通信英语The_Principle_of_PCM译文汇编

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通信行业英语中英对照手册7p

HCD High density Compact Disc高密度光盘
HCF Hermetically Coated Fiber密封涂覆光纤
HCI Human Computer Interaction人机交互
HCI Human-Computer Interface人-机接口
HCMTS High-Capacity Mobile Telecommunications System大容量移动通信系统
HIC Hybrid Integrated Circuit混合集成电路
HICAPCOM HIgh CAPacity COMmunication大容量通信
HiFi High Fidelity高保真
HCN Heterogeneous Computer Network多机种计算机网络
HCN Homogeneous Computer Network同机种计算机网络
HCS Header Check Sequence信头检查序列
HCSDS High Capacity Satellite Digital Service大容量卫星数字业务
HDTV High Definition TeleVision高清晰度电视
HDTV High resolution Digital TeleVision高分辨率数字电视
HDVS High Definition Video System高清晰度视频系统
HDVTR High-Definition Video Tape Recorder高清晰度磁带录像机
HDLC High-level Data Link Control高级数据链路控制
HDMCD High Density Multimedia Compact Disc高密度多媒体光盘

通信原理中中英缩写对照表

通信原理中中英缩写对照表附录C 英文缩写名词对照表缩写名词英文全称中文译名A/D Analog/Digital 模/数（转换）ADPCM Adaptive DPCM 自适应差分脉冲编码调制ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscribers Loop 非对称数字用户环路AM Amplitude Modulation 振幅调制（调幅）AMI Alternative Mark Inverse 传号交替反转ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest 自动重发请求ASCII American Standard Code forInformation Interchange 美国标准信息交换码ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 振幅键控ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传送模式BER Binary Error Rate 误比特率BPF Band Pass Filter 带通滤波器BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying 二进制相移键控CCITT International Consultive Committee forTelegraph and Telephone 国际电报电话咨询委员会（1993年更名为ITU）CDM Code Division Multiplexing 码分复用CDMA Code Division Mulitple Access 码分多址CMI Coded Mark Inversion 传号反转CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验DC Direct Current 直流DFT Discrete Fourier Transform 离散傅里叶变换DM Delta Modulation 增量调制DPCM Differential PCM 差分脉码调制DPSK Differential PSK 差分相移键控DSB Double Side Band 双边带DSSS Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum 直接序列扩谱DTMF Dual Tone Multiple Frequency 双音多频DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute欧洲电信标准协会F Frame 帧FDD Frequency Division Duplex 频分双工FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing 频分复用FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FH Frequency-Hopping 跳频FIR Finite Impulse Response 有限冲激响应FSK Frequency Shift Keying 频移键控GMSK Gaussian MSK 高斯最小频移键控GSM Global System for Mobile Communications 全球移动通信系统HDB3 3rd Order High Density Bipolar 3阶高密度双极性HDTV High Definition Television 高清晰度电视IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform 逆离散傅里叶变换IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers电气和电子工程师学会ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 综合业务数字网ISO International Standards Organization 国际标准化组织ITM Information Transfer Mode 信息传递方式ITU International T elecommunications Union 国际电信联盟ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector国际电信联盟-电信标准化部门LAN Local Area Network 局域网LDPC Low-Density Parity-Check 低密度奇偶校验LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二极管LPF Lower Pass Filter 低通滤波器MAN Metropolitan Area Network 城域网MASK M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying 多进制振幅键控MFSK M-ary Frequency Shift Keying 多进制频移键控MPSK M-ary Phase Shift Keying 多进制相移键控MQAM M-ary QAM 多进制正交调幅MSK Minimum Shift Keying 最小频移键控NBFM Narrow Band Frequency Modulation 窄带调频NBPM Narrow Band Phase Modulation 窄带调相NRZ Non-Return to Zero 不归零NT Network Termination 网络终端OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 正交频分复用OOK On-Off Keying 通-断键控OQPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 偏置正交相移键控OSI Open Systems Interconnection 开放系统互连OTDM Optical Time Division Multiplexing 光时分复用OWDM Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing 光波分复用PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation 脉冲振幅调制PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉（冲编）码调制PCS Personal Communication System 个人通信系统PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字体系PDM Pulse Duration Modulation 脉冲宽度调制PDN Public Data Network 公共数据网PLL Phase-Locked Loop 锁相环PN Pseudo Noise 伪噪声PPM Pulse Position Modulation 脉冲位置调制PSK Phase Shift Keying 相移键控PSTN Public Switch Telephone Network 公共交换电话网QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交振幅调制QDPSK Quadrature DPSK 正交差分相移键控QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 正交相移键控RAM Random Access Memory 随机存取存储器RE Radio Frequency 射频RLAN Radio LAN 无线局域网ROM Read-Only Memory 只读存储器RZ Return-to-Zero 归零SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字体系SDM Space Division Multiplexing 空分复用SDMA Space Division Mulitple Access 空分多址SHF Super High Frequency 超高频SOC System On Chip 单片系统SOH Section OverHead 段开销SONET Synchrous Optical Network 光同步网络SSB Single Side Band 单边带STM Synchronous Transport Module 同步传送模块STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步传递方式TCM Trellis Coded Modulation 网格编码调制TDM Time Division Multiplexing 时分复用TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址TE Terminal Equipment 用户终端设备TS Time Slot 时隙UHF Ultra High Frequency 特高频VCO V oltage Controlled Oscillator 压控振荡器VSB Vestigial Side Band 残留边带WAN Wide Area Network 广域网WBFM Wide Band Frequency Modulation 宽带调频WDM Wave Division Multiplexing 波分复用WLAN Wireless Local Area Network 无线局域网WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network 无线个域网WWANWireless Wide Area Network 无线广域网。

通信英语整理汉译英

（信）源resource8位码序列8-digit sequenceATM论坛ATM forumT秒的持续时间duration of T secondsX．25协议X.25 protocol半双工的half-duplex报文处理机message processor报文交换message switching本地环路local loop本地时钟local clock编码过程coding process标识符identifier表示层the presentation layer并行数据parallel data波长wavelength波分复用wavelength multiplexing 参考模型reference model长途干线long-haul trunks超文本传输协议hypertext transfer protocol超文本协议hypertext protocol抽样量化与编码sampling,quantizing and coding抽样频率samping frequency抽样速率sampling rate传号电平mark level传输层the transport layer传输错误transmission error传输介质transmission medium传输控制协议transmission control protocol传输路由transmission path传输媒体transmission medium传输时延transmission delay传输质量transmission quality串行接口serial interface磁带magnetic tape存储转发方式store-and-forward manner存取access错误标志error flag大规模集成电路large scale integrated circuits带宽bandwidth带宽bandwidth带宽限制bandwidth limitation单边带single-side band单模光纤single-mode fiber地面天线ground antenna地面系统terrestrial system 地址address地址表addressing table点播电视video-on-demand电话用户telephone subscriber电路交换circuit switching电路交换网circuit-switchednetwork电路利用率channel utilization电脉冲electrical impulses电视信号television signals电信业务teleservice电子邮件electronic mail抖动jitter端到端的时延end-to-end delay端到端的数字连接end-to-endconnectivity端局end office短消息服务short message service段segment多模光纤multi-mode fiber二进制传输binary transmission二进制数据binary data二线连接two wire connection发送器与接收器transmitter andreceiver繁忙小时peak hours反向操作reverse operation返回信号return signal分层layering分组交换packet switching分组交换packet switching蜂窝点cellular cite蜂窝交换机cellular switch蜂窝裂变cell splitting蜂窝式移动电话cellular mobiletelephone蜂窝通信原理cellularcommunication principle服务能力service capability服务区service area服务性能service performance服务性能service performance符号间的空格intersymbol space幅值amplitude value高层协议higher-level protocol高清晰度电视high definitiontelevision个人通信personalcommunications给定最大长度given maximumlength工作站workstation公众电信网publictelecommunication network固定电话业务fixed telephoneservice光检测器photodetector光纤optical fiber光纤通信optical fibercommunications光源light source广播业务broadcast service国际标准化组织InternationalOrganization of Standardization国际标准化组织the InternationalOrganization for Standardization国际漫游international roaming含噪声的环境noisy environment呼叫处理call processing互联层internet layer互联的系统interconnected system互联网Internet互联协议internet protocol话路speech channel汇接交换机tandem switch基本接入basic access基本接入basic access基站base station激光器laser集线器hub技术规范technical specification寄存器register建议recommendation交换技术switching technique交换节点switching node交换器switch交换器switch交换设备switching equipment接口设备interface equipment接口转换interface conversion接入方法access method接收端receiving terminal接收机的定时receiver timing节点间的internode局域网local area network开放网络open network开销信息overhead information拷贝copy可用带宽useable bandwidth空号电平space level控制比特control bit宽带网broadband network宽带业务broadband service宽带用户wideband subscriber扩频spread spectrum利用率utilization连接connectivity联网技术networking technology联网介质networking media链路link灵活性flexibility灵活性flexibility流量traffic流量控制traffic control路由route路由器router逻辑1电平logical 1 level逻辑通道logical channel逻辑选址logical addressing脉冲流stream of pulse脉码调制pulse code modulation门限电流threshold current面向未来的future-proofed明显的缺点obvious disadvantage命令command模拟方式analogue mode模拟信号analog signal目的地destination目的地址destination address频带frequency band频谱frequency spectrum频谱分配frequency allocation奇偶校验位parity bit起始位start bit切换算法handover algorithms全球通信global communications全球通信global communications全双工的full-duplex色散dispersion商用技术commercial technology视频带宽video bandwidth收费功能billing function收费中心toll center鼠标mouse数据报datagram数据处理data processing数据传输data transmission数据分组data packets数据格式the data format数据库database数据链路层the data ling layer数据流data stream数据流量data traffic数据通信data communication数字传输digital transmission数字化的信息digital information数字数据系统digital data system数字通信digital communication双绞线twisted pair搜索工具searching tools随机性random天线antenna停止位stop bit通信标准communication standards通信载体communications carrier同步字synchronization word同轴的coaxial铜线copper wire统计复用statistical multiplexing突发脉冲传输方式bursttransmission mode突发性bursty图像编码image encoding拓扑topology拓扑topology外部呼叫external call外部呼叫external call外设peripheral网络层network layer网络服务network service网络接口卡network interface card网络节点network node网络媒体network media网络容量network capacity网络适配器network adaptor网络资源network resource网桥bridge微波microwave微处理器microprocessor文本信息textual message文件接入file-access无线电波radio waves无线机架radio cabinet无线介质wireless media无线信道wireless channel无源集线器passive hub误差控制error control系统结构infrastructure下降沿falling edge纤维光网络fiber-optic networks纤维光学fiber-optics闲置状态the idle state显示终端CRT terminal协议protocol协议protocols芯片技术chip technology信号电平signal levels信头header信息服务information service信息高速公路informationsuperhighway信息转移information transfer信噪比signal-to-noise ratio虚电路virtual circuits虚连接virtual connection虚路径virtual paths虚拟专用网virtual private network业务与应用层service andapplication layer移动交换中心mobile switchingcenter移动手机mobile unit移动用户mobile subscriber异步转移模式asynchronoustransfer mode音频电路voice-frequency circuit印刷电路板printed circuit board应用程序application program硬件和软件hardware andsoftware拥塞jamming用户电报telex用户界面user interface语声编码voice encoding语音编码voice encoding远程终端remote terminals运行与维护operations andmaintenanc噪声功率noise power窄带业务narrowband services帧格式frame format直接广播系统direct broadcastsystem中继器repeater中继线trunk中间交换节点intermediateswitching node中间交换设备intermediateswitching equipment重复率repetition rate主板motherboard主机host主机host专用电路dedicated circuit子网subnet子系统subsystems综合业务数字网integratedservices digital network。

通信英语词组翻译(汉译英、英译汉)

Unit 1 The Principle of PCM 请将下述词组译成英文1、抽样量化与编码sampling , quantizing and coding2、话路speech channel3、幅值amplitude frequency4、抽样频率sampling frequency5、抽样速率sampling rate6、脉冲流stream of pulses7、重复率repetition rate8、编码过程coding process9、模拟信号analog signal10、传输质量transmission quality11、数字通信digital communication12、数字传输digital transmission13、含噪声的环境noisy environment14、传输路由transmission path15、信噪比Signal-to-noise ratio16、信号电平signal levels17、地面系统terrestrial system18、噪声功率noise power19、二进制传输binary transmission20、反向操作reverse operation21、8位码序列8-bit sequence22、接收端receiving terminal23、帧格式frame format24、同步字synchronization word 请将下述词组译成中文1、the schemes for performing these three functions实现这三项功能的方案2、 a series of amplitude values一串幅值3、 a speech channel of telephone quality电话质量的话路4、 a sequence of 8-binary digits一个8位二进制码的序列5、 a minimum theoretical sampling frequency理论上的最小抽样频率6、 a voice channel occupying the range 300 Hz to 3.4kHz占据着300Hz到3.4kHz频率范围的话路7、8-digits per sample value每个样值8位码8、the sparking of a car ignition system汽车点火系统的打火9、the stream of the pulses with a repetition rate of 64kHz重复率为64kHz的脉冲流10、the relationship of the true signal to the noisesignal真实信号与噪声信号的关系11、the signal received from a satellite由卫星上受到的信号12、the complete information about a particular message一条特定消息中的全部信息13、the shape of the transmitted signal被传信号的波形14、the attenuation introduced by transmission path由传输路由引入的衰减15、the unit that converts sampled amplitude value to a setof pulses将抽样的幅值转换成一串脉冲的单元16、a sequence relating to channel 1,2 and so on涉及到第一路、第二路及其他各路的序列17、a unique sequence of pulses called synchronizationword被称为同步字的独特的码序列18、terrestrial system地面系统19、the presence or absence of the pulse脉冲的“有”或“无”20、a high-speed electronic switch高速的电子开关21、the time division multiplexer时分多路复用器22、Time Division Multiplexing时分多路复用Unit 2 Asynchronous Serial Data Transmission请将下述词组译成英文1、串行接口serial interface2、显示终端CRT terminal3、发送器与接收器transmitter and receiver4、数据传输data transmission5、数据流data stream6、闲置状态the idle state7、传号电平mark level8、空号电平space level9、起始位start bit10、停止位stop bit11、T秒的持续时间duration of T seconds12、奇偶校验位parity bit13、错误标志error flag14、传输错误transmission error15、下降沿falling edge16、符号间的空格intersymbol space17、接收机的定时receiver timing18、本地时钟local clock19、磁带magnetic tape20、控制比特control bit21、逻辑1电平logical 1 level22、二进制数据binary data23、明显的缺点obvious disadvantage请将下述词组译成中文1、asynchronous serial data transmission异步串行数据传输2、the most popular serial interface最为流行的串行接口3、the transmitted data所传送的数据4、the clocks at the transmitter and receiver发送器和接收器的时钟5、the era of teleprinter电传机的时代6、the dots and dashes of a characters一个字符的点和划7、three times the duration of intersymbol space符号间空格持续时间的三倍8、the group of bits called characters被称为字符的比特组9、the invariable units comprising 7 or 8 bits of information由7或8个比特的信息组成的固定单元10、a clock generated locally by the receiver由接收机本地产生的时钟11、the received parity bit following the character在字符后接收到的奇偶校验位12、the falling edge of the start bit起始位的下降沿13、the character-oriented nature of the data link数据链路面向字符的特性Unit 3 The ISO Networking Standards请将下述词组译成英文1、联网技术networking technology2、国际标准化组织the International Organization for Standardization3、参考模型reference model4、数据分组data packets5、应用程序application program6、网络媒体network media7、分层layering8、硬件和软件hardware and software9、表示层the presentation layer10、传输层the transport layer11、数据链路层the data link layer12、网络服务network services13、文件接入file-access14、数据格式the data format15、主机host16、协议protocol17、连接connectivity18、逻辑选址logical addressing请将下述词组译成中文1、networking technology联网技术2、proprietary networking system专用网络系统3、the International Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织4、compatibility between the various types of networks各种网络之间的兼容性5、seven numbered layers七层6、standardization of network components网络部件的标准化7、error recovery纠错8、receiving host’s system接收方的主机系统9、connection-oriented circuits面向连接的电路10、information flow control信息流的控制11、network topology网络拓扑12、network media access网络媒体接入13、electrical specification电气标准14、maximum transmission distance最大传输距离Unit 4 The TCP/IP Reference Model请将下述词组译成英文1、传输控制协议transmission control protocol2、互联协议internet protocol3、数据通信data communication4、微波microwave5、高层协议higher-level protocol6、流量控制traffic control7、目的地destination8、（信）源resource9、段segment10、互联层Internet layer11、分组交换packet switching12、超文本传输协议hypertext transfer protocol13、灵活性flexibility14、数据报datagram请将下述词组译成中文1、transmission control protocol传输控制协议2、internet protocol互联协议3、satellite links卫星链路4、the standard on which the internet has grown互联网发展所基于的标准5、network access layer网络接入层6、connection-oriented protocol面向连接的协议7、file transfer protocol文件传输协议8、hypertext transfer protocol超文本传输协议9、domain name system域名系统10、developer of software软件开发人11、user datagram protocol用户数据报协议12、packet-switched technology分组交换技术Unit 5 Local-Area Networks (1)请将下述词组译成英文1、局域网local area network2、工作站workstation3、外设peripheral4、拓扑topology5、集线器hub6、交换器switch7、流量traffic8、网络接口卡network interface card9、数据库database10、印刷电路板printed circuit board11、主板motherboard12、网络适配器network adapter13、并行数据parallel data14、电脉冲electrical impulses15、中继器repeater16、联网介质networking media请将下述词组译成中文1、local-area network局域网2、logical topology逻辑拓扑3、devices that connect directly to a network segment 直接连到网络段的部件4、network interface card网络接口卡5、process of the encapsulation打包的过程6、standardized symbol标准化的符号7、printed circuit board印刷电路板8、expansion slot of a bus on a computer’s motherboard在计算机母板上总线的扩展槽9、network adapter网络适配器10、parallel signal produced by the computer由计算机产生的并行信号11、transmitting station发送站12、the specifications for Category 5 twisted-pair Ethernet五类双绞线以太网的规范Unit 6 Local-Area Networks (2)请将下述词组译成英文1、无源集线器passive hub2、网桥bridge3、可用带宽useable bandwidth4、地址表addressing table5、交换器switch6、路由器router7、光纤optical fiber8、无线介质wireless media9、铜线copper wire请将下述词组译成中文1、the device that serves as the center of a network作为网络中心的部件2、multi-port repeater多端口中继器3、reliability of the network网络的可靠性4、passive or active hubs无源或有缘的集线器5、protocol address or network address地址或网络地址6、network administrator网络管理者7、switching of packets to the best route交换分组到最佳路由8、network segment网络段Unit 7 Internet请将下述词组译成英文1、网络资源network resource2、信息服务information services3、远程终端remote terminals4、地址address5、互联的系统interconnected systems6、命令command7、电子邮件electronic mail8、主机host9、无线信道wireless channels10、搜索工具searching tools11、用户界面user interface12、拷贝copy13、互联网internet14、存取access15、文本信息textual messages16、鼠标mouse17、协议protocol18、超文本协议hypertext protocol请将下述词组译成中文1、giant network of computers located all over the world分布在全世界的计算机的巨大网络2、backbone system主干系统3、nationwide network全国范围的网络4、electronic conference电子会议5、remote terminal远程终端6、live conversation实时的对话7、world wide web万维网8、searching tool搜索工具9、the largest repository of information最大的信息库10、network facilities resources网络设备资源11、the vast majority of the computers on the net在网上的绝大多数计算机12、the Unix operating systemUnix 操作系统13、textual messages文本信息14、 a way to move data between the internet and your PC 在因特网和你的PC机之间传送数据方法15、the convenient searching tools方便的搜索工具16、the networked hypertext protocol联网的超文本协议Unit 8 Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication 请将下述词组译成英文1、光纤通信optical fiber communications2、光源light source3、波长wavelength4、激光器laser5、色散dispersion6、传输介质transmission medium7、多模光纤multi-mode fiber8、长途干线long-haul trunks9、单模光纤single-mode fiber10、带宽bandwidth11、宽带用户wideband subscriber12、纤维光学fiber-optics13、商用技术commercial technology14、门限电流threshold current15、光检测器photodetector16、波分复用wavelength multiplexing17、纤维光网络fiber-optic networks18、视频带宽video bandwidth请将下述词组译成中文1、long distance transmission长途传输2、repeater spacing中继距离3、commercial technology商用技术4、optical fiber communications光纤通信5、the total length of installed fiber已装光纤的总长度6、long-haul telecommunication system长途通信系统7、the low-loss silica fiber低衰减的石英纤维8、fibers with losses approaching the Rayleigh limit衰减逼近瑞利极限的光纤9、room temperature threshold currents温室下的门限电流10、the longer wavelength region较长波长区11、subscriber access project用户接入工程12、improvements in component performance andreliability部件性能和可靠性的改进13、data rates for installed fiber optic system已安装的光纤系统的数据速率14、gigabit per second range每秒吉比特15、wavelength multiplexing波分复用16、wideband subscriber loop system宽带用户环路系统17、multifiber connectors多纤连接器18、projected lifetime设计寿命19、light source光源20、single-mode fiber单模光纤21、distributed-feedback laser分布反馈式激光器22、information capacity信息容量23、switching hierarchy交换体系24、broadband services宽带业务Unit 9 Cellular Mobile Telephone System请将下述词组译成英文1、蜂窝式移动电话cellular mobile telephone2、服务性能service performance3、频谱frequency spectrum4、频带frequency band5、微处理器microprocessor6、移动手机mobile unit7、广播业务broadcast service8、天线antenna9、子系统subsystems10、移动用户mobile subscriber11、服务能力service capability12、服务性能service performance13、利用率utilization14、带宽bandwidth15、单边带single-sideband16、扩频spread spectrum17、大规模集成电路large scale integrated circuits18、蜂窝点cellular site19、蜂窝交换机cellular switch20、无线机架radio cabinet21、呼叫处理call processing22、服务区service area请将下述词组译成中文1、frequency spectrum utilization频谱利用率2、the limited assigned frequency band有限的指定频带3、complicated features and functions复杂的特性和功能4、large-scale integrated circuit technology大规模集成电路技术5、developmental cellular system实验性的蜂窝系统6、central coordinating element中央协调单元7、cellular administration蜂窝管理8、operational limitation of conventional mobiletelephone system传统移动电话的运行限制9、limited service capability有限的服务能力10、radio communication industry无线通信行业11、available radio frequency spectrum可用的无线电频谱12、the allocated frequency band所分配的频带13、mobile transceiver移动收发信机14、technological feasibility技术上的可行性15、severe spectrum limitations严厉的频谱限制16、FM broadcasting service调频广播业务17、propagation path loss传播路径衰耗18、multipath fading多径衰耗19、radio cabinet无线机架20、telephone company zone offices电话公司地方局Unit 10 GSM ( Global System for MobileCommunication )请将下述词组译成英文1、个人通信personal communcations2、通信标准communication standards3、固定电话业务fixed telephone service4、网络容量network capacity5、移动交换中心mobile switching center6、国际漫游international raoming7、宽带业务broadband services8、接口转换interface conversion9、频谱分配frequency allocation10、模拟方式analogue mode11、蜂窝通信原理cellular communication principle12、拥塞jamming13、蜂窝裂变cell splitting14、基站base station15、寄存器register16、收费功能billing function17、接入方法access method18、突发脉冲传输方式burst transmission mode19、开销信息overhead information20、切换算法handover algorithms21、短消息服务short message service22、技术规范technical specification请将下述词组译成中文1、total access communication system全接入的通信系统2、global mobile communication system全球移动通信系统3、time division multiple access时分多址4、facsimile and short message service传真和短信息服务5、fixed communication networks固定通信网络6、 a more personalized system更个人化的系统7、the cost and quality of the link链路的价格与质量8、market growth市场的发展9、fixed telephone service固定电话业务10、coaxial cable同轴电缆11、interface conversion接口转换12、cellular communication principle蜂窝通信原理13、frequency reuse and cell splitting频率再用和蜂窝裂变14、cochannel interference共信道干扰15、theoretical spectral capability理论上的频谱容量16、micro-cellular system微蜂窝系统17、base station transceiver基站收发信机18、subscriber register用户寄存器19、burst transmission mode突发脉冲传输模式20、overhead information开销信息21、advanced handover algorithms先进的切换算法22、the GSM technical specificationsGSM的技术规范Unit 11 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching请将下述词组译成英文1、电路交换circuit switching2、分组交换packet switching3、报文交换message switching4、子网subnet5、信头header6、目的地址destination address7、误差控制error control8、存储转发方式store-and-forward manner9、突发性bursty10、传输时延transmission delay11、中间交换设备intermediate switching equipment12、交换技术switching technique13、返回信号return signal14、报文处理机message processor15、给定最大长度given maximum length16、信息转移information transfer17、随机性random18、专用电路dedicated circuit19、电路利用率channel utilization请将下述词组译成中文1、the capability of storing or manipulating user’s data存储和处理用户数据的能力2、the special signaling message特定的信令信息3、 a well defined block of data called a message被精心定义的称为报文的数据块4、the information regarding the source and destinationaddresses涉及源和目的地址的信息5、the computer referred to as a message processor叫做报文处理器的计算机6、the store-and-forward transmission technique存储转发传输技术7、the dynamic allocation of the bandwidth宽带的动态分配8、the overall transmission delay of the message报文整个的传输时延9、switching technique交换技术10、circuit switching电路交换11、message switching报文交换12、packet switching分组交换13、total path of connected lines连线的整个通路14、source-destination pair源到目的地的一对15、communication parties通信各方16、transmission unit传输单元17、initial connection cost incurred in setting up the circuit在建立电路时产生的起初连接成本18、low delay constraint required by the user用户所需的短时延的限制19、the fixed dedicated end-to-end circuit固定专用的端到端电路20、low channel utilization低的电路利用率Unit 12 ATM请将下述词组译成英文1、异步转移模式asynchronous transfer mode2、逻辑信道logical channel3、虚电路virtual circuits4、虚路径virtual path5、建议recommendation6、网络层network level7、业务与应用层service and application level8、虚连接virtual connection9、信息高速公路information superhighway10、点播电视video-on-demand11、统计复用statistical multiplexing12、数字化的信息digital information13、标识符identifier14、协议protocols15、网络节点network node16、宽带网broadband network17、ATM论坛ATM forum18、面向未来的future-proofed19、图像编码image encoding20、虚拟专用网virtual private network21、数据处理data processing请将下述词组译成中文1、short packets called cells被叫做信元的短的分组2、bit rates of several hundred megabits a second每秒几百兆比特的速率3、unique multiplexing method独特的复用方法4、the physical connection between any two terminals任何两个终端之间的物理连接5、interactive video services交互式的视频业务6、 a nature vehicle for multimedia services多媒体业务的自然载体7、the current and future requirements of both operatorsand users运营者和用户当期和未来的要求8、the technique for switching high bit rate channel高比特率信道的交换技术9、asynchronous transfer mode异步转移模式10、multiplexing and switching technique复用和交换技术11、the underlying type of transmission所承载的传输类型12、dual identification双重标识13、virtual circuit虚电路14、virtual path虚路径15、the transfer of cells to the network nodes信元在网络节点上的转移16、hundreds megabits a second每秒几百兆比特17、recommendation I.121I．121建议18、the quality of service服务质量19、in proportion to the exact requirement与实际需求成比例20、the applications and services transported over anetwork网络所传送的应用和业务21、the ability to construct virtual networks构成虚网络的能力22、cost-effective use of infrastructure低价高效的利用网络设施23、future-proofed面向未来的24、coordinating different networks carrying differentservices协调传送不同业务的不同网络25、essential components of future informationsuperhighways未来的信息高速公路的基本部件26、statistical multiplexing统计复用27、optimum use of resources资源的最佳使用28、virtual private networks虚拟专用网Unit 13 The Public Telecommunications Network请将下述词组译成英文1、公众电信网public telecommunication network2、本地环路local loop3、交换节点switching node4、双绞线twisted pair5、外部呼叫external call6、端局end office7、数字数据系统digital data systems8、二线连接two wire connection9、收费中心toll center10、电路交换网circuit-switched network11、电话用户telephone subscriber12、数据流量data traffic13、链路link14、中继线trunk15、半双工的half-duplex16、全双工的full-duplex17、中间交换节点intermediate switching node18、音频电路voice-frequency circuit19、汇接交换机tandem switch20、外部呼叫external call21、拓扑topology22、节点间的internode23、路由route请将下述词组译成中文1、full-duplex connection全双工的连接2、the function of concentrating traffic集中话务量的功能3、the switching nodes called tandem switches被称为汇接局的交换节点4、 a fraction of subscribers一小部分用户5、the interface between the station and the network在站和网络之间的接口6、the subscriber that transmit digital signal发送数字信号的用户7、national networks国家网络8、architectural components结构部件9、local loop本地环路10、the branches between nodes节点间的支路11、twisted pair双绞线12、full duplex全双工的13、intermediate switching nodes中间交换节点14、tree topology树状拓扑15、transmission facilities传输设备16、multiple voice-frequency circuits多条音频电路17、synchronous TDM同步时分复用18、adjacent end offices相邻的端局19、full connectivity全连通性20、isolated subnetworks被分离开的子网21、high-usage trunks高效中继线22、basic order of selection路由选择的基本次序23、backbone hierarchical network主干体系网络24、two subscribers attached to different end offices连到不同端局的两个用户25、exchange area交换区Unit 14 Integrated Services Digital Network请将下述词组译成英文1、全球通信global communication2、灵活性flexibility3、端到端的数字连接end-to-end digital connectivity4、开放网络open network5、语声编码voice encoding6、综合业务数字网integrated services digital network7、系统结构infrastructure8、全球通信global communication9、国际标准化组织International Organization for Standardization10、通信载体communication carriers11、传输媒质transmission medium12、接口设备interface equipment13、宽带限制bandwidth limitation14、交换设备switching equipment15、语音编码voice encoding16、脉码调制pulse code modulation17、基本接入basic access请将下述词组译成中文1、the integrated services digital network综合业务数字网2、the International Organization for Standardization国际标准化组织3、degradation due to the transmission medium由于传输媒质导致的质量下降4、bandwidth limitations inherent in a 4 kHz voicechannel4kHz话路中所固有的带宽限制5、standardized ports标准化的接口6、pulse code modulation脉码调制7、digital communication数字通信8、ISDN standards and system architectureISDN的标准和系统结构9、global communications全球通信10、progressive application of digital technology数字技术的逐步应用11、public communication carriers公共通信载体12、enhanced quality高质量13、substantial quantity of interface equipment 大量的接口设备14、flexibility in the transmission of voice, data, video andother services在传送话音、数据、视频和其他业务上的灵活性15、bandwidth limitations带宽的限制16、end-to-end digital connectivity端到端的数字连接17、voice encoding techniques语音编码技术18、pulse coding modulation脉码调制19、basic access signaling rate基本接入信令速率20、universal access统一的接入21、experimental technology实验性的技术Unit 15 Current Situation and the Future in theTelecommunication World请将下述词组译成英文1、X.25协议X.25 protocol2、电视信号television signals3、窄带业务narrowband services4、基本接入basic access5、电信业务teleservice6、用户电报telex7、无线电波radio waves8、地面天线ground antenna9、同轴的coaxial10、直接广播系统direct broadcast system11、端到端的时延end-to-end delay12、抖动jitter13、繁忙小时peak hours14、芯片技术chip technology15、高清晰度电视high definition television16、运行与维护operations and maintenance请将下述词组译成中文1、the existing public network现有的公用网络2、classical two-way voice conversation传统的双向对话3、packet switched data network based on X.25 protocols基于X.25协议的分组交换数据网络4、the user access to the network对网络的用户接入5、 a circuit switched service with a channel rate of 70Mbit/s信道速率为70Mbit/s的电路交换业务6、the service-independent network与业务无关的网络7、the optimal statistical sharing of the resources对资源的最佳统计复用8、telecommunication service电信业务9、telex network用户电报网10、messages of characters文字报11、two-way voice conversation双向对话12、X.21 protocolsX.21协议13、ground antenna地面天线14、coaxial tree network同轴树状网络15、community antenna TV network公用天线的电视网络16、direct broadcast system直接广播系统17、Ethernet以太网18、token bus and token ring network令牌总线网和令牌环网19、end-to-end delay端到端的时延20、world-wide independent networks全球范围的独立网络21、the peak hours in the telephone network电话网络的繁忙小时22、resource pooling资源共享23、peak hour traffic繁忙小时流量24、integration of narrow-band services窄带业务的综合25、the progress in speech coding and chip technology 在语声编码和芯片技术方面的进步26、 a new teleservice新的电信业务27、adapting to new service requirements对新业务要求的适配28、optimal statistical sharing of the resources资源最佳统计式的共享。

通信类英文原文及译文

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present a system using an Android smartphone that collects, displays sensor data on the screen and streams to the central server simultaneously. Bluetooth and wireless Internet connections are used for data transmissions among the devices. Also, using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, we have constructed a more efficient and convenient mechanism to achieve an automatic Bluetooth connection and application execution. This system is beneficial on body sensor networks (BSN) developed for medical healthcare applications. For demonstration purposes, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor and electrocardiography (ECG) signal data are used to perform the experiments. Raw sensor data are interpreted to either graphical or text notations to be presented on the smartphone and the central server. Furthermore, a Java-based central server application is used to demonstrate communication with the Android system for data storage and analysis.1INTRODUCTIONMobile communication devices are designed to achieve multiple purposes but mostly are focused on voice and short messaging services. Wireless technology has the benefit of improving data mobility, using different protocols such as Wi- Fi and Bluetooth. In the medical field, many studies introduced body sensor networks (BSN) for healthcare applications. BSN improves the patient’s monitoring system with the help of the modern technology. This can be done by various wearable sensors equipped with wireless capabilities, In addition, as seen in various researches, it is desirable to develop a low power system. Different types of sensors can be used for monitoring movements, temperature changes, heart-beat, blood pressure and more to establish a patient monitoring system. Bluetooth is one of the widely available options for managing wireless networks to simultaneously connect up to 7 ancillary devices.In this paper, we introduce a microcontroller system that communicates via Bluetooth with the smartphone for data collections, and streams data simultaneously to the central server for data storage and analysis via the Internet. This system provides a solution for mobile patients by forming a wireless BSN in Bluetooth and Wi-Fi/cellular Internet connections with a common Android smartphone which can monitor the patient status via wireless data transmission.2SYSTEM DESIGNFigure 1 represents the Mobile Sensor Data Collector that involves Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC) and wireless Internet connections for collecting, streaming, storing and analyzing sensor data in real-time. Three different sensors transfer sampled data to the MSP430BT5190 which communicate with the CC2560 Bluetooth transmitter via UART and sends data to a smartphone using the Android and Bluetooth system. On the phone, it displays received data on the screen and streams to the server for storage and data analysis. The term “real-time” in this paper is used to express that data transfers are achieved without perceivable delays among the devices. Also, since the Android system is capable of running application software in the background mode, the application used in this paper has the ability to transfer data during a phone call.Figure 1Overall Design of Mobile Sensor Data CollectorA Java-based UDP server application is used to collect data sent from the smartphone via the Internet. When receiving data from the smartphone, the server application displays and saves all received data to a text file for later analysis. For experimental purposes, this server was implemented with an ordinary desktop to demonstrate our fundamental idea. Also, UDP protocol was chosen over TCP because UDP usually achieves faster transmission than the TCP protocol by not waiting for an acknowledgment signal back to the origin.3EXPERIMENT RESULTSAs shown in Figure 1, all experiments are initiated using an NFC tagging process to start the Android application and initiate the Bluetooth connection automatically. In this particular smartphone, the NFC tag reader is located on the backside. The user needs to tap on the NFC tag as shown in Figure 2 to run the program. The NFC tag containing theBluetooth MAC address of the CC2560 Bluetooth device is attached to demonstrate where the tag should be located.Figure 2Initiating connection processUp to 7 ancillary sensor nodes can be simultaneously connected to the Android system. However, a single sensor Bluetooth connection was employed for testing purposes.3.1Accelerometer Data CollectionIn this paper, the Android 2.3.3 and 4.0.3 operating systems are tested using Google Nexus S to display collected data and stream data to the server. The design of the new system is achieved first by collecting sensor data from the MSP430BT5190, transferred via the CC2560 Bluetooth transmitter. Then, the Bluetooth transmitter sends data to the smartphone, which displays the collected data in real-time. As an example, Figure 3(a) shows the accelerometer data collected and displayed on the smartphone in text and Figure 3(b) shows the data in the graphical notation.Figure 3Received real-time acceleration data display(a) text notation;(b) graphical notationThese data are being sent to the central server either via Wi-Fi or cellular networks for storage and analysis at the same time. Figure 4 shows the received data from the smartphone displayed on the server. The server also saves data to a text file in the designated directory for data analysis.Figure 4Received real-time acceleration data on server An axis value representation depends on the raw sensor data and this raw data could differ from the sensors. There are 3 axes provided from the sensor and each set of data needs to be interpreted. For this particular device used in this paper, x- axis data between -60 and -50 represents LEFT, between +50 and +60 represents RIGHT. This rule applies similarly to the other two axes. This differs from other sensors where the data output of acceleration is normally represented in terms of m/s2. However, a translation algorithm shares the same idea. Figure 5 is the result of translating the accelerometer data based on accelerometer movements.Figure5Accelerometer data translationThis type of the accelerometer translation was extended to the Snake Game sample provided by Android Developers [9]. The original game uses touch screen inputs to control the snake. The touch screen inputs were replaced by accelerometer movements to provide data in LEFT, RIGHT, UP and DOWN. The data analysis was done on the phone itself for test purposes. Figure 6 shows the movement of the snake on the phone that is controlled by accelerometer data from the MSP430 eZ430-RF2560.Figure 6Remote controlling Snake GameThis example emphasizes that accelerometer data can be adapted for the patientmovement detection system. Multiple accelerometers could be implemented to produce more advanced movement analysis.3.2Temperature Sensor Data CollectionA temperature sensor monitoring the real-time room temperature is used to perform the experiment. The procedure of the experiment resembles the previous section but with the different data interpretation. In this particular experiment, a heat gun was used to heat up or cool down the sensor for testing purposes as shown in Figure 7. Similar to the previous accelerometer application, Figure 8(a) shows the text notation of the received data in real-time and Figure 8(b) shows the graphical notation of the received data in real-time. Particularly in the graphical notation output, we provide a warning message if the temperature exceeds more than 35 degrees Celsius. Also, the graphical notation has a range of between 0 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius for this demonstration.Figure 9 shows the server displaying the received data from the smartphone. It delivers similar outputs compared to the accelerometer demonstration and also saves it to a text file.Figure 7Testing temperature sensor data transmissionFigure 8Received real-time temperature data display(a) text notation;(b) graphical notationFigure 9Received real-time temperature data on server3.3Electrocardiography (ECG) Data CollectionThe ECG signal is an important part of a patient monitoring system. Currently, ECG machines are dependent on wired connections which limit their data mobility. Our system using the Bluetooth protocol for ECG signal collections greatly enhances the mobility. This ECG signal is also sent simultaneously to the server via a wireless Internet connection through the smartphone in real-time. Figure 10 shows the display of received ECG signal on the smartphone and Figure 11 shows the same result transmitted to the server in the text format.Figure 10Received real-time ECG data in graphical notationFigure 11Received real-time ECG data on serverHeart-beat rate (BPM) can be determined after analysis of the data either on the smartphone or the server. In this particular example, it represents a patient’s stablecondition with a normal heart-beat rate at approximately 72 BPM. This type of data can be diagnostically valuable and easily transmitted for consultations with distant experts.3.4Overall Data Transmission Rate (DTR)The Data Transmission Rate (DTR) is another important part of the system considering the data size. In our system, DTR depends on the microcontroller, the Bluetooth transmitter and the wireless Internet connection speed. An UART connection between the sensor and microcontroller is established at the baud rate of 115200 bps which achieves a communication bandwidth up to 15KB/s. This emphasizes that our system is capable of the data transmission by integrating multiple types of sensors for a body sensor network system that can be important for patient monitoring, real-time data analysis and diagnosis.4CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we introduced a system using the smartphone for collecting real-time sensor data and simultaneously streaming the data to the server using Bluetooth and Internet connections. This design is the advancement over ordinary wired sensor networks which are restricted to a fixed monitoring location. In the proposed system, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor and ECG signals have been selected for data transmission using Bluetooth and wireless Internet connections. Having the Bluetooth transmitter on the smartphone, the Android system receives and displays the data on the screen in the graphical or text format and streams the collected data to the central server for data analysis, diagnosis and archiving. Taking advantage of the Android system, NFC technology was used to reduce the unnecessary Bluetooth connection process. This system is highly scalable to include more sensors to produce an upgraded patient monitoring system that is both more accurate and responsive. Furthermore, storing history of collected sensor data in the central server is extremely critical for reliable patient diagnosis.摘要在本文中，我们提出了一个使用Android智能手机，收集传感器数据显示在屏幕上并同步到中央服务器的数据流同步系统。

通信英语课后短语翻译

通信英语课后短语翻译1.PCM原理抽样量化与编码:sampling, quantizing and coding 话路:speech channel幅值: amplitude value抽样频率: sampling frequency抽样速率: sampling rate脉冲流: stream of pulses重复率: repetition rate编码过程: coding process模拟信号: analog signal传输质量: transmission quality数字通信: digital communication数字传输: digital transmission含噪声的环境: noisy environment传输路由: transmission path信噪比:signal-to-noise ratio信号电平:signal levels噪声功率: noise power地面系统: terrestrial system二进制传输: binary transmission反向操作: reverse operation8-位码序列: 8-digit sequence接受端: receiving terminal帧格式:frame format同步字:synchronization word2.异步串行数据传输串行接口serial interface显示终端CRT terminal发送器与接收器transmitter and receiver数据传输data transmission数据流data stream闲置状态the idle state传号电平mark level空号电位space level起始位start bit停止位stop bitT秒的持续时间duration of T seconds奇偶校检位parity bit错误标志error flag传输错误transmission error下降沿falling edge符号间的空格intersymbol space接收机的定时receiver timing本地时钟local clock磁带magnetic tape控制比特control bit逻辑1电平logical 1 level二进制数据binary data明显的缺点obvious disadvantage3.ISO联网标准联网技术networking technology国际标准化组织the international organization for standardization 参考模型reference model数据分组data pakects应用程序application program网络媒体network media分层layering硬件和软件hardware and software表示层the presentation layer传输层the transport layer数据链路层the data link layer网络服务network services文件接入file-access数据格式the data format主机host协议protocol连接connectivity逻辑选址logical addressing4.互联网网络资源：network resource信息服务：information services远程终端：remote terminals互联的系统：interconnected systems 命令：command电子邮件：electronic mail主机：host无线信道：wireless channels搜索工具：searching tools用户界面：user interface存取：access文本信息：textual messages协议：protocol超文本协议：hypertext protocol5.光纤通信介绍光纤通信:optical fiber communications 光源：light source波长：wavelength激光器：laser色散：dispersion传输介质：transmission medium多模光纤：multi-mode fiber长途干线：long-haul trunks单模光纤：singer-mode fiber带宽：bandwidth带宽用户：wideband subscriber纤维光学：fiber-optics商用技术：commercial technology门限电流：threshold current光检测器：photodetector波分复用：wavelength multiplexing纤维光网络：fiber-optic network视频带宽：video bandwidth6.同步数字系列同步数字系统：synchronous digital hierarchy 国际标准：international standard信号格式：signal format网络节点接口：network node interface支路信号：tributary signals数字交叉连接：digital cross-connection网络管理：network management网络维护：network maintenance网络运营者：network operators传输速率：transmission rate支路映射：tributary mapping灵活性：flexibility用户业务：subscriber services覆盖层：overlay levels制造商：manufacturer同步传输帧：synchronous transmission frame线路终端复用器：line terminal multiplexer分插复用器：add-drop multiplexer再生中继器：regenerator灵敏度：sensitivity虚容器：virtual container成帧字节：framing bytes段开销：section overhead端到端传输：end-to-end transmission误码监视：error monitoring信号处理节点：signal processing nodes净负荷：payload指针：pointer7.波分复用对光特性的理解：the understanding of the property of light 基本重要性：the fundamental important想象今天的通信系统：to imagine the communication system of today 光的高速公路：the highway of light巨量的信息：the massive amount of information采用通信新技术：to adopt new communication technology 大量的视频信息：the large amounts of video information波分复用：the wave divide multiplexing只发送单个波长：to send only one wavelength传输大量的波长：to transmit a large amount of wavelength 无差错传输：the error-free transmission自愈特性：the self-healing properties直接接入光网络：to access directly to the optical network视频信息：the video information8.蜂窝式移动电话系统蜂窝式移动电话：cellular mobile telephone服务性能：services performance频谱：frequency spectrum频带：frequency band微处理器：microprocessor移动手机：mobile unit广播业务：broadcast service天线：antenna子系统：subsystems移动用户：mobile subscriber服务能力：service capability利用率：utilization带宽：bandwidth单边带：single-sideband扩频：spread spectrum大规模集成电路：large scale integrated circuits 蜂窝点：cellular site蜂窝交换机：cellular switch无线机架：radio cabinet呼叫处理：call processing9.全球移动通信系统个人通信personal communication通信标准communication standards固定电话业务fixed telephone services网络容量network capability移动交换中心mobile switching center国际漫游international roaming宽带业务broadband services接口转换interface conversion频谱分配frequency allocation模拟方式analogue mode蜂窝通信原理cellular communication principle拥塞jamming蜂窝裂变cellular splitting基站base station寄存器register收费功能billing function接入方法access method突发脉冲传输方式bursty transmission mode开销信息overhead information切换算法handover algorithms短消息服务short message services技术规范technical specification10.3G移动电话the mobile telephone第三代移动业务the third generation mobile service 互联协议the Internet Protocol无线通信the wireless communication手机the handset全球漫游the global roaming无线标准the wireless standard蜂窝点the cell site峰值数据速率the peak data rate平均吞吐量the average throughput下载the download多址接入the multiple access扩频技术the spread spectrum technology时隙the timeslot11.电路交换和分组交换电路交换circuit switching分组交换packet switching报文交换message switching子网subnet信头header目的地址destination address误差控制error control存储转发方式store-and-forward manner突发性bursty传输时延transmission delay中间交换设备intermediate switching equipment 交换技术switching technique返回信号return signal报文处理机message processor给定最大长度given maximum length信息转移information transfer随机性random专用电路dedicated circuit电路利用率channel utilization12.A TM异步转移模式异步转移模式asynchronous逻辑信道logical channel虚电路virtual circuits虚路径virtual paths建议recommendation网络层network level业务与应用层service and application虚连接virtual connection信息高速公路information superhighway 点播电视video-on-demand统计复用statistical multiplexing数字化的信息digital information标识符identifier协议protocols网络节点network node宽带网broadband networkATM论坛ATM forum面向未来future-proofed图象编码image encoding虚拟专用网virtual private network数据处理data processing17.NGN信息技术the information technology数据包the data package电信行业the telecommuniccation industry 固定网业务tge fixed-network services网络运营商the network operaters接入技术the access technology核心网the coer network互联协议the internet protocol基于分组的网络the packet-based network 业务提供商the service provider管理层the management level网关the gateway传输平台the transport platform路由器the router交换机the switch增值业务the value-added services千兆字节the gigabyte无线连the wireless connection可编程器件the programmable devices媒体网关the media gateway。

通信英语复习资料-全

一、汉译英1、抽样、量化与编码（sampling, quantizing and coding）2、地面系统(terrestrial system)3、数字传输( digital transmission)4、信号电平(signal levels)5、移动交换中心( mobile switching center)6、蜂窝通信原理( cellular communication principle)7、突发脉冲传输方式( burst transimission mode)8、切换算法( handover algorithms)9、网络资源( network resource)10、文本信息(hypertext protocol) textual messages二、英译汉1、the largest repository of information (最大的信息库)2、the networked hypertext protocol （网络文本信息）联网的超文本协议3、the network facilities resources（网络设备资源）4、to combine high speed mobile access with IP-based services （要结合IP为基础的服务的高速移动接入）基于IP的业务与高速移动接入结合在一起5、to standardize future digital wireless communication （以规范未来的数字无线通信）使未来的数字无线通信标准化6、the third-generation wireless technology and networks （第三代无线技术和网络）7、to integrate all kinds of services （整合各种服务）8、the need to increase network capacity （需要增加网络容量）9、the time division multiple access （在时分多址）时分多址10、the different schemes for performing these three functions （执行这三个功能不同的方案）对这三个环节的实现提出了不同的方案11、a speech channel of telephone quality （电话质量的语音信道）话路中的语音信号12、the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment （该通信设备内的热低电平噪声）通信设备本身低电平的热噪声13、an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy enviroments （克服嘈杂环境的先天优势）14、the analog information signal of each channel （每个信道的模拟信息信号）15、to separate the 8-digit sequences into the appropriate channels（到8位的序列中分离到适当的信道）将8位码序列分配到相应的话路中16、so as to identify the start of the frame（以便识别所述帧的开始）三、选择题1、for example,the signal___A (received )______from a satellite,located in far outer space is very weak.a. receivedb.receivec.receivingd.to receive2、If we consider binary transmission,the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply __B ( detecting) ______the presence or obsence of the pulse.a. detectb.detectingc.detectedd.detected3、There is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by__B( chooseing) _digital transmission.a.chooseb.choosingc.to choosed.to be chosen4、before you can use the Internet,you must choose a way__A( to move)_____________data between the Internet and your PC.a. to moveb. movingc.movedd.to be moved5、Althought all these services can well satisfy the needs of the users for information exchange,a definite requirement is___ B.(needed )______for the users.a.needb.neededc.needingd.to be needed6、People who have to use a mobile phone on business soon begin_ C .(to realize )_____that the ability to phone any time,any place in one's personal life rapidly becomes a necessity,not a convenience.a.to realizeb.to be realizedc.to realized.realized7、For mobile the problem is far more complex，with the need to roam___ C(.creating _)_________a need for complex networks and systems.a.to createb.to be createdc.creatingd.create8、Frequency resue comes into play by____ D ( using ) _______radio channels on the same frequency in coverage areas that are for enough apart not to cause co-channel interference.eb.to usec.to be useding9、The GSM system requires a number of fuctions___ A.(to be created )__________for a fully operational mobile system.a.to be createdb.creatingc.createdd.to create１0、A jump to other Internet service can be___C(.triggered )_______by a mouse click on a "hot-linked" word,image,or icon on the Web pages.a.triggerb.to triggerc.triggeredd.to be triggeredUNIT 1 PCM1.In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series ofamplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded, as a sequence of 8 binary digits. ( 在这些讨论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号时如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。

通信专业术语中英文对照（1

通信专业术语中英文对照（18-level Vestigial Side Band (8-VSB) 八级残余边带A-law Ａ-律AAL 1 circuit emulation mode AAL1 电路仿真模式AC signaling 交流信令ACK cycle 确认周期ADSL transceiver unit (ATU) ADSL 收发器单元AFE analog front end 模拟前端AND 逻辑和AND gate 和门APD avalanche photodiode 雪崩光电二极管ASCII 美国国家信息交换标准代码ASCII asynchronous support package (AASP) ASCII 异步支持程序包ASIC cell 专用集成电路单元，专用集成电路组AT command set AT 命令集ATM adaptation layer (AAL) ATM 适配层ATM bearer service ATM 承载电路业务ATM cell ATM 信元ATM management objects ATM 管理对象ATM network integrated processing (NIP) ATM 网络综合处理ATM switch ATM 交换Accelerated Hub Architecture 加速中枢架构Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) [ 美国国防部]高级研究计划局Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPAnet) ARPA 网Advanced SCSI Programming Interface (ASPI) 先进SCSI（小型电脑系统接口）编程接口Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 先进电视系统委员会Aerial Cable 架空电缆Aloha Aloba 多点同时传送[接入控制技术]American Electronics Association (AEA) 美国电子商联会American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 美国国家标准学会American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) 美国信息交换标准代码American Wire Gauge (AWG) 美式线计量标准AppleShare AppleShare 软件AppleTalk AppleTalk 局域网AppleTalk control protocol (ATCP) AppleTalk 控制协议AppleTalk filing protocol (AFP) AppleTalk 文件应用协议Applied Research Laboratories (ARL) 应用研究实验室Archie Archie 程序，阿奇程序Architecture, Open Cooperative Computing (OCCA) 合作开放式运算（体系）结构Architecture, Scalable Processor (SPARC) 可定标处理器（体系）结构Ardis Ardis 公共数据通信无线网Article Number Association(ANA) 英国商品编码协会Association of Radio Industry Business (ARIB) 无线电工商业协会Association, American Electronics (AEA) 美国电子商协会Association, Chinese Open Systems (COSA) 中文开放系统协会Association, Computer & the Business Equipment Manufacturers(CBEMA) 美国电脑及商业器材制造商协会Association, Computer and Communication Industries (CCIA) 电脑及通讯工业协会Association, Electronic Industries (EIA) 美国电子工业协会Association, Japanese Electronic Industry Development (JEIDA) 日本电子工业发展协会Association, Korea Foreign Trade (KFTA) 韩国对外贸易协会Association, National Cable Television (NCTA) 全国有线电视协会Association, Personal Computer Memory Card International (PCMCIA) 个人电脑存储器卡国际协会Association, Semiconductor Industry (SIA) 美国半导体业协会Association, Taipei Computer (TCA) 台北市电脑协会Association, Video Electronics Standards (VESA) 视频电子标准协会Automatic Customer 自动用户B-channel B 信道BASIC language 培基语言Barkhausen criterion 巴克好森准则Baudot code 博多码Bayesian network 贝叶斯网络Beaconing 信标Beam-former 波束形成器Beamwidth [ 波]束宽[度]Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) 培基语言Bell Labs 贝尔试验室Bell Northern Research (BNR) 贝尔北方研究[中心]Bell System 贝尔系统Bell operating company (BOC) 贝尔运营公司Bellcore 贝尔通信研究所Billing Administration and Roaming Group (BARG) 记帐管理与漫游群Bluetooth 蓝牙技术Bluetooth Special Interest Group 蓝牙特别兴趣小组BnZS code BnZS 码（一种双极线码）Bode diagram 波德图Bode plot 波德图Bohr atom 波尔原子Boltzmann's constant 波耳兹曼常数Bootstrap protocol Bootstrap 协议Borscht 用户线[一组]基本功能Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem (BCH) 博斯-乔赫里-霍克文黑姆[码]Boyle's law 波义耳定律British Electrotechnical Committee (BEC) 英国电气技术委员会British Standards Institution (BSI) 英国标准学会British thermal unit (BTU) 英国热力单位Bus Arbitration 总线仲裁Butterworth filter 巴特沃斯滤波器C network Ｃ网络C++ C++ 语言（面向对象的C语言）C-7 signaling C-7 信令C-message filter Ｃ信息滤波器CAD 计算机辅助设计CAM 计算机辅助制造CD-I 交互式CDCD-audio 音乐CD，CD唱盘CD-e 可擦可录CDCPU time 中央处理器时间CPU-intensive 中央处理器密集CTE mismatch (Cable Temination Equipment) 电缆终端设备失配CU-SeeMe videoconferencing CU-SeeMe 视频会议系统，可互见视频会议系统Caller Identification 自动用户Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 加拿大标准协会CeBIT fair CeBIT 计算机与办公自动化博览会也称Hannover博览会)Cello Cello 软件Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) 蜂窝电信工业协会Celsius 摄氏Celsius scale 摄氏温标Celsius thermometer 摄氏温度计Central Office Switches 局端交换机Centre European des Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) CERN 计算机网络Centre National d' Etudes de Telecommunication (CNET) centrex 市话交换分局，中央交换机Channel Isolation 信道隔离度Channel Uniformity 信道不一致性China Productivity Center 中国生产力中心Chinese Microcomputer Extended Foundation (CMEX) 中文微电脑推广基金会Chinese Open Systems Association (COSA) 中文开发系统协会Chinese binary 中式二进制数Chinese character generator (CCG) 中文字形产生器Chinese system interface (CSI) 中文系统接口Code, Taipei Computer Association (TCA Code) 台北电脑协会推荐码Colpitts oscillator 科尔皮兹振荡电路Commission, Federal Communications (FCC) 联邦通讯委员会Committee for Technical Activities (CAT) 技术活动委员会Committee, Advanced Television Systems (ATSC) 先进电视系统委员会Committee, British Electrotechnical (BEC) 英国电气技术委员会Committee, Japan Industrial Standards (JISC) 日本工业标准委员会Committee, System Performance Evaluation (SPEC) 系统性能评估委员会Computer and Communication Industries Association(CCIA) 电脑及通讯工业协会Computer and the Business Equipment Manufacturers Association(CBEMA) 美国电脑及商业器材制造商协会Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) 消费者电子协会Consumer Electronics Manufacturers Association (CEMA) 消费电子制造商协会,消费电子供应商协会Coordination Joint Committee on Inter-society, (JCIC) 团体合作联合委员会Council, Joint Electronic Device Engineering (JEDEC) 电子器件工程联合会Cross Point Switch 交叉点交换机Curie point 居里点Curie temperature 居里温度Customer Premise Equipment 用户预定设备D-channel D 信道，D通路D-connector Ｄ型连接器DC loop signaling (Dirrect Current) 直流环路信令DC-restore amplifiers 直流恢复放大器DNS security extensions DNS 安全扩展DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM) 数字用户线接入复用器,DSL接入复用器DSP cores DSP 内核Daemon 守护程序，无交互后台程序，UNIX端口监督程序；Internet中用于电子邮件收发的后台程序Damper Diode 阻尼二极管Daniel cell 丹聂耳电池Daniel hygrometer 丹聂耳湿度计Data Reorganization Interface 数据重组接口Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) 美国国防部高级研究计划局Dellinger fade out 德林格尔衰落Department of Defense (DoD) [ 美国]国防部Diffie Hellman algorithm 迪菲·赫尔曼算法(一种密码交换算法）Digital Audiovisual Council (DAVIC) 数字视听委员会Digital Mockup 数字模型DirecPC DirecPC 卫星信息传递系统DirecTV DirecTV 卫星信息传递系统Direct Conversion 直接转换Doppler effect 多普勒效应E & M signaling E和M信令（交换局间和主干线上使用的标准信令）EMI filter 电磁干扰滤波器EPOC operating system EPOC 操作系统Electret Condenser Microphone 驻极体电容式传声器Electroluminescent Phosphors 电致发光Electronic Design Intermediate Format (EDIF) 电子设计中间格式Electronics Industries Association (EIA) 美国电子工业协会Electronics Industries Association of Korea (EIAK) 韩国电子工业协会Electronics Research and Service Organization (ERSO) 工研院电子工业研究所Emulsion 乳胶Erlang 爱尔兰尔朗(话务单位), 占线小时Erlang B (blocked calls cleared) 爱尔朗B（分区呼叫清除）Erlang C (blocked calls delayed) 爱尔朗C（分区呼叫延迟）Esaki diode 隧道二极管；江崎二极管EtherTalk EtherTalk 协议（在以太网上运行的AppleTalk协议）Ethernet card 以太网网卡Ethernet hub 以太网集线器Ethernet switch 以太网交换机Eudora Eudora程序（一种电子邮件软件，由Qualcomm公司出品）Euro-ISDN 欧洲综合业务数字网Eurocard 欧洲标准卡European Committee for Electrotechnical Normalization(CENELEC) 欧洲电工标准化委员会European Committee for Normalization (CEN) 欧洲标准化委员会European Communications Satellites (ECS) 欧洲通讯卫星European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) 欧洲计算机制造商协会European Computer Manufacturers' Association (ECMA) 欧洲电脑生产商协会European Council of Associations of Telecommunications Users (ECTUA) 远程通讯用户协会欧洲议会European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 欧洲自由贸易协会European Telecommunication Satellites Organization(EUTELSAT) 欧洲远程通讯卫星组织European Telecommunications Norm (NET) 欧洲远程通讯标准European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 欧洲远程通讯标准学会European Workshop for Open Systems (EWOS) 欧洲开放系统进修会European advanced communications technologies and services (ACTS) 欧洲先进通信技术和业务European radio messaging system (ERMES) 欧洲无线电信息系统,欧洲无线发报系统Excess Burst Rate 超额突发速率Exchange Carriers Standards Association (ECSA) 交换载波标准协会Extended Burst Transactions 增强式突发处理Extended Burst Transactions FloorplanningFASTBUS protocol FASTBUS 协定FDDI switch FDDI 交换FORTRAN language 福传语言Fabless Semiconductor Association 无晶圆公司半导体协会Fahrenheit 华氏Fahrenheit scale 华氏温标Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温度计Faraday cell 法拉第电池Faraday constant 法拉第常数Faraday dark space 法拉第暗区Faraday effect 法拉第效应Faraday shield 法拉第屏蔽[罩]Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 联邦通讯委员会Fleming's left-hand rule 法朗明左手定律Flex 花线，皮线；挠曲，弯曲Floorplanning 底层规划，布局规划Flow Label field 流动标签域Foundation, Open Systems (OSF) 开放系统协会Fourier series 傅立叶序列Fourier transform 傅立叶变换Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) 红外线傅立叶变换Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) 傅里叶变换红外分光光度测定法，傅里叶变换红外分光光度技术Fraunhofer pattern 弗琅荷费图案Freenet 免费网Frenkel defect 富兰克尔缺陷Fresnel counter 菲涅耳计数器Fresnel lens 菲涅耳镜Fresnel pattern 菲涅耳图形Fresnel reflection 菲涅耳反射Fresnel reflection loss 菲涅耳反射损失Fresnel region 菲涅耳区Fresnel zone 菲涅耳区Front Buffer 前置缓冲GSM phase 1 第一代GSMGSM phase 2 第二代GSMGSM phase 2 plus 增强第二代GSMGauge, American Wire (AWG) 美式线计量标准Gauss' law 高斯定律Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Gaussian filter 高斯滤波器Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) 高斯最小移位键控Gaussian roll-off 高斯转降Globalstar 全球星[系统]Gopher Gopher 协议Gouraud shading 古诺描影法Grand Alliance Grand 联盟Gray code 格雷码Gray-code converter 格雷码转换器Group 3 fax standard (G3) 三类传真标准Group, Joint Photographic Experts (JPEG) 摄影专业人员联合组织Group, Joint Test Action (JTAG) 测试行动联合组织Group, Motion Picture Experts (MPEG) 活动影像专业人员组织Groupe Speciale Mobile (GSM) [ 欧洲]移动通信特别研究小组Gunn oscillator 体效应振荡器HBT 异质结双级传送HDSL version 2 (HDSL-2) HDSL 版本2Hall effect 霍尔效应Hall multiplier 霍尔乘法器Hall voltage 霍尔电压Hamming code 汉明码Hamming distance 汉明距Hartley oscillator 哈特利振荡器Hay bridge 海氏电桥Hayes AT command set 贺氏AT命令集（命令集中所有命令以AT作前缀）Head-end 头端（有线电视系统中的一种数据收发器）High Voltage Spokes 高压尖脉冲HiperLAN Hiper 局域网Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) 家庭电话线连网联盟Hotlist 热表Huffman coding 哈夫曼编码Huygens' principle 惠更斯原理I-frame I 帧IEEE 1394 home networks IEEE1394 家庭网络ILB window （Inner Lead Bonding) ILB窗口(内引线键合窗口）IP control protocol IP 控制协议IP domain (Internet Protocol) IP 域IP fragmentation IP 分片IP multicast IP 多播IP payload compression protocol (IPPCP) IP 有效载荷压缩协议IP router IP 路由器IP security (IPsec) IP 安全IP switching IP 交换IP telephony IP 电话[学]IP tracking IP 跟踪ISDN bearer services 综合业务数字网承载业务ISDN digital subscriber line (IDSL) 综合业务数字网数字用户线ISDN reference points 综合业务数字网参考点ISDN user part (ISUP) 综合业务数字网用户部分Independent Computing Architecture 独立计算结构Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) 工业技术研究院Industrial, Scientific and Medical band (ISM) 工业、科学和医学波段，ISM频段Initiative, CAD Framework (CFI) 电脑辅助设计架构始创会Initiative, Joint European Silicon Submicron (JESSI) 欧洲联合硅次微米始创会Inmarsat-A A 类国际海事卫星业务Inmarsat-B B 类国际海事卫星业务Inmarsat-C C 类国际海事卫星业务Inmarsat-M M 类国际海事卫星业务Inmarsat-P P 类国际海事卫星业务Institute for Information Industry (III) 信息工业策进会Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) 互连与封装协会Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 电气及电子工程师学会Institute, American National Standards (ANSI) 美国国家标准学会Institute, Industrial Technology Research (ITRI) 工业技术研究院Instrumentation, Standard Commands for Programmable (SCPI) 可编程仪器标准命令Instrumentation, VMEbus Extensions for (VXI) 为仪器应用而设的VMEbus功能延伸Instruments, Standard Commands for Programmable (SCPI) 可编程仪器标准命令Intelligent Antenna Arrays 智能天线阵Intelligent Optical Networking 智能光学网路Intelligent Optical Transport 智能光学传送Interchange, American Standard Code for Information(ASCII) 美国信息交换标准代码Interconnection, Open System (OSI) 开放系统互连International Air Transport Association (IATA) 国际空运协会International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会International Chamber of Shipping 国际航运协会International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA) 国际磁盘机器材及原料协会International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 国际电工委员会International Maritime Satellite Organization(INMARSAT) 国际航海卫星组织International Standard (IS) 国际标准International Standards Organization (ISO) 国际标准化组织International Telecommunication Satellite Organization(INTELSAT) 国际远程通讯卫星组织International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 国际电信联盟Internet 因特网，国际互联网Internet Architecture Board (IAB) 因特网网络体系结构委员会Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 因特网分配名称和编号的公司Internet Council of Registrar (CORE) 因特网注册委员会Internet Society (ISOC) 因特网协会Internet address 因特网地址，互联网地址Internet appliance 因特网设备，因特网工具Internet cache protocol (ICP) 因特网高速缓存协议Internet control message protocol (ICMP) 因特网控制报文协议Internet group management protocol (IGMP) 因特网小组管理协议Internet group multicast protocol (IGMP) 因特网小组多播协议Internet key exchange (IKE) 因特网密钥交换Internet mail service (IMS) 因特网邮件业务Internet phone Internet 电话，互联网电话Internet portal 因特网入口Internet printing protocol (IPP) 因特网打印协议Internet protocol security (IPsec) 因特网协议安全Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) 网间协议版本4Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) 网间协议版本6Internet routing table 因特网路由选择表Internet search engine 因特网搜索引擎Internet security association and key management protocol 因特网安全联盟和密钥管理协议Internet security system (ISS) 因特网保密系统Internet telephony 互联网电话[学]Internet telephony service provider 因特网电话业务提供者Internet2 第二代Internet,第二代因特网Iridium 铱J-lead J 引线Jacobaeus analysis 雅科比分析Japan Camera & Optical Instruments Inspection & Testing(JCII) 日本照相机及光学器材检测及测试学会Japan Electrical Testing Laboratory (JET) 日本电机测试实验室Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) 日本对外贸易组织Japan Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) 日本工业标准委员会Japan Machinery and Metals Inspection Institute (JMI) 日本机械及金属检测学会Japanese Electronic Industry Development Association(JEIDA) 日本电子工业发展协会Java 2 platform (J2ME) 第二代Java平台Java Beans Java 组件Java Java 语言Java binding Java 联编Java card Java 卡Java database connectivity (JDBC) Java 数据库连通性Java developer kit (JDK) Java 开发工具包Java embedded server Java 嵌入式服务器Java object Java 对象Java programming language Java 编程语言Java runtime system (JRTS) Java 运行时间系统Java script Java 脚本语言Java system database (JSD) Java 系统数据库Java virtual machine Java 虚拟机Java/perl lingo Java/perl 隐语Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 喷气推进实验室Joint Committee on Inter-Society Coordination (JCIC) 团体合作联合委员会Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) 电子器件工程联合会Joint European Silicon Submicron Initiative (JESSI) 欧洲联合硅次微米始创会Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 摄影专业人员联合组织Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) 测试行动联合组织Joule heating 焦耳发热K factor K 因数，K系数Ka band Ka 频段Karnaugh map 卡诺图Kelvin 绝对温度单位Kelvin bridge 开氏电桥Kelvin scale 开氏温标Kendall effect 肯德尔效应Kermit 克米特协议（一种调制解调器标准）Kirchhoff's laws 基尔霍夫定律Klystron 速调管Knowbot 知识机器人Korea Electronics Industries Association of, (EIAK)[Korea] 韩国电子工业协会Korea Foreign Trade Association (KFTA) 韩国对外贸易协会Ku-Band Ku波段L-C filter L-C滤波器，电感电容滤波器LAN Manager 局域网管理器LAN card 局域网网卡LAN emulation (LANE) 局域网仿真LAN hub 局域网集线器，局域网集中器LAN server 局域网服务器LAN switch 局域网交换LDMOS 横向双扩散MOSLTPS 低温多晶硅LU 6.2 protocol 逻辑单元6.2协议Laboratories Mechanical Industry Research, (MIRL) 工研院机械工业研究所Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换Leaching 浸滤，浸析；沥取Lee flood router 李氏扩散式路由器Lenz's law 楞次定律Long Afterglow Phosphor 长余辉夜光材料Loran Loran 远程无线电导航系统,罗兰导航系统Low leakage current 低泄漏电流MAC address 媒体存取控制地址MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) [ 电子]乐器数字化接口MOS gate driver (MGD) MOS 门驱动器，金属氧化物半导体门驱动器MPEG Java subset (MPEG-J) MPEG Java 子集MPEG-2 layer 3 (MP3) 移动图像专家组标准2第3层，MP3MPEG-2 over ATM ATM 网传输的MPEG-2[数据]Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic Systems (MIMOS) 马来西亚电子系统学会Manchester encoding 曼彻斯特编码Marisat 航海卫星Market Segments 市场范围，市场区间Markov chain model 马尔可夫连锁模型Markovian model 马尔可夫模型Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 麻省理工学院Maxwell bridge 麦克斯韦电桥Mechanical Industry Research Laboratories (MIRL) 工研院机械工业研究所Microcom networking protocol (MNP) Microcom 网络协议Microcom networking protocol 1 (MNP-1) Microcom 网络协议1Microcom networking protocol 10 (MNP-10) Microcom 网络协议10Microcom networking protocol 2 (MNP-2) Microcom 网络协议2Microcom networking protocol 4 (MNP-4) Microcom 网络协议4Microcom networking protocol 5 (MNP-5) Microcom 网络协议5Microcom networking protocol 6 (MNP-6) Microcom 网络协议6Microcom networking protocol 7 (MNP-7) Microcom 网络协议7Microcom networking protocol 8 (MNP-8) Microcom 网络协议8 Microcom networking protocol 9 (MNP-9) Microcom 网络协议9 Microsectioning 显微磨片，金相切片Miller effect 密勒效应，米勒效应Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 日本国际贸易及工业部Minitel 小型电传Mobitex [ 爱立信]基于包交换的陆上蜂窝无线电数据通信系统Modula-3 Modula-3 语言Modulation Diode 调制二极管Moire principle 莫尔法则Monte Carlo simulation 蒙特卡罗模拟法；统计验证法Monte Carlo techniques 蒙特卡罗技巧Morkov model for speech production 语音产品的Morkov模型Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 活动影像专业人员组织Mu-law μ律Multi Vendor Integration Protocol ( interconnects proprietary telephony equipment ) MVIP 多制造商集成协议(电话设备互连)Multi-Computer 多处理器计算机Multi-carrier CDMA 多载波CDMAMulti-channel data acquisition 多路数据采集，多路数据获取Multi-level cell (MLC) 多级信元Multi-mode fiber 多模光纤Multimedia Consortium of Taiwan (MCT) 台湾多媒体联盟会Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) 多协议标记交换Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) ATM 网多协议[交换]N-channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) N 通道金属氧化半导体N-junction N 形接头，N形连接N-type semiconductor N 型半导体NAND 逻辑反和NAND gate 反和门NOR 逻辑或非NOT 逻辑非National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) 全国广播工作人员协会National Bureau of Standards (NBS) 国家标准局National Cable Television Association (NCTA) 全国有线电视协会National Electrical Code (NEC) 国家电码National Network Infrastructure (NNI) 国家网络基础设施National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) 美国国家电视系统委员会Netscape Nevigator 网景公司的网页浏览器Netware 网件Netware Novell 公司的）网络操作系统Netware directory service (NDS) Netware 目录服务Netware link services protocol (NLSP) Netware 链路服务协议Network Working Group (NWG) 网络工作组Newton (N) 牛顿Next Hop Resolution Protocol NHRP 下一跳解析协议Next hop routing protocol (NHRP) 下一跳选路协议NiCd battery 镍镉电池Nicam system 丽音系统Nippon Telegraph & Telephone (NTT) 日本电报电话公司Nordic mobile telephone system (NMT) 北欧移动电话系统North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) 北美电气可靠性委员会North American numbering plan (NANP) 北美编号计划Norton's theorem 诺顿定理Nyquist criterion 奈奎斯特准则Nyquist filter 尼奎斯特滤波器Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率Nyquist interval 尼奎斯特区间Nyquist rate 尼奎斯特速率Nyquist sampling theorem 奈奎斯特抽样定理O-Commerce 光商务OR 逻辑或OR gate 或门OR, wired- 线或Object Data Management Group (ODMG) 对象数据管理组Object database 对象数据库Object query language (OQL) 对象询问语言Object reference notation (ORN) 对象参考符号Off-axis illumination 离轴光照One Point Calibration 一点标定法Open Cooperative Computing Architecture (OCCA) 开放合作式运算结构Open Programmable Architecture Language (OPAL) 开放式可编程结构语言。

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图解:译文“蓝色”UNIT 1The Principle of PCMPCM原理Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes.PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。

近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。

在这些讨论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。

而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ—3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。

但是，实际设备通常用8khz的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉冲流来表示的。

图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。

Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently.让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。

可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。

但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。

因而传输质量是取决于脉冲重复速率的。

对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。

Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a satellite, located in far outer space, is very weak and is at a level only slightly above that of the noise. Alternative examples may be found within terrestrial systems where, although the message signal is strong, so is the noise power.数字传输对于克服噪声环境的影响提供了一个强有力的手段。

噪声可以以多种不同方式进入传输信道，比如说因为附近的闪电、汽车点火系统的打火或因通信设备本身低电平的热噪声所致。

正是这种被称为信噪比的东西，即真实信号与噪声的关系引起了通信工程师的极大的兴趣。

从本质上讲，如果信号比噪声电平大得多，则信息的传输是完美的。

但是，实际情况并不总是这样，例如，从位于遥远太空中的卫星接收到的信号极其微弱，其电平仅比噪声稍高一点。

地面系统则是另一类例子，尽管信号很强，噪声也很强。

If we consider binary transmission, the complete information about a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape, or level of the transmitted signal; parameters that are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path. Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.研究二进制信号的传输可见，只要简单的区判别脉冲的有和无，完美就获得了一条消息的全部信息。

相比之下，许多其他形式的传输系统是利用被传信号的波形或电平的高低来传送信息的，而这些参数又极易受到传输途径中的噪声和衰耗的影响。

因此选择数字传输系统在克服噪声环境的影响方面有其固有的优势。

So far in this discussion we have assumed that each voice channel has a separate coder, the unit that converts sampled amplitude values to a set of pulses; and decoder, the unit that performs the reverse operation. This need not be so, and systems are in operation where a single codec (i.e., coder and its associated decoder) is shared between 24, 30, or even 120 separate channels.A high-sped electronic switch is used to present the analog information signal of each channel, taken in turn, to the codec. The codec is then arranged to sequentially sample the amplitude value, and code this value into the 8-digit sequence. Thus the output to the codec may be seen as a sequence of 8 pulses relating to channel 1, then channel 2, and so on. This unit is called a time division multiplexer (TDM), and is illustrated in fig. 1-2. The multiplexing principle that is used is known as work interleaving. Since the words, or 8-digit sequences, are interleaved in time.到目前为止，在这个讨论中，我们一直假定每个话路各有一个编码器和解码器。