单片机-英文参考文献1
单片机参考文献
精品文档
[1] 李广弟等单片机基础北京航空
航天出版社，2001.7
[2] 楼然苗等51系列单片机设计实
例北京航空航天出版社，2003.3
[3] 唐俊翟等单片机原理与应用冶金工业出版社，2003.9
[4] 刘瑞新等单片机原理及应用教
程机械工业出版社，2003.7
[5] 吴国经等单片机应用技术中国
电力出版社，2004.1
[6] 李全利，迟荣强编著单片机原理及接口技术高等教育出版社，
2004.1
[7] 侯媛彬等，凌阳单片机原理及其毕业设计精选2006年，科学出版社
[8] 罗亚非，凌阳十六位单片机应用基
础2003年北京航空航天大学出版社
[9] 北京北阳电子有限公司， 061A
凌阳单片机及其附带光盘2003年
[10] 张毅刚等，MCS-51单片机应用设计，哈工大出版社，2004年第2
版
[11] 霍孟友等，单片机原理与应用
，机械工业出版社，2004.1
[12] 霍孟友等，单片机原理与应用学习
概要及题解，机械工业出版社，2005.3
[13] 许泳龙等，单片机原理及应用
，机械工业出版社，2005.1
[14] 马忠梅等，单片机的 C语言应用程序设计，北京航空航天大学出版社，
2003修订版
[15] 薛均义张彦斌虞鹤松樊波，凌
阳十六位单片机原理及应用，2003年
，北京航空航天大学出版社
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单片机设计体参考文献
单片机设计体参考文献介绍单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成了微处理器核心、存储器、输入/输出端口以及其他功能模块的集成电路芯片。
它具有低功耗、体积小、易于控制和使用的特点，广泛应用于各种电子设备中。
在单片机的设计过程中，参考文献的重要性不言而喻。
好的参考文献可以为设计者提供丰富的知识和经验，指导设计过程并解决问题。
本文将就单片机设计方面的参考文献进行全面、详细、完整和深入的探讨，为读者提供有关单片机设计的一些建议和指导。
选择合适的参考文献选择合适的参考文献是进行单片机设计的第一步。
以下是一些有关单片机设计的经典参考书目，供读者参考。
1. 《The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C》•作者：Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.McKinlay•出版年份：2007年•内容简介：本书全面介绍了8051单片机的架构、编程和应用。
书中涵盖了从基本知识到高级应用的内容，适合初学者和有一定经验的读者。
2. 《ARM Cortex-M3和Cortex-M4单片机高级编程》•作者：Yifeng Zhu•出版年份：2013年•内容简介：本书详细介绍了ARM Cortex-M3和Cortex-M4单片机的架构、指令集和编程技巧。
作者通过丰富的实例和案例，深入浅出地讲解了单片机的高级编程技术。
3. 《单片机与嵌入式系统应用》•作者：Ryan Heffernan, Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Danny Causey•出版年份：2012年•内容简介：本书介绍了单片机和嵌入式系统的基本概念和原理，包括硬件和软件的设计和开发。
书中还提供了大量的实例和项目，帮助读者将理论知识应用到实际项目中。
单片机设计流程在进行单片机设计时，遵循一定的设计流程是非常重要的。
单片机参考文献(二)2024
单片机参考文献（二）这篇文档旨在为单片机的开发和学习提供参考文献，并总结其中的重要信息。
以下内容将分为引言概述、正文和总结三部分展开，不再包含标题。
引言概述：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成了处理器核心、存储器和外设接口的微型计算机，广泛应用于嵌入式系统中。
在单片机的学习和开发过程中，参考文献对于理解技术原理、掌握编程技巧以及解决问题起到了至关重要的作用。
本文将从多个方面介绍一些有关单片机的参考文献，希望对读者有所帮助。
正文：1. 单片机基础知识- 单片机原理与应用（王野著）：介绍了单片机的基本原理、应用领域以及常见的开发工具和开发环境。
- 单片机原理与应用（邵其翔著）：讲述了单片机的基本概念、组成结构和工作原理，并提供了大量实例和实践案例。
- 单片机原理与接口技术（吴春英著）：详细介绍了单片机的基础知识和接口技术，包括输入输出、模数转换、串行通信等。
2. 单片机编程技巧- C语言程序设计与单片机应用（刘海洋著）：深入浅出地讲解了C语言在单片机编程中的应用，包括数据类型、控制语句、函数等。
- 单片机常用编程技巧与实例（郑洪波著）：通过实例介绍了单片机开发中的常用编程技巧，如定时器中断、PWM输出、串口通信等。
- 单片机应用编程实践指南（张建平著）：提供了丰富的单片机应用实例，并详细介绍了如何进行程序设计和调试。
3. 单片机外设与扩展- 单片机与外设接口设计（孙燕著）：介绍了单片机与各种常见外设的接口设计方法，包括LCD显示、键盘输入、温度传感器等。
- 单片机与外设接口技术（朱晓东著）：讲解了单片机与各类外设接口的设计原理和技术要点，如ADC、DAC、I2C等。
- 嵌入式系统设计与单片机扩展（李兵著）：详细介绍了如何设计和实现嵌入式系统，包括单片机的选型、外设的接口设计等。
4. 单片机应用实例- 单片机实战（杨洪考著）：通过一系列实际项目案例，探讨了单片机在智能家居、工业控制、医疗器械等领域的应用。
单片机参考文献2024
引言概述：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成了处理器核心、内存、输入/输出接口和定时器等功能的集成电路，广泛应用于嵌入式系统、消费电子产品、工业自动化等领域。
本文旨在通过参考相关文献，深入探讨单片机的相关概念、原理、开发工具和应用方面的知识。
正文内容：一、单片机的基本概念和原理1. 单片机的定义和分类：介绍单片机的基本概念，包括其定义、分类和特点。
2. 单片机的工作原理：详细介绍单片机内部的组成结构和工作原理，包括CPU、内存、I/O口等。
3. 单片机的指令系统和编程方式：讲解单片机的指令系统和编程方式，包括汇编语言和高级语言的使用。
4. 单片机的时钟和定时器：介绍单片机的时钟系统和定时器的原理和应用，包括计时、计数和中断处理等。
二、单片机的开发工具和环境1. 单片机的编程和调试工具：介绍常见的单片机编程和调试工具，包括开发板、编译器和调试器等。
2. 单片机的开发环境配置：详细讲解如何配置单片机的开发环境，包括软件安装、驱动程序设置和调试工具的使用方法。
3. 单片机的模拟仿真和实际应用：介绍单片机的模拟仿真技术和实际应用调试方法，包括仿真器和仿真软件的选择和使用。
三、单片机的应用领域和案例分析1. 单片机在嵌入式系统中的应用：介绍单片机在嵌入式系统中的应用，包括家电、智能家居、智能穿戴设备和机器人等领域。
2. 单片机在消费电子产品中的应用：详细介绍单片机在消费电子产品中的应用，包括手机、电视、音响和游戏机等。
3. 单片机在工业自动化中的应用：讲解单片机在工业自动化中的应用，包括自动控制系统、传感器、仪表和机器人等。
4. 单片机在通信和网络中的应用：介绍单片机在通信和网络中的应用，包括无线通信、数据传输和互联网连接等技术。
5. 单片机在医疗和生物技术中的应用：讲解单片机在医疗和生物技术中的应用，包括医疗设备、生物传感器和基因工程等方面。
四、单片机的发展趋势和未来展望1. 单片机的发展历程和趋势：回顾单片机的发展历程，分析当前单片机技术的趋势，包括集成度、功耗和性能等方面的改进。
单片机设计的参考文献
单⽚机设计的参考⽂献
单⽚机设计的参考⽂献
[1] 李⼴弟等单⽚机基础北京航空航天出版社， 2001.7
[2] 楼然苗等 51 系列单⽚机设计实例北京航空航天出版社， 2003.3
[3] 唐俊翟等单⽚机原理与应⽤冶⾦⼯业出版社， 2003.9
[4] 刘瑞新等单⽚机原理及应⽤教程机械⼯业出版社， 2003.7
[5] 吴国经等单⽚机应⽤技术中国电⼒出版社， 2004.1
[6] 李全利，迟荣强编著单⽚机原理及接⼝技术⾼等教育出版社，2004.1
[7] 侯媛彬等，凌阳单⽚机原理及其毕业设计精选 2006年，科学出版社
[8] 罗亚⾮，凌阳⼗六位单⽚机应⽤基础2003年北京航空航天⼤学出版社
[9] 北京北阳电⼦有限公司，061A凌阳单⽚机及其附带光盘2003年
[10] 张毅刚等， MCS-51单⽚机应⽤设计，哈⼯⼤出版社，2004年第2版
[11] 霍孟友等，单⽚机原理与应⽤，机械⼯业出版社，2004.1
[12] 霍孟友等，单⽚机原理与应⽤学习概要及题解，机械⼯业出版社，2005.3
[13] 许泳龙等，单⽚机原理及应⽤，机械⼯业出版社，2005.1
[14] 马忠梅等，单⽚机的C语⾔应⽤程序设计，北京航空航天⼤学出版社，2003修订版
[15] 薛均义张彦斌虞鹤松樊波，凌阳⼗六位单⽚机原理及应⽤，2003年，北京航空航天⼤学出版社。
单片机的参考文献内容.doc
单片机的参考文献内容单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。
单片机的[1]陈堂敏.刘焕平主编.单片机原理与应用.北京:北京理工大学出版社,2007.[2]沈美明.温动蝉编著.IBM-PC汇编语言程序设计.北京:清华大学出版社,1994.[3]张仰森等编.微型计算机常用软硬件技术速查手册.北京:北京希望电脑公司,1994.[4]江修汗等编.计算机控制原理与应用.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.发展历史单片机（Microcontrollers）诞生于1971年，经历了SCM、MCU、SoC三大阶段，早期的SCM单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8051，此后在8051上发展出了MCS51系列MCU系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
高端的32位Soc单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
主要阶段早期阶段SCM即单片微型计算机（Microcontrollers）阶段，主要是寻求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体系结构。
“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。
单片机英文参考文献
Progress in ComputersPrestige Lecture delivered to IEE, Cambridge, on 5 February 2004Maurice WilkesComputer LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeThe first stored program computers began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.These early experimental computers were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly; what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a computer.As far as computing circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarass de richess. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the computer field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now become dominant.In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and w e had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of electronics.dubbed in the IEE light current electrical engineering.properly recognised as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organising a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practiceConsolidation in the 1960sBy the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the computer field was starting up in real earnest. The number of computers in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental time-sharing was beginning, and ultimately computer graphics was to come along.Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly.Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level ofintegration was reached for one chip to accommodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by off-chip wiring to make a computer or anything else.These chips made a new kind of computer possible. It was called a minicomputer. It was something less that a mainframe, but still very powerful, and much more affordable. Instead of having one expensive mainframe for the whole organisation, a business or a university was able to have a minicomputer for each major department.Before long minicomputers began to spread and become more powerful. The world was hungry for computing power and it had been very frustrating for industry not to be able to supply it on the scale required and at a reasonable cost. Minicomputers transformed the situation.The fall in the cost of computing did not start with the minicomputer; it had always been that way. This was what I meant when I referred in my abstract to inflation in the computer industry ‘going the other way’. As time goes on people get more for their money, not less.Research in Computer Hardware.The time that I am describing was a wonderful one for research in computer hardware. The user of the 7400 series could work at the gate and flip-flop level and yet the overall level of integration was sufficient to give a degree of reliability far above that of discreet transistors. The researcher, in a university or elsewhere, could build any digital device that a fertile imagination could conjure up. In the Computer Laboratory we built the Cambridge CAP, a full-scale minicomputer with fancy capability logic.The 7400 series was still going strong in the mid 1970s and was used for the Cambridge Ring, a pioneering wide-band local area network. Publication of the design study for the Ring came just before the announcement of the Ethernet. Until these two systems appeared, users had mostly been content with teletype-based local area networks.Rings need high reliability because, as the pulses go repeatedly round the ring, they must be continually amplified and regenerated. It was the high reliability provided by the 7400 series of chips that gave us the courage needed to embark on the project for the Cambridge Ring.The RISC Movement and Its AftermathEarly computers had simple instruction sets. As time went on designers of commercially available machines added additional features which they thought would improve performance. Few comparative measurements were done and on the whole the choice of features depended upon the designer’s intuition.In 1980, the RISC movement that was to change all this broke on the world. The movement opened with a paper by Patterson and Ditzel entitled The Case for the Reduced Instructions Set Computer.Apart from leading to a striking acronym, this title conveys little of the insights into instruction set design which went with the RISC movement, in particular the way it facilitated pipelining, a system whereby several instructions may be in different stages of execution within the processor at the same time. Pipelining was not new, but it was new for small computersThe RISC movement benefited greatly from methods which had rec ently become available for estimating the performance to be expected from a computer design without actually implementing it. I refer to the use of a powerful existing computer to simulate the new design. By the use of simulation, RISC advocates were able to predict with some confidence that a good RISC design would be able to out-perform the best conventionalcomputers using the same circuit technology. This prediction was ultimately born out in practice.Simulation made rapid progress and soon came into universal use by computer designers. In consequence, computer design has become more of a science and less of an art. Today, designers expect to have a roomful of, computers available to do their simulations, not just one. They refer to such a roomful by the attractive name of computer farm.The x86 Instruction SetLittle is now heard of pre-RISC instruction sets with one major exception, namely that of the Intel 8086 and its progeny, collectively referred to as x86. This has become the dominant instruction set and the RISC instruction sets that originally had a considerable measure of success are having to put up a hard fight for survival.This dominance of x86 disappoints people like myself who come from the research wings.both academic and industrial.of the computer field. No doubt, business considerations have a lot to do with the survival of x86, but there are other reasons as well. However much we research oriented people would like to think otherwise. high level languages have not yet eliminated the use of machine code altogether. We need to keep reminding ourselves that there is much to be said for strict binary compatibility with previous usage when that can be attained. Nevertheless, things might have been different if Intel’s major attempt to produ ce a good RISC chip had been more successful. I am referring to the i860 (not the i960, which was something different). In many ways the i860 was an excellent chip, but its software interface did not fit it to be used in a workstation.There is an interesting sting in the tail of this apparently easy triumph of the x86 instruction set. It proved impossible to match the steadily increasing speed of RISC processors by direct implementation of the x86 instruction set as had been done in the past. Instead, designers took a leaf out of the RISC book; although it is not obvious, on the surface, a modern x86 processor chip contains hidden within it a RISC-style processor with its own internal RISC coding. The incoming x86 code is, after suitable massaging, converted into this internal code and handed over to the RISC processor where the critical execution is performed.In this summing up of the RISC movement, I rely heavily on the latest edition of Hennessy and Patterson’s books on computer design as my supporting authority; see in particular Computer Architecture, third edition, 2003, pp 146, 151-4, 157-8.The IA-64 instruction set.Some time ago, Intel and Hewlett-Packard introduced the IA-64 instruction set. This was primarily intended to meet a generally recognised need for a 64 bit address space. In this, it followed the lead of the designers of the MIPS R4000 and Alpha. However one would have thought that Intel would have stressed compatibility with the x86; the puzzle is that they did the exact opposite.Moreover, built into the design of IA-64 is a feature known as predication which makes it incompatible in a major way with all other instruction sets. In particular, it needs 6 extra bits with each instruction. This upsets the traditional balance between instruction word length and information content, and it changes significantly the brief of the compiler writer.In spite of having an entirely new instruction set, Intel made the puzzling claim that chips based on IA-64 would be compatible with earlier x86 chips. It was hard to see exactly what was meant.Chips for the latest IA-64 processor, namely, the Itanium, appear to have special hardware for compatibility. Even so, x86 code runs very slowly.Because of the above complications, implementation of IA-64 requires a larger chipthan is required for more conventional instruction sets. This in turn implies a higher cost. Such at any rate, is the received wisdom, and, as a general principle, it was repeated as such by Gordon Moore when he visited Cambridge recently to open the Betty and Gordon Moore Library. I have, however, heard it said that the matter appears differently from within Intel. This I do not understand. But I am very ready to admit that I am completely out of my depth as regards the economics of the semiconductor industry.AMD have defined a 64 bit instruction set that is more compatible with x86 and they appear to be making headway with it. The chip is not a particularly large one. Some people think that this is what Intel should have done. [Since the lecture was delivered, Intel have announced that they will market a range of chips essentially compatible with those offered by AMD.]The Relentless Drive towards Smaller TransistorsThe scale of integration continued to increase. This was achieved by shrinking the original transistors so that more could be put on a chip. Moreover, the laws of physics were on the side of the manufacturers. The transistors also got faster, simply by getting smaller. It was therefore possible to have, at the same time, both high density and high speed.There was a further advantage. Chips are made on discs of silicon, known as wafers. Each wafer has on it a large number of individual chips, which are processed together and later separated. Since shrinkage makes it possible to get more chips on a wafer, the cost per chip goes down.Falling unit cost was important to the industry because, if the latest chips are cheaper to make as well as faster, there is no reason to go on offering the old ones, at least not indefinitely. There can thus be one product for the entire market.However, detailed cost calculations showed that, in order to maintain this advantage as shrinkage proceeded beyond a certain point, it would be necessary to move to larger wafers. The increase in the size of wafers was no small matter. Originally, wafers were one or two inches in diameter, and by 2000 they were as much as twelve inches. At first, it puzzled me that, when shrinkage presented so many other problems, the industry should make things harder for itself by going to larger wafers. I now see that reducing unit cost was just as important to the industry as increasing the number of transistors on a chip, and that this justified the additional investment in foundries and the increased risk.The degree of integration is measured by the feature size, which, for a given technology, is best defined as the half the distance between wires in the densest chips made in that technology. At the present time, production of 90 nm chips is still building up Suspension of LawIn March 1997, Gordon Moore was a guest speaker at the celebrations of the centenary of the discovery of the electron held at the Cavendish Laboratory. It was during the course of his lecture that I first heard the fact that you can have silicon chips that are both fast and low in cost described as a violation of Murphy’s law.or Sod’s law as it is usually called in the UK. Moore said that experience in other fields would lead you to expect to have to choose between speed and cost, or to compromise between them. In fact, in the case of silicon chips, it is possible to have both.In a reference book available on the web, Murphy is identified as an engineer working on human acceleration tests for the US Air Force in 1949. However, we were perfectly familiar with the law in my student days, when we called it by a much more prosaic name than either of those mentioned above, namely, the Law of General Cussedness. We even had a mock examination question in which the law featured. It was the type of question in which the first part asks for a definition of some law or principle and the second part contains aproblem to be solved with the aid of it. In our case the first part was to define the Law of General Cussedness and the second was the problem;A cyclist sets out on a circular cycling tour. Derive an equation giving the direction of the wind at any time.The single-chip computerAt each shrinkage the number of chips was reduced and there were fewer wires going from one chip to another. This led to an additional increment in overall speed, since the transmission of signals from one chip to another takes a long time.Eventually, shrinkage proceeded to the point at which the whole processor except for the caches could be put on one chip. This enabled a workstation to be built that out-performed the fastest minicomputer of the day, and the result was to kill the minicomputer stone dead. As we all know, this had severe consequences for the computer industry and for the people working in it.From the above time the high density CMOS silicon chip was Cock of the Roost. Shrinkage went on until millions of transistors could be put on a single chip and the speed went up in proportion.Processor designers began to experiment with new architectural features designed to give extra speed. One very successful experiment concerned methods for predicting the way program branches would go. It was a surprise to me how successful this was. It led to a significant speeding up of program execution and other forms of prediction followed Equally surprising is what it has been found possible to put on a single chip computer by way of advanced features. For example, features that had been developed for the IBM Model 91.the giant computer at the top of the System 360 range.are now to be found on microcomputersMurphy’s Law remained in a state of suspension. No longer did it make sense to build experimental computers out of chips with a small scale of integration, such as that provided by the 7400 series. People who wanted to do hardware research at the circuit level had no option but to design chips and seek for ways to get them made. For a time, this was possible, if not easyUnfortunately, there has since been a dramatic increase in the cost of making chips, mainly because of the increased cost of making masks for lithography, a photographic process used in the manufacture of chips. It has, in consequence, again become very difficult to finance the making of research chips, and this is a currently cause for some concern.The Semiconductor Road MapThe extensive research and development work underlying the above advances has been made possible by a remarkable cooperative effort on the part of the international semiconductor industry.At one time US monopoly laws would probably have made it illegal for US companies to participate in such an effort. However about 1980 significant and far reaching changes took place in the laws. The concept of pre-competitive research was introduced. Companies can now collaborate at the pre-competitive stage and later go on to develop products of their own in the regular competitive manner.The agent by which the pre-competitive research in the semi-conductor industry is managed is known as the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA). This has been active as a US organisation since 1992 and it became international in 1998. Membership is open to any organisation that can contribute to the research effort.Every two years SIA produces a new version of a document known as the International Technological Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), with an update in the intermediate years. The first volume bearing the title ‘Roadmap’ was issued in 1994 but two reports, written in1992 and distributed in 1993, are regarded as the true beginning of the series.Successive roadmaps aim at providing the best available industrial consensus on the way that the industry should move forward. They set out in great detail.over a 15 year horizon. the targets that must be achieved if the number of components on a chip is to be doubled every eighteen months.that is, if Moore’s law is to be maintained.-and if the cost per chip is to fall.In the case of some items, the way ahead is clear. In others, manufacturing problems are foreseen and solutions to them are known, although not yet fully worked out; these areas are coloured yellow in the tables. Areas for which problems are foreseen, but for which no manufacturable solutions are known, are coloured red. Red areas are referred to as Red Brick Walls.The targets set out in the Roadmaps have proved realistic as well as challenging, and the progress of the industry as a whole has followed the Roadmaps closely. This is a remarkable achievement and it may be said that the merits of cooperation and competition have been combined in an admirable manner.It is to be noted that the major strategic decisions affecting the progress of the industry have been taken at the pre-competitive level in relative openness, rather than behind closed doors. These include the progression to larger wafers.By 1995, I had begun to wonder exactly what would happen when the inevitable point was reached at which it became impossible to make transistors any smaller. My enquiries led me to visit ARPA headquarters in Washington DC, where I was given a copy of the recently produced Roadmap for 1994. This made it plain that serious problems would arise when a feature size of 100 nm was reached, an event projected to happen in 2007, with 70 nm following in 2010. The year for which the coming of 100 nm (or rather 90 nm) was projected was in later Roadmaps moved forward to 2004 and in the event the industry got there a little sooner.I presented the above information from the 1994 Roadmap, along with such other information that I could obtain, in a lecture to the IEE in London, entitled The CMOS end-point and related topics in Computing and delivered on 8 February 1996.The idea that I then had was that the end would be a direct consequence of the number of electrons available to represent a one being reduced from thousands to a few hundred. At this point statistical fluctuations would become troublesome, and thereafter the circuits would either fail to work, or if they did work would not be any faster. In fact the physical limitations that are now beginning to make themselves felt do not arise through shortage of electrons, but because the insulating layers on the chip have become so thin that leakage due to quantum mechanical tunnelling has become troublesome.There are many problems facing the chip manufacturer other than those that arise from fundamental physics, especially problems with lithography. In an update to the 2001 Roadmap published in 2002, it was stated that the continuation of progress at present rate will be at risk as we approach 2005 when the roadmap projects that progress will stall without research break-throughs in most technical areas “. This was the most specific statement about the Red Brick Wall, that had so far come from the SIA and it was a strong one. The 2003 Roadmap reinforces this statement by showing many areas marked red, indicating the existence of problems for which no manufacturable solutions are known.It is satisfactory to report that, so far, timely solutions have been found to all the problems encountered. The Roadmap is a remarkable document and, for all its frankness about the problems looming above, it radiates immense confidence. Prevailing opinion reflects that confidence and there is a general expectation that, by one means or another,shrinkage will continue, perhaps down to 45 nm or even less.However, costs will rise steeply and at an increasing rate. It is cost that will ultimately be seen as the reason for calling a halt. The exact point at which an industrial consensus is reached that the escalating costs can no longer be met will depend on the general economic climate as well as on the financial strength of the semiconductor industry itself.。
近五年单片机参考文献
近五年单片机参考文献
近五年来，单片机技术在各个领域得到了广泛的应用和发展。
以下是一些关于单片机的参考文献：
1.《STM32F4xx微控制器编程指南》（2018年出版）：本书详细介绍了STM32F4系列微控制器的基础知识、编程方法和实际应用，对于初学者和专业人士都有很大的帮助。
2.《单片机原理与应用》（2017年出版）：本书系统地介绍了单片机的基础知识、电路结构、编程方法和应用实例，对于初学者和从事嵌入式系统开发的工程师都是一本非常好的参考书。
3.《Arduino入门与实战》（2016年出版）：本书主要介绍了Arduino开发板的基础知识、编程语言和实际应用，适合初学者入门使用。
4.《ATmega328P单片机开发指南》（2015年出版）：本书详细介绍了ATmega328P单片机的基础知识、电路结构、编程方法和实际应用，对于从事嵌入式系统开发工作的工程师非常有帮助。
5.《Cortex-M3/M4 ARM微控制器编程实战》（2014年出版）：本
书详细介绍了Cortex-M3/M4 ARM微控制器的基础知识、编程方法和实际应用，对于从事ARM微控制器开发工作的工程师非常有帮助。
总之，以上这些参考文献都是关于单片机技术的优秀著作，涵盖了单片机的基础知识、电路结构、编程方法和实际应用等方面。
对于从事嵌入式系统开发工作的工程师和初学者来说，这些书籍都是非常好的参考资料。
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Structure and fun cti on of the MCS-51 seriesStructure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51is a nameof a piece of one-chip computer series which In tel Compa ny produces. This compa ny in troduced 8 top-grade on e-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after in troduc ing 8 on e-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031,8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic compositi on, basic performa nee and in structi on system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serialon e-chip computers .An one-chip computer system is made up of severalfollowi ng parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositti ng not can read ing /data that write, such as result not middle of operati on, final result and data wan ted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memoryROM/EPRC(4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some in itial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some on e-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O in terface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as export ing too. ( 5) Two timer / coun ter, each timer / coun ter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the exter nalin cide nt, can set up into a timi ng way too, and can accord ing to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer.(6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source .(7) One all duplexi ng serial I/O mouth of UART (un iversal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realizeon e-chip computer or on e-chip computer and serialcom muni cati on of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-me nti oned part was joined through the in side data bus .Am ong them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and comma nd cen tre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and con troller , etc.. The arithmetic un it can carry on 8 pers ons of arithmeticoperati on and un it ALU of logic operati on while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulati on device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Pers on who accumulate ACCc ount by 2 in put ends en tered of check ing etc. temporarily as one operation often, comefrom person who store 1 operation is it is it make operati on to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACCwith another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of datatran smissi on on 8051 in side . The same as gen eral microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help rememberi ngthat agree ing with A expresses in the order. The con troller in cludes the procedure coun ter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and tim ing circuit, etc. The procedure coun ter is made up of coun ter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address coun ter of the procedure in fact,the content is the n ext IA that will carried out in PC. The content which cha nges it can cha nge the directi on that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 on e-chip computers, only n eed outer quartz crystal and freque ncy to fin ely tune the electric capacity, its freque ncy range is its12MHZ of 1.2MH Z. This pulse sig nal, as 8051 basic beats of work ing, n amely the mi nimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harm ony un der the con trol of the basic beat, just like an orchestra accord ing to the beat play that is comma nded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each in depe ndent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memoryof computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begi n from 0000H, used for preserv ing the procedure and form con sta nt. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is un it of 32 byteses that ca n be appo in ted as the job register, this and gen eral microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAMand job register rank one formation the same to arrange the locati on .It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in additi on. Gen eral computer forfirst address space, ROMand RAMtan arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addressesof ROM and RAM, with distribut ing differe nt address space in a formatio n. While visit ing the memory, corresp onding and only an address Memory un it, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memorystructure is called the structure of Prin cet on. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memoryspace and data memoryspace on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memoryspace outside data memoryand one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structureforms of this kind of procedure device and data memoryseparated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the an gle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kin ds: (1) In the slice, arran ge blocks of FFFFH , 0000H oflocation , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memoryaddress space outside one of 64KB, the address is arran ged from 0000H 64 KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the locati on. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for dist in guish ing and desig ning the order symbol ofdifferent data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spe nd MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 on e-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includesa latch (n amely special fun cti on register ), one exports the driver and a in troductio n buffer . Make data can latch whe n outputting, data can buffer whenmaking introduction , but four fun cti on of passway these self-same. Expa nd among the system of memory outside hav ing slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in com mon use. Expa nd among the system of memory outside hav ing slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the in troductio n of 8 low addresses and data / export in timeshari ngOutput grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with in side have load resista nee of draw ing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while in putt ing the mouth,any TTL or NMOSCircuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a no rmal way . Because draw resista nee on output grade of them have, can open a waycollector too or drain-source resista nee is it urge to ope n a way, do not n eed to have the resista nee of draw ing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. Whe n the con duct is in put, must write the corresp onding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 on e-chip computer, port can on ly offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of tran sistor to regard as, should con tact a resista nee among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3Being restored to the throne is the operati on of in itializ ing of an on e-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PCinto OOOOHinitially , makethe on e-chip computer beg in to hold the con duct procedurefrom unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate on eself from a predicame nt , n eed to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarti ng too. It is an in put end which is restored to the throne the sig nal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne sig nal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne sig nal durati on should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the sig nal:Restore to the throne the circuit and in clude two parts outside in the chip en tirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne sig nal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger con sta ntly in each S5P2 , mach ine of cycle in hav ing one more , the n just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the thro ne resista nee of circuit gen erally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its fun cti on is very importa nt. Pieces of on e-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking andean pop one'shead and mon itor the pin with the oscillograph ten tatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has eno ugh range is exported (in sta ntan eous),can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experime nt to cha nge.At prese nt,MCU to in filtrate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types ofin strume nt con trol, computer n etwork com muni cati ons and data tran smissi on, in dustrial automati on, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilia n luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washi ng mach ine con trol, and program-c on trolled toys, electro nic pet, etc., which arein separable from the microc on troller. Not to men ti on the area of robot con trol, i ntellige nt in strume nts, medical equipme nt was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large nu mber of computer applicati ons and in tellige ntcon trol of the scie ntists, engin eers.SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household applia nces, medical equipme nt, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent managementand process control fields, roughly divided into the followi ng several areas:(1)In the application of Intelligent InstrumentsSCM has a small size, low power con sumpti on, con troll ingfun cti on, expa nsion flexibility, the adva ntages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument,comb ining differe nt types of sen sors can be realized Zhuru voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thick ness, an gle, len gth, hard ness, eleme ntal, physical pressure measureme nt. SCM makes use of digital in strume nts, in tellige nee, mini aturizati on, and fun cti on ality tha n electro nic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precisi on measuri ng equipme nt (power meter, oscilloscope, various an alytical in strume nt).(2)In the in dustrial con trol applicati onWith the MCican constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line ofin tellige nt con trol,all kinds of alarm systems,a nd computer n etworks con stitute a sec on dary con trol system.(3)In the Applianee of Household appliancesIt can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air con diti on ers, color TV, and other audio video equipme nt, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent. (4)In the field of computer n etworks and com muni cati ons applicati onsMCU gen eral with moder n com muni cati on in terface, can be easy with the computer data com muni cati on, n etwork ing and com muni cati ons in computer applicati ons betwee n devices had excelle nt material con diti ons, are basically all com muni cationequipme nt to achieve a con trolled by MCU from mobile pho ne, teleph one, min i-program-c on trolled switchboards, buildi ng automated com muni catio ns call system, train radiocom muni cati on, to the daily work can be see n everywhere in the mobile phon es, trun ked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..(5 ) Microcomputer in the field of medical device applicati onsMCU in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various an alyzers, mon itors, ultraso und diag no stic equipme nt and hospital beds, etc. call system.(6 ) In a variety of major appliances in the modular applicati onsDesigned to achieve some special single specific functionto be modular in a variety of circuit applicati ons, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music in tegrated sin gle chip, seem in gly simple fun cti on, mini ature electr onic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similarto the prin ciple of the complex. Such as: music sig nal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microc on troller, an alog music in to electrical sig nals (similar to the sound card).In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reducethe volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, errorrate, but also easy to replace.(7) Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipme ntSCM in automotive electro nics is widely used, such as avehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based IntelligentElectronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, absan ti-lock braki ng system, brake system, etc..In additi on, the MClih bus in ess, finan ce, research, education,n ati onal defe nse, aerospace and other fields has a very widerange of applicati ons.译文51系列单片机的功能和结构结构和功能的监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51名是一幅一个电脑晶片，英特尔公司生产系列.这家公司推出8级一个计算机芯片监控监-51系列之后，于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控监，于1976年48系列.。