英文课件Chapter 2

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
speech organs description of consonants description of vowels phonemes & allophones distinctive featureaves)
distinctive features (区别性特征)： a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions which attempt to capture particular aspects of language sounds
assignment: exercise 6 & 7 on page 349
allophone (音位变体 ： 音位变体)： 音位变体 any of the different forms of a phoneme e.g. [p] and
h] [p
are allophones
of the phoneme /p/
complementary distribution (互补分布 : 互补分布) 互补分布 When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are said to be in complementary distribution. h] e.g. [p] and [p
If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are _C_ of the same phoneme. A.minimal pairs C. allophones B. morphemes D. signs
free variation (自由变体 ： 自由变体)： 自由变体 The substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.
When simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation (协同发音 协同发音). 协同发音
broad transcription
宽式标音
narrow transcription 严式标音 *see examples on page 38
phonological rules: assimilation rules dissimilation rules feature-changing rules segment insertion and deletion movement metathesis rules ……
assimilation (同化 ： 同化)： 同化 a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sound * see examples on page 43
the length or tenseness of the vowel (long vs. short, or tense vs. lax) lip-rounding (rounded vs. unrounded) e.g. [i:] high front tense unrounded vowel
vowels:
air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose distinction: the obstruction of airstream
categories of consonants: the manner of articulation the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract
The place of articulation: bilabial 双唇音 labiodental 唇齿音 dental 齿（间）音 alveolar 齿龈音 postalveolar 后齿龈音 palatal 硬腭音 velar 软腭音 glottal 声门音
the description of English consonants: the place of articulation the manner of articulation voicing e.g. [p] [b] [h] voiceless bilabial stop voiced bilabial stop glottal fricative
classification of vowels: monophthong vowels: the quality remains constant through-out the articulation ([e]) vowel glides: there is an audible change of quality
diphthong: a single movement of the tongue is involved ([ei]) triphthong: a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interruption
phonetics articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 acoustic phonetics auditory phonetics 声学语音学 听觉语音学
Figure 2.2 The organs of speech
consonants:
sounds which are produced by a closure of vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction
the description of English vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low) the position of the highest part of the tongue (front, central, back)
minimal pairs (最小对立体 ： 最小对立体)： 最小对立体 word forms which differ from each other only by one sound e.g. bear and pear here and hair
Which pair of words is not a minimal pair? B A.cat/bat C. jig/pig B. put/but D. sit/bit
in-class exercise: inexercise 2 & 3 on page 348
From Phonetics to Phonology Phonology is the study of sound patterns and sound systems of language
*Please read the following words aloud. map lamb tenth
the place of articulation where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of air
The manner of articulation: stop or plosive 爆破音 nasal 鼻音 fricative 摩擦音 approximant 通音 lateral 边音 affricate 破擦音
A B
speech production
speech perception
Figure 2.1 The process of speech production and perception
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.
important terms in Phonology phoneme (音位 音位): 音位 the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words;
the abstract basic unit that differentiate words e.g. /p/, /b/