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Incentive-based modeling and inference of attacker intent, objectives, and strategies

Incentive-Based Modeling and Inference of Attacker Intent,Objectives,and StrategiesPENG LIU and WANYU ZANGPennsylvania State UniversityandMENG YUMonmouth UniversityAlthough the ability to model and infer attacker intent,objectives,and strategies(AIOS)may dramatically advance the literature of risk assessment,harm prediction,and predictive or proactive cyber defense,existing AIOS inference techniques are ad hoc and system or application speciﬁc. In this paper,we present a general incentive-based method to model AIOS and a game-theoretic approach to inferring AIOS.On one hand,we found that the concept of incentives can unify a large variety of attacker intents;the concept of utilities can integrate incentives and costs in such a way that attacker objectives can be practically modeled.On the other hand,we developed a game-theoretic AIOS formalization which can capture the inherent interdependency between AIOS and defender objectives and strategies in such a way that AIOS can be automatically inferred.Finally, we use a speciﬁc case study to show how attack strategies can be inferred in real-world attack–defense scenarios.Categories and Subject Descriptors:C.2.0[Computer-Communication Networks]:Security and ProtectionGeneral Terms:Security,TheoryAdditional Key Words and Phrases:Attacker intent and strategy modeling,attack strategy infer-ence,game theory1.INTRODUCTIONThe ability to model and infer attacker intent,objectives,and strategies(AIOS) may dramatically advance the state of the art of computer security for several reasons.First,for many“very difﬁcult to prevent”attacks such as DDoS,given the speciﬁcation of a system protected by a set of speciﬁc security mechanisms, This work was supported by DARPA and AFRL,AFMC,USAF,under award number F20602-02-1-0216,and by Department of Energy Early Career PI Award.Authors’addresses:P.Liu and W.Zang,School of Information Sciences and Technology, Pennsylvania State University,University Park,PA16802;email:pliu@;M.Yu,De-partment of Computer Science,Monmouth University,West Long Branch,NJ07764. Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or direct commercial advantage and that copies show this notice on theﬁrst page or initial screen of a display along with the full citation.Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored.Abstracting with credit is permitted.To copy otherwise,to republish,to post on servers, to redistribute to lists,or to use any component of this work in other works requires prior speciﬁc permission and/or a fee.Permissions may be requested from Publications Dept.,ACM,Inc.,1515 Broadway,New York,NY10036USA,fax:+1(212)869-0481,or permissions@.C 2005ACM1094-9224/05/0200-0078$5.00ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005,Pages78–118.Incentive-Based Modeling and Inference of AIOS•79 this ability could tell us which kind of strategies are more likely to be taken by the attacker than the others,even before such an attack happens.Such AIOS inferences may lead to more precise risk assessment and harm prediction.Second,AIOS modeling and inference could be more beneﬁcial during run time.A big security challenge in countering a multiphase,well-planned,care-fully hidden attack from either malicious insiders or outside attackers is“how to make correct proactive(especially predictive)real-time defense decisions during an earlier stage of the attack in such a way that much less harm will be caused without consuming a lot of resources?”Although many proactive de-fense techniques are developed such as sandboxing[Malkhi and Reiter2000] and isolation[Liu et al.2000],making the right proactive defense decisions in real time is very difﬁcult primarily due to the fact that intrusion detection during the early stage of an attack can lead to many false alarms,which could make these proactive defense actions very expensive in terms of both resources and denial of service.Although alert correlation techniques[Cuppens and Miege2002;Ning et al. 2002]may reduce the number of false alarms by correlating a set of alerts into an attack scenario(i.e.,steps involved in an attack)and may even tell which kind of attack actions may follow a given action[Debar and Wespi2001], they are limited in supporting proactive intrusion response in two aspects.(1) When many types of(subsequences of)legitimate actions may follow a given suspicious action,alert correlation can do nothing except for waiting until a more complete attack scenario emerges.However,intrusion response at this moment could be“too late.”(2)When many types of attack actions may follow a given(preparation)action,alert correlation cannot tell which actions are more likely to be taken by the attacker next.As a result,since taking proactive defense actions for each of the attack actions can be too expensive,the response may have to wait until it is clear what attack actions will happen next—perhaps during a later stage of the attack.However,late intrusion response usually means more harm.By contrast,with the ability to model and infer AIOS,given any suspicious action,we can predict the harm that could be caused;then we can make better and affordable proactive intrusion response decisions based on the corresponding risk,the corresponding cost(e.g.,due to the possibility of false alarms),and the attack action inferences.Moreover,the intrusion response time is substantially shortened.However,with a focus on attack characteristics[Landwehr et al.1994]and attack effects[Browne et al.2001;Zou et al.2002],existing AIOS inference tech-niques are ad hoc and system or application speciﬁc[Gordon and Loeb2001; Syverson1997].To systematically model and infer AIOS,we need to distin-guish AIOS from both attack actions and attack effects.Since the same attack action can be issued by two attackers with very different intents and objectives, AIOS cannot be directly inferred from the characteristics of attacks.Although the attacker achieves his or her intents and objectives through attacks and their effects,the mapping from attack actions and/or effects to attacker intents and/or objectives is usually not one-to-one but one-to-many,and more inter-estingly,the(average)cardinality of this mapping can be much larger than the mapping from attacker intents and/or objectives to attack actions and/or ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.80•P.Liu et al.effects.This asymmetry nature indicates that in many cases using AIOS mod-els to predict attack actions can be more precise than using the set of actions already taken by the attacker based on either their effects or the causal rela-tionship between them and some other attack actions.1As a result,although a variety of attack taxonomies and attribute databases have been developed, people’s ability to model and infer AIOS,to predict attacks,and to do proactive intrusion response is still very limited.Nevertheless,a good understanding of attacks is the foundation of practical AIOS modeling and inference.In this paper,we present a systematic incentive-based method to model AIOS and a game-theoretic approach to inferring AIOS.On one hand,we found that the concept of incentives can unify a large variety of attacker intents;the con-cept of utilities can integrate incentives and costs in such a way that attacker objectives can be practically modeled.On the other hand,we developed a game-theoretic AIOS formalization which can capture the inherent interdependency between AIOS and defender objectives and strategies in such a way that AIOS can be automatically inferred.Finally,we use a speciﬁc case study to show how attack strategies can be inferred in real-world attack–defense scenarios.The proposed framework,in some sense,is an economics-based framework since it is based on economic incentives,utilities,and payoffs.The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In Section2,we discuss the related work.Section3presents a conceptual,incentive-based framework for AIOS modeling.In Section4,we present a game-theoretic formalization of this framework.Section5addresses show to infer AIOS.In Section6,we use a speciﬁc case study to show how attack strategies can be inferred in real-world attack–defense scenarios.In Section7,we mention several future research issues.2.RELATED WORKThe use of game theory in modeling attackers and defenders has been addressed in several other research.In Syverson[1997],Syverson talks about“good”nodes ﬁghting“evil”nodes in a network and suggests using stochastic games for rea-soning and analysis.In Lye and Wing[2002],Lye and Wing precisely formalize this idea using a general-sum stochastic game model and give a concrete ex-ample in detail where the attacker is attacking a simple enterprise network that provides some Internet services such as web and FTP.A set of speciﬁc states regarding this example are identiﬁed,state-transition probabilities are assumed,and the Nash equilibrium or best-response strategies for the players are computed.In Browne[2000],Browne describes how static games can be used to an-alyze attacks involving complicated and heterogeneous military networks.In his example,a defense team has to defend a network of three hosts against an attacking team’s worms.The defense team can choose either to run a worm 1To illustrate,consider a large space of strategies the attacker may take according to his or her intent and objectives where each strategy is simply a sequence of actions.An attack action may belong to many strategies,and the consequences of the action could satisfy the preconditions of many other actions,but each strategy usually contains only a small number of actions.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.Incentive-Based Modeling and Inference of AIOS•81 detector or not.Depending on the combined attack and defense actions,each outcome has different costs.In Burke[1999],Burke studies the use of repeated games with incomplete information to model attackers and defenders in in-formation warfare.In Hespanha and Bohacek[2001],Hespanha and Bohacek discuss zero-sum routing games where an adversary(or attacker)tries to in-tersect data packets in a computer network.The designer of the network has to ﬁnd routing policies that avoid links that are under the attacker’s surveillance. In Xu and Lee[2003],Xu and Lee use game-theoretical framework to analyze the performance of their proposed DDoS defense system and to guide its design and performance tuning accordingly.Our work is different from the above game theoretic attacker modeling works in several aspects.First,these works focus on speciﬁc attack–defense scenarios, while our work focuses on general AIOS modeling.Second,these works focus on speciﬁc types of game models,for example,static games,repeated games, or stochastic games;while our work focuses on the fundamental characteris-tics of AIOS,and game models are only one possible formalization of our AIOS framework.In addition,our AIOS framework shows the inherent relationship between AIOS and the different types of game models,and identiﬁes the condi-tions under which a speciﬁc type of game models will be feasible and desirable. Third,our work systematically identiﬁes the properties of a good AIOS for-malization.These properties not only can be used to evaluate the merits and limitations of game-theoretic AIOS models,but also can motivate new AIOS models that can improve the above game theory models or even go beyond standard game-theoretic models.In Gordon and Loeb[2001],information security is used as a response to game theoretic competitor analysis systems(CAS)for the purpose of protecting a ﬁrm’s valuable business data from its competitors.Although understanding and predicting the behavior of competitors are key aspects of competitor analysis, the behaviors CAS want to predict are not cyber attacks.Moreover,security is what our game theoretic system wants to model while security is used in Gordon and Loeb[2001]to protect a game-theoretic system.The computational complexity of game-theoretic analysis is investigated in several research.For example,Conitzer and Sandholm[2002]show that both determining whether a pure strategy Bayes–Nash equilibrium exists and de-termining whether a pure strategy Nash equilibrium exists in a stochastic (Markov)game are NP-hard.Moreover,Koller and Milch[2001]show that some speciﬁc knowledge representations,in certain settings,can dramatically speed up equilibriumﬁnding.The marriage of economics and information security has attracted a lot of in-terests recently(a lot of related work can be found at the economics and security resource page maintained by Ross Anderson at /∼rja14 /econsec.html).However,these work focuses on the economics perspective of security(e.g.,security market,security insurance),while our approach is to apply economics concepts to model and infer AIOS.In recent years,it is found that economic mechanism design theory[Clarke 1971;Groves1973;Vickrey1961]can be very valuable in solving a variety of Internet computing problems such as routing,packet scheduling,and web ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.82•P.Liu et al.work topology.caching[Feigenbaum et al.2002;Nisan and Ronan2001;Wellman and Walsh2001].Although when market-based mechanisms are used to defend against at-tackers[Wang and Reiter2003],the AIOS are incentive based,which is consis-tent with our framework,market-based computing does not imply an in-depthAIOS model.Finally,it should be noticed that AIOS modeling and inference are very differ-ent from intrusion detection[Lunt1993;McHugh2001;Mukherjee et al.1994].Intrusion detection is based on the characteristics of attacks,while AIOS mod-eling is based on the characteristics of attackers.Intrusion detection focuses onthe attacks that have already happened,while AIOS inference focuses on theattacks that may happen in the future.3.AN INCENTIVE-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR AIOS MODELINGIn this section,we present an incentive-based conceptual model of attackerintent,objectives,and strategies.Our model is quite abstract.To make ourpresentation more tangible,we willﬁrst present the following example,whichwill be used throughout the paper to illustrate our concepts.Example1.In recent years,Internet distributed denial-of-service(DDoS)attacks have increased in frequency,severity,and sophistication and becomea major security threat.When a DDoS attack is launched,a large number ofhosts(called zombies)“controlled”by the attackerﬂood a high volume of pack-ets toward the target(called the victim)to downgrade its service performancesigniﬁcantly or make it unable to deliver any service.In this example,we would model the intent and objectives and infer thestrategies of the attackers that enforce brute-force DDoS attacks.(Althoughsome DDoS attacks with clear signatures,such as SYNﬂooding,can be effec-tively countered,most DDoS attacks without clear signatures,such as brute-force DDoS attacks,are very difﬁcult to defend against since it is not clear whichpackets are DDoS packets and which are not.)An example scenario is shownin Figure1where many zombies(i.e.,a subset of source hosts{S0,...,S64})are ﬂooding a couple of web sites(i.e.,the victims)using normal HTTP requests.Here,Rx.y denotes a router;the bandwidth of each type of links is marked;andthe web sites may stay on different subnets.ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.Incentive-Based Modeling and Inference of AIOS•83 Although our modeling and inference framework can handle almost every DDoS defense mechanism,to make this example more tangible,we select pushback[Ioannidis and Bellovin2002],a popular technique,as the security mechanism.Pushback uses aggregates,that is,a collection of packets from one or moreﬂows that have some properties in common,to identify and rate limit the packets that are most likely to cause congestion or DoS.Pushback is a coordinated defense mechanism that typically involves multiple routers.To il-lustrate,consider Figure1again,when router R1.0detects a congestion caused by a set of aggregates,R1.0will not only rate-limit these aggregates,but also request adjacent upstream routers(e.g.,R2.1)to rate-limit the corresponding aggregates via some pushback messages.The effectiveness of pushback can be largely captured by four bandwidth parameters associated with the incoming link to the victims(i.e.,the link that connects R1.0and R0.0):(a)B N,the total bandwidth of this link;(b)B ao,the (amount of)bandwidth occupied by the DoS packets;(c)B lo,the bandwidth occupied by the legitimate packets;(d)B lw,the bandwidth that the legitimate users would occupy if there are no attacks.For example,pushback is effective if after being enforced B ao can become smaller and B lo can become larger.We build our AIOS models on top of the relationships between the attacker and a computer system(i.e.,the defender).In our model,the computer sys-tem can be any kind(e.g.,a network system,a distributed system,a database system).We call it the system for short.For example,in Example1the sys-tem consists of every router on a path from a zombie to a victim.The attacker issues attacks to the system.Each attack is a sequence of attack actions associ-ated with the system.For example,an action can be the sending of a message, the submission of a transaction,the execution of a piece of code,and so on.An attack will cause some effects on the system,that is,transforming the system from one state to another state.For example,in Example1the main attack effects are that many legitimate packets could not reach the victims.Part of the system is a set of speciﬁc security mechanisms.A mechanism can be a piece of software or hardware(e.g.,aﬁrewall,an access controller,an IDS).A mechanism usually involves a sequence of defense actions associated with the system when being activated.For example,in Example1a router sending out a pushback message is a defense action,and this action can trigger the receiving router(s)to take further defense actions.A security mechanism is activated when an event arrives which causes a set of speciﬁc conditions to be satisﬁed.Many of these conditions are associated with the effects of an attack action in reactive defense,or the prediction of an incoming attack action in proactive defense.For example,in Example1a packet arriving at a router is an event.When there is no congestion at the router,this event will not activate any security mechanism.However,when this event leads to“the detection of a congestion”(i.e.,the condition),pushback will be activated.And it is clear that whether this condition can be satisﬁed is dependent upon the accumulated effects of the previous DoS packets arriving at the router.Finally,a defense posture of the system is deﬁned by the set of security mechanisms and the ways they are activated.For example,in Example1,pushback may be conﬁgured ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.84•P.Liu et al.to stay at various defense postures based on such parameters as congestion thresholds and target drop rate,which we will explain in Section3.3shortly.The attacker-system relation has several unique characteristics(or proper-ties)that are important in illustrating the principles of our attack strategy inference framework.These properties are as follows.—Intentional Attack Property.Attacks are typically not random.They are planned by the attacker based on some intent and objectives.—Strategy-Interdependency Property.Whether an attack can succeed is depen-dent on how the system is protected.Whether a security mechanism is effec-tive is dependent on how the system is attacked.In other words,the capacity of either an attack or a defense posture should be measured in a relative way.We will deﬁne the notion of strategy shortly.And we will use concrete attack and defense strategies derived from Example1to illustrate this property shortly in Section3.3.—Uncertainty Property.The attacker usually has incomplete information or knowledge about the system,and vice versa.For example,in Example1the attacker usually has uncertainty about how Pushback is conﬁgured when he or she enforces a DDoS attack.3.1Incentive-Based Attacker Intent ModelingDifferent attackers usually have different intents even when they issue the same attack.For example,some attackers attack the system to show off their hacking capacity,some hackers attack the system to remind the administrator of a securityﬂaw,cyber terrorists attack our cyberspace for creating damage, business competitors may attack each other’s information systems to increase their market shares,just to name a few.It is clear that investigating the char-acteristics of each kind of intents involves a lot of effort and complexity,and such complexity actually prevents us from building a general,robust connec-tion between attacker intents and attack actions.This connection is necessary to do almost every kind of attacker behavior inference.We focus on building general yet simple intent models.In particular,we believe that the concept of economic“incentives”can be used to model attacker intent in a general way.In our model,the attacker’s intent is simply to maximize his or her incentives.In other words,the attacker is motivated by the possibility of gaining some incentives.Most,if not all,kinds of intents can be modeled as incentives such as the amount of proﬁt earned,the amount of terror caused, and the amount of satisfaction because of a nice show-off.For an example,in Example1the incentives for the attacker can be the amount of DoS suffered by the legitimate users.For another example,the incentives for an attacker that enforces a worm attack can be the amount of network resources consumed by the worm’s scanning packets plus the amount of DoS caused on certain type of services.We may use economics theory to classify incentives into such categories as money,emotional reward,and fame.To infer attacker intents,we need to be able to compare one incentive with another.Incentives can be compared with each other either qualitatively or ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.Incentive-Based Modeling and Inference of AIOS•85 quantitatively.Incentives can be quantiﬁed in several ways.For example,prof-its can be quantiﬁed by such monetary units as dollars.For another exam-ple,in Example1,the attacker’s incentives can be quantiﬁed by two metrics: (a)B ao/B N,which indicates the absolute impact of the DDoS attack;and(b)B lo/B lw,which indicates the relative availability impact of the attack.Accord-ingly,the attacker’s intent is to maximize B ao/B N but minimize B lo/B lw.One critical issue in measuring and comparing incentives is that under different value systems,different comparison results may be obtained.For example,dif-ferent types of people value such incentives as time,fame,and differently.As a result,very misleading attacker strategy inferences could be produced if we use our value system to evaluate the attacker’s incentives.After an attack is enforced,the incentives(e.g.,money,fame)earned by the attacker are dependent on the effects of the attack,which are typically captured by the degradation of a speciﬁc set of security measurements that the system cares about.Each such measurement is associated with a speciﬁc security met-ric.Some widely used categories of security metrics include but not limited to conﬁdentiality,integrity,availability(against denial-of-service),nonrepudia-tion,and authentication.For example,in Example1the major security metrics of the system are(a)B lo,which indicates the absolute availability provided by the system;and(b)B lo/B lw,which indicates the relative availability provided by the system.In our model,we call the set of security metrics that a system wants to protect the metric vector of the system.(Note that different systems may have different metric vectors.)For example,the metric vector for the system in Example1can be simply deﬁned as B lo,B lo/B lw .At time t,the measurements associated with the system’s metric vector are called the security vector of the system at time t,denoted by V s t.As a result,assume an attack starts at time t1 and ends at t2,then the incentives earned by the attacker(via the attack)maybe measured by degradation(V s t1,V s t2),which basically computes the distance be-tween the two security vectors.For example,in Example1assume the securityvector is V s t1= 1000Mbps,100% before the attack and V s t2= 50Mbps,5%after the attack,then degradation(V s t1,V s t2)= −950Mbps,−95% .The above discussion indicates the following property of AIOS inference:—Attack Effect Property.Effects of attacks usually yield more insights about at-tacker intent and objectives than attack actions.For example,in Example1,a DoS packet indicates almost nothing about the attacker’s intent which canonly be seen after some DoS effects are caused.3.2Incentive-Based Attacker Objective ModelingIn real world,many attackers face a set of constraints when issuing an attack, for example,an attacker may have limited resources;a malicious insider may worry about the risk of being arrested and put into jail.However,our intent model assumes no constraints.To model attacker motivations in a more realistic way,we incorporate constraints in our attack objective model.In particular,we classify constraints into two categories:cost constraints and noncost constraints.(a)Cost constraints are constraints on things that the attacker can“buy”or “trade”such as hardware,software,Internet connection,and time.Such things ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.86•P.Liu et al.are typically used to measure the cost of an attack.In addition,risk is typically a cost constraint.(b)Noncost constraints are constraints on things that the attacker cannot buy such as religion-based constraints and top secret attacking tools that the attacker may never be able to“buy.”The cost of an attack is not only dependent on the resources needed to en-force the attack,but also dependent on the risk for the attacker to be traced back,arrested,and punished.Based on the relationship between incentives and costs,we classify attackers into two categories:(a)rational attackers have concerns about the costs(and risk)associated with their attacks.That is,when the same incentive can be obtained by two attacks with different costs,ratio-nal attackers will pick the one with a lower cost.(b)Irrational attackers have no concerns about the costs associated with their attacks.They only want to maximize the incentives.Given a set of(cost)constraints,inferring the attack actions of an irrational attacker is not so difﬁcult a task since we need only toﬁnd out“what are the most rewarding attack actions in the eyes of the attacker without violating the constraints?”By contrast,we found that inferring the attack actions of a rational attacker is more challenging.In this paper,we will focus on how to model and infer the IOS of rational attackers.In our model,an attacker’s objective is to maximize his or her utilities through an attack without violating the set of cost and noncost constraints associated with the attacker.The utilities earned by an attacker indicate a distance be-tween the incentives earned by the attacker and the cost of the attack.The dis-tance can be deﬁned in several ways,for example,utilities=incentives−cost, utilities=incentives.Note that the cost of an attack can be measured by a set of cost values which captures both attacking resources and risk.To illustrate,let us revisit Example1.The attacker’s total incentives may be measured byαB ao/B N+(1−α)(1−B lo/B lw),whereαdetermines how the attacker weighs the two aspects of the impact of the DDoS attack.The attack’s costs in this example are not much,though the attacker needs a computer and Internet access to“prepare”the zombies and the needed controls.The cost will become larger when the risk of being traced back is included.Let us assume the cost is a constant numberη.Then the attacker’s utilities can be measured by αB ao/B N+(1−α)(1−B lo/B lw)−η,and the attacker’s objective can be quantiﬁed as MaxαB ao/B N+(1−α)(1−B lo/B lw).3.3Incentive-Based Attacker Strategy ModelingStrategies are taken to achieve objectives.The strategy-interdependency prop-erty indicates that part of a good attacker strategy model should be the defense strategy model because otherwise we will build our AIOS models on top of the assumption that the system never changes its defense posture,which is too restrictive.See that whenever the system’s defense posture is changed,the defense strategy is changed.In our model,attack strategies are deﬁned based on the“battles”between the attacker and the system.Each attack triggers a battle which usually involves multiple phases.(For example,many worm-based attacks involve such phases ACM Transactions on Information and System Security,Vol.8,No.1,February2005.。

描写打羽球的句子唯美英语(精选两篇)

描写打羽球的句子唯美英语(篇一)1. The shuttlecock soared gracefully through the XXr.2. Every stroke of the racket was executed with artful precision.3. The gentle sway of the players' bodies mirrored the elegance of the game.4. The crisp cracking sound of the racket meeting the shuttlecock resonated in the court.5. The players' nimble footwork resembled a choreographed dance.6. The spirited rallies filled the arena with a sense of excitement.7. The players' concentration was palpable as they prepared for each shot.8. The constant back-and-forth exchanges showcased their remarkable agility.9. The resounding cheers of the crowd echoed the intensity of the game.10. The sweat glistened on their brows as the players gave it their all.11. The sheer speed at which the shuttlecock flew left spectators in awe.12. The players' synchronized movements were a mesmerizing sight to behold.13. The game of badminton embraced a delicate balance between power and finesse.14. The shuttlecock glided effortlessly over the net, defying gravity.15. The players' focus never wavered, even amidst intense competition.16. The precision of their shots left opponents scrambling to react.17. The shuttlecock seemed to hang in the XXr for a brief moment before descending gracefully.18. The players moved as one, their coordination displaying years of practice.19. The court became a stage where athleticism and artistry converged.20. The players' determination to win was etched upon their faces.21. The intensity of the game was mirrored in the players' fiery eyes.22. The shuttlecock's trajectory was a testament to the players' skill and control.23. The players exuded a sense of grace and calmness, despite the pressure.24. The lightness of their movements belied the power behind each stroke.25. The resounding thud of the shuttlecock agXXnst the racket was music to their ears.26. The players' silhouettes danced across the court, their shadows creating a beautiful spectacle.27. The game of badminton embodied the essence of athleticism and grace.28. The sheer dedication of the players was evident in their unwavering resolve.29. The rush of adrenaline propelled each player towards victory.30. The shuttlecock traced a mesmerizing arc in the XXr, like a graceful bird in flight.31. The players moved effortlessly, strings of the racket humming with tension.32. The players' passion for the game shone through their every move.33. The court became their playground, their steps leaving an indelible mark.34. The players unleashed their full potential, their abilities shining through.35. The sheer beauty of the game captivated spectators' hearts.36. The quick reflexes of the players were akin to lightning bolts on the court.37. The rivalry between the players was fierce, but sportsmanship always prevXXled.38. The players' stamina was tested as each game stretched on.39. The game of badminton embodied an art form in its own right.40. The players' partnership showcased a deep understanding and synchronization.41. The shuttlecock weaved through the XXr, evoking a sense of magic.42. The players' determination did not waver, even in the face of defeat.43. The elegance of the game was captured in every swing and jump.44. The players' unwavering focus was a testament to their commitment.45. The swooshing sound of the racket cutting through the XXr was both powerful and graceful.46. The movements of the players were reminiscent of a delicate ballet.47. The anticipation in the XXr was palpable as spectators held their breath.48. The shuttlecock seemed to hang momentarily before gracefully descending.49. The players seamlessly transitioned from offense to defense, showcasing their versatility.50. The game unfolded like a story, with its own highs and lows.51. The players' agility and precision were awe-inspiring, leaving spectators enraptured.52. The intense matches were reminiscent of a battle between titans.53. The shuttlecock flew like a shooting star, its path a marvel of physics.54. The players' camaraderie shone through, even as they fought to clXXm victory.55. The games were a demonstration of skill, strategy, and resilience.56. The players' swift movements left opponents in a state of perpetual chase.57. The delicate balance between power and control was the essence of the game.58. The players' dedication to perfecting their craft was evident in every shot.59. The court was a canvas upon which the players pXXnted their masterpiece.60. The shuttlecock's trajectory was a testament to the players' astute judgment.61. The players' eyes never left the shuttlecock, their focus unwavering.62. The game inspired a sense of awe and admiration for the players' abilities.63. The players' movements were seamless, as if they were guided by an invisible force.64. The court became an arena of dreams, where champions were made.65. The shuttlecock whizzed through the XXr, leaving a trXXl of kinetic energy in its wake.66. The players' continuous pursuit of excellence drove them to new heights.67. The game of badminton embodied a delicate interplay between power and finesse.68. The players' determination was etched in the lines on their faces.69. The fluidity of their movements showcased a deep understanding of the game.70. The shuttlecock's flight path mirrored the players' determination, rising agXXnst all odds.描写打羽球的句子唯美英语(篇二)以下是一篇关于打羽毛球的唯美英语句子，共计50句：1. The gentle swoosh of the shuttlecock piercing through the XXr brings an exquisite melody to the game of badminton.2. With each stroke, the players dance across the court, their movements graceful and fluid like poetry in motion.3. The delicate flight of the shuttlecock, like a feather caught in the wind, evokes a sense of wonder and beauty.4. The rhythmic thud of the racquet hitting the shuttlecock resonates with the beating of a heart in sync with the game.5. As the players exchange swift shots, their bodies become a symphony of synchronized movements, a display of elegance and precision.6. The vibrant colors of the court and the players' attire create a dazzling spectacle, enhancing the already mesmerizing artistry of the game.7. Every rally is a masterpiece, a delicate balance between power and finesse, as the players strive to outmaneuver each other.8. The intensity of the game is heightened by the tension in the XXr, creating a palpable atmosphere that engulfs both players and spectators alike.9. The collective gasp from the crowd echoes through the arena as a player executesa breathtaking jump smash, defying gravity and capturing the essence of the sport.10. Shadows dance on the court, mirroring the swift movements of the players as they chase after the elusive shuttlecock.11. The sweat glistens on their foreheads, evidence of the effort and dedication they pour into perfecting their craft, a testament to their love for the game.12. The resounding cheer that erupts from the crowd with each brilliant shot fills the XXr, a chorus of admiration and appreciation for the sport.13. The players' eyes lock onto the shuttlecock, their focus undeterred by the distractions of the outside world, as if nothing else matters in that moment.14. The gentle breeze that caresses their skin reminds them of the outdoors, of the freedom and liberation that the game offers.15. In the silence that follows a victorious match point, a sense of fulfillment washes over the players, their spirits soaring high on the wings of triumph.16. The laughter and camaraderie shared among teammates after a challenging game creates an atmosphere of joy and friendship.17. The court becomes a canvas, and with each swing, a brushstroke, as the players pXXnt a masterpiece of athletic prowess.18. The flicker of determination in their eyes is reflected in their every move, a reminder of the unwavering spirit that propels them forward.19. The sound of the shuttlecock hitting the sweet spot of the racquet reverberates through the players' bodies, a shared secret between them and their chosen instrument.20. The game of badminton transcends boundaries of age, language, and culture, bringing people together through a shared passion for athletic excellence.21. The sweat-soaked jerseys bear witness to the players' dedication, a physical manifestation of their commitment to their craft.22. The players' bodies move as if guided by invisible strings, their agility and precision a testament to their years of trXXning and practice.23. The swiftness of their footwork as they dart across the court is a sight to behold,a dance of synchronicity and agility.24. The opponent becomes a worthy companion, a partner in the pursuit of self-improvement, as the players push each other to new heights.25. The soft thump of the shuttlecock landing gently on the court punctuates each rally, creating a rhythm that guides the players' movements.26. The hushed anticipation before a serve hangs in the XXr, a moment frozen in time, as the players prepare to embark on a new chapter of the game.27. Every shot is an opportunity for greatness, a chance to leave an indelible mark on the court and in the hearts of those who witness it.28. The players' eyes meet across the net, a silent communication that transcends words, as they engage in a battle of skill and strategy.29. The passion that burns within their hearts fuels their every swing, their every dive, showcasing the sheer determination that propels them forward.30. The rhythmic breathing of the players aligns with the tempo of the game, a symphony of inhales and exhales that echoes in their chests.31. Sweat mingles with determination on their brows, a physical manifestation of the fierce resolve that fuels their every move.32. The gentle hush that falls over the court during a pivotal moment amplifies the tension in the XXr, heightening the players' focus and intensity.33. The moment of silence before the serve is a canvas of possibilities, a blank page wXXting to be filled by the players' skills and strategies.34. The thuds of the players' shoes agXXnst the court fuse together in a rhythmic melody, a soundtrack that accompanies the exhilarating game.35. The shuttlecock floats through the XXr like a fragile dream, seemingly defying the laws of physics and leaving the players in awe.36. The players' bodies mirror each other's movements, their every step a reflectionof the other's intent, creating a mesmerizing symphony of synchronicity.37. The warmth of the sun on their backs adds an extra layer of vibrancy to the game,a reminder of the beauty of playing outdoors.38. The court transforms into an arena of possibilities, where dreams take flight and champions are born.39. Every serve holds the promise of a new beginning, a chance for redemption and a fresh start in the game.40. The net bears witness to the players' determination, a silent divider that separates them while also connecting them in their love for the sport.41. The unpredictability of the game keeps the players on their toes, their minds constantly engaged and searching for the perfect shot.42. The players' muscles strXXn and stretch with every swing, a physical embodiment of the resilience required to excel in the sport.43. The crowd's cheers become a beautiful symphony of voices, celebrating the awe-inspiring display of skill and talent on the court.44. The satisfaction of a well-executed shot lingers in the XXr, a moment of bliss amidst the chaos of the fast-paced game.45. The sound of the racket slicing through the XXr is music to the players' ears, a reminder of the power they wield in every stroke.46. The shuttlecock weaves through the empty space, leaving a trXXl of anticipation in its wake, as the players chase after its elusive flight path.47. The game of badminton is a poem in motion, each rally a stanza crafted with precision and grace.48. The players' sweat and determination mix with the energy in the XXr, creating an intoxicating atmosphere that fuels the game.49. The game demands the players' utmost focus, a meditation in motion that transports them to a realm beyond the confines of the court.50. The echoes of past champions resonate within the players, inspiring them to push their limits and leave their mark on the sport.。

OMAP3530 WinCE 1.00.00.05 DVSDK 发行说明说明书

OMAP3530 WinCE Digital Video Software Development Kit (DVSDK)DVSDK WinCE 1.00.00.05Release Notes Dec 04, 2009Important Note: Users must install the OMAP3530 WINCE DVSDK in order to access certain documentation hyperlinks in this document.IntroductionThis is the first DVSDK WinCE 100 source release targeted for OMAP3530 EVM.The DVSDK WinCE 100 product release is supported on OMAP35x EVM platform. This DVSDK, coupled with WinCE board support package, gives developers the ability to evaluate the hardware and software capabilities of the OMAP35x EVM platform with WinCE 6.0 R2/R3. Developers will be able to evaluate the ARM WinCE programming environment and easily utilize the powerful hardware support of the OMAP3530 SoC for various audio, video, speech and image codecs.This document is divided into the following sections:•Features•Documentation•DVSDK Package Contents•Installation and Usage•Upgrade and Compatibility Information•Host Support•Dependencies•Device Support•Validation Information•Exceptions and Known Issues•Limitations•Special Notes•Technical Support and Product UpdatesFeaturesThis DVSDK release includes support for OMAP3530 and OMAP3525 with the following features and has been tested with WinCE Board Support Package (BSP) R6.12.03:•Support for OMAP35x ES3.1 Silicon version with 256MB LPDDR•Backward compatible with OMAP35x ES2.1 Silicon version with 128MB LPDDR.•XDM 1.0 Codecs from TI.Audio: AAC LC/HE DecoderImage: JPEG Encoder/DecoderSpeech: G.711 Encoder/DecoderVideo: H.264 BP Encoder/Decoder, MPEG4 SP Encoder/Decoder, MPEG2 Decoder•DirectShow Filters•H.264 video decode directshow filter•MPEG4 video decode directshow filter•MPEG2 video decode directshow filter•DVSDK Demos and apps:•DMAI apps for performing file based decode and encodeoperations.•WMP to exercise media playback.•Digital Video Test Bench is not supported with this release.•WinCE 6.0 R2/R3 supportedDocumentation•DVSDK WinCE 100 Getting Started Guide - Hardware and software overview, including how to run demos, install software, and build thedemos. Latest Getting Started Guide can be found online here •Codec Engine Release Notes•Framework Components Release Notes•OMAP3530 Codec Server Release Notes•DaVinci Multimedia Application Interface (DMAI) Release Notes•Direct Show Filters (dshow) Release Notes•DSP/BIOS LINK Release Notes•DSP/BIOS Utilities Release Notes•EDMA3 Low Level Driver Release Notes•WinCE Utils Release Notes•XDAIS Release NotesDVSDK Package ContentsThe DVSDK contains the following components:biosutils_1_02_02 BIOS Utilitieswinceutils_1_00_02 Contiguous memory allocator for WinCEcodec_engine_2_24_01 The Codec Engine provides a framework for creating and interacting with multimedia codecsdmai_1_24_00_07 DaVinci Multimedia Application Interfacedshow_1_00_00_07 TI Directshow multimedia filters. dsplink_1_64 Foundation software for the inter-processorcommunication across the GPP-DSP boundary.framework_components_2_24_01 Framework Components is a collection offramework-independent utility libraries which othersoftware frameworks can build upon.cs1omap3530_1_00_01 Codec Server for decoding and encoding video,audio, speech and image.local_power_manager_1_24_01 Local Power Manager for DSP edma3_lld_01_06_00_01 EDMA3 Low Level Driver containing Resource Manager and Driverxdais_6_24_01_06xDAIS product contains the DSP AlgorithmInterface Standard specification and relateddocumentation and examples. A detailed DVSDK WinCE software manifest can be found hereThe DVSDK depends on the following tools/components:The DVSDK release is shipped with prebuilt components and these tools (exceptXDCTOOLS) are needed only for recompiling the individual components.XDCTOOLS is needed for DVSDK binary installation as well.Important Note: install XDCTOOLS and TI CodeGen tools in directories thatdon’t have any spaces in their path name (default installation path for thesetools may have spaces). Some of the DVSDK component builds fail if thereare spaces in the installation path of these tools.Installation and UsagePlease follow the Getting Started Guide for detailed installation and usageinstructions.Upgrade and Compatibility InformationThe OMAP3530 DVSDK release is independently installable. No upgradeinstructions are available with this release.bSquare WinCE 6.0 BSP Release 6.12.03 or later BSP for WinCE 6.0 R2/R3. bios_5_33_05Stand-alone DSP/BIOS. xdctools_3_10_05_61TI XDC tool. cg6x_6_1_9 TI C6x CodeGen tools.ActivePerl5.8 Active PerlHost SupportThis release supports installation and development on Windows XP workstations.DependenciesThe only known dependencies are listed here.Device SupportThis release supports the Texas Instruments OMAP3530 and OMAP3525 SoC. The verification was done on the OMAP35x Evaluation Module (TMDXEVM3503 and TMDSEVM3530)Validation InformationA sanity test of the DVSDK WinCE 100 build 1_00_00_05 was performed before release to the system test team. The sanity test covered the following tests. The validation was done on OMAP35x EVM.•Play AVI files with MPEG2, MPEG4 and H264 video decoder and MP3 audio decoder using Windows Media Player. Some of the test clips usedfor testing and benchmarking can be found here. http://software-/dsps/dsps_public_sw/sdo_sb/targetcontent/media/wince/index_FDS.html•Run DMAI demonstration applications as described in Getting Started Guide.In addition this release has gone through a complete QA cycle.Exceptions and Known Issues•MP3 playback can only be done on the ARM. This results in higher ARM-side CPU load.•Only AVI containers are supported.•AV synchronization is sometimes off for H.264 video clips at D1 resolution when the bitrate is high (e.g. >= 2Mbps) on Omap3530 ES2.1 siliconreading the media files from SD card. Performance can be improved byusing ES 3.1 silicon with multiple block reads enabled for the SDIO driver.•WMP cannot be run at the same time as DMAI applications, due to lack of an arbitrator of DSPLINK resources.•When performing jpeg image encode using DMAI application of an image with dimension (height or width) that is not a multiple of 16, leads todistorted output. This is a JPEG encoder known limitation.•When performing jpeg image encode using DMAI application, it was observed that using qfactor above 96 leads to misalignment in outputimage.•When performing AAC audio decode using DMAI application, high tone heard in decoded file after an aac decode operation.•When performing AAC audio decode using DMAI application, Mono files are decoded as dualmono during aac decode operations.•DMAI application does not support 411p and 422i as possible chroma formats•The default CMEM configuration allows JPEG encode and decode of images with resolutions upto 1280x720 (1MPixel) with YUV444, YUV422,YUV420 formats. Images of higher resolution can be encoded/decodedwith appropriate increase in CMEM buffer configuration within limits ofavailable memory•Rotation may not work for Video codecs that are part of WinCE 6.0 running on ARM (e.g, MPEG1 video, WMV video). These codecs do not handle the stride information properly. Please contact Microsoft for further details.•SDOCM00057731: MPEG2 Decoder: Flicker is observed at top of the display while decoding Mpeg2 streams of resolution 352x240 with videodecode•SDOCM00062310: MPEG2 Decoder: Generated yuv resolution is not same as the input stream resolution for some MP streams•SDOCM00060533: MPEG2 Decoder: Unable to decode certain clips @ QCIF resolutionFor latest list of known issues, please click on issues list. If this is your first time accessing this database please create an account hereDefects Fixed in DVSDK WinCE 1.00.00.05•Updated direct show filters enable Video Rotation using VRFB for Video codecs running on the DSP (H.264 decode, MPEG2 decode, MPEG4decode).•Optimization in Multimedia framework, higher DSP clock speed as well as adjustment in display driver buffer settings improves multimediaperformance. H.264 video clips at D1 resolution with bitrates of upto2Mbps can be played without any AV sync issue on ES2.1 silicon withmedia files on SD card. MPEG2 and MPEG4 video clips at D1 resolutionwith bitrates upto 4Mbps can be played without AV sync issues.Performance is further improved by using ES 3.1 silicon with multiple block reads enabled for the SDIO driver.Defects Fixed in DVSDK WinCE 1.00.00.04•CERuntime_exit() API is called by TI multimedia filter when closing Windows Media Player. This should free up unused resources.•Benchmarking (--benchmark option) is now supported in DMAI applications •WMP hangs due to exception in timm.dll when unsupported input file is selectedDefects Fixed in DVSDK WinCE 1.00.00.03•Reducing the window size of the Windows Media Player to a size smaller than the frame size may result in corrupted output.•Video display is corrupted when part of the display window lies outside the LCD display.•Directshow filters do not meet real-time and display is corrupted when video renderer operates in GDI mode (ie. when Windows Media Player ishidden by another window). This is because GDI mode requires YUV toRGB conversion of the DSP codec output frames.•DMAI Video Encode - for both H.264 and MPEG4 files, error pertaining to contiguous buffer causes failure•DMAI Image Encode - CMEM configurations to be provided for 1920x1280 and above resolutionsLimitationsSpecial Notes•In order to experience the demos and apps that comes with DVSDK WinCE 100, please refer to the Getting Started Guide.Technical Support and Product UpdatesPlease register your EVM serial number as instructed on the printed Read Me 1st Card in order to download the updated software release as soon as it becomes available.•For questions and support on the DVSDK WinCE 100, please visit .•Please be sure to read the Digital Video Software Development Kit (DVSDK) release notes, printed documentation and Getting Started Guide for general information.• A developer wiki site is available at/index.php?title=Main_Page. For information onOMAP35x, search for OMAP35x in the google toolbar embedded in thepage. User contributions are encouraged.。

系统管理员版本6.3 Manager（Windows版）复制设置指南（ExpressCluster

SystemManager Version 6.3 Manager (Windows Version) Duplication Setup Guide (ExpressCluster X Edition)June 2016CONTENTSChapter 1Preface (3)Chapter 2Configuration Procedure (4)2.1Setting up ExpressCluster X (4)2.2Setting up MasterScope SystemManager (10)2.3Set up the start setting of MasterScope SystemManager (12)Chapter 3Uninstalling SystemManager (16)3.1Uninstalling SystemManager (16)3.2Deleting Files (16)Chapter 4Other Notes (16)4.1Registering Licenses (16)DisclaimerThe contents of this document are subject to change without notice.NEC Corporation takes no responsibility for any technical or editorial errors, or omissions, in this document.In addition, you are responsible for installing and using the software in accordance with the descriptions in this document in order to obtain the expected results.NEC Corporation owns the copyright to the contents of this document. You are not permitted to reproduce, modify, or translate this document in whole or in part without the permission of NEC Corporation.Trademark informationCLUSTERPRO® X is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation.Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.Other product names and slogans in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Other system names, company names, and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Chapter 1 PrefaceThis document provides an example procedure for using ExpressCluster X to set up a cluster configuration that has two nodes (for duplication). ExpressCluster X is an NEC product that can be used to switch running processes between nodes in a duplicated system.In this document, a host system included in a cluster is referred to as a node.Supplemental informationUpgrading an OSIf the incorrect procedure is used to upgrade the OS on a cluster server, failovers might occur at unexpected times. In the worst case, this might damage the system.Only upgrade the OS in accordance with the procedure on the setup card.This also applies when applying a service pack.Application rangeThis document describes ExpressCluster X 1.0 for Windows.ExpressCluster X® is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation.Microsoft® and Windows®are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.Other system names, company names, and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.Chapter 2 Configuration ProcedureThis chapter provides a procedure for configuring a MasterScope SystemManager cluster environment.2.1 Setting up ExpressCluster XThis document assumes that ExpressCluster X is installed and that a cluster environment has been set up. For details about how to configure a cluster environment, also see the ExpressCluster X documents.* These documents can be downloaded from the following website: /en/global/prod/expresscluster/en/support/manuals.html?Creating failover groupsFor ExpressCluster X, nodes connected to the cluster are managed using units called failover groups (referred to as groups below).For details about how to create groups, see the relevant ExpressCluster X document (chapter 5 in the Installation and Creation Guide).Figure 2-1 WebManagerSetting up shared resourcesThe following describes how to set up shared resources for a failover group.Here, the following shared resources are assumed:⏹Floating IP address: 192.168.1.10⏹Shared (mirror) disk: Y drive⏹Service:Manager: MasterScope UMF Operations Manager_n (The italicized n representsa number.)Start Builder, and then select a failover group. (Here, select [MasterScope].)Figure 2-2 Group PropertiesRight click the group, and then select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu. The [Definition of a resouce] dialog box is displayed.First, set up the shared disk. For [Type], select [disk resource] or [mirror disk resource], and then enter the group name of the shared disk in the [Name] text box. Set up the disk in accordance with the instructions in the dialog box.Figure 2-3 Definition of a resouce (Shared Disk)Next, set up the floating IP address. Right click the group, select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu, select [floating ip resource] for [Type], and then enter the group name in the [Name] text box.Figure 2-4 Definition of a resouce (Floating IP Address)Specify the floating IP address in the [IP Address] text box.Figure 2-5 Floating IP Address AdditionSwitching between connected nodesTo switch between the active and standby nodes, use the following method.Open a command prompt, and then enter the following command:* A direct command can be entered because the environment variable PATH isregistered when ExpressCluster X is installed.The nodes can also be switched by right clicking the icon next to a group namedisplayed in the left WebManager pane and then selecting [Move] from the displayedpop-up menu.Figure 2-6 Switching Between Connected Nodes2.2 Setting up MasterScope SystemManagerInstall the MasterScope SystemManager manager on the Windows computers to be used as active and standby servers.For details about how to do so, see the Release Notes supplied with the product.As described in 2.1 Setting up ExpressCluster X, the following shared resources are assumed:∙Virtual host name: vhost1∙Shared disk: Y driveNotes* Install MasterScope SystemManager on the active server first, and then on the standby server.* It must be possible to reference the shared disk when installing the active server manager.* Use the same drive and folder as the installation destination for MasterScope SystemManager on the active and standby servers.* vhost1 is a host name that can be resolved to a floating IP address (192.168.1.10).The following describes the procedure for installing the MasterScope SystemManager manager.First, start up the cluster from the active node, and then install MasterScope SystemManager on the active node.In the installation settings window, specify the following settings:\Manager\sg is automatically added to the data area folder, and settings that must be shared are stored here.After installation finishes, confirm that \Manager\sg has been created in the data area folder.Next, set up the MasterScope SystemManager manager on the standby node.In the installation settings window, specify the following settings:After installation finishes, change the service startup attributes on both the active and standby nodes.In the [Start] menu, click [Administrative Tools] and then [Services]. Next, stop the [MasterScope UMF Operations Manager_1] service, and then change the [Startup type] in the properties from [Automatic] to [Manual].Figure 2-7 Service Properties* If using the bundled DB, change the [Startup type] for the bundled DB service to [Manual] in the same way.2.3 Set up the start setting of MasterScope SystemManagerSet up the service. Right click the group, select [Add Resource] from the displayed pop-up menu, select [execute resource] for [Type], and then enter the group name in the [Name] text box.Figure 2-8 Definition of a resouce (Service)Specify the Windows service name for the product in the [Service Name] text box.Figure 2-9 Service Name SpecificationThe service name varies depending on the node, so enter the following service name.* serial-number represents a number. Check the actual value in the Windows [Administrative Tools].To set up the dependencies, clear the [Follow the default dependence] check box, and then add resources that depend on the floating IP address and shared disk.Figure 2-10 Dependency SpecificationAfter specifying the settings, return to the failover group properties, and then confirm that the settings have been applied (by confirming that the window is like the one shown in Figure 2-2).* If using the bundled DB, add the resource for the bundled DB service in the same way. Set up the resource dependencies so that the bundled DB is dependent on SystemManager.Service name is [fdb_wfdbn].n indicates a service number of 1 or higher.(The value is set during installation of MasterScope products.)This manual describes startup settings for failover groups.Separately set up service monitoring in accordance with the relevant ExpressCluster X document.This concludes the ExpressCluster X setup.Chapter 3 Uninstalling SystemManager3.1 Uninstalling SystemManagerTo uninstall SystemManager, perform the procedure described in the SystemManager Release Memo (relememo.pdf).3.2 Deleting FilesAfter uninstalling SystemManager, files and directories remain on the shared disk.Manually delete directories on the shared disk specified during installation.Chapter 4 Other Notes4.1 Registering LicensesRegister licenses for a cluster environment on both the active and standby nodes.。

欧洲潜水与高气压医学医师教育和训练标准简介及对我国的启示解析

标准要求该类人员：（１）能完成对作业和娱乐潜水员或压缩空气作业人员的初步及其他所有项目的评估。（２）能够处理潜水事故，可以向潜水作业承包商等提供潜水医学及生理学建议（在高气压医学专家或顾问的支持下）。（３）应具备
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ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ
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时治疗。９．感染的治疗：在医生的指导下使用抗生素进行治疗。参考文献
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业发展的主体，尤其是在商业潜水和军事潜水中，他们的健
康和安全事关潜水事业的前途和命运…。要保障潜水员的
健康与安全，其中之一就是培养理论知识丰富、实践操作能
力强的潜水高气压作业保障人员。发达国家都建立了针对
万方数据
本国或组织的潜水与高气压相关人员的培训标准，为本国的潜水事业的发展和潜水员的安全与健康发挥了积极的作用。欧洲高气压医学委员会（Ｅｕｒｏｐｅａｎ
（４）：２７７—２８４．ｅ１３］徐雄利，陈双红，陈锐勇，等．氦氧饱和潜水实验人群铜绿假单胞菌鉴定及毒力研究［Ｊ］．中华疾病控制杂志，２０１２，１６（１）：２５—２７．［１４］Ｊｏｎｅｓ

关于战争的作文英语

When it comes to writing an essay about war,there are several key elements to consider in order to create a compelling and informative piece.Here are some steps and points to include in your essay:1.Introduction:Start with a powerful statement or a question that grabs the readers attention.You might introduce the topic by discussing the universal impact of war or by presenting a historical event that sparked your interest in the subject.2.Background Information:Provide some historical context to the war you are discussing. This could include the causes of the war,the major players involved,and the timeline of significant events.3.The Human Cost:Discuss the impact of war on individuals and societies.This can include the loss of life,injuries,displacement of people,and the psychological effects on soldiers and civilians.4.Economic and Political Implications:Wars often have farreaching consequences that extend beyond the battlefield.Discuss how wars affect the economy,political structures, and international relations.5.Technological Advancements:Wars can drive technological innovation,both in terms of weaponry and other areas.Discuss how certain wars have led to advancements in technology that have shaped the world.6.Ethical Considerations:Delve into the moral and ethical dilemmas that arise during times of war.This can include discussions on the justness of war,the treatment of prisoners,and the use of certain weapons.7.Resolution and Aftermath:Discuss how the war ended and the immediate aftermath. This can include peace treaties,reparations,and the establishment of new political orders.8.LongTerm Effects:Consider the longterm effects of the war on the countries involved and the world at large.This can include changes in demographics,shifts in power dynamics,and the creation of new nations or borders.9.Personal Reflection:If appropriate,include a personal reflection on what you have learned about the war and how it has affected your understanding of history,conflict,and humanity.10.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and provide a closing thoughtthat leaves the reader with something to consider.This could be a call to action,a question,or a statement about the enduring legacy of the war.Remember to support your points with evidence from reliable sources,such as historical documents,academic articles,and reputable news sources.Be sure to cite these sources properly to avoid plagiarism and to lend credibility to your essay.。

沉默电子游戏浪费时间的英语作文

沉默电子游戏浪费时间的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Silent Video Games: A Waste of TimeIn today's fast-paced world, many people turn to electronic games as a form of entertainment and stress relief. However, there is a growing concern about the impact of silent video games on individuals and society as a whole. While some argue that video games are a harmless form of entertainment, others believe that they are a waste of time that could be better spent on more productive activities.One of the main reasons why silent video games are considered a waste of time is because they often lead to a sedentary lifestyle. Many video games require players to sit in front of a screen for hours on end, leading to a lack of physical activity and potential health problems such as obesity and poor posture. Instead of spending time on video games, individuals could be engaging in physical activities that promote health and well-being.In addition to the physical health risks associated with silent video games, there are also concerns about the mental health implications. Studies have shown that excessive video game use can lead to addiction, social isolation, and even depression. Furthermore, the immersive nature of video games can make it difficult for individuals to distinguish between reality and fantasy, leading to a distorted sense of the world.Another reason why silent video games are considered a waste of time is because they often lack educational value. While some games claim to improve cognitive skills andproblem-solving abilities, the reality is that many video games simply allow players to passively consume content without actively engaging their minds. Instead of expanding their knowledge and skills, individuals may find themselves stuck in a cycle of mindless entertainment.Despite these concerns, some argue that silent video games can have positive effects on individuals, such as improving hand-eye coordination, reflexes, and decision-making skills. Additionally, video games can provide a sense of escapism and entertainment for individuals looking to relax and unwind after a long day. However, it is important to balance the benefits of video games with the potential drawbacks to ensure thatindividuals are not wasting their time on a form of entertainment that does not offer significant value.In conclusion, while silent video games can be a fun and entertaining pastime, it is important to consider the potential negative consequences of excessive gaming. By being mindful of the amount of time spent playing video games and ensuring that other aspects of life are not neglected, individuals can enjoy the benefits of gaming while also prioritizing their physical and mental well-being. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to decide how they want to spend their time and whether or not silent video games are a worthwhile pursuit.篇2Silent electronic games have become a popular form of entertainment in recent years, with people of all ages spending hours on end playing games on their phones, computers, and consoles. While these games can be fun and engaging, they can also be a major time-waster and have negative effects on our mental and physical well-being.One of the biggest problems with silent electronic games is that they can be highly addictive. The constant stimulation and rewards provided by these games can trigger the release ofdopamine in the brain, creating a pleasurable sensation that keeps players coming back for more. This can lead people to spend hours playing games, neglecting their responsibilities and relationships in the process.In addition to being addictive, silent electronic games can also be a major time-sink. Many people find themselves spending hours on end playing these games, only to look back and realize that they've wasted precious time that could have been spent on more productive activities. This can be particularly problematic for students and working professionals, who may find themselves falling behind on their schoolwork or job duties due to their time spent gaming.Furthermore, excessive gaming can have negative effects on our mental and physical health. Spending too much time in front of a screen can lead to eye strain, headaches, and poor posture. Additionally, the sedentary nature of gaming can contribute to weight gain and other health problems associated with a lack of physical activity. Mentally, excessive gaming can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and even depression, as people become more disconnected from the real world and fixated on their virtual realities.Fortunately, there are steps that can be taken to mitigate the negative effects of silent electronic games. Setting a time limit for gaming each day, prioritizing real-life relationships and responsibilities, and taking frequent breaks to stretch and move around can all help to prevent the negative consequences of excessive gaming. Additionally, finding other ways to relax and unwind, such as reading a book, going for a walk, or engaging in a hobby, can help to reduce the temptation to spend hours on end playing games.In conclusion, while silent electronic games can be a fun and entertaining way to pass the time, they can also be a major time-waster and have negative effects on our mental and physical well-being. By setting limits on gaming, prioritizing real-life relationships and responsibilities, and finding other ways to relax and unwind, it is possible to enjoy the benefits of gaming without falling into the trap of excessive and harmful gameplay. Ultimately, it is important to strike a balance between gaming and other aspects of life in order to lead a healthy and fulfilling existence.篇3Silent Electronic Games: A Waste of TimeWith the rapid advancement of technology, electronic games have become a popular form of entertainment for people of all ages. Whether it is on a gaming console, computer, or mobile device, the allure of immersing oneself in a virtual world is undeniable. However, the rise of silent electronic games, where players do not communicate with each other but rather play alone, has led many to question whether this form of entertainment is truly worth the time and effort.One of the main criticisms of silent electronic games is that they can be a major time sink. Many players find themselves getting caught up in the addictive nature of these games, spending hours on end trying to level up, unlock achievements, or complete quests. This can lead to a neglect of real-life responsibilities such as work, school, or personal relationships. In extreme cases, individuals may develop a gaming addiction that can have serious consequences on their mental and physical health.Another issue with silent electronic games is that they promote a sedentary lifestyle. Sitting for long periods of time in front of a screen can lead to a host of health problems, including obesity, eye strain, and poor posture. This lack of physical activitycan also have a negative impact on one's overall well-being, as exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy body and mind.Furthermore, the solitary nature of silent electronic games can contribute to feelings of loneliness and isolation. While playing alone can be a relaxing way to unwind after a long day, it can also prevent players from forming meaningful connections with others. Online multiplayer games, where players can interact with each other in real-time, offer a sense of community and camaraderie that is lacking in silent games.In conclusion, while silent electronic games can be a fun and engaging pastime, they also have the potential to be a serious time-waster. It is important for players to strike a balance between gaming and real-life activities, and to recognize when their hobby is starting to have a negative impact on their lives. By setting limits on their gaming time, staying active, and seeking out opportunities for social interaction, players can enjoy the benefits of electronic games without falling into the trap of wasting time on silent pursuits.。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

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A DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYNCPLAYER SYSTEMChristian Fremerey,Frank Kurth,Meinard M¨uller,and Michael ClausenBonn UniversityDepartment of Computer Science IIIABSTRACTThe SyncPlayer system is an advanced audio player formultimodal presentation,browsing,and retrieval of musicdata.The system has been extended signiﬁcantly in thelast few years.In this contribution,we describe the currentstate of the system and demonstrate the functionalities andinteractions of the novel SyncPlayer components includ-ing combined inter-and intra-document music browsing.1SYNCPLAYER OVERVIEWThe SyncPlayer is a client-server based software frame-work integrating various MIR-techniques such as music synchronization,content-based retrieval,and multimodal presentation of audio recordings and associated annota-tions[3].The framework basically consists of three com-ponents:a server component,a client component,and a toolset for data administration(see also Figure1):•The user operates the client component,which inits basic mode acts like a standard software audioplayer for*.mp3and*.wavﬁles.Additional in-terfaces,e.g.,for performing content-based queriesas well as various visualization tools,are providedthrough plug-ins(see Figure2).•A remote computer system runs the server compo-nent,which is capable of identifying audio record-ings played by the client and which supplies theclient with metadata and annotations for thoserecordings.Furthermore,the server comprises sev-eral types of music search engines.•Several server-side administration tools are used formaintaining the databases and indexes underlyingthe SyncPlayer system.In a typical SyncPlayer scenario we assume that,on the server-side,there exists a large collection of music docu-ments.Here,for each given piece of music,various digital representations(e.g.,audio,MIDI,MusicXML,scanned images of sheet music)as well as associated metadata should be accessible by the server.In the following,this kind of data will be referred to as raw data.The raw data is further processed to generate what we refer to as derived c 2007Austrian Computer Society(OCG).Ofﬂine(Preprocessing)Online(Runtime)Figure1.Overview of the SyncPlayer framework. data.The derived data comprises high-level audio fea-tures,various kinds of synchronization and linking data, or structural data,which reveals musically relevant char-acteristics as well as existing relations within the under-lying raw data.Such data may be generated efﬁciently in a purely automatic fashion by means of MIR techniques. Other types of derived data may include textual annota-tions of audio recordings aligning the lyrics to a corre-sponding recorded song or synchronization data linking scanned sheet music with a corresponding audio ing the SyncPlayer administration tools,the raw data as well as the derived data are indexed and stored in databases,which can then be efﬁciently accessed by the SyncPlayer server.The generation of the derived data as well as the data organization and indexing can be done of-ﬂine in some preprocessing step(Figure1).For further technical details concerning the data administration and the SyncPlayer implementation,we refer to[2,3].The SyncPlayer framework offers two basic modes for accessing audio documents and corresponding content-based data such as annotations.First,a user operating the client system may choose locally available audio record-ings for playback.The client then extracts features from the audio recordings which are sent to the remote Sync-Player server.The server subsequently attempts to identify the audio recording based on the submitted features.Upon success,the server searches its database for available an-notations(such as lyrics or notes)which are then sent back to the client.The client system offers the user several visu-alization types for the available annotations.Examples are indicated by Figure2,which shows from top to bottom the SyncPlayer client,a visualization plug-in for a karaoke-like display for lyrics information,a piano-roll style dis-play for note(MIDI)information,and a display for the repetitive audio structure.Further plug-ins are available for displaying the waveform,the spectogram,or scannedFigure2.The SyncPlayer with three visualization plug-ins showing different annotations(lyrics,piano roll,struc-ture)for Schubert’s Winterreise D911No.11.images of sheet music synchronously to audio playback.The plug-in displaying the audio structure allows the user to instantly switch between blocks of musically sim-ilar content within a single music document.For exam-ple,musically similar blocks might be repetitions or vari-ations of a musical theme.We call this application intra-document browsing because the user browses through par-ticular blocks of a single music document.In addition, we have developed the Audio Switcher plug-in(see Fig-ure3),which offers inter-document browsing similar to the MATCH System by Dixon et al.[1].It allows the user to open several synchronized interpretations of the same piece of music.The user may listen to one of the selected interpretations and then,at any time during play-back,switch to another interpretation.The playback in the target interpretation will continue at the position that mu-sically corresponds to the position inside the previously selected interpretation.The second method for accessing audio documents us-ing the SyncPlayer is by means of appropriate queryen-Figure3.The SyncPlayer on top of the Audio Switcher plug-in.Here,ﬁve different interpretations of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony are selected in the Audio Switcher. gines.In this scenario,the user operates a query plug-in offered by the client.Queries are submitted to the SyncPlayer server which,depending on the query type, schedules the queries to an appropriate query engine.A ranked list of retrieval results is returned to the client and displayed to the user.The user may then select partic-ular query results for playback which are subsequently streamed from the server along with available annotation data.Currently,query engines for lyrics-and melody-based retrieval exists for performing symbolic queries. For searching audio recordings,a query engine for audio matching[4]has been implemented.For detailed information on the SyncPlayer framework we refer to[2,3].A demo version of the SyncPlayer is available for download at the SyncPlayer Homepage[5].2REFERENCES[1]S.D IXON AND G.W IDMER,MATCH:A Music AlignmentTool Chest,in Proc.ISMIR,London,GB,2005.[2] C.F REMEREY,SyncPlayer–a Framework for Content-Based Music Navigation.Master Thesis,Dept.of Computer Science,University of Bonn,2006.[3] F.K URTH,M.M¨ULLER, D.D AMM, C.F REMEREY,A.R IBBROCK,AND M.C LAUSEN,Syncplayer—an ad-vanced system for content-based audio access,in Proc.IS-MIR,London,GB,2005.[4]M.M¨ULLER,F.K URTH,AND M.C LAUSEN,Audio match-ing via chroma-based statistical features,in Proc.ISMIR, London,GB,2005.[5]S YNC P LAYER,An advanced system for multmodal musicaccess.Website,January2007.http://www-mmdb.iai.uni-bonn.de/projects/syncplayer.。