英美概况——英国历史
英美概况知识点总结题库
英美概况知识点总结题库一、英美概况基本概念英美概况是指英国和美国两个国家的基本情况和特点，包括地理、历史、政治、经济、文化、社会等方面的情况。
英美两国是世界上最有影响力的国家之一，其发展历史和国情具有重要的影响力。
因此，了解英美概况对于理解世界格局和国际关系有着重要的意义。
二、英美概况的地理特点1. 英国地理特点（1）英国位于欧洲西北部，包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰四个主要地区。
英国总面积244,820平方公里，是欧洲第三大岛国。
（2）英国地势大致呈现出中高原低洼的地形特点，山地和丘陵地区占据了半岛的西南部和中部，而低洼平原主要分布在东南和中南部地区。
2. 美国地理特点（1）美国位于北美洲中部，是世界第四大国家，总面积达到9,638,131平方公里。
（2）美国地形多样，山脉主要集中在西部，大平原和丘陵地区主要分布在中西部，而东部则是低洼平原地区。
美国有众多河流，包括密西西比河、科罗拉多河、哥伦比亚河等。
三、英美概况的历史沿革1. 英国历史沿革（1）英国有着悠久的历史文化，公元前55年，罗马帝国入侵了不列颠岛，成为不列颠的一部分。
5世纪，盎格鲁-撒克逊人从德国北部迁入英格兰，并在836年建立了第一个统一的英国王国。
（2）1066年，诺曼征服导致了英国的政治和社会结构发生了较大变化，12世纪中叶英国建立了自己的君主立宪制度。
16世纪的宗教改革导致了英国国教的建立，17世纪的克伦威尔革命结束了君主专制，成立了军政府。
18世纪末，英国工业革命开启了现代化的起点。
（3）19世纪，英国成为世界上最强大的殖民地帝国，印度和非洲大部分地区被英国殖民。
20世纪，英国在两次世界大战中扮演了关键角色，但在战后开始了殖民帝国的解体和国际地位的下降。
2. 美国历史沿革（1）美国历史的起源可以追溯到公元前1492年，哥伦布发现了北美大陆。
17世纪早期，英国殖民者开始在北美建立殖民地。
（2）18世纪末，美国爆发了独立战争，美国终于于1776年宣布独立，建立了独立的民主共和国。
英美概况summary of the Britain history
Summary of the Britain HistoryIn my opinion, the Britain history was a process of conquer and merge. The Celts, also called the Britons, are taken as the natives of Great Britain. The Celts in Britain are believed to be ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh.The Roman army, commanded by Julius Caesar, invaded Britain in 55 BC. They soon occupied what is now known as England by driving the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans brought their Roman civilization: Christianity. The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history.The Romans occupied England for over 350 years until 410 A.D. when the Germanic races started to invade the Rome Empire.William I, Duke of Normandy, set sail and crossed 50 miles from Normandy to the English south coast in 1066. Harold's and William's armies met near Hastings in southeastern England. And a fierce struggle began. Finally,the Norman attacks were successful. King Harold was killed. The Norman Conquest ushered in a new period of great changes in English history. William consolidated the feudal system in England.In 1154, Henry became the English King known as Henry Ⅱ. He was also the founder and the 1st king of the Plantagenet dynasty). And began his reform.In order to reduce the barons‘power and get rid of all excuses for private warfare, Henry Ⅱforced foreign mercenaries to leave England. He demolished scores of castles illegally built by barons. He abolished the annual land tax based on hide. Feudal order was further strengthened. The nation enjoyed a period of security and prosperity.The barons became more discontented with John's misgovernment. In 1214, a number of them met and decided to compel the king to sign the charter they had prepared. The charter included the things that a King John might not do. They forced King John to swear to observe the Great Charter they had prepared. The Great charter was signed in 1215, but King John had no intention to abide by it.Simon de Monfort, the king’s brother in law was a defender of the Great Charter and praised as the fighter for liberty in history. So Simon and his supporters made some changes in the organization of the Great Council. The parliament was began. The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the RISE of bourgeoisie.With the decline of feudalism, the new Monarchy was start. Bourgeoisie was rising. because of the conflict between the economic interests of the urban middle classes represented by the Parliament and the feudal landowners represented by the crown. The English civil war was happened. The English civil war not only overthrew feudal system in England, but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It paved the way for development of capitalist production. And it generally is regarded as the beginning of modern world history.18c-19c, the Industrial Revolution was start and promote the development of capitalism. The "People's Charter," drafted in 1838 by William Lovett, was at the heart of a radical campaign for parliamentary reform of the inequities remaining after the Reform Act of 1832. The Chartist Movement failed because of its weak and divided leadership. It failed to coordinate with trade unions because the working class was not politically mature yet. The movement did not have a political party as its leader. In spite of its failure, the movement constituted a glorious page in the historyof the workers' struggle for liberation. The six points demanded by the Chartists were gradually achieved over the period between 1858 and 1918.Britain through colonial expansion, became The Sun Never Set on the British Empireduring the world war, The British had suffered millions of casualties and liquidated assets at an alarming rate, which led to debt accumulation and manpower deficiencies in the staffing(调配) of far-flung imperial posts(基地) in Asia and the African colonies. finally, The Sun Never Set on the British Empire was fall.。
英美概况第二版
THANK YOU
感谢各位观看
和技能培训。
02
美国教育改革
美国教育改革关注提高教育质量、缩小教育差距、促进教育公平等议题，
同时推动STEM教育和职业教育的发展。
03
发展趋势
英美两国都在积极探索教育创新，注重培养学生的创新能力和实践能力，
以适应快速变化的社会需求。同时，两国都在加强国际交流与合作，推
动教育的国际化发展。
05
英美文学与艺术概览
国际贸易，对外投 资，吸引外资
教育体系
高等教育，职业教 育，中小学教育
Байду номын сангаас3
美国概况
美国历史与文化
美国的起源与历史发展
美国的文学、艺术与音乐
从13个殖民地的建立到独立战争，再 到西进运动、南北战争等关键历史节 点。
如马克·吐温、海明威等文学巨匠，以 及好莱坞电影、百老汇音乐剧等艺术 成就。
美国的多元文化
美国经济与社会发展
美国的经济发展历程
01
从工业革命到现代经济体系的建立，包括农业、制造业、服务
业等产业的发展。
美国的社会福利制度
02
如社会保障、医疗保险、失业保险等制度的建立和实施情况。
美国的教育与科技
03
包括高等教育、科研创新等方面的成就和挑战，以及硅谷等科
技中心的崛起。
04
英美教育制度比较
教育理念与特点比较
英国概况
英国历史与文化
中世纪英国
文艺复兴时期
盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵， 诺曼征服，中世纪的封
建制度
伊丽莎白时代，莎士比 亚的戏剧，英国文艺复
兴的成就
工业革命
纺织机的发明，蒸汽机 的应用，工业革命的影
英美概况之英国早期历史
• The legend is that the Picts and Scots would paint themselves blue and fight naked!
Skara Brae
Skara Brae (4000 BCE)
• This site is on the Orkney Islands (north of Scotland) • Early inhabitants of Britain lived in stone houses such as these • The main activity of these people would have been farming, raising cattle (cows), and some hunting
Claudius
Roman-British Culture
• After the invasion Romans moved to and lived in Britain with the Celts who accepted Rome’s control • Many Celts were Romanized and the culture was a mixture of Roman and Celtic Culture
Romans
• Who were the Romans?
– Rome was a large empire that lasted from around 500 BCE to about 500 CE – The Roman empire has been one of the largest cultural influence on European culture
英美国家概况 英国历史重大事件年表
英国历史重大事件年表约公元前3000年，伊比利亚人进入不列颠，以长坟闻名约公元前2000年，建立巨石阵；宽口陶器人出现，以钟形容器闻名约公元前700年，三波凯尔特人进入不列颠：盖尔人、布立吞人、贝尔格人●公元前55年，Julius Caesar率罗马军团入侵不列颠，开启不列颠有文字记载的历史●公元43年Claudius皇帝时期，罗马正式占领不列颠，不列颠的罗马时代持续400年●597年，教皇格里高利一世派St. Augustine到不列颠传教●9世纪，Egbert成为第一位英格兰国王●1066年诺曼征服：忏悔者爱德华、哈罗德、征服者威廉；斯坦福桥、黑斯廷斯战役；封建制度完全建立。
●1086年威廉一世“末日审判书”完成●1170年大主教贝克特被刺，亨利二世宗教改革失败●12、13世纪，牛津、剑桥大学建校●1215年约翰王被迫签订《大宪章》，限制王权●1265年的大议会标志着向现代议会的转变，签署《牛津协定》●1284年爱德华一世征服威尔士，创立“威尔士亲王”封号●1337-1453年爱德华三世发动英法百年战争，亨利五世取得大胜●1348年爆发黑死病，劳动力短缺、土地闲置、转耕为牧、农民可讨价还价●《劳工法令》Statute of Labours 禁止提高农民工资●1381年农民起义，理查二世欺骗起义军、谋杀瓦特·泰勒●14、15世纪，圣安德鲁大学、格拉斯哥大学、阿伯丁大学、爱丁堡大学在苏格兰建校●1455-1485玫瑰战争：爱德华四世胜利、爱德华五世失踪、理查三世被击杀、亨利七世建立都铎王朝●1529-1534年亨利八世进行宗教改革Reformation，确立英王为独立的英格兰教会最高领袖，脱离罗马教皇●1558-1603伊丽莎白一世统治●1588年击败无敌舰队Armada●文艺复兴Renaissance (1350-1650)和英国文艺复兴（1485-）●1605年火药阴谋案，天主教谋杀詹姆士一世失败，处决盖伊·福克斯，英国人庆祝11月5日“盖伊福克斯之夜”●1628第三次召集的议会向查理一世提出Petition of Right民权请愿书●1642-1649英国内战（清教革命、英国资产阶级革命）●1649年查理一世被处决，进入Commonwealth 共和国时期●1660年共和国瓦解，查理二世复辟Restoration●1688年光荣革命，威廉、玛丽共掌英国●1689年《权利法案》出台，君主立宪制确立●1707年《联合法案》规定英格兰、苏格兰合并，“大不列颠”产生；也规定苏格兰教会成为联合王国国教之一。
英美概况（英国篇2：英国的起源（公元前5000年-1066年））1
I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年-公元前55年）1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.⼈们所知的英国最早居民是伊⽐利来⼈。
2． At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽⼝陶器⼈。
3． The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特⼈来到不列颠岛。
4． The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特⼈来到不列颠有三次⾼潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第⼀次⾼潮是约公元前600年盖尔⼈的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第⼆次⾼潮是约公元前400年布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年⽐利其⼈的到达。
II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)罗马⼈统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有记录的英国历史开始于罗马⼈的⼊侵。
《英美概况教案》PPT课件
William the Conqueror：
诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世1035 年在去耶路撒冷朝圣的归途中 去世，他没有婚生子女，唯一 的私生子William被立为诺曼 底公爵。
William生于1028年，8岁继承 父亲的爵位，15岁被封为骑士 ，开始在领地执政。1066年成 为英格兰国王，称为William I 或 William the Conqueror 。英国的第一个封建王朝开始 确立。
1106年， Henry打败了Robert，夺 取了诺曼底，，将Robert 终生囚禁在 英格兰。 Henry是最后一个纯诺曼家族的国王， 他的独子在海难中丧生，他打算将王位 传给女儿玛蒂尔达，但英格兰尚无裙下 称臣的传统，于是1135年传给Henry 的外甥Stephen。
870年，丹麦维京人进攻Wessex， Alfred有效地抵 抗了丹麦人的进攻。878年在伊盛丹尼战役中战胜 丹麦人，次年，迫使丹麦人签订埃丁顿和约。886 年Alfred进占伦敦，英格兰人拥立他为国王。
在Wessex王国的统治下，那些Angle—Saxon古 老的独立王国开始合并。892年，丹麦人再度入侵 英格兰， Alfred坚持抗击丹麦人4年之久，再次 打败他们，逐步收复了丹麦人占领的地区。973年 Alfred的曾孙Edgar加冕，成为统一的英格兰国王 。
Ethelred I
Angle—Saxon王朝
Ethelwulf
二子
三子
四子
Alfred
Edward
Edgar
Ethelred II
Edward Harold
5.诺曼征服
1066年1月5日， Alfred the Great的后
裔Edward the Confessor去世，无子嗣 ，贤人会议拥立哈罗德为王，受到表弟 —诺曼底公爵威廉要求王位的威胁。106 6年9月，威廉率6000人渡过英吉利海峡 ，在黑斯廷斯打败哈罗德，在威斯敏斯 特大教堂加冕，登上王位，史称William I 。1071年征服整个英格兰。
英美概况 英国历史
• 2.3 The Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453) • Reasons: territorial and economic • Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337. • By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.
• The Romans built a network of towns and a network of roads. From London, roads radiated all over the country. They also brought the new religion, Christianity. They pulled out in AD 410. • The Roman impact on the Britons was surprisingly limited. They left behind only roads, a few place names, and clusters of Christian converts.
若要下载并显示此图片请单击消息栏中的选项然后单击启用外部内容
Chapter 2 History
• 1.The Origins of a Nation: from the prehistory to Norman Conquest • 1. 1 Early Settlers (5000BC—55BC)
Statue of Alfred the Great, Winchester
• 1.5 The Norman Conquest (1066) • When King Edward was on his deathbed, four men laid claim to the English throne. And one of them was the duke of Normandy.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Middle Ages 476----1453AD
King
Arthur(6th century) King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table
Alfred
the Great(871--899) A fine Saxon king who successfully defeated the invading Danes.
Characteristics of Victorian age
National development&optimism Social stability Strictly disciplined Family virtues The origin of Species by Charles Darwin
James I (1603--1625) the “Gunpowder Plot”—a plot to blow up the King and Parliament
The Seventeenth Century
Charles
I (1625--1649) Believed that he had a “Divine Right” to govern The great Civil War (1642--1649)--wars between “Roundheads” and “Cavaliers” was condemned to death
The Twentieth Century
The First World War(1914—Nov. 11,1918)
The independence of Ireland(1922) The great “slump” of the early 1930’s
The
Second World War(Sept.1939--1945) 1) Western Europe was weakened; 2) The United States and the Soviet Union bacame stronger; Winston Churchill(1940--1945)
The Sixteenth Century
Characteristics
the transition of the modern period the age of great voyages of discovery the beginning of freedom of thought in the Christian religion
The Catholic Church & the Protestant Church
Mary I (1553--1558) a devout Catholic. “Bloody Mary”
Elizabeth I (1558--1603)---An age of Glory Protestantism gradually bacame the dominant faith An age of real literary achievement: Shakespeare Adventure on the Sea ,defeated Spanish “ Armada” by Sir FJohn(1199--1216) The Magna Carta(Great Charter) in 1215,the basis of British Constitution(p26)
Joan of Arc The Hundred Years’ War(1337--1453) Relations between England & France was completedly cut off
William
I (1066--1087)
Known as William the Conqueror
Richard
I (1189--1199) A Norman king, known as Richard LionHeart Most famous Crusaders Tried to snatch the “ Holy land”
Suggested answers
EXIII On Text B, D, A,C,D. Noun Explanations 1. The Magna Carta—The Magna Carta(or Great Charter) was a document signed in 1215 by King John under compulsion by the powerful barons.The purpose of the Charter was to make King John to recognize the rights of the barons. The Magna Carta is now kept in the British Museum, London.
Suggested answers
2.
The Protestant Church—It refers to the Christian Church whose faith and practice originated from the principles of the Reformation. As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the 16th century, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opppsition to the established Roman Catholic Church. In Britain, Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan Age.
After-class tasks
Qs: Why was the sixteenth century so important to English history and European history? What were the characteristics of the Victorian age?
Suggested answers
3.
The Elizabethan Age It refers to the period during the reign of Elizabeth I in British history. It was an age of real literary achievement, especially that of Shakespeare, and it was an age of adventure on the sea.
Oliver
Cromwell(1649--1658) Lord Protector Built a republic country (11ys) William III and Mary II (1688--1702) the Glorious Revolution(1688) the Bill of Rights was passed
The Eighteenth Century
War with France
the Battle of Trafalgar (1805) the battle of Waterloo (1815)
Industrial
Revolution(1750--1850) the invention of the steam engine human power----machine power domestic system----factory system industrial towns and cities a new social class----workering class
period: May 24,1819----Janu. 22, 1901 Major events in this Golden Age: 1837 the Queen of England and Ireland; 1839 married; 1857 the control of the Suez; 1876 the Queen of India; the British Empire.
The Nineteenth Century
Changes
in this age: Reform Bill (1832) Trade Unions
Great progress in the field of communications
Queen Victoria
Reigning
Henry VIII (1509--1547) His request to devorce his Queen was refused by the Roman Pope Established the Church of England, also Anglican Church. Declared that he and not the Pope was the head of the Church in England
English History
An outlined study
Highlights
1. Cultural Noun Explanations: The Magna Carta The Protestant Church The Elizabethan Age Charles Darwin