技术装备与设施术语5．1 仓库warehouse保管、储存物品的建筑物和场所的总称;5．2 库房storehouse有屋顶和围护结构,供储存各种物品的封闭式建筑物;5．3 自动化仓库automatic warehouse由电子计算机进行管理和的控制,不需人工搬运作业,而实现收发作业的仓库;5．4立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse采用高层货架配以货箱或托盘储存货物,用巷道队垛起重机及其他机械进行作业的仓库; 5．5 虚拟仓库virtual warehouse建立在计算机和网络通讯技术基础上,进行物品储存、保管和远程控制的物流设施;可实现不同状态、空间、时间、货主的有效调度和统一管理; 5．6保税仓库boned warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所;5．7 出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,存放已按规定领取了出口货物许可证或批件,已对外买断结汇并向海关办完全部出口海关手续的货物的专用仓库;5．8 海关监管货物cargo under custom's supervision在海关批准范围内接受海关查验的进出口、过境、转运、通关货物,以及保税货物和其他尚未办结海关手续的进出境货物;5．9 冷藏区chill space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C~10.C范围内;5．10 冷冻区freeze space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C以下;5．11 控湿储存区humidity controlled space仓库内配有湿度调制设备,使内部湿度可调的库房区域;5．12 温度可控区temperature controlled space温度可根据需要调整在一定范围内的库房区域;5．13 收货区receiving space到库物品入库前核对检查及进库准备的地区;5．14 发货区shipping space物品集中待运地区;5．15 料棚goods shed供储存某些物品的简易建筑物,一般没有或只有部分围壁;5．16 货场goods yard用于存放某些物品的露天场地;5．17 货架goods shelf用支架、隔板或托架组成的立体储存货物的设施;5．18 托盘pallet用于集装、堆放、搬运和运输的放置作为单元负荷的货物和制品的水平平台装置;GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.275．19 叉车fork lift truck具有各种叉具,能够对货物进行升降和移动以及装卸作业的搬运车辆;5．20 输送机conveyor对物品进行连续运送的机械;5．21 自动导引车automatic guided vehicle AGV能够自动行驶到指定地点的无轨搬运车辆;5．22 箱式车box car除具备普通车的一切机械性能外,还必须具备全封闭的箱式车身和便于装卸作业的车门; 5．23 集装箱container是一种运输设备,应满足下列要求：a 具有足够的强度,可长期反复使用；b 适于一种或多种运输方式运送,途中转运时,箱内货物不需换装；c 具有快速装卸和搬运的装置,特别便于从一种运输方式转移到另一种运输方式；d 便于货物装满和卸空；e 具有1立方米及以上的容积;集装箱这一术语不包括车辆和一般包装; GB/T 1992-1985中1.15．24 换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU又称标准箱;Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU以20英尺集装箱作为换算单位;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.85．25 特种货物集装箱specific cargo container用以装运特种物品用的集装箱; GB/T 4122.1-1996中1.15．26 全集装箱船full container ship舱内设有固定式或活动式的格栅结构,舱盖上和甲板上设置固定集装箱的系紧装置, 便于集装箱左翼及定位的船舶;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.1.15．27 铁路集装箱场railway container yard进行集装箱承运、交付、装卸、堆存、装拆箱、门到门作业,组织集装箱专列等作业的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.65．28 公路集装箱中转站inland container depot具有集装箱中转运输与门到门运输和集装箱货物的拆箱、装箱、仓储和接取、送达、装卸、堆存的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.95．29 集装箱货运站container freight station CFS拼箱货物拆箱、装箱、办理交接的场所;5．30 集装箱码头container terminal专供停靠集装箱船、装卸集装箱用的码头;GB/T GB/T 17271-1998中3.1.2.25．31 国际铁路联运international through railway transport使用一份统一的国际铁路联运票据,由跨国铁路承运人办理两国或两国以上铁路的全程运输,并承担运输责任的一种连贯运输方式;5．32 国际多式联运international multimodal transport按照多式联运合同,以至少两种不同的运输方式,由多式联运经营人将货物从一国境内的接管地点运至另一国境内指定交付地点的货物运输;5．33 大陆桥运输land bridge transport用横贯大陆的铁路或公路作为中间桥梁,将大陆两端的海洋运输连接起来的连贯运输方式; 5．34 班轮运输liner transport在固定的航线上,以既定的港口顺序,按照事先公布的船期表航行的水上运输方式;5．35 租船运输shipping by chartering根据协议,租船人向船舶所有人租凭船舶用于货物运输,并按商定运价,向船舶所有人支付运费或租金的运输方式;5．36 船务代理shipping agency根据承运人的委托,代办与船舶进出有关的业务活动;5．37 国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,并收取劳务报酬的经济组织;5．38 理货tally货物装卸中,对照货物运输票据进行的理点数、计量、检查残缺、指导装舱积载、核对标记、检查包装、分票、分标志和现场签证等工作;5．39 国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance在国际贸易中,以国际运输中的货物为保险标的的保险,以对自然灾害和意外事故所造成的财产损失获得补偿;5．40 报关customs declaration由进出口货物的收发货人或其代理人向海关办理进出境手续的全过程;5．41 报关行customs broker专门代办进出境保管业务的企业;5．42 进出口商品检验commodity inspection确定进出口商品的品质、规格、重量、数量、包装、安全性能、卫生方面的指标及装运技术和装运条件等项目实施检验和鉴定,以确定其是否与贸易合同、有关标准规定一致,是否符合进出口国有关法律和行政法规的规定;简称"商检";物流管理术语6．1 物流战略logistics strategy为寻求物流的可持续发展,就物流发展目标以及达成目标的途径与手段而制定的长远性、全局性的规划与谋略;6．2 物流战略管理logistics strategy management物流组织根据已制定的物流战略,付诸实施和控制的过程;6．3 仓库管理warehouse management对库存物品和仓库设施及其布局等进行规划、控制的活动;6．4仓库布局warehouse layout在一定区域或库区内,对仓库的数量、规模、地理位置和仓库设施、道路等各要素进行科学规划和总体设计;6．5 库存控制inventory control在保障供应的前提下,使库存物品的数量最少进行的有效管理的技术经济措施;6．6 经济订货批量economic order quantity EOQ通过平衡采购进货成本和保管仓储成本核算,以实现总库存成本最低的最佳订货量;6．7定量订货方式fixed-quantity system FQS当库存量下降到预定的最低的库存数量订货点时,按规定数量一般以经济订货批量为标准进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6．8 定期订货方式fixed-quantity system FIS按预先确定的订货间隔期间进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6．9 ABC分类管理ABC classification将库存物品按品种和占用资金的多少分为特别重要的库存A类、一般重要的库存B类和不重要的库存C类三个等级,然后针对不同等级分别进行管理与控制;6．10 电子订货系统Electronic order system EOS不同组织间利用通讯网络和终端设备以在线联结方式进行订货作业与订货信息交换的体系; 6．11 准时制just in time JIT在精确测定生产各工艺环节作业效率的前提下按订单准确的计划,消除一切无效作业与浪费为目标的一种管理模式;6．12 准时制物流just-in-time logistics一种建立在JIT管理理念基础上的现代物流方式;6．13 零库存技术zero-inventory logistics在生产与流通领域按照JIT组织物资供应,使整个过程库存最小化的技术的总称;6．14 物流成本管理logistics cost control对物流相关费用进行的计划、协调与控制;6．15 物料需要计划material requirements planning MRP一种工业制造企业内的物资计划管理模式;根据产品结构各层次物品的从属和数量关系,以每个物品为计划对象,以完工日期为时间基准倒排计划,按提前期长短区别各个物品下达计划时间的先后顺序;6．16 制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning MRP II从整体最优的角度出发,运用科学的方法,对企业的各种制造资源和企业生产经营各环节实行合理有效地计划、组织、控制和协调,达到既能连续均衡生产,又能最大限度地降低各种物品的库存量,进而提高企业经济效益的管理方法;6．17 配送需要计划distribution requirements planning DRP一种既保证有效地满足市场需要,又使得物流资源配置费用最省的计划方法,是MRP原理与方法在物品配送中的运用;6．18 配送资源计划distribution resource planning DRP II一种企业内物品配送计划系统管理模式;是在DRP的基础上提高各环节的物流能力,达到系统优化运行的目的;6．19 物流资源计划logistics resource planning LRP以物流为基础手段,打破生产与流通界限,集成制造资源计划、分销需要计划以及功能计划而形成的物资资源优化配置方法;6．20 企业资源计划enterprise resource planning ERP在MRP II 的基础上,通过反馈的物流和反馈的信息流、资金流,把客户需要和企业内部的生产经营活动以及供应商的资源整合在一起,体现完全按用户需要进行经营管理的一种全新的管理方法;6．21 供应链管理supply chain management SCM利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等,并进行计划、组织、协调与控制;6．22 快速反映Quick response QR物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场,不是储备了"产品",而是准备了各种"要素",在用户提出要求时,能以最快速度抽取"要素",及时"组装",提供所需服务或产品;6．23 有效客户反映efficient customer responseECR以满足顾客要求和最大限度降低物流过程费用为原则,能及时做出准确反应,使提供的物品供应或服务流程最佳化的一种供应链管理战略;6．24 连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program CRP利用及时准确的销售时点信息确定已销售的商品数量,根据零售商或批发商的库存信息和预先规定的库存补充程序确定发货补充数量和配送时间的计划方法;6．25 计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering CAO基于库存和客户需要信息,利用计算机进行自动订货管理的系统;6．26 供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory VMI供应商等上游企业基于其下游客户的生产经营、库存信息,对下游客户的库存进行管理与控制;6．27 业务外包outsourcing企业为了获得不单纯利用不、内部资源更多的竞争优势,将其非核心业务交由合作企业完成; 资料来源：http://vip.6to23/our56/study/html/tjzl/wlbz/wlglsy.htm。

班组长常用工作英文缩写

常用工作英文缩写●红色：应知应会（理解含义,挑选讲解常用）●黑色（可知可会）●穿插管理知识和背景知识（课中要求的必须会，闭卷考试）LOTO: lock out- tag outTB: turn backFTB: field turn back5M1E：Man、Machine、Material、Environment、Measure、Method、人、机、料、环、法、测(鱼骨图)5W1H：Why、What、Who、When、Where、How 为何/做什么/谁做/时间/地点/如何做BOM：物料清单（Bill Of Material）6S：Seiri、Seiton、Seiso、Seiketsu、Shitsuke、Safety 整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养、安全+ 节约7SAPQP：Advanced Product Quality Planning产品质量先期策划BPR：企业流程再造（Business Process Reengineering）BTF：计划生产（Build To Forecast）BTO：订单生产（Build To Order）CP：Control Plan 控制计划CPM：要径法（Critical Path Method）项目管理/时间管理Description:品名Decision ：决策、判定Description ：描述Device：装置Do：执行Equipment：设备EMC：电磁相容（Electric Magnetic Capability）Equipment Variation：设备变异FA: Failure Analysis：失效分析Fatigue：疲劳肥体格FIFO：First in, First out先进先出FMEA：Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 潜在失效模式及后果分FMS：弹性制造系统（Flexible Manufacture System）定制化、非标FPY: First-Pass Yield （第一次通过）合格率Gauge system 测量系统Grade 等级Histogram: 直方图 20/80Improvement: 改善Initial review: 先期审查Measurement: 测量Median 中位数Occurrence: 发生率Operation Instruction: 作业指导书Organization: 组织Parto 柏拉图Policy 方针Population 群体Practice 实务(践)Prevention 预防Probability 机率Process capability analysis 制程能力分析（图）Projects 项目Quality manual 品质手册Random experiment 随机试验Repair 返修Repeatability 再现性Reproducibility 再生性Responsibilities 职责Review 评审Rework返工Rolled yield 直通率RPN: Risk Priority Number 风险系数失效模式分析Scrap 报废Size 规格SOP: Standard Operation Procedure 标准作业书Specification 规范Standard Deviation 标准差Sum of squares 平方和Traceability 追溯Training 培训UCL: Upper Control Limit 管制（控制）上限USL: Upper Size Limit 规格上限Validation 确认Variable 计量值Verification 验证Version 版本VOC: Voice of Customer 客户需求AOD：Accept On Deviation 特采UAI Use As It 特采DIM：Dimension 尺寸N：Number 样品数GS：General Specification 一般规格ISO：国际标准组织（International Organization for Standardization）JIT：Just In Time准时（交货）MO：制令（Manufacture Order）MRO：请修（购）单（Maintenance Repair Operation）ODM：委托设计与制造（Original Design & Manufacture）OEM：委托代工（Original Equipment Manufacture）PDCA：Plan、Do、Check、Action 策划、实施、检查、处置PFC：Process Flow Chart过程流程图PMC：Production & Material Control 生产和物料控制PCs Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS：Pairs 双(对等)CTN：Carton 卡通箱PAL：Pallet/skid 栈板D/C：Date Code 生产日期码SWR ：Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N ：Lot Number 批号P/N：Part Number 料号N/A：Not Applicable 不适用QTY：Quantity 数量I/O ：input/output 输入/输出NG ：Not Good 不行,不合格C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许APP：Approve 核准,认可,承认CHK：Check 确认ASS'Y：Assembly 装配,组装LRR：Lot Reject Rate 批退率NG：Not Good 不良TBA ：To Be Assured 待定,定缺PPAP：Production Part Approval Process生产件批准程序PPB：十亿分之一Flux：助焊剂P/N:料号L/N：Lot Number批号Version：版本Quantity：数量Valid date：有效日期ICT: In Circuit Test (线路测试)ATE：Automatic Test Equipment自动测试设备PPM：Parts Per Million 每百万零件不合格数PR：采购申请（Purchase Request）PS：Package Specification 包装规范SPEC：Specification 规格QA：Quality Audit 质量审核/Quality Assurance 质量保证SFC：现场控制（Shop Floor Control）workshopSMART：精明原则Specific Measurable Achievable Result Oriented Timed（具体的描述、可以测量的、可以通过努力实现的、有结果导向性的、有时间性的）SPC：Statistical Process Control统计过程控制T/U: Touch Up (锡面修补)I/N:手插件P/T:初测F/T: Function Test (功能测试-终测)AS 组立assemblage assemblyP/K:包装MDA: manufacturing defect analysis制程不良分析(ICT) RUN-IN:老化实验HI-pot：高压测试High-Potential (Hi-Pot) Test DPPM: Defect Part Per Million(不良率的一种表达方式：百万分之一) 1000PPM即为0.1% Corrective Action: (CAR改善对策)ACC：允收acceptREJ:拒收rejectS/S：Sample size抽样检验样本大小SI-SIV：Special I-Special IV特殊抽样水平等级CON：Concession 让步、特许/ Waive放弃、搁置特采OBA:开箱稽核open box auditS/O: Sales Order (业务订单)P/O: Purchase Order (采购订单)P/R: Purchase Request (请购单)QVL: qualified vendor list合格供应商名册KPI: Key performance indicate重要绩效指标Q/R/S：Quality/Reliability/Service质量/可靠度/服务STL: ship to line（料到上线）NTF: No trouble found误判MRB: material review board（物料审核小组）MRB: Material reject bill退货单SOP: standard operation process（标准作业程序）SIP: Specification inspection process制程检验规格TOP: Test Operation Process (测试作业流程)WI: working instruction（作业指导书）FAR: failure aualysis report故障分析报告CAR: Corrective action report改善报告ISAR ：首批样品认可(Initial Sample Approval Request) LOG: Logistics (后勤支持)CIP：Continual Improvement Plan持续改善计划8D Sheet: 8 Disciplines sheet ( 8D单)4L ：逐批订购法(Lot-for-Lot)FYI/R:for your information/reference仅供参考ASAP:尽快S/T:Standard time标准时间TPM: total production maintenance：全面生产保养ESD Wrist strap：静电环Electro-Static discharge SWOT：Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat优势﹐弱点﹐机会﹐威胁Vibration Testing：振动测试MAT'S：Material材料LRR：Lot Reject Rate批退率ATIN：Attention知会ATT7M1I: Manpower , Machine , Material , Method, Market , Management , Money , Information人力，机器，材料，方法, 市场，管理，资金，资讯Action 行动Activity 活动Analysis of Variance 方差分析Approved 承认批准Attribute 计数值Average 平均数Brainstorming Techniques 脑力风暴法Cause and Effect Matrix 因果图(鱼骨图)CL: Center Line 中心线Check Sheets 检查表Complaint 投诉Conformity 合格（符合）Control 控制Control chart 控制(管制)图Correction 纠正Data 数据TCQ：Time、Cost、Quality时间、成本、质量TOC：限制理论（Theory of Constraints）瓶颈理论WIP：在制品（Work In Process）in process out PPE：Product Engineer 产品工程IE: Industrial engineer 工业工程DOE:实验设计PMC:企划W/H:仓库SI: 客验CRITICAL DEFECT:严重缺点（CR）MAJOR DEFECT:主要缺点（MA）MINOR DEFECT:次要缺点（MI）MAX: Maximum最大值MIN: Minimum最小值DIA：iameter直径DIM：Demension尺寸LCL: Lower control limit管制下限UCL: Upper control limit管制上限EMI:电磁干扰ESD:静电防护EPA:静电保护区域Compatibility：兼容性Marking：标记markerDWG drawing图面Standardization：标准化ZD: Zero defect零缺点Tolerance：公差忍受Auditor：审核员auditRework：重工redoID：identification识别,鉴别,证明PILOT RUN: (试投产)FPIR：First Piece Inspection Report首件检查报告FAA:首件确认CP: capability index（准确度）目标管理QT: Quality target品质目标QP: Quality policy目标方针QI: Quality improvement品质改善CPI: Continuous Process Improvement 连续工序改善Consensus：一致PD: Production Department (制造)Shipping: (进出口)AOQ：Average Output Quality平均出货质量AOQL：Average Output Quality Level平均出货质量水平QIT: Quality Improvement Team 品质改善小组QIP：Quality Improvement Plan品质改善计划M.Q.F.S: Material Quality Feedback Sheet (来料品质回馈单)SCAR: Supplier Corrective Action Report (供货商改善对策报告)MPQ: Material Packing Quantity (物料最小包装量)SPS：Switching power supply 电源箱PCB：Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板WDR：Weekly Delivery Requirement 周出货要求DSCN: Delivery Schedule Change Notice (交期变更通知)RCCP：粗略产能规划(Rough Cut Capacity Planning)TQC：全面质量管理（Total Quality Control）QA：品质保证（Quality Assurance）QC：Quality Control 质量控制QCC：品管圈（Quality Control Circle）QFD：Quality Function Development质量功能展开QM：Quality Manual质量手册QMS：Quality Management Systems质量管理体系QP：Quality Procedure质量程序文件/Quality Planning质量策划/Quality Plan 质量计划QP-QC-QI：质量三步曲，质量计划－质量控制－质量改进RMA：退货验收（Returned Material Approval）TQM：Total Quality Management全面质量管理TQM：全面品质管理（Total Quality Management）QC: Quality control品质管理IQC: Incoming quality control 进料检验LQC: Line Quality Control 生产线品质控制IPQC: In process quality control 制程检验FQC: Final quality control 最终检验OQC: Outgoing quality control 出货检验QA: Quality assurance 品质保证QE: Quality engineer 品质工程CE: component engineering零件工程EE: equipment engineering设备工程ME: manufacturing engineering制造工程TE: testing engineering测试工程PC: producing control生管Subject matter：主要事项FQC：成品质量管理（Finish or Final Quality Control）CRP：产能需求规划（Capacity Requirements Planning）OQC：出货质量管理（Out-going Quality Control）ABB：实施作业制预算制度（Activity-Based Budgeting）ABM：作业制成本管理（Activity-Base Management）、CAD：Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助能力设计CMK：机器能力指数COPS：Customer Oriented Processes顾客导向过程CPK：过程能力指数EC：设计变更/工程变更（Engineer Change）ECRN：原件规格更改通知（Engineer Change Request Notice）ERP：Enterprise Requirement Planning企业需求计划VOE: Voice of Engineer 工程需求Inventory stock report:庫存清单报告CP：capability index 能力指数IPQC: 制程质量管理（In-Process Quality Control）IQC：进料质量管理（Incoming Quality Control）OLAP：在线分析处理（On-Line Analytical Processing）OPT：最佳生产技术（Optimized Production Technology）PCC：Product control center 生产管制中心PPC：Production Plan Control 生产计划控制ID/C：Identification Code (供货商)识别码。

plc数据采集模块设计案例英语

plc数据采集模块设计案例英语PLC Data Acquisition Module Design Case.Introduction.In industrial automation systems, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play a vital role in controlling and monitoring various processes. Data acquisition is an essential aspect of process monitoring and control, as it allows PLCs to collect and process data from sensors, actuators, and other devices in the system. To meet the specific requirements of different applications, custom data acquisition modules can be designed to providetailored functionality and performance.System Overview.Consider a manufacturing process that involves monitoring temperature, pressure, and flow rate at multiple points along the production line. To collect this data, aPLC-based system is employed, consisting of a central PLC and several remote I/O modules. Each I/O module is responsible for acquiring data from a specific set of sensors and transmitting it to the PLC for processing and control.Data Acquisition Module Design.The design of the data acquisition module involves several key considerations, including:Sensor Interface: The module must provide appropriate interfaces for connecting to the sensors used in the system. Common sensor interfaces include analog inputs (e.g., 4-20mA, 0-10V), digital inputs, and serial interfaces (e.g., RS-485).Signal Conditioning: Raw sensor signals often require signal conditioning to ensure compatibility with the PLC's input requirements. This may involve amplification, filtering, or converting analog signals to digital values.Data Acquisition: The module should employ appropriate data acquisition techniques to accurately capture sensor data. This may involve using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), digital-to-analog converters (DACs), or specialized data acquisition chips.Communication: The module must have a reliable communication interface for transmitting acquired data to the PLC. Common communication protocols include Modbus, EtherCAT, and PROFINET.Power Supply: The module should be designed to operate from a suitable power supply, ensuring reliable operationin the industrial environment.Hardware Design.The hardware design of the data acquisition module involves selecting appropriate components and designing the circuit layout. The selection of components should consider factors such as accuracy, resolution, power consumption, and environmental tolerance. The circuit layout should beoptimized for signal integrity, noise immunity, and ease of assembly.Software Design.The software design of the data acquisition module includes writing firmware for the module's microcontroller. This firmware is responsible for initializing the module, configuring sensors, acquiring data, and transmitting it to the PLC. It should also implement error handling and diagnostic routines to ensure system reliability.Testing and Validation.Thorough testing and validation are essential to ensure the proper operation of the data acquisition module. This involves testing the module under various operating conditions, including different sensor inputs, communication scenarios, and environmental conditions. The validation process should verify that the module meets the specified requirements for accuracy, performance, and reliability.Benefits of Custom Data Acquisition Module.Designing a custom data acquisition module offers several benefits, including:Customization: The module can be tailored to meet the specific requirements of the application, ensuring optimal performance and functionality.Cost Optimization: Custom modules can often be designed more cost-effectively than off-the-shelf solutions that may not fully meet the application needs.Integration: The module can be seamlessly integrated with the PLC and other system components, reducing the complexity of the system architecture.Reliability: Custom modules can be designed to meet specific reliability requirements, ensuring uninterrupted operation in critical industrial environments.Conclusion.Custom data acquisition modules play a crucial role in PLC-based industrial automation systems. By carefully considering the system requirements, sensor interfaces, signal conditioning, data acquisition techniques, communication protocols, and hardware and software design, engineers can create tailored data acquisition solutions that meet the unique demands of their applications. These custom modules offer advantages in terms of customization, cost optimization, integration, and reliability, enabling efficient and effective process monitoring and control.。

六西格玛设计和可靠性设计

Design for SixSigma(DFSS)& Design for Reliability(DFR) 六西格玛设计和可靠性设计The Journey1998 – Seagate adopts Six Sigma defect reduction,cost savings1999 – Lean in Manufacturing &Supply ChainIntro BE July 20102001 – DFSS in Product & ProcessDevelopmentPage 2DFSS in the BeginningIterativeUse of historical requests Test and re-testShort term estimates Isolated CTQ optimizationPredictiveRequirements hierarchy Model buildingLong term estimates System optimizationInitial Approach:Top down Educate the masses in design centers -> “DFSS Certified”• DFSS Foundation – 2 weeks of Statistics • DFSS Project – Systems Engineering – 3 days Train the suppliers and factory BrB/BB/MBBs in DFSSIntro BE July 2010Page 3What Is Design for Six Sigma?Design for Six Sigma (DFSS):• Allows us to set “need-based” requirements for CTQs and to evaluate our capability to meet those requirements.• Is a process that focuses on predictive product design. • Emphasizes the use of statistical methods to predictproduct quality early in the design process.• Is a complement to good engineering/decision making practices.Intro BE July 2010Page 4Six Sigma Improvement Methodology1 ADefineYES2NO1.MeasureIdentify2.YES3NOAnalyzeDesign3.OptimizeYES4NOImprove5YESA4.NOValidate5.ControlA high level Business need is identified(CTQ gap)Does a Current Business Process/Product exist to address the gapAre the Processes/Products that support your key outputs optimized but still not capable of meeting customer requirements?Is the solution or part of the solution a new process, product, or service.Does the capability of one or more KPIV need to be improved to optimize KPOV?Intro BE July 2010Page 5Statistical DesignIdentify DesignOptimize ValidateIntro BE July 2010Identify Customer RequirementsTranslate Into Critical To Quality (CTQ) Measures and Key Process/Product Output Variable (KPOV) LimitsFormulate Designs/Concepts//SolutionsValidate The Measurement Systems Evaluate DesignsFor Each Top Level CTQ, Identify Key Product/Process Input Variables (KPIV’s) Develop Transfer Functions Between KeyInput and Output VariablesOptimize DesignPerform Tradeoffs to Ensure that All CTQ’s Are MetNot OKNot OK OKException ReviewDetermine TolerancesAssess Process Capability to Achieve Critical Design Parameters and Meet CTQ Limits DFSS ScoringTest & ValidationPerform Tradeoffs to Ensure that All CTQ’s Are MetNot OK OKNot OK Exception ReviewAssess Performance, Failure Modes, Reliability and RisksOKFeasibility Point TollgateNot OKPage 6BreakthroughSix Sigma and Design for Six SigmaDesign for Six SigmaDesign robust products so thatspecs can be loosenedDefectsDMAIC Six SigmaFocus on reducing variation around the meanLower Spec LimitUpper Spec Limit• Design for Six Sigma and “Standard” Six Sigma work together!Intro BE July 2010Page 7Design EvolutionFROMEvolving Design requirements Design rework Build and test performance assessment Performance and manufacturability after product is designed Quality is “tested in”REACTIVEIntro BE July 2010TODisciplined CTQ flowdown Controlled design parameters Performance modeled and simulated Design for robust performance and manufacturabilityPREDICTIVEPage 8Key Elements• Systems relationships Transfer Functions, KPIV & KPOV• Statistical Design: Meeting not only target but address variations in design• Identify, Design, Optimize, & Verify (IDOV)Intro BE July 2010Page 9Systems Engineering - FlowdownQFD/FMEASystem CTQsSubsystem CTQsSub-assembly CTQsComponents CTQsProcess CTQsIntro BE July 2010Page 10Systems View Of a Hard Disc Drive38 CTQsCustomer CTQsServo-Mech RSS-H/MMech ServoProcess CTQs7 CTQsElec/InterfaceASIC111 Subsystem CTQs FirmwareAssembly/TestCert/Test>120 Factory CTQsHSA HGA Motor/Base HDA Encl. Head Media Channel/PreampComponent CTQs...Intro BE July 2010Page 11Transfer FunctionWhat is a Transfer Function?X1X2X3f(X1,X2,…, Xn)Y…Xn• It is a relationship of the CTQ (Y) to the key input variables (X’s). • It is not necessarily as rigorous as a process model. • It is key to predicting product performance before buildingprototypes.Intro BE July 2010Page 12Getting to the y = f(x1, x2…)Physical Models - dedicated experts ü Explore design space – run simulations with DOE ü Model management processStatistical Models ü DOE, Regression, Response Surface, etc ü Parametric data analysis – especially for reliability ü MSA“All models are wrong, some are useful.” - George BoxIntro BE July 2010Page 13Flowdown/Flowup ProcessSystemIdentify Customer CTQs. Translate into System CTQs.Identify Measurement for each system CTQ.Adjust tradeoffs to reduce cost (as new σ improvementsare made).PNCTrade off mean/variance requirements to x1,x2,…,xn to best meet system CTQ need.Determine Specifications for each system CTQ (Y).Identify Transfer FunctionY=f(x1,x2,…,xn)YesCapabilitiesof allNox1,x2,…,xnknown?Obtain process capabilities for those x’s that are not yetknown.Use transfer function and experience/judgement to allocate requirements for x1,x2,…,xn to meet systemCTQ need.SubsystemsIntro BE July 2010Page 14After y = f(x1,x2..), then…Internally developed tool – handles up to 20 transfer functions Ø Runs Sensitivity Analysis, Monte Carlo simulation and determines PNC Ø Optimizes for a Figure of Merit (cost, PNC, Z-score, user specified) Ø Helps set tolerances for all inputsOptimize to a Figure of MeritWhat the customerwantsInput w VariationsIntro BE July 2010Page 15Transfer FunctionsMeeting expectation?Screened Parts?Allocate OptimizedSpecsDesign & Engineering Benefits• KPOVs & KPIVs defined by transfer function • Clear ownership of CTQs • Visibility for trade-off managementIntro BE July 2010Page 16DFSS Process IntegrationCTQ FlowdownCustomer• Marketing Inputs • Product RoadmapsPNCCTQ’sSystem• System Models/Specs • System Eng. RoadmapPNCCTQ’sSubsystems• Subsystem Simulations • Subsystem RoadmapsPNCCTQ’sComponents• Eng. Design Tools • Process CharacterizationPNCCTQ’sParts• Parts CharacterizationParts/Process/Performance Capability FlowupOwnersMarketing /Systems EngineeringSystems EngineeringSubsystem EngineeringDesign Process Centers Mfg/Suppliers/Service Mfg/Suppliers/Sourcing Design TeamsIntro BE July 2010Page 17Prospects• Understanding customer needs • Complete understanding of systems relationships • Considers not only the target but the variation indesign • Integrating models & simulators to estimate Probabilityof Non-Conformance (PNC) • Not about the number 6 but a cultural changeIntro BE July 2010Page 18Design OpportunityMost current Six Sigma effort is here.$Must move quality effort here!Cost to Correct Quality and ReliabilityResearchDesignPrototypeDefects are:Difficult to see/predict Easy to fixProductionCustomerEasy to see Costly to fixIntro BE July 2010Page 19Cost to Design and Manufacture Product6 Sigma vs. Optimal SigmaDESIGN COST MATERIALS COST MANUFACTURING COSTOptimal SettingIntro BE July 2010ZST LEVELPage 20What workedProduct & Process Development culture transformed by DFSS ü More rigorous VOC process ü Doing Systems Engineering vs components (organization change) ü Speaking the “same language” in CTQ flow down (requirements) ü Emphasis on transfer function development - Models, DOE, regression, etc. ü Using statistical thinking vs target only - Monte Carlo simulation, tolerance analysis, etc ü Applying DFR early in product & technology development, FMEAs up front ü More data driven decisionsAvg Development TimeIntro BE July 2010Page 21But Something Still Needs Beefing Up1998 – Seagate adopts Six Sigma1999 – Lean in Manufacturing &Supply ChainIntro BE July 20102001 – DFSS in Product & ProcessDevelopment2006 – Revised Design forReliability (DFR)Page 22Design for ReliabilityDFSSANOVA RegressionHypothesis TestingVOC FlowdownQFD FMEADFREnvironmental & Usage ConditionsLife Data AnalysisPhysics of FailureGeneral Linear Model Control Plans Accelerated Life TestingMSAReliability GrowthSensitivity AnalysisModelingDOEWarranty PredictionsTolerancingFA recognition– Many common tools – DFSS enables achieving high quality at launch with nominal stress conditions – DFR focuses on achieving high quality over time and across stress levelsIntro BE July 2010Page 23Enhanced DFR ProcessUpfront use of DFR Assessment Matrix in the development cycle to identify and address reliability issuesModeling Physics ofFailureDFR Summary page: Key Reliability Risks / Failure ModesIssues from prior productsParetos , Post Mortem, …Competitive AnalysisNew technologiesFMEA’s , brainstorming, …Prioritized list of key reliability risksSys FMEANew market environmental & usage conditionsPotential Failure mode *CFM team?Maturity of physics of failure modelsUnderstand fieldenvironment stressorsEffective Stress testEffective FA recognitionParametric data analysisManufacturing/ supplier controlstrategy/ metrologyDFR TeamDesign OptionsArea Specific RepresentativeFailure Mode 1YesFailure Mode 2YesFailure Mode 3YesFailure Mode 4 NoFailure Mode 5YesFailure Mode 6NoFailure Mode 7YesFailure Mode 8 Yes• The status of the DFR activities will be updated at each progra m phase gate with a DFR review of the activities associated with the stoplight matrix above.• New Key Reliability Risks / Failure Modes should be added or pa rked when engineering data justifies that action.© Seagate ConfidentialPage 2Intro BE July 2010Page 24Integration into Product DevelopmentProduct Planning, Design and Development ProcessVOCLessons LearnedRequirements Management Phase-Gates & DeliverablesData Storage DeviceDesign for Design for SixReliabilitySigmaEngineering Models and Six Sigma Tool SetsIntro BE July 2010Page 25The Journey Forward1998 – adopts DMAIC Six SigmaToday – Business Excellence1999 – Lean in Manufacturing &Supply Chain2000 – DFSS in Product & ProcessDevelopment2006 – Integrated DFRwith DFSS2007 – Research ExcellenceIntro BE July 2010Page 26Integration into Product DevelopmentLean Design & DevelopmentProduct Planning, Design and Development ProcessVOCLessons LearnedRequirements Management Phase-Gates & DeliverablesData Storage DeviceDesign for Design for SixReliabilitySigmaEngineering Models and Six Sigma Tool SetsIntro BE July 2010Page 27Tools We UseSIX SIGMA• Traditional DMAIC toolset• Traditional DFSS toolset• DFR tools• Value StreamMapping • Value-add Analysis • Error-proofing • 5S • Cycle time analysis • Benchmarking • 5 why’s • Potential problemanalysis • Work measurement•Setup reduction•Pull systems•Total productive maintenance•Shop floor management• OEE•Lean assessment•Lean diagnostic•48 hour study •Layout optimizationLEAN•Batch size reduction•Time studies•Work sampling•Red flag analysisChange Mgmt•Current reality tree •Future reality tree •Conflict resolutionThroughput focus•Critical chain project mgmt •Prerequisite tree •Transition TreeTOCIntro BE July 2010Page 28Business Excellence“Today” and “Tomorrow” elementsLeanDFSS/DFRDMAIC 6σIntro BE July 2010Research & Technology DevelopmentFutureCommitment to technology developmentAdvanced Drive Integration & PlatformTomorrowStaging, aligning and integrating technologyProduct/ ComponentDesign & Manuf.TodayExecuting to product plansFactory & DeliveryPage 29SLAM II Context DiagramProduct and Technology Portfolio ManagementProduct Planning Process Platform Integration/Technology AlignmentBi-Annual ProcessesFramework Mini MR MRMiniPOREMGen 1 Gen 2Start EM RR Gen 1 RR Gen 2SAD CTU orDRArch.MR Declare Declare Declare Declare ECQPTADrive Development à(Click here forAdvanced Drive Development (ADD) Feasibility Phase 0 DesignIntegration Qualification PilotRampMilestoneDefinitions)FrameMRDrive Development Primary Market Segment-work MRMini MRMini DRADD ExitFeas ExitEMD/ Ph0 ExitProduct Phase-Based Gen1DeclareGen2 DeclareCTU DeclareSADProcPeTAssesEC MarketT-36 T-32T-25T-22T-19T-15T-10T-6T-2T=0T+4PS MarketT-32 T-28T-25T-22T-15T-12T-9T-6T-2T=0T+X# Months prior to SADSeagate ConfidentialIntro BE July 2010Page 30Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this training, the student will be able to:•Tie together the tools and methodology covered in thisclass.•Understand how DFSS, DFR and DMAIC are interrelated.•Apply the knowledge gained to current projects.IDOV ProcessFeasibility Point TollgateException ReviewPerform Tradeoffs to Ensure thatAll CTQ ’s Are MetOKNot OKNot OKNot OKValidateOptimizeDesignIdentifyOKTranslate Into Critical To Quality (CTQ) Measures and Key Process/Product Output Variable (KPOV) LimitsFormulate Designs/Concepts//Solutions Evaluate DesignsFor Each Top Level CTQ, Identify Key Product/Process Input Variables (KPIV ’s)Identify Customer RequirementsDevelop Transfer Functions Between KeyInput and Output VariablesAssess Process Capability to Achieve Critical Design Parameters and Meet CTQ LimitsOptimize Design DFSS ScoringDetermine TolerancesTest & ValidationAssess Performance, Failure Modes,Reliability and Risks Validate The Measurement SystemsNot OKException ReviewOKPerform Tradeoffs to Ensure thatAll CTQ ’s Are MetNot OKStatistical DesignWhat ’s NeededRM Software & Business ProcessIntegration intoProductDevelopment Flow & Phase-Gate ProcessTools Development& Model ManagementIdentify VOC, CTC, Environmental,System Level CTQsRequirement Management common repository, data structure, CTQ dictionary, flowdownDesign & Optimize Transfer FunctionsAllocationsTools Application simulators, models, DOEs, Monte Carlo, optimization, etc.VerifyStress Test, MSAMeasurement Systems & Builds sample sizes, cost, qualification test, etc.Appendix: DFSS Phase ReviewIdentify Phase1. What are you designing?2. Who is the customer?3. What business need will your design fill?4. When is your design needed?5. What does the cost/benefit (effort-to-impact) analysis show?6. What priority does this development effort have in the list of active and future projects?7. Who is going to champion this design effort?8. What are the CTQ requirements for this project?9. How are you sure these are the correct and complete list of requirements? (TTM, technical, environmental, etc)10. How did you determine which requirements are critical and which are non-critical?11. What are the targets and limits for each CTQ requirement?12. How did you determine the limits for each requirement?13. What requirements or limits do you expect to change either before or after project completion? How do you plan to handle this?14. How will you measure the CTQ’s? Who owns the equipment?15. What are the potential technological barriers? Describe your plan to overcome those barriers (alternative technology, costs, etc)?16. What elements of your design will be leveraged from existing designs, and/or will be used in future designs?17. What data do you have on existing similar designs?18. How does your design compare to our competitors?19. What resources are available (both personnel and budget)?20. Who are the critical players who can significantly impact this project? Are they “on board” with the development?21. What is your timeline and milestones?22. What obstacles do you foresee? Describe how you plan to overcome them?23. What does the feasibility / risk assessment indicate? What is your risk mitigation plan?I8-1Design Phase24. What design(s) are you considering?25. Where did the design(s) come from?26. Which design best satisfies the CTQ requirements?27. What existing knowledge are you leveraging into this design?28. What are the most complex elements of your design?29. What are the critical manufacturing/process steps for your design?30. Have you demonstrated technological/manufacturing feasibility?31. What is the risk associated with each design? (risk elements include: time to market, cost, capability, meeting volume,necessary resources, technological barriers, customer receptiveness, environmental regulations and vendor/supplier support)32. What data have you collected on the design(s)?33. How was the data collected?34. What additional output will you need to measure?35. What are the gauge R & R’s for all key measurable inputs and outputs? Who takes the measurements? Who owns the gauging?36. If a better gauge is needed, what would be the cost?37. What are the critical outputs (Vital Few) affecting each CTQ?38. What are the critical inputs (Vital Few) affecting each critical output?39. Who participated in developing the list of ALL (Trivial Many) the inputs/outputs initially analyzed and what were they?40. How were the critical inputs/outputs determined?41. What are the functional relationships between the critical outputs and the CTQ’s?42. What are the functional relationships between the critical inputs and critical outputs43. What are the tentative optimums for the inputs/outputs?44. What data do you have to support your decisions?45. How did you collect your data?46. How many parts and why?47. How do you know that you took enough samples to see a real effect and not just noise? What is your confidence that the effects is real?48. For suppliers, do they agree with your analysis of what the Vital Few are?49. What will be the process flow for your design?50. Who are the potential suppliers?51. What is the supplier’s capacity? Is it sufficient to meet short and long term capacity?I8-1Optimize Phase52. What are the product tolerances for each critical input/output?53. How were the tolerances determined?54. What data do you have to support these tolerances?55. How did you collect your data?56. How many parts and why?57. How do you know that you took enough samples?58. What is the capability for each tolerance?59. Is the capability score based on short or long-term estimates of variability?60. How sensitive is the performance to the critical inputs varying at the same time (i.e. interactions) over their tolerance ranges?61. Which environmental factors impact your design the most?62. How will you compensate for environmental influences?63. What are the key reliability issues?64. How did you test for reliability?65. What is your confidence in the predicted level of capability and reliability?66. Who are the suppliers? Have they been qualified? What is their capability?67. How will the parts be inspected?68. Do you have standards to ensure inspection test reproducibility?69. What does the product design / process flow diagram look like?70. Which steps in the process are value added and which are non-value added (rework, testing, inspecting, etc)?71. What is your plan for eliminating non-value added work?72. Are all the CTQ/S limits met or exceeded by using these product/process tolerances? If not, how do you plan to resolve that fact?73. What data do you have to support that all the CTQ/S’s are being met by this design?74. What is the predicted capacity?75. What are the biggest capacity constraints?76. What is the predicted cost?77. What are the areas of greatest risk?78. What is your plan for mitigating the risk? Is the risk acceptable?I8-2Validate Phase79. What is your validation test plan and criteria?80. What data do you have to support that the CTQ’s have been met?81. What is your confidence that the CTQ’s have been met?82. Which variables are the most important to control?83. What type of process control is being implemented?84. What are the action limits and action plans?85. What is the timing of the implementation?86. Who is involved with the implementation?87. Who will take the long-term responsibility for maintaining the controls?88. What plans do you have in place to revisit the process in the future to ensure the capability is being maintained?89. When will you transfer your design?90. How will you verify successful transfer of your design?All Phases91. What success(es) have you had in this phase (beyond what you expected)?92. What roadblocks did you encounter that you needed or still need help with?93. What do you see as your next steps?94. What would you have done differently?I8-2Appendix: MiscAcronyms and SymbolsRSM Response Surface Methodology RSS Root Sum of Squaress standard deviation of a sample s 2Variance of a sample S pSystem Capability IndexSDM Statistical Design Methods SESystems EngineeringSea.DOT Seagate Design Optimization Tool SEI Software Engineering Institute SPC Statistical Process Control SS Sum of SquaresSS p Subsystem Capability Index S/W Software T Target Level TF Transfer FunctionTol ToleranceTTM Time to MarketUCL Upper Confidence Limit (Upper Control Limit in SPC)USL Upper Spec limit VOC Voice of the Customer WC Worst Casex Mean of a sampleZNumber of σ‘s that can fit between Mean and Spec limitI & T Integration & Test Phase of a Program IDOV Identify, Design, Optimize, Validate IV Independent VariableKPIV Key Product/Process Input Variable KPOV Key Product/Process Output Variable KT Kepner-TregoeLCL Lower Confidence Limit (Lower Control Limit in SPC)LSL Lower Spec LimitMAIC Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control MBB Master Black BeltME Mechanical EngineeringMGPD Multi-Generation Product Development MS Mean Sum of SquaresMSA Measurement Systems Analysis MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTTF Mean Time To Failure p probability of an occurrence PCB Printed Circuit BoardPCD Process Capability Database PCM Process Capability ModelsPNC Probability of Non-Conformance to specificationsPp, Ppk Long term capability measures PPM Parts per MillionQFD Quality Function Deployment R&R Repeatability & Reproducibility RPNRisk Priority NumberµMean of a populationσStandard Deviation of a Population σ2Variance of a population 1-D One dimensional linear stack-up ANOVA Analysis of VarianceBBBlack BeltBOM Bill of MaterialsCp, Cpk Process Capability Index, Short Term CI Confidence Interval COQ Cost of Quality CTQ Critical to Quality df Degrees of Freedom DFA Design for AssemblyDFM Design for Manufacturability DFSS Design for Six Sigma DoEDesign of ExperimentsDPLOC Defects per line of code DPPM Defective Parts per Million DPU Defects Per Unit DV Dependent Variable EE Electrical Engineering ETTR Elapsed Time To RepairFEA Finite Element AnalysisFMEA Failure Modes and Effects Analysis GLM General Linear ModelGR&R Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility H/WHardware。

轮胎英语词汇

Radial ply tyre子午线轮胎air valve气阀Diameter直径regular tyre合格胎Perimeter周长curing press硫化压力Formulation配方recipe finished product成品Curative硫化剂semi-finished product 半成品Cure rate硫化速率aspect defect外观缺陷Cure state硫化程度undulation鼓包Autoclave硫化罐folding折叠Blister气泡pallet托盘Chafer cracking子口裂口spray喷雾器Rubber shortage缺胶stir搅拌Sidewall print胎侧缺胶groove开槽Spew大边radius半径Over curing过硫pump泵Under curing欠硫eccentric偏离的Foreign body杂质puncture穿刺X-ray X光zip拉链Visual外观stitch缝合Exposed cord帘线外露tensile拉伸Cordstretch/elongation帘线拉伸viscosity粘度Valve气阀viscometer粘度计Conveyor belt传送带pressure roller压力辊Inflation充气automatism自动化Deflation缩小manual手动Pipeline管道volume体积Width宽度area面积Length长度distance长度Thickness厚度weight重量Penetrate渗透density密度Multiple复合scrap废品Isolation rubber隔离剂extension拉伸Multimeter万用表scale尺度/比例Defect缺陷medium中型Heavy重型classification分类/分级Negative失衡strip胶片Quality inspector质检员judge判断Vagrant cords帘线弯曲fraying织物碎屑Joint接头parallel并行Absent没有tear硬伤Deform变形separation分离Misplaced放错位置steps阶梯Open cords钢丝辟缝under liner过渡层Liner气密层rubberized compound挂胶Tread cap胎面上机胶tread base胎面下机胶Drum鼓curing program硫化周期End curing strip包边胶片external strip外胶片Internal strip手贴胶片strip over carcass胎体附胶片Strip at edge of carcass胎体边缘胶片UBF/under belt filler胎肩垫胶Soft filler软三角hard filler硬三角Bead filler strip胶片seting定位Gasoline汽油application应用，申请stock blend 翻料区Open miller 密炼机Device装置pallet抓盘Punch刺puncher锥子Entry进入select选择Panel 面板,仪表板circumference圆周Align排列,成行avoid避免,消除Pocking贴合voltage电压Beneath在…之下clamper夹持器Clutch抓住,离合器identify确定,鉴别Laster耐久性beam梁;电波Coincide一致,符合pedal踏板Brush刷子wearable耐磨的Compress压缩efficiency效率,功效Flex伸缩,弯曲tear撕裂Destroy破坏fluid流动性Capability性能cost成本Process工艺deform变形Holland荷兰suitable适用Transfer ring传递环components部件Corresponding相应的crame填充Microcrack微裂纹faliture strength破坏强度Stiffness硬度crystallize结晶Fatigue resistance耐疲劳性filler填充料Plasticizer可塑性extrusion挤出Orientation定向DP聚合度elastomer合成橡胶magic triangle魔鬼三角vulcanization硫化thermolysis热分解dome锅stacking累计friction摩擦力longitudinal纵向的hydrophilic亲水的homogeneity均一性crack裂纹toughness韧性slastic弹性binder粘合剂reinforced增强segment段;分割extract炸出data数据tolerance公差item一条,一则plant生产线comments注释,说明bladder胶囊centralizing ring no定位盘号copper铜instrument设备meters表,仪表cabinet橱柜cavity洞穴,腔traceability追溯register登记,注册aging老化scar疤痕mechanism机械手batch批量grasp抓running转动plate盘experiment实验text试验ozone臭氧compositoin成分olefin石蜡scorch焦烧expend膨胀accelerant促进剂system体系mesh work网状结构endure承受reduce减少roller辊complex复合mixing混合gelation凝胶catalyst催化剂modulus模量optimization最优化feedstock原料viscous粘性的ductile柔软的life cycle生命周期molecular weight分子量distribution分布coalesce接合sag松弛stress应力strain应变band成键brittle脆的impurity杂质trademark商标reverse反status状态original有机的 ,原始的sipe刀槽花纹polythene塑料overlap重叠acceptable可接受的inspection检测purpose目的applicable适用sample抽样increase增长brush刷子petrol汽油equipment设备dimension尺寸shrink收缩trolley百叶车horizontally水平的pre-load of arm合模力parallel belt 并行generic一般的variation变化的absent没有soft filler软三角hard filler硬三角setting定位pre-conformation预定型variable变化,变量thin薄shortage缺胶visible cords露帘线seperation分离misplaced放错位置open cords钢丝匹缝under liner过渡层liner内衬层rubberized compound挂胶fabric for bead wrap胎圈包布tread base胎面下基胶tread cap胎面上基胶drum鼓curing cycle硫化周期missing缺失puncture刺穿zip拉链stitch缝合tensile张力viscosity粘度viscometer粘度计pressure roller压力辊automatism自动化的manual手动volume体积area面积distance长度weight重量density密度regular合格defect缺陷scrap废品extension拉伸scale比例/尺度medium中型heavy重型finished product成品classification分类/级negative消极的/失衡strip胶片Q insperctor质检员judge判断Undulation波动vagrant cords帘线弯曲Fold重叠fraying织物碎屑Joint接头big大边Spew飞边,胶边over curing过硫Under curing欠硫foreign bodies杂质X-rayX光visual外观Exposed cords露钢丝cord stretch帘线拉伸Valve气阀conveyor belt传送带Inflation充气deflation放气Pipe line管道width宽度Length长度thickness厚度Penetrate渗透multiple复合Curing press硫化机semi-finished product半成品Spray喷雾器stir搅拌Groove沟槽/开槽radius半径/范围Pump泵eccentric偏离的Humidity湿气air bag气囊Radial tyre子午线轮胎mould模具Loader机械手release agent隔离剂Rubber paste胶浆radial ply tyre子午线轮胎Diameter直径perimeter周长Formutation配方curative硫化剂Cure rate硫化速率autoclave硫化罐Blistet气泡chafer cracking子口裂口 print胎侧水印slat cutting斜裁Vertical cutting纵裁shaping成型Parameter参数adjust调整Screw螺丝clamping螺丝钳Storage存放angle角度Splice接头inner tube内胎Flap垫带curing bag水胎Curing bladder硫化胶囊splited裂开Tread胎面first belt一带束Second belt二带束third belt三带束Zero belt零带束bead胎圈Bead filler三角胶bead ring钢丝圈Chafer子口inner liner气密层Under liner过渡层sidewall胎侧Anti-abrasion耐磨胶compound胶料Green tyre胎胚tubed tyre有内胎轮胎Tubeless tyre无内胎轮胎pattern花纹Section断面auxiliary drum带束鼓Straight cutting直裁buffing打磨Analysis分析initial最初Calender压延机current电流Turkey土耳其Sulfer transform 硫磺转化率Stamp印章Rotate使旋转ANNA带束层THC胎面下基胶LIB过渡层ESD胎侧TEST硬三角TOBI软三角TEVA耐磨ALT胎体tread胎面sidewall胎侧bead filler三角胶under belt filler垫胶bead胎圈belt带束层first belt一号带束层second belt二号带束层third belt三号带束层zero degree belt零度带束层strip胶片chafer子口anti abrasive耐磨胶carcass胎体steel cord钢帘线fabric帘布metallic fabric金属帘线metal金属inner tube内胎flap垫带bladder胶囊component部件compound胶料final compound终炼胶master batch母炼胶blister气泡group集团tire轮胎company公司factory工厂workshop车间mixing workshop密炼车间extruding and calendaring workshop压延车间building workshop成型车间curing workshop硫化车间machine机器mixing machine密炼机building machine成型机building drum成型鼓carcass drum胎体鼓B&T drumB&T鼓curing machine硫化机calendar machine压延机open mill开炼机cracker mill粗炼prefeeder细炼feeding喂料extruder挤出机duplex双复合triplex三复合cutting machine裁断机belt cutting machine带束层裁断机carcass cutting machine胎体裁断机chafer cutting machine子口裁断机motor电机distributor配电盘conveyor belt传送带produce生产production plan生产计划production volume生产数量work工作job工作worker工人rubber橡胶rubber sheet胶片synthetic rubber合成胶chemical小料recipe配方batch车pallet托盘lot批次lot number批号raw material原材料pattern花纹size型号mould模具sidewall plate侧板curing press硫化机curing cycle硫化周期forklift叉车film垫布service liner垫布purple紫色quality质量specification标准process工艺production department生产部quality department质量部industrial department工业部maintenance department工程部purchasing department采购部product development department产品开发部cold feeding冷喂料hot feeding热喂料cooling water冷却水cooling system冷却系统laboratory lab实验室quick check快检sample样品send…to…把…送到…test检查，试验indoor test耐久试验valve阀门wood pallet木质托盘warehouse仓库repair维修maintain维护production capacity生产能力curing process specification外胎硫化标准bladder size胶囊规格curing cycle硫化周期Internal steam pressure内压蒸汽的压力temperature of the hot water内压过热水的压力external steam pressure外压蒸汽的压力pause height预定型高度sidewall mould drawing侧板图纸代号sector mould drawing扇型块图纸代号bead ring mould drawing卡盘图纸代号temperature温度pressure压力safety bar安全杆ram上顶栓pre-dispersed sulfur预分散硫磺radial ply tyre子午线轮胎air valve气阀diameter直径regular tyre合格胎perimeter周长curing press硫化压formulation配方finish product成品curative硫化剂semi-finished product半成品cure rate硫化速率aspect defect外观缺陷cure state硫化程度undulation鼓包autoclave硫化罐folding折叠blister气泡pallet托盘chafer cracking子口裂口spray喷雾器rubber shortage缺胶stir搅拌sidewall print胎侧缺胶groove开槽Spew大边radius半径over curing过硫pump泵under curing欠硫eccentric偏离的foreign body杂质puncture穿刺X-rayX光zip拉链visual外观stitch缝合exposed cord帘线外露tensile拉伸cord stretch/elongation帘线拉伸viscosity粘度valve气阀viscometer粘度计conveyor belt传送带pressure roller压力辊inflation充气automatism自动化deflation缩小manual手动pipeline管道volume体积width宽度area面积length长度distance长度thickness厚度weight重量penetrate渗透density密度multiple复合scrap废品isolation rubber隔离剂extension拉伸multimeter万用表scale尺度/比例defect缺陷medium中型heavy重型classification分类/分级negative失衡strip胶片Q inspector质检员judge判断vagrant cords帘线弯曲fraying织物碎屑joint接头parallel并行absent没有tear硬伤deform变形separation分离misplaced放错位置steps 阶梯open cords钢丝辟缝under liner过渡层liner气密层rubberized compound挂胶tread cap胎面上机胶tread base胎面下机胶drum鼓curing program硫化周期end curing strip包边胶片external strip外胶片internal strip手贴胶片strip over carcass胎体附胶片strip at edge of carcass胎体边缘胶片UBF/under belt filler胎肩垫胶soft filler软三角hard filler硬三角bead filler strip胶片setting定位gasoline汽油application应用，请求stamp邮票，印章rotate旋转device装置punch刺穿puncher锥子entry进入select选择panel面板，仪表板Circumference圆周align排列avoid避免pocking贴合voltage电压beneath在…之下clamper夹持器clutch抓住，离合器identify确定laster持久beam梁，电波coincide一致clutch抓住identify确定laser激光Scissors 剪刀Deposit 堆积物,押金Bow 弓形,鞠躬Plague 烦恼,折磨Rediscover 重新发现Tailstock 尾架,底座Shaft 轴,杆状物Complex 内衬层Vanguard 前锋,领导者Infrared 红外线Thermograph 温度计Creel 线轴架,鱼篮Signal processor 信号处理器Plate 盘子Sheet 垫片Beat coat 三角胶Conveyor belt 传送带Torque motor controller力拒电机控制器Convolute 回旋,卷曲Loop switch 活套开关Untie 解锁Bracket roller 托辊Multi-blade slitter 多刀纵切机Solenoid valve 电磁阀Cylinder 气缸,圆筒状物Guiding 纠偏Moment 力矩的,瞬间的Attached 附上的Delivered 交货的Righthand 右边的Hinge 铰链,枢纽Rubberizing 挂胶Eliminate 排除,消除Urgently 急切的Address 致辞,说明analysis. 分析expansion 膨胀盘collapse 分解,倒塌layout 排列Variational 变化Available 可利用的Annual plan of homologation inspection年度确认检验计划R20: 11 指名义断面宽；R 指Radial; 20 指名义轮辋直径295/80 : 295 指名义断面宽；80指宽高比； R 指 Radial; 指名义轮辋直径.Pneumatic tyre 充气轮胎Right-angle 直角Accommodation Filtrate (v)过滤，筛选，(n)滤出液Filter(n)过滤器(v)过滤，渗透PenetrateCorporeal 有形的Invisible 无形的Waste bin 废纸篓杂质impurityRotor转子Energy wastage能量损耗性价比cost/performanceratioTrapezium梯形Isosceles triangle等边三角形Intrigue against each other勾心斗角Clasp（名）扣子钩 ,（动）扣紧紧握Derrick起重机六边形的 hexagonal 六角的矩形长方形 rectangleSquare正方形Rectangular长方形Triangle三角形锥形的conicalcon-shapedDesiccant 干燥剂Torque 扭矩,转矩Poise 砝码Cursor指针Laminate碾压Hydroplane滑行,湿地打滑Aquaplane 滑行,湿地打滑系数 coefficientPin 钉, 销, 大头针, 别针,Decompression 减压in line 成一直线, 一致, 协调,有秩序In alignment (adv). 成一直线Curing bag水胎cubiform 立方形的Section 断面Parameter参数Perimeter周长Adjust调整Modify修改Storage存放Angle角度Extruding挤出Inner tube内胎Flap垫带DeteriorationTubeless tire 无内胎轮胎Plus 加，正的Minus 减，负的Multiply 乘法Add加/ plusMinus / decrease /reduce / diminish /lessen 减Crucial关键的Dialect方言Mandarin国语普通话Draw one’s payDiameter直径High gear 高速挡Pressure压力Pressurize to加压至Proof reading 校对Idle operation空转Elongation伸长Millimeter毫米Modulus模量Aged老化Service condition使用情况Former discard number作废编号Method revision方法修正Investment投资Specification规格Calibration校准Domestic supplier国内供应商Criteria标准AverageForce迫使Compel强迫Mandatory强制Laterally横向的，侧面的Longitudinally纵向的Element wearDiagonal wearChip tear/ gravel tearRotate转动旋转Dispel消除Aggravate使加剧Evaluate评估Coarse粗糙的Phenomenon现象Equivalent等价的等量的等值的Hysteretic 滞后的Hysteresis (n) 滞后Configuration配置，布局，结构Computer configuration计算机配置Bead bundle 钢圈Verification证实检验Humidity湿度AlcoholAccurate准确地精确的ExactPreciseMaximum 最大值Minimum最小值ExcessiveStamp盖章于压印于Complement补充（n）Supplement (n)Replenish 填满补充规定(v)RecommendAdhesive plaster/ sticking plaster 橡皮膏Rubber band橡皮筋Overshoes橡皮套鞋Signify表明表示意味着Placard告示牌Be void of缺乏ExceedHandlingAlignment校正Alignment checkMileageAsymmetric不对称Symmetric对称Bi-directional双向的Unidirectional单向的Polypropylene film垫布Service liner垫布Keep the ply from sticking to itselfContrastCompareWan efforts A wan smileA wan complexionA wan lightSubstantial物质实质Substitute 替代He substitutes me during myabsenceOn account of由于Optimal temperature 最佳温度Optimum最适宜条件最佳条件最适度最大限度最佳效果最适宜的最佳的The optimum growthtemperature最适宜生长温度The game ended in a drawInject VaccineThe water has leaked out水漏出来了The fumes have leaked in烟钻出来了Match words with deedsImitation假冒Impostor假冒者Beware dangers提防危险Beware of imitation谨防假冒Conventions/ routine常规BanquetFoul smell permeated thewhole buildingEncapsulate 压缩封装Coincide巧合重合相一致相符CoincidenceUltraviolet rays紫外线Road surface friction路面磨擦Family friction家庭摩擦Have a bit friction with sbTheir carelessness resultedin failure 。

代谢组学的英语

代谢组学的英语Metabolomics: Unraveling the Complexity of Biological SystemsMetabolomics, a rapidly evolving field in the realm of systems biology, has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the intricate workings of living organisms. This discipline focuses on the comprehensive analysis of the small molecules, known as metabolites, that are produced and consumed within biological systems. By studying the metabolome, the complete set of metabolites present in a cell, tissue, or organism, researchers can gain invaluable insights into the dynamic and interconnected processes that sustain life.The origins of metabolomics can be traced back to the early 20th century, when scientists began to recognize the importance of studying the chemical composition of living organisms. However, it was not until the advent of modern analytical technologies, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, that the field truly began to flourish. These advanced techniques have enabled researchers to detect and identify a wide range of metabolites, from simple sugars and amino acids to complex lipids and secondary metabolites.One of the key advantages of metabolomics is its ability to provide a comprehensive snapshot of the physiological state of a biological system. Unlike genomics, which focuses on the genetic blueprint, or proteomics, which examines the expression of proteins, metabolomics offers a more direct and dynamic representation of the functional activities within a cell or organism. By analyzing the metabolic profiles of samples, researchers can identify biomarkers –specific metabolites or patterns of metabolites – that are associated with particular physiological or pathological conditions.The applications of metabolomics are vast and diverse, spanning a wide range of disciplines, from medicine and agriculture to environmental science and biotechnology. In the field of medicine, metabolomics has been instrumental in the early detection and diagnosis of diseases, the monitoring of disease progression, and the development of personalized treatment strategies. By identifying unique metabolic signatures associated with various health conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders, clinicians can develop more targeted and effective interventions.Moreover, metabolomics has become a valuable tool in the field of drug discovery and development. By studying the metabolic responses of cells or organisms to the introduction of potential drug candidates, researchers can gain insights into the mechanisms ofaction, potential side effects, and optimal dosing regimens. This information can help streamline the drug development process and improve the chances of success for new therapeutic agents.In the realm of agriculture, metabolomics has found applications in the optimization of crop yields, the development of sustainable farming practices, and the detection of food contaminants or adulterants. By analyzing the metabolic profiles of plants, researchers can identify key metabolites that are associated with desirable traits, such as increased yield, stress tolerance, or nutritional value. This knowledge can then be used to guide breeding programs or to inform the development of more efficient agricultural practices.Beyond its applications in medicine and agriculture, metabolomics has also made significant contributions to our understanding of environmental processes and the study of microbial communities. By analyzing the metabolic signatures of environmental samples, such as soil, water, or air, researchers can gain insights into the complex interactions between living organisms and their surrounding ecosystems. This information can be used to monitor the health of natural environments, detect the presence of pollutants or toxins, and develop strategies for environmental remediation.Despite the numerous advancements in the field of metabolomics, there are still significant challenges that researchers must overcome.The complexity of biological systems, the vast diversity of metabolites, and the inherent variability in analytical techniques can all contribute to the difficulty in interpreting and integrating metabolomics data. Additionally, the development of comprehensive databases and standardized data analysis workflows remains an ongoing effort, as researchers strive to create a more unified and streamlined approach to metabolomics research.Nonetheless, the potential of metabolomics to transform our understanding of biological systems is undeniable. As the field continues to evolve, we can expect to see an increasing number of groundbreaking discoveries and innovative applications that will have far-reaching impacts on fields as diverse as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. By unraveling the complex web of metabolic interactions within living organisms, metabolomics holds the promise of unlocking new avenues for improving human health, enhancing food production, and protecting the delicate balance of our natural world.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

ORIGINAL ARTICLECost optimization of process tolerance allocation-a tree based approachP.Kumaravel&S.Anand&U.Ullas&P.V.MohanramReceived:12November2005/Accepted:20April2006/Published online:19July2006#Springer-Verlag London Limited2006Abstract Tolerance transfer techniques are used extensive-ly for allocation of tolerances for each machining operation in the process sequence,and hence are used to coordinate the process planning and the design activities in the evolution of a new product.This paper deals with an extended approach to allocate process tolerances based on a tree topology called technologically and topologically related surfaces(TTRS)and its subsequent extension to cost optimization.The benefit of this approach is that equations are generated explicitly with regard to tolerance transfer.These have been exploited by implementing the cost function in the generated explicit equations and subsequent optimization.The TTRS approach has been extended which scores over the limitations of some of the already existing techniques in that,it is optimal with respect to two factors namely,cost of producing the required tolerances,as also the process capability of the machines involved in producing the part.This technique has been proved practically feasible as it has been implemented in an industry.To enable a better view of the advantages of the approach,a comparative study with the existing techniques has been carried out in addition to a simulation using the Monte Carlo method.Keywords Cost grangian multiplier equation. Monte Carlo simulation.Process capability.TTRS NomenclatureTTRS Technologically and topologically re-lated surfacesCost function C¼AþB=T kA Fixed cost include setup cost,tooling,material cost etc.B Cost of producing a single componentdimension to a specified tolerance andincludes the charge rate of the machine T Specified tolerance in mmk Sensitivity of the process cost tochanges in tolerance specificationsC Total cost of producing a singlecomponent dimension to a specifiedtoleranceMGDE Minimum geometrical datum elements TTRS1,TTRS2,....etc.Design specification TTRSS1,S2,S3,....etc.Finished surfacesS1′,S2′,.....,S1″,S2″,....etc.Surfaces formed in intermediate ma-chining operations and the final oper-ations are yet to be performed TTRS1′,TTRS2′....etc.Process plan related TTRSIS Indian standardsT B.P Blue print toleranceT i Tolerance of the‘ith’dimensionA i Fixed cost for the‘ith’dimensionB i Value of B for the‘ith’dimensionInt J Adv Manuf Technol(2007)34:703–713DOI10.1007/s00170-006-0641-0P.Kumaravel(*)Department of Mechanical Engineering,Institute of Road and Transport Technology,Erode638316,Indiae-mail:pkvel61@S.Anand:U.UllasGraduate Engineers,PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore641004,IndiaP.V.MohanramProfessor and Head,Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology,Coimbatore641004,Indian Number of dimensionsλLagrangian multiplierB/P Blueprint1IntroductionEvery workpiece of a product has variations in size,form, orientation and location.Tolerance means the amount by which these variations can change without causing prob-lems.The product designer wants to make tolerances as small as possible,but the process planner wants to make tolerances available for manufacturing processes.The former is too expensive,and the latter has risks of rework, scrap or nonconformity.Therefore,tolerance limits need to beset in a proper manner satisfying both of them.Though all components are within tolerance limits,one piece of product assembled has tolerance stack ups due to variations of each component.Therefore,tolerance stack up must be well analyzed and controlled in an assembly in order to increase productivity and quality of a product and decrease the manufacturing cost.Tolerance allocation by TTRS method was explored by Desrochers[1],but the tolerance allocated was not optimal. Tolerance allocation in this method needs experienced persons.Ngoi and Ong[2]gave a method for optimal tolerance allocation taking machine capability and cost into account,but optimal tolerance allocation based on cost was brought indirectly.Maximizing tolerance implies reducing cost,but the drawback was that the process capability was not taken into account while allocating tolerance.Chase[3] worked on optimal tolerance allocation based on cost.The drawback was that machine capability was not taken into account,as a result,tolerances out of range of machine can get allocated.Khalil et al.[4]made a comparative study of the geometric parameters calibration methods and concluded that the lower the sensitivity of the mechanism to dimensional variations,the easier its calibration.Kalsi et al.[5]introduced a technique to reduce the effects of uncertainty and incorporate flexibility in the design of complex engineering systems involving multiple decision makers.Parkinson[6]used a deterministic method of robust design to determine the optimum nominal dimen-sions of an assembly in order to improve the assembly quality without tightening tolerances.Rajagopalan and Cutkosky[7]used similar methods as Parkinson[6]to analyze the performance errors of mechanisms fabricated in situ.Zhu and Ting[8]used the theory of performance sensitivity distribution to study the sensitivity of the system to variations.They defined the tolerance box as a contraction of the circumscribe box of the design sensi-tivity ellipsoid of the mechanism.Hu et al.[9]suggested the use of the Euclidean norm of the Jacobian matrix and showed that it is more appropriate for the robust design mechanisms.The increasing requirements of reducing cost of manu-facturing while maintaining higher quality standards have created the need for producing the given tolerances with optimal cost.This leads to three constraints in the allocation of manufacturing tolerances namely designer requirements, the ability of manufacturing to produce the particular tolerances and the cost of producing the required tolerances. There are certain functions like the reciprocal function (A+B/T k),which can be used in the process of cost optimization.2TTRS model and cost functionDesrochers[1]used tree topologies to represent tolerance stack up in both design and manufacturing.This leads to the development of a new approach for tolerance allocation which has been put to use in this work.This approach,even while ensuring that the tolerances are optimal,has the lacuna that the cost is not considered in the allocation of tolerances.Also this model relies heavily on the experience of the designer to ensure that tolerance stack ups are within the design limits.The work presented here is based on the tree model called TTRS.The TTRS model is defined as“an association process of elementary surfaces belonging to the same part and forming entities or objects called TTRS which can recursively be combined to other elementary surfaces or TTRS until all functional surfaces on the part have been associated”.Minimum geometrical datum elements(MGDE)may be defined as the reference frames used in the tree topology that is being used in TTRS.A combination of these minimum geometrical datum elements may be used to forma TTRS tree used for tolerance transfer.2.1Functions of the TTRS modelThe TTRS model carries out the following tasks:–It identifies functional surfaces on the part of a mechanism.–It identifies functional surface associations(i.e.,a TTRS,now called TTRS1)–It proposes the functional relevant parameters(dimen-sional and positional).–It assists in defining tolerances for the parameters according to the manufacturing capabilities and inspec-tion techniques.–It verifies the feasibility of assembly as function of the tolerances chosen(minimum clearance).–It computes the maximum clearance to assess the quality of the assembly.2.2Classifications of the TTRS treeThe TTRS tree may be distinctly divided based on the blue print tolerances and the machining sequences as the design specification TTRS tree and the process plan TTRS treerespectively.2.3Rules for construction of TTRS tree–The design specification TTRS may be constructed by taking the surface associations that are present in the blue print drawing.–The surfaces form the branches or nodes of the TTRS tree.–The nodes at the head of the TTRS tree form the MGDE which in turn form the node for a subsequent surface association.–Thus the node at the head of the design specification TTRS tree is of relatively no significance except that it completes the given reference frame of the final part.–While associating surfaces,arrows are drawn from the direction of the lower surface co-ordinate to the higher surface co-ordinate.–The process plan TTRS tree is drawn in the same manner as the design specification TTRS except that the surface associations are arranged in an orderly manner according to the process sequence.2.4An example of the TTRS treeA simple part is taken as the test case and the tree is formed.The design specifications are represented below.The design specification TTRS tree for the given simple one dimensional component is constructed keeping in view the rules that have been given in Section2.3.In the one dimensional example shown in Fig.1,the MGDE elements are the points resulted from the intersec-tion of plane S1,S2and S3with the axis of the part.The process plan TTRS tree(Figs.2,3and4)is constructed based on the process plan of the part.This makes the process plan TTRS tree in an orderly manner.From the above trees,equations are formed based on the following rules:–Each and every design specification TTRS must have an equation.–The equations are formed by assigning a positive sign for going along the arrow and a negative sign for going against the arrow.S1=S2¼S1=S3ÀS3=S2TTRS1¼TTRS30ÀTTRS4020Æ0:1¼XÆxÀYÆy2.5Cost functionCost and tolerance vary in a nonlinear manner.A promising method of tolerance allocation uses optimization techniques to assign component tolerances such that the cost of production is minimized.This is accomplished by defining a cost vs tolerance curve for each operation.An example is shown in Fig.5[10].A necessary factor in optimum tolerance allocation is the specification of cost vs tolerance functions.The reciprocal power function:C¼AþB=T k includes the reciprocal and reciprocal squared rules for integer powers of‘k’.The constant coefficient‘A’represents fixed cost.It may include set up cost,tooling,material etc.The term‘B’determines the cost of producing a single component dimension to a specified tolerance and includes the charge rate of the machine.Costs are calculated on a per part basis.When tighter tolerances are called for,speeds and feeds may be reduced and the number of passes increased,requiring more time and higher cost.The exponent‘k’describes how sensitive the process cost is to changes in toleranceS1S2S3 Fig.1Design specification of a simple partS1TTRS 2S2S3 Fig.2Design specification TTRS treespecifications.The ‘B ’and ‘k ’values pertain to Indian conditions,which was worked on by Gunasekaran [10].The values are available in the Appendix .3Process tolerance allocation and optimization Process tolerance allocation is a design tool reflecting the designer ’s requirement and the process capability of the machines in which the part is to be processed.Several methods have been proposed for the allocation of process tolerances in such a way that it satisfies both the designer ’s intent and the attain ability of the given tolerances in manufacturing.In today ’s scenario,not only should the tolerances be achievable,but they should be optimal in cost.The above requirement has thrown in a few techniques for the optimization of process tolerances allocated.The equations generated by TTRS tree have been mainly used for optimization.In addition,a few of the methods used are Lagrangian Multipliers,Ngoi et al.method etc.Further the obtained tolerances by means of TTRS method have been simulated using Monte Carlo Simulation.The proposed method is explained with the example given in Fig.6.The component considered here is a wormshaft used in a gear box.The machining features present in the shaft include drilling,boring,turning and grinding.The part drawing is shown in Fig.6.The surfaces taken for reference in the shaft for formation of TTRS trees are shown in the Fig.7.The allowable deviations for the linear dimensions of the input worm shaft without specified tolerances are listed below (As per IS:2102-1969)(Table 1).If any surface is represented with a dash (’)or adouble dash (”)symbol appended to it,then it means that the surface is formed in an intermediate operation and the final operation is yet to be performed.Pictorial representation of the operation sequences has been given in Fig.8.In this,it must be noted that a filled triangle (▶)represents a surface of butting while machining and an empty triangle (▷)denotes a reference.3.1Development of process plan TTRS treesThe process plan TTRS tree for the input worm shaft is developed from the process plan given only for axial dimensions between surfaces,which is shown below.This process plan TTRS tree has been developed based on the rules listed in Section 2.3.This TTRS has sub branches marked SB1and SB2in Fig.9which are expanded in Fig.10.10TTRS 4'S220Machining Sequence30Fig.4Process plan TTRStreeCost Vs Tolerance for Grinding0.10.20.30.40.50.600.010.020.030.040.050.06Tolerance (mm)T o l e r a n c e C o s t (U S D )Fig.5Cost vs tolerance for grindingFig.3Machining dimensions and tolerances for the simple part3.2Tolerance transfer computationsFrom the process plan TTRS tree,the equations are generated and the tolerance values are synthesized.The values have been compared with the standard values that are being followed in the industry.Some of the equations have been listed in Table 2.However,the value obtained by this method is not optimal.Further,allocation of tolerances need experienced persons.The cost of manufacturing tolerances has not been taken into account while allocating tolerances.In order to overcome this shortfall,the TTRS equations have been extended by implementing cost function as also by bringing process capability,which is explained in Section 3.3.3.3Extension of TTRS equationsThis method takes the cost of manufacturing the tolerances into account along with the process capability of the machine.The equations generated by TTRS are used to synthesize the initial values of the tolerances.The value of tolerances synthesized is then optimized.The cost function A+B/T k is implemented for each of the tolerances.The tolerances of each of the given blue print dimensions are added up after implementation of the cost function.The equationso obtained is taken as the objective function.This method has been compared with the method proposed by Ngoi and Fang [11].The difference lies in the formulation of objective function.Ngoi and Fang [11]proposed that by maximizing the machining tolerances it indirectly minimizes the cost of manufacturing the toler-ances.However the problem is,arbitrary weight age has to be given for every machining operation,which demands experienced persons,but the usage of cost function over-comes this shortfall.The values of ‘B ’and ‘k ’are unique for every machining operation and the length for which it is carried out.By this,the usage of arbitrary weight age can beavoided.Fig.6Input worm shaft pro-ductiondrawingTable 1Deviation ±for dimensions Over 0.53630120315Up to36301203151000For machined parts0.10.10.20.30.50.8Note:All dimensions are in mmFig.8Process plan sequencefor input worm shaft3.3.1Objective function 3.3.1.1Ngoi method MaximizeðT1þT2þT3þT4þT5þT6þT7þT8þT9þT10þT11þT12þþT13þT14þT15Þ3.3.2Extension of TTRS method Minimize:2:2758=T10.4759 þ1:70688=T20.45885þ1:70688=T30.45885 þ1:70688=T40.45885þ 2.1509/T50.46386 þ 2.1509/T60.46386þ 2.1509/T70.46386 þ 2.1509/T80.46386þ 1.70688/T90.45885 þ 1.70688/T100.45885þ 1.70688/T110.45885 þ 1.83506/T120.46169þ 2.1509/T130.46386 þ 1.2075/T140.60355þ 1.70688/T150.45885 þ 2.2758/T160.4759þ 2.1509/T170.46386whereT1¼S1=S2;T2¼S1=S2′;T3¼S2′=S3;T4¼S2′=S4;T5¼S4=S5;T6¼S7′′=S11′;T7¼S5′=S7′′;T8¼S2′′=S7′′;T9¼S1=S11′;T10¼S1=S11;T11¼S10=T11;T12¼S8=S11;T13¼S70=S11;T14¼S9=S11;T15¼S6=S70;T16¼S1=S7;T17¼S7′′=S4′ConstraintsThe constraints to be given may be differentiated as blue print tolerances and process capabilities.The process capabilities represent the minimum tolerance that can be achieved by a particular machine and the maximum tolerance that can be permitted by design.The constraints presented by the blue print tolerances represent a combina-tion of the designer intent and the tolerance stack up between two surfaces.a)Blue print tolerancesb)ProcesscapabilityFig.9Process plan TTRS tree for input worm shaftS1/S2≤0.2S8/S10=S8/S11+S11/S10≤0.2S2/S3=S2/S1+S1/S2′+S2′/S3≤0.2S9/S11≤0.2S2/S4=S2/S1+S1/S2′+S2′/S4≤0.2S10/S11≤0.2S4/S5≤0.3S2/S7=S7/S1+S1/S2≤0.05S6/S7=S6/S7′+S7′/S11+S1/S11+S1/S7≤0.2S7/S11=S7/S1+S1/S11≤0.3S7/S9=S7/S1+S1/S11+S11/S9≤0.2S1/S11≤0.3S11/S9≤0.20.005≤T1≤0.050.05≤T7≤0.250.05≤T13≤0.10.05≤T2≤0.10.05≤T8≤0.250.05≤T14≤0.10.05≤T3≤0.10.05≤T9≤0.10.05≤T15≤0.10.05≤T4≤0.10.05≤T10≤0.10.005≤T16≤0.050.05≤T5≤0.10.05≤T11≤0.10.05≤T17≤0.250.05≤T6≤0.250.05≤T12≤0.1Solving the above using Excel solver software (an optimization software),results are obtained and com-pared with other methods in Section 4.1.3.4Monte Carlo simulationSimulation is any analytical method that is meant to imitate a real-life system,especially when other analyses are mathematically complex or too difficult to reproduce.One type of spreadsheet simulation is Monte Carlo simulation.In this simulation random values are generated within the specified limits and the results are represented in a normal curve shown below.The equations generated by TTRS and the corresponding tolerances are simulated using Monte Carlo method.In this,each dimension and its tolerance are represented as a normal curve.The relationship between the curves is given in Excel.The simulation is done using Crystal Ball Software and the results that are within 99.73%probability are shown in a normal curve.A simulation calculates numerous scenarios of a model by repeatedlypicking values from the probability distribution for the uncertain variables and using those values forthe cell.3.5Method of Lagrangian multipliersThe method worked on by Chase [3]makes use of the least cost optimization using the Lagrangian multipliers for opti-mization.This method uses the cost function (A+B/T k )which was given by Spotts where ‘A ’,‘B ’and ‘k ’are values that vary according to the conditions of operation.Cost and tolerance vary in a non linear manner and this function (A+B/T K )captures this variation.This approach was extended by Chase as follows:@@T i Cost function ðÞ¼λ@@T i Constra int s ðÞ¼0@@T i A i ¼B i T ki i 8<:9=;þλ@@T iXT i ÀT B.P ¼0where T B.P =Blue print tolerance λ¼k i B i 2T ki þ2Ii ¼1;2;3...n ðÞThe main disadvantage of this method is that the machine capability is not taken into consideration and so tolerances out of range of the machine may getallocated.Table 2Tolerance transfer computations for input worm shaft Derivation of tolerance (values in mm)Standard values followed in industry in mm S1/S2(design)=12±0.025mm S1/S2=0.2mm (tolerance)S2/S3=5±0.2(Design)S1/S2=0.2S2/S3=−S2/S1+S1/S2′+S2′/S3S1/S2′=0.20.2=0.2+S1/S2′+S2′/S3S2′/S3=0.2S2/S1=0.025;S1/S2′=0.075;S2′/S3=0.1S2/S3=0.2(stack up)S2/S3=0.6stack up)4Comparison of results and discussion4.1Comparison of resultsThe results have been compared(Table3)and shown in Figs.11and12for the procedures carried out on the part.4.2DiscussionFrom the results it is obvious that the proposed method gives more optimized value with respect to cost and process capability of the machine.The change in cost is due to the redistribution of tolerance values in such a way that expensive tolerances are relaxed and relatively inexpensive tolerances are tightened so that the given aim of optimizing the cost is achieved.The tolerance values obtained by the Lagrangian multiplier equation allocate tolerances which may be below or above the machine capability resulting in tolerance values that actually do not satisfy the constraints of the problem.S1/S2and S1/S7refer to grinding of surfaces S2 and S7.Grinding is an expensive operation and so the tolerances have been relaxed to0.026mm and0.024mm compared to0.025mm and0.020mm in TTRS method. S1/S2′and S1/S11refer to turning operation which is relatively inexpensive.So the tolerances have been tight-ened to0.074mm and0.055mm when compared to 0.075mm and0.060mm in the TTRS method and 0.075mm and0.075mm in the Ngoi method.The drawback in the usage of the Lagrangian multiplier equation(i.e.,machine capability not taken into consider-ation)is obvious from the result shown in Fig.11.S6/S7′is a turning operation and the minimum tolerance attainable by the machine is0.05mm.But the tolerance allocated is 0.045mm which is too tight for the machine to achieve.The lacuna of the Lagrangian multiplier equation is obvious from the result.Practical testing of about ten components in the industry revealed that the tolerances suggested by the extension of TTRS method are achievable.As it is difficult to carry out sample test for100,000trials in industry,simulation has been carried out by Monte Carlo simulation method using Crystal Ball Software.The results show that the tolerances given by simulation are within the values suggested.Thus the simulation results show that the tolerance values suggested by the extension of the TTRS method are achievable.The extension of the TTRS method shows a saving of around one rupee(0.02USD)when compared to the TTRS method and around50paise(0.01USD)when compared to the Ngoi method.Though the amount appears minimal,the component being a mass production one,the small amount can bringin a big difference.Thus the results show that the usage of cost function in objective function ensures that the operation cost and the machining length are taken into account while allocating the tolerances in an optimal manner.4.3Comparison of critical tolerance valuesThe analysis of this component shows that the technique can effect considerable reduction in costs in critical components(Fig.13).5ConclusionIn this work,the compatibility of the TTRS representation model with traditional tolerance transfer techniques has been demonstrated.The TTRS model appears to be a unified graphical approach for tolerance stack up calcula-Table3Comparison of cost values generated by different methods for Input worm shaftSurfaces Proposed method Ngoi method TTRS Lagrangian multipliersCost in Rs.(USD)104.91(2.33)105.34(2.34)105.67(2.34)110.04(2.44)Fig.11Comparison of machine to tolerancestion.It provides a set of tools for the automatic determi-nation and computation of machining tolerances.Also the model is found to be feasibly extended from the scope of research to the implementation in practical compo-nents in the shop floor.This approach has been shown in this work by the implementation of theTTRS model and the subsequent cost optimal production of tolerances.The extension of the model for cost optimization makes it possible to produce cost effective tolerance stack ups which are optimal in cost and yet consider process capability of the machines in which the component is processed.Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the management of PSG College of Technology,Coimbatore and the management of Institute of Road and Transport Technology,Erode,Tamil Nadu,INDIA for the facilities and support provided by them to carry out this research work.Appendix GrindingoperationFig.12Comparison with blue printtolerancesFig.13Comparison of different methodsSl.NoSize Range (mm)B kMinimum tolerance (mm)Maximum tolerance (mm)13–17.99 2.275860.475940.0050.013218–29.99 2.088690.511430.0060.015330–79.99 2.491110.5137520.0100.025480–119.99 2.701590.5128950.0130.0305120–179.992.896940.5131490.0150.040Turning operation Milling operation Drilling operation References1.Desrochers A(2003)A CAD/CAM representation modelapplied to tolerance transfer methods.Trans ASME-J Mech Des125:14–222.Ngoi BKA,Ong JM(1999)A complete tolerance charting systemin assembly.Int J Prod Res37(11):2477–24983.Chase KW(1999)Tolerance allocation methods for designers.ADCATS ReportNo.99–64.Khalil W,Besnard S,Lemoine P(2000)Comparison study of thegeometric parameters calibration methods.Int J Robot Automat 15:56–675.Kalsi M,Hacker K,Lewis K(2001)A comprehensive robustdesign approach for decision trade-offs in complex systems design.ASME J Mech Des121:1–106.Parkinson DB(2000)The application of a robust design methodto tolerancing.ASME J Mech Des22:149–1547.Rajagopalan S,Cutkosky M(2003)Error analysis for the in-situfabrication of mechanisms.ASME J Mech Des125:809–822 8.Zhu J,Ting KL(2001)Performance distribution analysis androbust design.ASME J Mech Des123:11–179.Hu SJ,Webbink R,Lee J,Long Y(2003)Robustnessevaluation for compliant assembly systems.ASME J Mech Des125:262–26710.Gunasekaran K(2004)Study of tolerance-cost relationships fortolerance analysis and synthesis of precision assemblies.Disser-tation,PSG College of Technology,Coimbatore,INDIA11.Ngoi BKA,Fang SL(1994)Computer-aided tolerance charting.Int J Prod Res32(8):1939–195412.Ngoi BKA,Ong CT(1993)A complete tolerance charting system.Int J Prod Res31:453–46913.Irani SA,Mittal RO,Lehtihet EA(1989)Tolerance chartoptimization.Int J Prod Res27(9):1531–155214.Wade OR(1967)Tolerance control in design and manufacturing.Industrial Press,New York,pp87–9815.CMTI,Bangalore(2000)Machine tool design hand book.TataMcGraw Hill,New Delhi16.Tseng Y-J,Kung H-W(1999)Evaluation of alternative toleranceallocations for multiple machining sequences with geometric tolerances.Int J Prod Res37(17):3883–390017.Sanjeev Kumar SV(2004)Compatibility of the TTRS represen-tation model with traditional tolerance transfer techniques.Dissertation,PSG College of Technology,Coimbatore,IndiaSl. No SizeRange(mm)B k Minimumtolerance(mm)Maximumtolerance(mm)13–17.99 1.706880.4588570.020.08 218–29.99 1.835060.461690.030.10 330–79.99 2.1509860.4638690.040.15 480–119.99 2.314550.463070.050.20 5120–179.992.465420.463250.060.25Sl. No Sizerange(mm)B k Minimumtolerance(mm)Maximumtolerance(mm)13–17.99 3.289880.271150.030.08 218–29.99 3.123900.2617750.040.10 330–79.99 3.418720.262960.060.15 480–119.99 3.563640.2625230.080.20 5120–179.993.693290.2607470.100.25Sl. No Sizerange(mm)B k Minimumtolerance(mm)Maximumtolerance(mm)13–17.99 1.2075060.603550.0100.03 218–29.99 1.3278000.6073840.0150.04 330–79.99 1.6368420.6101360.0200.05 480–119.99 1.8023560.6091180.0300.085120–179.991.9581700.6094200.0400.10Int J Adv Manuf Technol(2007)34:703–713713。

Cost optimization of process tolerance allocation-a tree based approach

物流中心业务流程优化外文文献

统计学英语词汇

单侧下界公差极限法 英文 范文

统计学英语词汇

物流专业术语

班组长常用工作英文缩写

plc数据采集模块设计案例英语

六西格玛设计和可靠性设计

轮胎英语词汇

代谢组学的英语

单侧下界公差极限法英文范文