勘查技术专业英语01

PARTⅠREADINGLesson 1Site Investigation 现场调查Site investigation involves exploring the ground conditions at and below the surface, it is a prerequisite for the successful and economic design of engineering structures and earthworks. Insufficient or inadequate information with respect to the character of the ground can lead to the production of an unsatisfactory design which may subsequently result in serious damage or even failure of the structure concerned.现场调查包括对地表和地下的地基条件的勘查，它是顺利和经济地制订工程结构和土方工程设计的前提。

有关地基特性的资料不足或不充分，会使设计不完善，从而给有关建筑物造成严重的危害，甚至失败。

注释：1．exploring：勘探、勘查、勘测。

动名词（the gerund）主要起名词作用，可以作主语、宾语、表语等，这里是作involves的宾语。

2．the ground conditions at and below是exploring 的宾语。

at and below：介词词组。

at在……之处（位置，范展），below在……下面。

3．prerequisite for：prerequisite名词，先决（必要〕条件，前提（to，for），在句中作表语。

4．with respect to：成语介词（phrasal preposition）关于，就……而论，（相）对（于），根据。

5．concerned：有关的。

分词作定语用，跟在所修饰名词的后面。

例如：The experience gained will be of great value to us．取得的经验对我们很有价值。

The scale of the mapping will depend on the engineering requirement, the complexity of the geology, and the staff and time available. For example, on a large project geological mapping is frequently required on a large and detailed scale. This should be carried out from a geotechnical point of view. In other words thin, but suspect, horizon s such as clay bands should be recorded, as should the degree of weathering. The incidence and geometry of discontinuities is an all important factor in rock mass behaviour and therefore should also be recorded.测绘比例尺取决于工程的要求、地质的复杂性及备有的人员和时间。

例如，对于一个大型项目，常常需要进行大比例尺和详细的地质测绘。

这种测绘应以岩土工程的观点进行。

换言之，即使很薄，但有潜在危害的层，譬如粘土层，都应当像风化程度那样加以编录。

岩层间断的影响范围和几何形状，是岩体性状的一个十分重要的因素，因此，同样应加以编录。

注释：1．depend on：成语动词，随……而定，取决于，依赖（靠），相信（on，upon）。

2．on a large project：介词短语。

此处的介词on是关于，对于，论及。

3．on a large and detailed scale：介词短语。

此处介词on是靠，借（助），用，通过。

例如：act on principle 按原则办事。

4．as should the degree of weathering：由as引起的表示比较关系的状语从句。

A comprehensive survey of sampling in soils was undertaken by Hvoslev. As far as soils are concerned samples may be divided into two types, disturbed and undisturbed. A larger sample is necessary if the particle size distribution of granular material is required and this may be retained in a tough plastic sack. Care must be exercised when obtain ing such samples to avoid loss of fines.赫沃斯列夫对采样进行了全面研究。

就土而论，土样可分成两类：扰动土样和原状土样。

如果需要颗粒材料的粒径分布资料，就必须采较大样品，所采样品可以盛在一个坚固的塑料袋中。

当采集这类样品时，必须小心避免细颗粒的散失。

注释：1．was undertaken by：被动语态，由助动词“be”加过去分词构成。

助动词“be”需要和主语的人称和数一致，并表示出时态，语气。

2．as far as……is concerned：就……而论（来说）。

3．Care must be exercised to avoid ……：必须小心避免……，中间插入一时间状语：when obtaining such samples。

（将被动句变为汉语主动句更通俗易懂）。

Exploration should be carried out to a depth which includes all strata likely to be significantly affected by the structural load. Experience has shown that damaging settlement does not usually take place when the added stress in the soil due to the weight of a structure is less than 10％of the effective overburden stress.勘探深度应包括可能受结构荷载影响较大的所有地层。

经验表明，当因建筑物重量而产主的土的附加应力不到有效覆盖应力的10％时，一般不会发生破坏性沉陷。

注释：l．likely to be significantly affected by the structural load：不定式作all strata的定语。

不定式用作定语有两种情况比较普遍，一是用在一定的句型中，一是用在某些特定名词之后。

这里属前种情况。

2．take place：发生，举行。

3．due to：由于，归因于。

due是名词，应得物，应得权益。

4．less than……：less（little的比较级），than：连接词，比。

less than……是由than引起的状语从句。

The simplest form of in situ density test is the replacement test. A suitable area of ground is chosen and leveled, and a hole is excavated by hand and the spoil is weighted. When a suitable quantity has been dug out, the hole is filled with standard sand from a sand pouring container, the volume of sand being calculated. With the weight and volume of the soil determined, the density can be calculated.最简单的现场密度试验方法是置换试验。

选择一块适合的地面并加以平整，然后用手工挖掘一个孔洞，称量挖出的土的重量。

当已挖出适量的土时，用砂灌注器将已计算出体积的标准砂充填孔洞。

根据土的重量和体积，可以计算出密度。

注释：1．in situ：situ （拉丁语），in situ原地，在（施工）现场。

2．with standard sand：介调短语作状语，with（说明表示动作的词〕用，以，借助。

3．the volume of sand being calculated：现在分词的被动形式作定语。

being calculated为the volume of sand的定语，例如：Being protected by a thick wall，they felt they were quite safe．有一堵厚墙掩护着，他们感到很安全。

A recent development has been the introduction of an electrical recording device which produces a continuous plot of resistance as the test proceeds. The advantages of such a sounding technique is that it provides a rapid appreciation of the ultimate load s for end bearing pile s and a correlation of ground conditions with boring s.最新的发展是采用了一种电动记录装置,当进行试验时，该装置可展现出连续的阻力曲线。

这种测试方法的优点是，可以快速地提供末端支承桩的极限承载力并提供地基条件与钻探的相互关系。