北京航空航天大学基础俄语2012到2008五套考研真题

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北京航空航天大学外国语学院244德语二外历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

目　录2015年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2014年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2013年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2012年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2011年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2010年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解2009年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题及详解2008年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题及详解2007年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题及详解2006年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题及详解2005年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题及详解2004年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题2003年北京航空航天大学224德语二外考研真题2015年北京航空航天大学244德语二外考研真题及详解I. Wählen Sie die richtige Lösung. (25 Punkte insgesamt, 1 Punkt für jede Frage)1.Diesen Fehler sollen Sie _____ wiederholen.A. auf jeden FallB. in diesem FallC. auf keinen FallD. im anderen Fall2. Wann geht deine Arbeit _____? Wir möchten mit dir über unsere Reise sprechen.A. am Ende B. zu Ende C. zum SchlussD. am SchlussC【答案】句意：这个错误你无论如何都不应该再犯了。

auf keinen Fall 意为“任何情况都不”。

故选项C 正确。

【解析】B【答案】3. Mein Freund arbeitet in einem Supermarkt. Er verdient _____ Stunde 10 Euro.A. pro B. für C. zu D. mit【解析】句意：我的朋友在一家超市工作，他的工资是每小时10欧元。

2012年北京航空航天大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc

2012年北京航空航天大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：18.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、简答题(总题数：9，分数：18.00)1.What is an affix? Please exemplify any affixes that attach(relatively)productively to verbs and do not change the category.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.State the Referential Theory(or meaning triangle)put forward by Ogden and Richards, and illustrate the theory with an example.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Figure out the conceptual metonymies in the following sentences and provide at least one more example.a. He drank the whole bottle.b. Arthur married money.c. Einstein was one of the most creative minds of the last century.d. Where are you parked?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.Explain the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.What does Saussure mean when he writes, "Signs function not through their intrinsic value but through their relative positions" ? Please illustrate your point with an example.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.The sentence The boy saw the man with the telescope is structurally ambiguous. Please explain the ambiguity and illustrate the different meanings with phrase structure trees.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.Figure out the structure of the following sentences and give a description of this phenomenon. The horse raced past the barn fell.The florist sent the flowers was pleased.The cotton clothing is made from grows in Mississippi.They told the boy that the girl met the story.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.State the various stages of Chomsky"s Transformational Grammar, and describe the theory"s philosophical/methodological features.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.Explain the(communicative)Principle of Relevance, and use it to explain why in a normal circumstance the sentence John went to the bank means that John went to a money-institution rather than that John went to the bank of a river.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

2北京航空航天大学2012年基础英语

2北京航空航天⼤学2012年基础英语北京航空航天⼤学2012年基础英语考研真题I. Vocabulary and structure (20 points)Directions: Choose one from the four alternatives that best completes the sentence and write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.1. Research shows that eating a better diet may delay the _______of certain diseases in some patients.A. onsetB. inductionC. uptakeD. origin2. The investors will discontinue their investment on the product if its costs continue to________.A. propagateB. prolongC. elevateD. escalate3. Although sales have continued to increase since last May, the rate of increase has_________.A. resurgedB. retaliatedC. deceleratedD. demeaned4. The company that Susan works for is ______with an automotive company, so she can get a discount on a new car.A. correlatedB. paralleledC. accountedD. affiliated5. I think William would be most suitable for the job. His work record is ______.A. impeccableB. impartialC. rudimentaryD. justified6. The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager, were ________their few and simple desires.A. circumscribed byB. commensurate withC. fossilized byD. simultaneous with7. These bright colors look good on you because of your dark______.A. complexityB. composureC. complexionD. composition8. In the 20th Century, the discovery of radium ______the popular imagination；not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value ______that of the rarest gemstone.A. stormed…diminishedB. horrified…approachedC. enflamed…exceededD. conspired…triggered9. Some writers who once greatly _______the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting _______for their former criticism.A. lauded…censureB. disparaged…approbationC. simulated…ambivalenceD. influenced…analysis10. Fashion is partly a search for a new language to discredit the old, a way in which eachgeneration can ________its immediate predecessor and distinguish itself.A. conformB. condoneC. repudiateD. resurrect11. Were animal parents judged by human standards, the cuckoo would be one of nature’s______creatures, blithely laying its eggs in the nests of other birds, and leaving the incubating and nurturing to them.A. mettlesomeB. industriousC. conscientiousD. feckless12. The eradication of pollution is not merely a matter of______, though the majestic beauty ofnature is indeed an important consideration.A. aestheticsB. legislationC. cleanlinessD. economics13. Since the 15th century, animals have been used as ______for people in experiments to assessthe effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.A. benefactorsB. companionsC. surrogatesD. precedents14. The artist’s delicate watercolor sketches often served as _____of a subject, a way of gathering fuller knowledge before his final engagement of the subject in an oil painting.A. a synthesisB. an abstractionC. a reconnaissanceD. an enhancement15. Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw with incredible______: his comic strip about Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing.A. sincerityB. efficiencyC. virtuosityD. rapidity16. The barrier of language keeps many scientists in prolonged ignorance of work of immediate importance to them ________at present in many countries.A. doingB. to be doneC. having doneD. being done17. The general effect of the irradiation from the nuclear leakage is less obvious, but ________ serious.A. not the lessB. much lessC. none the lessD. no the less18. Issues of price, place, promotion, and product are _____conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies.A. these of the mostB. most of thoseC. among the mostD. among the many of19. When we encounter more difficulties, we should be more spirited, and we should be more courageous_______.A. the more danger we are inB. the more in danger we areC. we are in more dangerD. we are in danger more20. If not ______with the respect he feels due to him, Bob gets very ill-tempered and grumbles allthe time.A. being treatedB. be treatedC. having been treatedD. treatedII. Error spotting (20 points)Directions:Decide which underlined part is incorrect and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.21. Not only does this theoretical approach seek out previously neglectedA Bliterary works, but it also illuminates the ways in which race, ethnicity, and theCimbalance of power informs many works.D22. Researchers who perform qualitative studies, such as observations and interviews,A Bare interested in interpreting behavior by first watching, listening or interacting withC Dindividuals or a group.23. The larger issue, Glanz said, is that educators must recognize that teachersA Band students, though physical in the same school, are in separate worlds and haveCan ongoing power struggle.D24. It is fashionable rationalizing our collaboration in all this by arguingAthat, well, men like to fight and injure their fellows, and such games as footballBshould be encouraged to discharge this original-sin urge into less harmful channelsCthan, say, war.D25. As for the effect of organized football on the spectator, the fans are notAso much released from supposed feelings of violent aggression by watching theirB Cathletic heroes perform it as they are encouraged in the view which people-smashing is an Dadmirable mode of self-expression.26. Advertisers would have us believed the myth that alcohol is part of beingA Bsuccessful, sexy, healthy and happy；but those who have suffered from it—directlyCor indirectly—know otherwise.D27. If lecture classes were restricted to junior and senior undergraduates and to graduate Astudents, who are less need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work onB Ctheir own, they would be far less destructive of students’ interests and enthusiasms than Dthe present system.28. Those who want guns—whether for target shooting, hunting or potting rattlesnakesA(get a hoe)⼀should be subjected to the same restrictions placed on gun owners inBEngland, a nation in which liberty has survived nicely without an arm populace.C D29. Research suggests that hypochondriacs fell into three categories: those whoAhave a variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder, those whose hypochondria wasB Ctriggered by a stressful life event, and those who are hypersensitive to any physicalDsymptoms.30. On the contrary, a recent Harvard study argues that football’sAcharacteristics of “impersonal acceptance of inflicting injury,” an overridingB“organization goal,” the “ability to turn oneself on and off,” and being, above all,C “out to win” are prized by ambitious executives in many large corporations.D31. So long as the child is shown exactly how to do something—whether beA Bplacing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or making up for a misdeed—he is lessClikely to figure out himself how to accomplish such a task.D32. And, more generally, he is less likely to view life as Americans do—as aAseries of situations in which one has to learn to think for oneself, to solve problemsBon one’s own and even to discover problems which creative solutions are wanted.C D33. But assuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that theAfostering of skills and creativity are both worthwhile goals, the important questionBbecomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, a superior way C to approach education, perhaps to strike a better balance between the poles ofDcreativity and basic skills?34. As I’ve examined what it meant to be poor, it has become clear to me whatA BI am most thankful: both my tangible and my intangible good fortune.C D35. But just how long Walton can hold firm to his folksy habits with celebrityAhunters keep following him wherever he goes is anyone’s guess.B C D36. When asking if their children wanted a call or a text message requestingA Bthat they be home by curfew, for instance, 58 percent of parents said theirCchildren preferred a text.D37. What first seemed like a luxury, crawling from bed to computer, not worrying aboutA Bhair, and clothes and face, have become a form of escape, a lack of discipline.C D38. You remember that favorite story of yours, one about how the army captainA Band the woman whose book he discovered got to know one another solely throughC Dwriting letters?39. Baby boomers who warned decades ago that their out-of-touch parentsAcouldn’t be trusted now sometimes find themselves raise children who—thanksB Cto the Internet and the cellphone—consider Mom and Dad to be clueless, too.D40. Not until I’ve been embarrassed by someone who politely points outAthat I’ve attacked her for agreeing with me I realize that I have beenB C Dprojecting.Ⅲ. Cloze (20 points)Directions: filling in each blank with one word and write the answers on the answer sheet.The Beatles sang that money can’t buy you love. But what about happiness? Research consistently shows that the more money people have, the 41 likely they are to report 42 satisfied with their lives.And that makes 43 : money buys you things that make life easier and more satisfying; the 44 your life, the happier you tend to be. That 45 isn’t entirely linear, since there’s a limit to how 46 wealth can please you；the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful 47 people who don’t have much money to start with, and diminishes as wealth 48 . But studies also reveal that 49 average income levels have risen 50 time—in the U.S. and European nations, for example—residents of those countries have not reported being any happier than people 51 30 or 40 years ago. It’s a paradox that52 income and happiness may be associated within a population at any given moment, overall economic growth does 53 appear tocorrespond to a boost in national satisfaction over time. (See a gallery of things money can buy.)To understand why, researchers at the University of Warwick and Cardiff University decided to break down how individual people 54 their income. What does wealth 55 to people? Previous work has suggested that people tend to value their own wealth more—and are happier—when it compares favorably to everyone 56 . The so- called reference-income hypothesis holds that it’s no t simply how much money you 57 that contributes to satisfaction, 58 how much more money you make than, say, the national average. The higher your salary than the norm, the happier you tend to be. That could explain in part 59 populations as a whole do not experience sunnier dispositions with economic growth, since a majority of individuals may not fall above the national income 60 .IV. Writing (50 points)Part One (20 points)Directions: You will read a table indicating the population of Chinese students studying abroad. Write a composition in no less than 120 words to describe the trend of the changes and the possible causes for these changes.Part Two (30 points)Directions:Science and technology has greatly improved our life and contributed to human civilizations. However, some say, at present we are pursuing the scientific development at the cost of human nature. Do you agree with this opinion? Why and why not? Write an essay with the title: “The Challenge of Science on Humanity” in no less than 200 words to illustrate your point.V. General Knowledge (40 points)Part One (20 points)Directions: Read the following unfinished statements carefully. Choose the best one from the four choices A, B, C and D to finish each statement.61. The President of the United States is head of the _____ Branch.A. Supreme CourtB. JudicialC. LegislativeD. Executive62. ______is celebrated by English people in November.A. May DayB. Guy Fawkes NightC. Thanksgiving DayD. Easter Day63. The Civil Rights Movement happened in_______.A. the 1960sB. the 1950sC. the 1920sD. the 1970s64. The Battle of ________witnessed the death of King Harold in 1066.A. HastingsB. TrafalgarC. WaterlooD. Stratton65. The Celts’ religion is_______.A. ChristianityB. ProtestantismC. PresbyterianismD. Druidism66. Cockney is a term referring to a person living in_______.A. The west end of LondonB. the east end of New YorkC. the east end of LondonD. the west end of New York67. ______are the places where, in the 17th to 19th centuries in Britain, very poor, homeless people did very unpleasant jobs in return for food and shelter.A. Nursing homesB. FactoriesC. WorkhousesD. Prisons68. The Puritans were originally an extreme ________sect.A. ProtestantB. JewishC. CatholicD. Islamic69. During the Civil War of England, the Cavaliers supported _______while the Roundheads were in support of_______.A. the king…the parliamentB. th e parliament…the kingC. the king…the churchD. the church…the king70. James I. king of England firmly believed in_______.A. laissez-faireB. the Devine Right of KingsC. Constitutional MonarchyD. Protestantism71. The main obstacle to Hispanic Success in labor market is their______.A. lack of good mannersB. dark skin colorC. low level of educationD. high rate of crime72. Charles I was a king of the ______dynasty.A. plantagenetB. TudorC. StuartD. George73. The party which wins the largest second seats in the parliament becomes the official______with its own leader and______.A. Cabinet…governmentB. Opposition…Shadow CabinetC. Government…CabinetD. Shadow Cabinet…Opposition74. _____, known as the backbone of the North American Continent, is also called the Continental Divide.A. The RockiesB. The Appalachian MountainsC. The Blue MountainsD. The Great Smoky Mountains75. Senator _____launched an Anti-Communist hysteria in the early 1950s.A. Franklin RooseveltB. George KennanC. Theodore RooseveltD. Joseph Raymond McCarthy76. China and the United States established their diplomatic relationships in January_____.A. 1972B. 1971C. 1975D. 197977. The Civil War in England was also known as_____.A. the Puritan RevolutionB. the Glorious RevolutionC. the CrusadesD. the Reformation78. ______ refers to the movement very active in the early part of the 20th century, agitated forwomen’s political right to vote.A. The Civil Rights MovementB. Women’s Suffrage MovementC. The Feminist MovementD. The Countercultural Movement79. _______is separated from mainland America by Canada.A. HawaiiB. AlaskaC. Rhode IslandD. Greenland80. The doctors who serve the community in general health care in Britain, rather like solicitors ofthe medical profession, who usually join together in partnership in a medical practice, must study for seven years and pass exams before they become qualified_______.A. MPB. PCC. GPD. IQPart Two (20 points)Directions: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. 81. How many constituencies are there in Britain today? How many members are there in theHouse of Commons?82. What are some of the characteristics of American education?83. What is meant by the term “Welfare State” in Britain?84. What are the names of the Great Lakes?参考答案及解析I. Vocabulary and structure (20 points)1.A 句意：研究表明更合理的饮⾷可能使部分病⼈的某些疾病延缓发作。

[考研类试卷]2012年北京航空航天大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2012年北京航空航天大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷一、选词填空0 The Beatles sang that money can't buy you love. But what about happiness? Research consistently shows that the more money people have, the【C1】______likely they are to report【C2】______satisfied with their lives.And that makes【C3】______; money buys you things that make life easier and more satisfying; the【C4】______your life, the happier you tend to be. That【C5】______isn't entirely linear, since there's a limit to how【C6】______wealth can please you; the happiness benefit of an increasing income is especially powerful【C7】______people who don't have much money to start with, and diminishes as wealth【C8】______But studies also reveal that【C9】______average income levels have risen【C10】______time—in the U. S. and European nations, for example—residents of those countries have not reported being any happier than people【C11】______30 or 40 years ago. It's a paradox that【C12】______income and happiness may be associated within a population at any given moment, overall economic growth does【C13】______appear to correspond to a boost in national satisfaction over time.(See a gallery of things money can buy.)To understand why, researchers at the University of Warwick and Cardiff University decided to break down how individual people【C14】______their income. What does wealth【C15】______to people? Previous work has suggested that people tend to value their own wealth more—and are happier—when it compares favorably to everyone【C16】______The so-called reference-income hypothesis holds that it's not simply how much money you【C17】______that contributes to satisfaction,【C18】______how much more money you make than, say, the national average. The higher your salary than the norm, the happier you tend to be. That could explain in part【C19】______populations as a whole do not experience sunnier dispositions with economic growth, since a majority of individuals may not fall above the national income【C20】______1 【C1】2 【C2】3 【C3】4 【C4】5 【C5】6 【C6】7 【C7】8 【C8】9 【C9】10 【C10】11 【C11】12 【C12】13 【C13】14 【C14】15 【C15】16 【C16】17 【C17】18 【C18】19 【C19】20 【C20】二、写作21 You will read a table indicating the population of Chinese students studying abroad. Write a composition in no less than 120 words to describe the trend of the changes andthe possible causes for these changes.22 Science and technology has greatly improved our life and contributed to human civilizations. However, some say, at present we are pursuing the scientific development at the cost of human nature. Do you agree with this opinion? Why and why not? Write an essay with the title; "The Challenge of Science on Humanity" in no less than 200 words to illustrate your point.三、选择题23 Research shows that eating a better diet may delay the______of certain diseases in some patients.（A）onset（B）induction（C）uptake（D）origin24 The investors will discontinue their investment on the product if its costs continueto______.（A）propagate（B）prolong（C）elevate（D）escalate25 Although sales have continued to increase since last May, the rate of increasehas______.（A）resurged（B）retaliated（C）decelerated（D）demeaned26 The company that Susan works for is ______with an automotive company, so she can get a discount on a new car.（A）correlated（B）paralleled（C）accounted（D）affiliated27 I think William would be most suitable for the job. His work record is______.（A）impeccable（B）impartial（C）rudimentary（D）justified28 The powers and satisfactions of primeval people, though few and meager,were______their few and simple desires.（A）circumscribed by（B）commensurate with（C）fossilized by（D）simultaneous with29 These bright colors look good on you because of your dark______.（A）complexity（B）composure（C）complexion（D）composition30 In the 20th century, the discovery of radium______ the popular imagination; not only was its discoverer, Marie Curie, idolized, but its market value______that of the rarest gemstone.（A）stormed... diminished（B）horrified... approached（C）enflamed... exceeded（D）conspired... triggered31 Some writers who once greatly______the literary critic have recently recanted, substituting ______for their former criticism.（A）lauded... censure（B）disparaged... approbation（C）simulated... ambivalence（D）influenced... analysis32 Fashion is partly a search for a new language to discredit the old, a way in which each generation can______its immediate predecessor and distinguish itself.（A）conform（B）condone（C）repudiate（D）resurrect33 Were animal parents judged by human standards, the cuckoo would be one of nature's______ creatures, blithely laying its eggs in the nests of other birds, and leaving the incubating and nurturing to them.（A）mettlesome（B）industrious（C）conscientious（D）feckless34 The eradication of pollution is not merely a matter of______, though the majestic beauty of nature is indeed an important consideration.（A）aesthetics（B）legislation（C）cleanliness（D）economics35 Since the 15th century, animals have been used as______for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans. （A）benefactors（B）companions（C）surrogates（D）precedents36 The artist's delicate watercolor sketches often served as______of a subject, a way of gathering fuller knowledge before his final engagement of the subject in an oil painting. （A）a synthesis（B）an abstraction（C）a reconnaissance（D）an enhancement37 Winsor McCay, the cartoonist, could draw with incredible______: his comic strip about Little Nemo was characterized by marvelous draftsmanship and sequencing. （A）sincerity（B）efficiency（C）virtuosity（D）rapidity38 The barrier of language keeps many scientists in prolonged ignorance of work of immediate importance to them______at present in many countries.（A）doing（B）to be done（C）having done（D）being done39 The general effect of the irradiation from the nuclear leakage is less obvious,but______serious.（A）not the less（B）much less（C）none the less（D）no the less40 Issues of price, place, promotion, and product are______conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies.（A）these of the most（B）most of those（C）among the most（D）among the many of41 When we encounter more difficulties, we should be more spirited, and we should be more courageous______.（A）the more danger we are in（B）the more in danger we are（C）we are in more danger（D）we are in danger more42 If not______with the respect he feels due to him, Bob gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time.（A）being treated（B）be treated（C）having been treated（D）treated43 ANot only does this theoretical approach seek out Bpreviously neglected literary works, Cbut it also illuminates the ways in which race, ethnicity, and the imbalance of power Dinforms many works.44 Researchers Awho perform qualitative studies, Bsuch as observations and interviews, Care interested in interpreting behavior by first watching, Dlistening or interacting with individuals or a group.45 The larger issue, Glanz said, Ais that educators Bmust recognize that teachers and students, Cthough physical in the same school, are in separate worlds and have an Dongoing power struggle.46 It is fashionable Arationalizing our collaboration in all this by arguing that, well, men like to fight and injure their fellows, and Bsuch games as football should be encouraged to discharge Cthis original-sin urge into less harmful channels Dthan, say, war.47 AAs for the effect of organized football on the spectator, the fans are notBso much released from supposed feelings of violent aggression Cby watching their athletic heroes perform it as they are encouraged Din the view which people-smashing is an admirable mode of self-expression.48 Advertisers Awould have us believed the myth that alcohol is Bpart of being successful, sexy, healthy and happy; but those Cwho have sufferedfrom it—directly or indirectly—Dknow otherwise.49 If lecture classes Awere restricted to junior and senior undergraduates and to graduate students, Bwho are less need of scholarly nurturing and Cmore able to prepare work on their own, they would be Dfar less destructive of students' interests and enthusiasms than the present system.50 Those who want guns—Awhether for target shooting, hunting or potting rattlesnakes(get a hoe)— Bshould be subjected to the same restrictions placed on gun owners in England, a nation Cin which liberty has survived nicely without Dan arm populace.51 Research suggests that hypochondriacs Afell into three categories; those who have Ba variant of obsessive-compulsive disorder, those Cwhose hypochondria was triggered by a stressful life event, and those who Dare hypersensitive to any physical symptoms.52 AOn the contrary, a recent Harvard study argues that football's characteristics of "impersonal acceptance of Binflicting injury, " an overriding " organization goal, " the " ability to turn oneself on and off, " and being, Caboveall, "out to win" Dare prized by ambitious executives in many large corporations.53 So long as the child Ais shown exactly how to do something—Bwhether be placing a key in a key slot, drawing a hen or Cmaking up for amisdeed—he is less likely to figure out himself Dhow to accomplish such a task.54 And, more generally, he is less likely to view life—Aas Americans do—as a series of situations in which one has to learn Bto think for oneself, to solve problems Con one's own and even to discover problems Dwhich creative solutions are wanted.55 But Aassuming that the contrast I have developed is valid, and that the fostering of skills and creativity Bare both worthwhile goals, the important question becomes this: Can we gather, from the Chinese and American extremes, Casuperior way to approach education, perhaps Dto strike a better balance between the poles of creativity and basic skills?56 As I've examined Awhat it meant to be poor, Bit has become clear to me what I am Cmost thankful; both my tangible and my intangible Dgood fortune.57 But just how long Walton can Ahold firm to his folksy habits with celebrity hunters Bkeep following him Cwherever he goes is Danyone's guess.58 AWhen asking if their children wanted a call or a text messageBrequesting that Cthey be home by curfew, for instance, 58 percent of parents said their children Dpreferred a text.59 AWhat first seemed like a luxury, crawling from bed to computer, Bnot worrying about hair, and clothes and face, Chave become a form of escape, Da lack of discipline.60 You remember that Afavourite story of yours, Bone about how the army captain and the woman Cwhose book he discovered got to know one another Dsolely through writing letters?61 Baby boomers Awho warned decades ago that their out-of-touch parentsBcouldn't be trusted now sometimes Cfind themselves raise children who—thanks to the Internet and the cellphone—consider Mom and Dad Dto be clueless, too.62 Not until AI've been embarrassed by someone who politely points out thatBI've attacked her Cfor agreeing with me DI realize that I have been projecting.63 The President of the United States is head of the______Branch.（A）Supreme Court（B）Judicial（C）Legislative（D）Executive64 ______is celebrated by English people in November.（A）May Day（B）Guy Fawkes Night（C）Thanksgiving Day（D）Easter Day65 The Civil Rights Movement happened in______.（A）the 1960s（B）the 1950s（C）the 1920s（D）the 1970s66 The Battle of______witnessed the death of King Harold in 1066. （A）Hastings（B）Trafalgar（C）Waterloo（D）Stratton67 The Celts' religion is______.（A）Christianity（B）Protestantism（C）Presbyterianism（D）Druidism68 Cockney is a term referring to a person living in______.（A）the west end of London（B）the east end of New York（C）the east end of London（D）the west end of New York69 ______are the places where, in the 17th to 19th centuries in Britain, very poor, homeless people did very unpleasant jobs in return for food and shelter.（A）Nursing homes（B）Factories（C）Workhouses（D）Prisons70 The Puritans were originally an extreme______sect.（A）Protestant（B）Jewish（C）Catholic（D）Islamic71 During the Civil War of England, the Cavaliers supported______while the Roundheads were in support of______.（A）the king...the parliament（B）the parliament...the king（C）the king...the church（D）the church...the king72 James I, king of England firmly believed in______.（A）laissez-faire（B）the Devine Right of Kings（C）Constitutional Monarchy（D）Protestantism73 The main obstacle to Hispanic success in labor market is their______. （A）lack of good manners（B）dark skin color（C）low level of education（D）high rate of crime74 Charles I was a king of the______dynasty.（A）Plantagenet（B）Tudor（C）Stuart（D）George75 The party which wins the largest second seats in the parliament becomes the official______ with its own leader and______.（A）cabinet... government（B）opposition... shadow cabinet（C）government...cabinet（D）shadow cabinet...opposition76 ______, known as the backbone of the North American Continent, is also called the Continental Divide.（A）The Rockies（B）The Appalachian Mountains（C）The Blue Mountains（D）The Great Smoky Mountains77 Senator______launched an Anti-Communist hysteria in the early 1950s.（A）Franklin Roosevelt（B）George Kennan（C）Theodore Roosevelt（D）Joseph Raymond McCarthy78 China and the United States established their diplomatic relationships in January______.（A）1972（B）1971（C）1975（D）197979 The Civil War in England was also known as______.（A）the Puritan Revolution（B）the Glorious Revolution（C）the Crusades（D）the Reformation80 ______refers to the movement very active in the early part of the 20th century, agitated for women's political right to vote.（A）The Civil Rights Movement（B）Women's Suffrage Movement（C）The Feminist Movement（D）The Countercultural Movement81 ______is separated from mainland America by Canada.（A）Hawaii（B）Alaska（C）Rhode Island（D）Greenland82 The doctors who serve the community in general health care in Britain, rather like solicitors of the medical profession, who usually join together in partnership in a medical practice, must study for seven years and pass exams before they become qualified______. （A）MP（B）PC（C）GP（D）IQ四、简答题83 Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.How many constituencies are there in Britain today? How many members are there in the House of Commons?84 What are some of the characteristics of American education?85 What is meant by the term "Welfare State" in Britain?86 What are the names of the Great Lakes?。

北京航空航天大学外国语学院244德语二外历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

auf keinen Fall 意为“任何情况都不”。

故选项C 正确。

北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语2012

北京航空航天大学2012年翻译硕士英语考研真题Part I Vocabulary (60 minutes, 30％)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1. The doctor _______a medicine for my headache.A) subscribedB) describedC) prescribedD) inscribed2. This song _______his life’s dream and ardent love of life.A) incorporatedB) initiatedC) exposedD) embodied3. It is said that the reconstruction of the Grand Theatre is a _______project of Shanghai government this year.A) prestigeB) superiorityC) priorityD) publicity4. Such a toy with musical sounds and animal noises will ________any young child.A) dismayB) astonishC) fascinateD) perplex5. After reading ______of books by great authors for some time, the boy decided to go on to read the originals.A) themesB) insightsC) digestsD) leaflets6. In the poem, he depicted the happy ________of girls playing on a swing in early spring.A) perspectiveB) viewC) landscapeD) scene7. She _______all criticism and went on with her project.A) warded offB) shrugged offC) gave awayD) set aside8. The teacher ________from her custom and gave no assignments for the weekend.A) deviatedB) disconnectedC) detachedD) distorted9. The little chair _______when the fat man sat down on it without thinking.A) crushedB) collapsedC) crumpledD) yielded10. Her chief _______was her not packing a raincoat for her trip to Yunnan last July.A) drawbackB) handicapC) bruiseD) blunder11. It advocated by the book that a man, no matter how_______ his origin may be, can besuccessful with unremitting efforts and strong will.A) inferiorB) awkwardC) minorD) humble12. Eric was _______at being told he would have to wait two weeks for an appointment.A) integratedB) irreverentC) irresistibleD) indignant13. It took them four hours to decide that this vicious, ________killer should die.A) remorselessB) raspingC) restiveD) relevant14. Always protect _________files by locking them with a password.A) complimentaryB) confidentialC) compulsiveD) commonsense15. Any store that has had its license _________for more than 30 days will have to apply for apermit.A) slumpedB) strainedC) squintedD) suspended16. We’ve ________salt. Ask Mrs. Jones to lend us some.A) run away withB) run overC) run off17. He was always ill for a time, but he managed to_________.A) pull onB) pull inC) pull upD) pull through18. The actors have to ________before they appear in front of the strong lights on television.A) cover upB) make upC) paint upD) do up19. They have left New York ________good; they’ll never go back and live there again.A) forB) atC) byD) in20. Would you please ________these books to your classmates?A) hand outB) hand downC) hand inD) hand over21. No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to_______.A) the otherB) any otherC) anotherD) other22. I regret ________you that your application has been refused.A) informingB) to informC) to be informedD) being informed23. Do you feel like ______to a film or would you rather ______at home?A) going…stayB) to go…stayC) going…stayingD) going…to stay24. “Has he gained weight?”“He would gai n weight, but he _______much.”A) does not eatB) did not eatC) hadn’t eatenD) couldn’t eat25. His use of technical terms left his audience_______.A) confusingB) with confusionD) to confusion26. While we are young, we are continually_______ new ideas, altering our thought patterns,making up our minds afresh.A) taking toB) taking onC) taking inD) taking out27. There has been a growing concern _______pollution. But those who concern themselves______ this problem need government support.A) for, aboutB) over, withC) about, forD) on, to28. You hear me _______! This is important. Don’t treat it ______a joke.A) of, asB) from, likeC) out, asD) about, like29. She is always complaining _________something. It _______my nerves.A) of, gets toB) about, gets onC) about, got onD) for, is getting on30. They are an odd couple .She is as tall _____he is short, and he is as fat _____she is thin. Butthey are both ______happy as they are old.A) as, as, soB) while, while, asC) and, and, asD) as, as, asPart ⅡReading Comprehension (60 minutes, 40％)Section ADirections: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. (30％)Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1948). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of thecamera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel drama tic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema. When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretensions of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.31. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.(A) discuss the importance of Griffith to the development of the cinema(B) document Griffith’s impact on the choice of subject matter in American films(C) deplore the state of American cinema before the advent of Griffith(D) analyze the changes in the cinema wrought by the introduction of the multi-reel film32. The author suggests that Griffith’s film innovations had a direct effect on all of the followingEXCEPT: ______.(A) film editing(B) camera work(C) scene composing(D) sound editing33. It can be inferred from the passage that before 1910 the normal running time of a film was______.(A) 15 minutes or less(B) between 15 and 30 minutes(C) 1 hour or more(D) between 45 minutes and 1 hour34. The author asserts that Griffith introduced all of the following into American cinema EXCEPT:______.(A) consideration of social issues(B) adaptations from Tennyson(C) the flashback and other editing techniques(D) dramatic plots suggested by Victorian theater35. The author suggests that Griffith’s contributions to the cinema had which of the followingresults?Ⅰ. Literary works, especially Victorian novels, became popular sources for film subjects.Ⅱ. Audien ce appreciation of other film directors’ experimentations with cinematic syntax was increased.Ⅲ. Many of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking were shown to be really nonexistent.(A)Ⅱ only(B) Ⅲ only(C) I and Ⅱ only(D) Ⅱ and Ⅲ onlyPassage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.Under present conditions a temperature of -18℃can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃: This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm aircan hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.36. The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.(A) warn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels(B) discuss the significance of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere(C) demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in predicting long-range climaticchange(D) describe the ways in which various atmospheric and climatic conditions contribute to theEarth’s weather37. According to the passage, the greatest part of the solar energy that reaches the Earth is ______.(A) reflected back to space by snow and ice(B) concentrated at visible wavelengths(C) absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules(D) absorbed by atmospheric water vapor38. According to the passage, atmospheric carbon dioxide performs all of the following functionsEXCEPT: ______.(A) absorbing radiation at visible wavelengths(B) absorbing infrared radiation(C) absorbing outgoing radiation from the Earth(D) helping to retain heat near the Earth’s surface39. It can be concluded from information contained in the passage that the average temperature atan altitude of 1 kilometer above the Earth is about ______.(A) 15℃(B) 9℃(C) 2.5℃(D) -12℃40. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the last hundred years?(A) Fossil fuels were burned for the first time.(B) Greater amounts of land were cleared than at any time before.(C) The average temperature at the Earth’s surface has become 2℃ cooler.(D) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased measurably.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.“Popular art”has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision, which range from folklore to junk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930’s, for example, has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its fundamental nature, transmutedit into high art. This remains one of the greatest achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing the essential trashiness of the genre.As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera. Generally in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unfettered by class—is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity or secret greed of the leaders of the proletariat. Verdi transforms this naive and unlikely formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself.Or consider V erdi’s treatment of character. Before Verdi, there were rarely any characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the singers to express a series of emotional states. Any attempt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence was the singer’s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi’s characters, on the other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is achieved through the music: once he had become established, V erdi did not rewrite his music for different singers or countenance alterations or substitutions of somebody else’s arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness.41. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in order to suggest ______.(A) that their achievements are no less substantial than those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahms influenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) that popular music could be employed in compositions intended as high art42. According to the passage, the immediacy of the political message in Verdi’s operas stems fromthe ______.(A) vitality and subtlety of the music(B) audience’s familiarity with earlier operas(C) verisimilitude of the characters(D) individual talents of the singers43. According to the passage, all of the following characterize musical drama before VerdiEXCEPT: ______.(A) music used for the purpose of defining a character(B) adaptation of music from other operas(C) psychological inconsistency in the portrayal of characters(D) expression of emotional states in a series of dramatic situations44. It can be inferred that the author regards V erdi’s revisions to his operas with ______.(A) regret that the original music and texts were altered(B) concern that many of the revisions altered the plots of the original work(C) approval for the intentions that motivated the revisions(D) puzzlement, since the revisions seem largely insignificant45. According to the passage, one of Verdi’s achievements within the framework ofnineteenth-century opera and its conventions was to ______.(A) limit the extent to which singers influenced the musical compositions and performance ofhis operas(B) use his operas primarily as forums to protest both the moral corruption and dogmaticrigidity of the political leaders of his time(C) portray psychologically complex characters shaped by the political environmentsurrounding them(D) incorporate elements of folklore into both the music and plots of his operasSection BDirections: There is one passage in this part. The passage is followed by some questions. Please answer the questions briefly. (10％)The Game of the NameHere comes John Smith walking toward me. Even though he is but a passing acquaintance, the American greeting ritual demands that I utter a few words to reassure him of my good will. But what form of address should I use? John? Smith? Dr. Smith? A decision such as this is usually made unconsciously.As native speakers in the American speech community, we have grown up learning the rules of address at the same time that we were acquiring the grammatical rules of American-English. At first thought, it might seem a trivial pursuit to examine the ways in which we address one another. But forms of address reveal many assumptions we make about members of our speech community.Our initial decision about the appropriate address form is based on relative ages. If the person being addressed is a child, then almost all the rules that we have unconsciously assimilated can safely be ignored, and we use the simple formula First Name. The child, in turn, addresses an adult by using the formula Title plus Last Name.But defining a “child” is not always easy. I address my son’s roommate at college by FN, even though he is an adult under the law. I, too, have the relative age of a child to a 75-year-old acquaintance who calls me Pete. Let us assume that John Smith is not a child who can be addressed by FN but is either my contemporary or my elder. The next important determiner for the form of address will then be the speech situation.If the situation is a formal one, then I must disregard all other rules and use social identity plus Last Name. John Smith will always be addressed as Dr. Smith (or sometimes simply as Doctor, with Last Name understood) in the medical setting of office or hospital. (I am allowed to call him if my status is at least as high as his or if we are friends outside of our social roles, but the rest of my utterance must remain respectful.)We are also obliged to address certain other people by their social identity in formal situation: public officials (Congressman: Your Honor), educators (Professor or Doctor), leaders of meetings (Mr. Chairman), Roman Catholic priests (Father Daffy) and nuns (Sister Anna), and so forth. By the way, note the sexist distinction in the formulas for priests and nuns .The formula for a priest is Father plus Last Name, but for a nun it is Sister plus Religious Name (usually an FN).Most conversations, however, are not carried on in formal speech situations, and so the basic decision is when to use FN to TLN. A social acquaintance or newly hired colleague of approximately the same age and rank is usually introduced on an FN basis. “Pete, I’d like you tomeet Harry.” Now a problem arises if both age and rank of cone of the parties are higher: “Pete, I'd like you to meet Attorney Brown.”Attorney Brown may, of course, at any time signal me that he is willing to suspend the rules of address and allow an FN basis. Such a suspension is his privilege to bestow, and it is usually handled humorously, with a remark like, “I answer quicker to Bruce.”Complications arise when relative age and relative rank are not both the same. A young doctor who joins a hospital finds it difficult to address a much older doctor. They are equal in rank (and therefore FN should be used) but the great disparity in ages calls for TLN. In such cases, the young doctor can use the No-Name (NN) formula, phrasing his utterances adroitly to avoid using any term of address at all.English is quite exceptional among the world’s languages in this respect. Most European languages oblige the speaker to choose between the familiar and formal second person singular (as in the French tu and V ous), as English once did when “thou” was in use.This is the basic American system, but the rules vary according to speech situations, subtle friendship or kin relationships between the speakers, regions of the country, and so forth.Southern speech, for example, adds the formula Title plus First Name (Mr. Charlie) to indicate familiar respect. Southerners are also likely to specify kin terms (as in Cousin Jane) whereas in most of the United States FN is used for cousins.Address to strangers also alters some of the rules. A speaker usually addresses a stranger whose attire and behavior indicate higher status by saying sir. But sometimes speakers with low status address those with obviously higher status by spurning this rule and instead using Mac or buddy—as when a construction worker asks a passing executive, socially identified by his attachécase, “You got a match, buddy?”Questions:1. According to the author, what are the important determiners for the form of address in the basic American system? (3%)2. What does the speaker mean in the underlined part “I answer quicker to Bruce.” of Paragraph 8? Please explain it in your own words. (2%)3. Which formula is used when a young man addresses an elder person but with the same rank? (2%)4. What are some exceptions to the rules of the basic American system? Give an example. (3%)Part ⅢWriting (60 minutes, 30％)Directions: Please write an essay of about 400 words on the following topicChinese-English Translation of Internet Buzzwords参考答案及解析Part I Vocabulary (30％)1.C 句意：医生给我开了治头疼的药。

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北京航空航天大学外国语学院《722基础俄语》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题

7) Человеческий организм не изменился настолько,_____ освободиться от влияния климата и погоды.
А. как
Б. что
В. чтобы
【答案】В
【解析】句意：人的身体器官不会变化到完全不受气候与天气影响的程度..настолько, чтобы...”，程度从句，表示“到……程度”。答案选В。
10) Математика была фундаментом всех технических наук, основным _____ в познании общих закономерностей мира.
1．Прочитайте предложения. Выберите и вставьте в пропуск один наиболее подходящий из трёх вариантов. ( 20 баллов)
1) Хотя им в известной мере и трудно, но всё же их жизнь _____ терпима.
来自于人民内部。Никогда，用在否定句中，何时候（不），从来（不）。句中“...не существовало...”表示从来不存在，因此，答案选 В。
3) Наша строительная бригада работала _____ дождь и ветер на крыше здания с балконами.
目录
2006年北京航空航天大学722基础俄语考研真题及详解
2008年北京航空航天大学722基础俄语考研真题及详解
2009年北京航空航天大学722基础俄语考研真题及详解

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