Relative pronoun in the acquisition of English relative clauses by Chinese EFL learners
英语语法relativeclause
Relative words
• Relative words include relative pronouns, and relative adverbs. • Relative pronouns： who, whom, whose, that, which, as • Relative adverbs: when, where, why
Lecture 33
Relative Clause (Attributive Clause)
Key Points:
• • • • 1. Types of relative clauses 2. The choice of relative words 3. Ellipsis of relative words (略 p.577-579) 4. The clauses introduced by "preposition + relative pronoun" • 5. The double relative clauses and embedded relative clauses (双重关系分句和 嵌入式关系分句)
Definition of Relative Clauses :
• A relative clause serves as an attribute to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The noun or pronoun is called the antecedent. The clause is often placed after the antecedent and introduced by relative words.
• 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。 • The glow of the setting sun is splendid; it’s a pity that dusk is fast approaching. • 家是你能够得到爱和关怀的地方。 • Home is where you can find love and care. • 今日事，今日毕。 • Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. • 自助者天助。 • Heaven helps those who help themselves. • 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。 • He laughs best who laughs last. • 春天是青年人梦想将来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。 • Spring is a time when youth dreams and old age remembers.
二语习得(L8)
Learner processes
The universal Hypothesis and Second Language Acquisition
What is the universal Hypothesis? The ‘universal hypothesis’ states that language
insufficient匮乏
第十一页，编辑于星期六：十八点 二十七分。
What exactly are the ‘general principles that apply to all language’?
substantive universals
内容普遍现象
Universal Grammar
第八页，编辑于星期六：十八点 二十七分。
Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基）
The year 1957 saw the publication of Noam Chomsky’s book Syntactic Structures, which started a revolution in the linguistic world and ushered in a new school--- the transformational generative linguistics
The role of linguistic universals in SLA
effect on grammar formation
effect on L1 transfer
The problems of the Universal Hypothesis
第五页，编辑于星期六：十八点 二十七分。
attributive clause英文定义
Attributive ClauseIntroductionAn attributive clause, also known as an adjective clause, is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective by modifying a noun or pronoun in the main clause of a sentence. It provides additional information about the noun or pronoun it modifies.Structure of an Attributive ClauseAn attributive clause consists of a relative pronoun or relative adverb followed by a subject and a predicate. The relative pronouns commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Who/Whom - used for people2.Which - used for things3.That - used for both people and thingsThe relative adverbs commonly used in attributive clauses are:1.Where - used to describe a place2.When - used to describe a timeExamplesHere are some examples of sentences with attributive clauses:1.The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my friend.2.The car that I just bought is red.3.The book which is on the shelf is mine.4.This is the town where I was born.5.I remember the day when we first met.Functions of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses serve several functions in a sentence:1. Providing additional informationAttributive clauses provide additional information about the noun or pronoun they modify. They give details, descriptions, or explanations that help in identifying or understanding the noun or pronoun.2. Restricting or limiting the meaningAttributive clauses can restrict or limit the meaning of a noun or pronoun. They specify particular characteristics or qualities that distinguish the noun or pronoun from others.3. Combining sentencesAttributive clauses can also be used to combine two or more sentences into a single, more concise sentence. They allow the writer to provide related information without making the sentence too long or repetitive.Placement of Attributive ClausesAttributive clauses can be placed directly after the noun or pronoun they modify, or they can be placed elsewhere in the sentence for emphasis. The placement of the attributive clause may affect the meaning or tone of the sentence.1. Placement after the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed immediately after the noun or pronoun, it is called a “peripheral attributive clause.” This is the most common placement for attributive clauses.Example: - The girl who won the competition is my sister.2. Placement before the noun or pronounWhen the attributive clause is placed before the noun or pronoun, it is called a “central attributive clause.” This placement emphasizes the information in the attributive clause.Example: - Who won the competition, the girl is my sister.3. Placement within the sentenceAttributive clauses can also be placed within the sentence for emphasis or stylistic reasons. This placement separates the attributive clause from the noun or pronoun it modifies.Example: - The girl, who won the competition, is my sister.Punctuation of Attributive ClausesThe punctuation used in attributive clauses depends on the placement and structure of the clause. Here are some guidelines for punctuating attributive clauses:1. CommasCommas are used to separate attributive clauses from the rest of the sentence when they are placed after the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.2. No commasNo commas are used when the attributive clause is essential to the sentence and restricts or limits the meaning of the noun or pronoun.Example: - The book that I am reading is very interesting.3. Parentheses or dashesIn some cases, parentheses or dashes can be used instead of commas to set off the attributive clause. This is often done to create a stronger separation between the attributive clause and the main clause.Example: - The car (which is parked outside) belongs to my neighbor.ConclusionAttributive clauses play a crucial role in providing additional information, restricting meaning, and combining sentences. Understandingthe structure, functions, placement, and punctuation of attributive clauses can greatly enhance one’s ability to write clear, concise, and grammatically correct sentences.。
外研版高中英语选修六Module4
单词1．relative n．[C]亲属，亲戚adj.相关的；比较的，相对的归纳拓展(1)relative pronoun关系代词relative to...与……有关的，关于或涉及……的relatively adv.相对地；比较地relatively speaking相对来说relativity n．相对论(2)relate vt.&vi.(有)关联；关系；讲述，叙述relate sth.to sb.向某人叙述/讲某事be relate sth.to/with sth.将某事物与另一事物相联系relate to sb./sth.与某人/某事物有关，涉及某人/某事物(3)related adj.有关的；有关联的be related to与某人/某物有关联relation n．亲戚；亲属；关系in relation to有关，关于，涉及例句：I've also got some time to visit some relatives.我也还有一点儿时间去看望亲戚。
The report relates high wages to/with labour shortages.该报告把高工资与劳动力短缺联系在一起。
Relatively speaking，it’s not important.相对而言，这并不重要。
I have a lot to say in relation to that affair.关于那件事，我有好多话要说。
【链接训练】When we say a body is at rest，we mean only its position is relative ________ something fixed.A．with B．to C．at D．on【解析】句意为：当我们说某一物体处于静止状态时，我们仅仅是指它的位置与某个固定物相对不变。
be relative to是固定用法，意为“与……相对的”。
牛津高中英语模块一电子课本
牛津高中英语模块一,电子课本篇一：牛津高中英语模块一unit1-school life电子版篇二：译林牛津高中英语模块一Unit_1_教材答案译林牛津高中英语模块一Unit 1 教材答案Language practicePart A1 (Page 86)1 enjoyable3 challenging 5 fun 7 exciting2 experience 4 e-mail6 satisfaction 8 encouragementPart A2 (Page 86)1 with 3 like5 on7 at2 to at4 to6 for about 8 on onPart B1 (Page 87)1 making preparations for2 inform…of3 such as4 are required to5 in charge of6 make good use of7 looked back on 8 much more thanPart B2 (Page 87)1 a 他被认为是美国最优秀的电视节目主持人之一。
b 我们很高兴地得知他已应邀下个月来我们城市主持一场晚会。
2 a 我们要等上几天，等待学校批准我们今年春季在校园里多植树的计划。
b 布朗夫人不赞成在公共场所吸烟。
3 a 我看不懂这机器的使用说明。
你能给我演示一下如何操作这台机器吗?b 每天有三个班次的公共汽车开往城里，因此你可以乘公共汽车去那儿。
c 孩子们在雪地里奔跑和玩耍着。
4 a 他向我收取了100元修电脑的费用。
b 你可以向她询问更多细节，因为她是这个项目的负责人。
Part C1 (Page 88)2 4 5 6 7 9Part C2 (Page 88)1 This is the school where/in which I studied five years ago·2 In this school there are about 30 foreign students who/that have come to study Chinese．3 These students whose parents have come to China for business like the school very much.4 The teaching building that/which was put up last year looks nice.5 The man who is standing in front of the school library is the headmaster.6 Next to him stands a girl whose name is Tina.7 Tina is the student who won a prize in the writing competition.8 Tina likes reading the novels which/that were written by Charles Dickens·9 Tina is the host of the school’s radio club that/which was started two years ago．10 Students like the school news(that/which)the radio club broadcasts．Part D1 (Page 89)1 exciting 3 achieving5 selected7 attend2 prepare 4 clubs 6 Literature 8 experiencePart D2 (Page 89)1 I think the best way to protect the environment is to plant more trees．2 Going to the park for a picnic at the weekend sounds like a good idea．3 When I look back on my childhood，I still think of itas the happiest time in my life．4 The girl who used to be a model is now a famous actress．5 Talk to her more，and you will find that she isn’t as bad as you thought she was．6 As it was getting dark，I decided to find a place to stay．7 Students who make good use of their time usually achieve high scores．8 Though it is difficult to improve your cooking skills in such a short time，you should still keeppractising．ReadingPart A (Page 90)1 It will help them feel like part of a group and also it will make the school’s sports teams feelencouraged．2 To gain knowledge．3 Because they are comfortable and do not need special care．4 He thinks that they look very boring．5 No．He thinks that students could wear theirfavourite clothes at home or at the weekendPart B (Page 91)1 Yes，they do．2 Because she can help students choose a good college，and she is good at helping nervousstudents relax．3 Because students do not study the same subjects．4 They might go to school early because they want to use the Internet service，and they mightstay late because of after—school activities．5 Yes，she does．Because after-school activities are great fun and they might also help her getinto a good college．ListeningParts A and B (Page 92)I:1 fifteen2 English Maths 3 basketballDad：1 letters2 practice book 3 computerAustralian students：1 Maths Science 2 friendly tallPart C (Page 92)1 English 3 practice book 5 tall2 Maths4 basketball6 letters 7 friendly 8computerWritingPart B (Page 93)Dear MickeyI came to see you but you happened to be out．I'd like to invite you to visit me at my school whenyou have time．Here’s how to get to my dormitory．When you get to the school gate，you’ll see the playground in front of you with the gym on the left and three classroom buildings on the right．Go towards the gym．Then，walk along the roadbetween the playground and the gym．Go straight，past the library and the teachers office，untilyou reach a small river．Take a right turn to get to the bridge．After you cross the bridge，you’ll seethree buildings ahead．The one in the middle iS our canteen．The two buildings on either side ofthe canteen are the dormitories．The one on the left is Dorm 1．That’s where I live．See you soonAndyReadingA 1 She thought it was a very enjoyable and exciting experience.2 English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cookingand French.3 ManchesterC1 1 F 2 T 3 T 4 F 5 F 6 FC2 1 They should devote themselves to study.2 Because there were different students in some classes.3 Because all the homework was in English.4 The teachers gave her much encouragement.5 She used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in thelibrray.6 They like to eat dessert at the end of dinner.D1 d 2 g 3 a 4 e 5 b 6 c7 fE (1) experienced(2) fond(3) Literature(4) dessert(5) struggle (6) respect (7) encouragementWord powerB If you are standing at the door of the dormitories, first turn right and go past the medicalcentre and the gym. Then turn right and walk past the Science Laboratory. Then turn left, andClassroom 4 is on your right.C (1) car park (2) classrooms (3) library (4) labs(5) gym(6) swimming pool(7) dormitories (8) medical centre(9) canteenDGrammar and usageParagraph 1 most helpful students; the relative pronoun, that, used as the object in the clause)In 2004, he went to Oxford University (Theantecedent: Oxford University; the relative adverb: where, used as the adverbial in the clause.Paragraph 2Nanjing. (The antecedent: some of the cities; the relative pronoun: which, used as the object in the clause)Most of the students have become his friends. (The antecedent: most of thestudents; the relative pronoun: whom, used as the object in the clause)Paragraph 3 antecedent: gifts; the relative pronoun:that, used as the object in the clause)The painting are being shown in the exhibition room. (Theantecedent: the paintings; the relative pronoun; that, used as the object in the clause)Answers(1) who(2) which(3) who (4) whom/who(5) which(6) which(7) whose(8) whom/whoB 2 who/that are from different countries3 that/which I like best4 who/that teaches us English5 that/which are very interesting6 whose name is Sally/who is called Sally7 that/which is quiet and comfortableTask:Answers:1 A2 B3 A4 C5 CAnswers:(1) 3 p.m. (2) Scientist(3) Room 306, Building 4(4) Famous football players (5) 25 Oct (6) FriAnswers:The rise of the Dynasties, written by Prof Gu Yahui本文由52求学网论坛微光整理篇三：牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译牛津高中英语模块1课文翻译M1 U1 Reading School life in the UK 在英国的学校生活Going to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. 在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
综合英语6Unit2BardsoftheInternet
唐家三少—张威
In this essay the author describes the current fashion for netwriting, explores the causes of the poor quality of writing found on the Internet, and explains its merits and differences from published writing as well as justifications for its survival and prevalence.
Gutenberg (Paragraph 3)
Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400–1468), 15th century German printer. He was the first in the West to print by using movable type and to use a press.
Elizabethan era (Paragraph 3)
Elizabeth (1533–1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558–1603); daughter of Henry VIII. She re-established Protestantism as the state religion. The phrase indicates the period of time reigned by Elizabeth.
Prodigy (Paragraph 2)
an official web site, providing Internet access and related value-added services
英语定语从句笔记
英语定语从句笔记English: Relative clauses are an essential part of English grammar that provide additional information about nouns. They are used to modify and add details to a noun in a sentence. Relative clauses can be used to describe the noun, identify the noun, or provide further information about the noun.Chinese: 定语从句是英语语法中不可或缺的一部分，它们为名词提供额外信息。
它们用来修饰和添加句子中的名词。
定语从句可以用来描述名词，识别名词，或提供有关名词的更多信息。
English: There are two types of relative clauses in English: restrictive (defining) relative clauses and non-restrictive (non-defining) relative clauses. Restrictive relative clauses provide necessary information about the noun and cannot be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence. Non-restrictive relative clauses, on the other hand, provide additional information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence and are set off with commas.Chinese: 在英语中，定语从句有两种类型：限制性（定义性）定语从句和非限制性（非定义性）定语从句。
语言学提纲笔记
Chapter 1 Invitation to LinguisticsLanguage The Definition(语言的定义)The Design Features Arbitrariness（本质特征）DualityCreativityDisplacement语言先天反射理论The Origin Of Language The bow-bow theory(语言的起源) The pooh-pooh theoryThe “yo-he-yo”theoryJacobos（与The Prague School一致）Referential Functions Of Language Ideational PoeticEmotiveHalliday Interpersonal ConativePhaticTextual MetalingualThe Basic Functions InformativeInterpersonalPerformativeEmotive functionPhatic communion(B.Malinowski 提出)Recreation functionMetalingual function Linguistics The DefinitionThe Main Branches of Linguistics Phonetics(微观语言学) PhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsMacrolinguistics Psycholinguistics(宏观语言学）SociolinguisticsAnthropological LinguisticsComputaioanl LinguisticsDescriptive &PrescriptiveSynchronic&DiachronicImportant Distinctions Langue&ParoleCompetence&PerformanceChapter 2 Speech SoundsPhonetics Acoustic Phonetics (声学语音学)语音学Auditory Phonetics(听觉语言学)Articulatory Phonetics(发声语音学)Speech Organs/Vocal organs(lungs ,trachea,throat,nose.mouth)IPA/Diacritics(变音符)Consonants The definitionThe manner of articulationArticulatory Phonetics The place of articulation(发声语音学)Vowels The definitionThe sound of English:RP/GACardinal vowelsThe requirements of descriptionCoarticulation Anticipatory CoarticulationPerseverative CoarticulationPhonetics transcription Narrow transcriptionBroad transcriptionPhonology 音位理论Minimal Pairs（c ut&p ut）Phone&Phonemes&Allophone(音素&音位&音位变体)音系学C omplementary DistributionFree variants(自由变体)/variation(自由变体现象)Phonological contrasts or opposition(音位对立)Distinctive Features(First developed by Jacobson as a meansof working out a set of phonological contrasts or opposition toCapture particular aspect of language sounds)progressive assimilationPhonological Process音系过程Assimilation Progressive assimilation音素是语音学研究的单位。