教育技术学专业英语第十一章
Introduction Educational Technology(教育技术学专业英语介绍)
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Subject Nature of ET
philosophy
psychology sociology
methodology
Educational Technology
technology
CAI （ computer assisted instruction）
education
instructional games
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Subject Nature of ET
1.ET is the discipline of education. 2.ET is the technical level of education discipline.
3.ET is a methodology science.
4.ET is a comprehensive,application of subject.
Research object :learning process and learning resources !!!!
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The Definition of ET
development
utilization
design
theory and practice
management
evaluation
design The United States of America's largest educational resources information center(ERIC) founder ERICIT
David H. Jonassen Michael Hannafin
Marcy P. Driscoll
教育技术专业英语词汇总结
教育技术学专业英语词汇closed circuit television 闭路电视教授Airborne Television Instruction空中电视教学Commission on Educational Television教育电视委员会computer-assisted instruction (CAI) 计算机辅助教学training industry 培训公司academic years 学年度electronic performance support system 电子绩效支持系统knowledge management system知识管理系统constructivist perspective建构主义Department of Instructional System Technology教学系统技术系Instructional Media and Technologies for Learning教学媒体与技术technologies for learning 学习技术seatwork：课堂作业14.Individualized instruction个别化教学15.Reinforcement or feedback强化或反馈15.Realistic context真实的情境16.Cooperative groups协作小组17.hard technology 硬技术18.soft technology软技术19.heterogeneous groups异质小组20. learning center学习中心21. Learning carrels个别化学习台22. reinforcement theory 强化理论23. method of instruction 教学方法24. linear programming| format直线式程序25. programmed instruction 程序教学26. intrinsic programming线性程序27. remedial explanations 补救性解释28. branching programming|format分支式程序29. Web-based instruction.基于网络的教学30．Programmed tutoring 程序化辅导31. structured tutoring结构化辅导32. self-instructional material 自学材料33. Programmed teaching程序化授课34.Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)个人教学系统35. instructional principles 教学原理36. entry skills 入门技能37. screening device筛选工具38. systems approach系统方法39. small steps小步子40. overt responses 外显反应41．immediate feedback即时反馈42. empirical approach 经验主义方法43. formative evaluation形成性评价44.summative evaluation 总结性评价45. instructional design models教学设计模式46. behavioral objectives行为目标47. self-instructional system 个别化教学系统48. cognitive domain 认知领域49. norm-referenced 常模参照测验50.criterion-referenced 标准参照测验51．outcomes-verbal information言语信息52. intellectual skills智力技能53. psychomotor skills动作技能54. cognitive strategies认知策络55. events of instruction教学事件56cognitive psychology 认知心理学57. computer-based instruction基于计算机的教学58. front-end analysis前段分析59．Metacognition元认知60. cognitive awareness认知知觉61. metacognitive strategies 元认知策络62．Metamerory元记忆63.memory strategies 记忆策略64.Metacomprehension元理解65. Schema training图式训练66. multimedia learning environments 多媒体学习环境67. embedded information management信息管理68. database analysis数据库分析69. multimedia design多媒体设计70. Multimedia computer systems 多媒体计算机系统71. videodisc player 光盘播放器72. compression technology压缩技术73. analog formats 模拟格式74．Compression software压缩软件75. Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI). 音乐设备数字接口Speech synthesisi 语音合成Virtual reality虚拟现实Cognitive awarenesss 认知知觉Compression techonology 压缩技术Analog formats 模拟形式OHP（overhead projector投影仪）OHT（overhead transparency 投影片）Videotape录像带CLEs（constuctive learning environmet）建构主义学习环境Knowledge construction知识建构Meaning learning 有意义学习Activity theory 持续活动论COLs（communities of leaners ）学习者共同体Ph ysical Capital 物质资本Human capital人力资本Performance technology 绩效技术In the same wein 同样的On-demand 随机的Stand-alone 独立的HPT（human performance technology)人类绩效技术Behavioral and cognitive specialists行为和认知心理专家Human resouece specilists人力资源专家Integrated learning system 综合学习系统EPSS electronic performance support system 电子绩效支持系统Expert system 专家系统Informance base 信息库Embedded coaching 嵌入式指导Expert advisor专家顾问Leaning experience 学习经历Knowledge assets知识资产Performance problems绩效问题Audio teleconferencing 音频会议系统Audiographics conferencing 音频图形会议系统Videoconferencing 视频会议系统High-resolution 高分辨率Full-color真彩色Ad hoc 特定，专门，临时IST （interactive instruction television ）交互式电视系统Interactive video and videotext 交互式视频显示技术Correspondence education函授教育Advance organize 先行组织者Inquiry learning 提问式学习，问究学习Progressive discourse 渐进式交流Situation cognition情景认知Instructional model教学模型Vocational classe职业课程systems approach 系统方法desired learning outcome期望的到的结果。
教育技术学专业英语
教育技术学专业英语复习大纲一、专业词汇第一章：Behavioral objectives movement行为目标运动Cognitive psychology认知心理学Communications传播学Cone of experience经验之塔Constructivism建构主义Electronic performance support systems电子绩效支持系统General system 一般系统理论Instructional systems design(ISD)教学系统设计Knowledge management systems知识管理系统Learner_centered learning environments 以学习者为中心的学习环境Operant conditioning操作性条件反射Programmed instruction程序教学progressivism进步主义reinforcement强化subject matter expert(SME)学科内容专家task analysis任务分析verbalism言语主义virtual reality虚拟现实第二章Artificial intelligence人工智能Audiovisual communication视听传播Intelligent agent智能代理Media_oriented面相媒体Process_oriented面向过程Situated cognition情境认知Systematic系统化utilization利用AECT: Association for Educational Communication and Technology教育传播与技术协会第三章：Attribute of media媒体特征Correspondence course函授课程mainframe主机no significant difference无显著性差异the great media debate媒体大争论videodisk视盘第四章：Distance education远程教育Real_time 实时的K—12从幼儿园到12年级的儿童教育第五章：Intuitive notion 直观概念Schema theory图式理论Elaboration 精细化理论metacognition元认知classical conditioning经典性条件反射operant conditioning操作性条件反射verbal behavior言语行为cognition science认知科学long_term memory长时记忆short_term memory短时记忆第六章：Multiplication table乘法表Taxonomy of learning 学习分类Verbal information言语信息Intellectual skills智慧技能Cognitive strategies 认知策略Rote learning机械学习Non-arbitrary非任意性Prior knowledge先有知识Iterative process迭代过程accommodation顺应assimilation同化verbatim recall逐字回忆第七章：Societal dynamic 社会动力学Communication theory传播理论Mass communication大众传播Incoming message收文Cooperative network协作网络Sender and receiver 发送者和接受者Innovation diffusion theory 创新推广理论第八章Chaos theory混沌理论Complexity and interdependence复杂性和相互依赖性Natural science自然科学Organizational theory组织理论System dynamics系统动力学Systems thinking系统思考第九章Instructional development教学开发Advisory system咨询系统Automated instructional design自动化教学系统设计Authoring tools著作工具Electronic performance support systems电子绩效支持系统Information management信息管理Knowledge management知识管理Intellectual tutoring system智能导师系统Interactive simulation交互式仿真模拟第十章：Systematic instructional development 系统化教学开发Front-end analysis前段分析Formative evaluation形成性评价Summative evaluation总结性评价Events of instruction 教学事件第十二章Information highway信息高速公路Information literacy信息素养Critical skills关键技能第十三章Knowledge base知识库Mental models心智模型Knowledge transfer知识迁移Higher order skills高阶技能Self-awareness自我意识Instructional interventions 教学干预第十四章Multimedia PC多媒体计算机Instructional technology教学技术Artificial intelligence人工技能Cognitive model认知模型Computer-based three dimensional计算机三维Data glove 数据手套Eye phones head mounted display头盔式显示器Virtual programming languages research虚拟编程语言研究室第十五章Correspondence courses函授课程Videoconferencing 视频会议videotape录像带二、重点内容第一章教育技术学经历的时期1、Visual education视觉教育2、Audiovisual instructions视听教育Cone of experience.It contains three domains: doing experience ,observing experience ,abstract experienceDoing experience includes: direct purposeful experiences, contrived experiences, dramatic participation; observing experience includes: demonstrations, field trips, exhibits, motion picture, still pictures, radio_recodings ;abstract experience includes: visual symbols, verbal experience3、Audiovisual communications视听传播Programmed instruction. principles: in a graded sequence of controlled steps and at their own speed, immediately feedback4、Instructional technology教育技术第二章The AECT’s definition in 1994: Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning.教育技术是为了促进学习，二队过程与资源进行设计、开发、利用、管理与评价的理论与实践。
《教育技术学专业英语》课程教学大纲
《教育技术学专业英语》课程教学大纲一、课程基本情况与说明（一）课程代码：（二）课程英文名称： Professional English for Educational Technology（三）课程中文名称：教育技术专业英语（四）授课对象：教育技术专业本科学生（五）开课单位：工学院/教育技术系（六）教材：《教育技术学专业英语》，焦建利、叶力汉编著，高等教育出版社2005年（七）参考书目[1]《教育技术专业英语》，刘世清、关伟、王肖虹编著，电子工业出版社， 2004年[2]《教学系统化设计》(影印版) Walter Dick Lou Carey James O.Carey著、汪琼译，高等教育出版社，2004.1（影印版）Robert Heinich、Michael Molenda、James D.Russell、（第7版）[3]《教学媒体与技术》Sharon E.Sma编著高等教育出版社、Pearson、Education出版集团，2002.10[4] 《计算机英语教程》，司爱侠，张强华编著，电子工业出版社， 2005年[5]《计算机英语》，刘兆毓编著，清华大学出版社，2003年[6]《Computing Concept》，Stephen Haag、 Maeve Cummings、 Alan I Rea、Jr 编著McGraw-Hill 2003年（八）课程性质本课程是教育技术学专业的专业必修课。
通过对该课程的学习，使学生了解当前教育技术的相关知识，提高学生的专业英语水平，能够阅读相关的英文文献。
该课程的先修课程为：大学英语。
（九）教学目的本课程涵盖教育技术领域各个分支，反映了学科现状和发展趋势。
通过介绍教育技术学专业文章，让学生掌握教育技术学专业词汇，掌握专业英文资料的阅读方法和技巧，能流利阅读、翻译及赏析专业英语文献，并能简单地进行写作。
（十）教学基本要求本课程教学环节包括课堂讲授、学生自学、课外练习（阅读、翻译、写作）、教师课外辅导、期中考试和期末考试。
教育技术学专业英语翻译
教育技术学&业英语翻译中译英一、信息时代的个人知识管理探微在技术进步日新月异的信息时代，个人知识的系统高效管理己经成为知识经济发展的必需。
本文探讨了个人知识管理的基本概念和上要内容，着重介绍如何利用先进的信息技术工具辅助个人知识管理，最终实现个人知识管理系统的构架。
【关键词】知识管理，个人知识管理，个人知识管理系统The information age of personal knowledge management agentIn the rapid progress in technology of the information era, personal knowledge system of effective management has become necessary in the development of knowledge economy. This paper discusses the basic concept of personal knowledge management and the main content」ocus on how to utilize the advanced info rmation tech no logy tools to support personal knowledge management, finally realizes the personal knowledge management system framework.[key words ] Knowledge management, personal knowledge management, personal knowledge management system二、知识分享与教师专业发展知识分享是知识拥有者通过沟通的方式将知识传播给知识重建者的过程。
学校教师的知识分享成为教师专业发展的重要手段、过程与口的。
教育技术学专业英语
教育技术学专业英语复习资料• 学习结果(Learning Outcomes)分类理论 言语信息(Verbal Information)智慧技能(Intellectual Skills)辨别(Discriminations)具体概念(Concrete Concepts)定义性概念(Defined Concepts)规则(Rules)高级规则认知策略(Cognitive Strategies)动作技能(Motor Skills)态度(Attitudes)•引起注意（Gain attention）•告知目标（Inform learner of objectives）•提示回忆原有知识(Stimulate recall of prior learning)•呈现教材(Present stimulus material) •提供学习指导(Provide learner guidance) •引出作业(Elicit performance)•提供反馈(Provide feedback)•评估作业(Assess performance)•促进保持与迁移(Enhance retention transfer)•Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managingappropriate technological processes and resources.(Molenda and Robinson , 2004)教育技术是指通过创建、运用和管理适当的技术过程和资源来促进学习和提升绩效的研究和符合职业道德规范实践。
Nine events of instruction九段教学法:1.Gaining attention: a stimulus change toalert the learner and focus attention on desired features.–引起注意：改变刺激，将学习者注意力集中在所期望的特征上。
教育技术学专业英语译文
缩写：CAI：computer—assisted instruction 计算机辅助教学ISD：instructional systems design 教学系统设计ICT：Information （and) Communication Technology 信息与通信技术EPSS：electronic performance support systems 电子绩效支持系统SME：Subject Matter Expert 学科内容专家LMS：Learning Management Systems 学习管理系统IV：independent variable自变量DV：dependent variable 因变量第一节 20世纪20年代之前支持教育技术学的一个基本原理是基于经验主义原则，这些原则能产生明显有效的教学。
同时许多贡献都能够被列举出来作为重要的流行的教育观念，美国哥伦比亚大学的行为主义心理学家桑代克对教育技术学这一领域可能是最具权威和特别重要的。
做为较早的致力于人类学习研究，特别是为教育技术学建立科学知识体系，桑代克是重要的。
另一个支持教育技术学的观念是进步主义理论。
这个理论是建立在教育哲学的基础之上的并且与这一领域最具相关的。
进步主义认为经验是理解的关键同时“个人拥有的最重要的力量是他可以共享的经验才能，这些经验解决了由先天智力手段引起的无数问题”。
这应该是教育技术学领域所遵循的模式。
在早期，听觉教学和视听教学被看做是传统教学方法过度言语主义的解决方法。
应用在教育中的支持经验主义的新媒体为概念思维提供了有形的基础，使得学习更加持久，促进了思维的连续性，促进了学习的意义，效率，深度和广度的发展。
第二节 20世纪20年代到20世纪40年代视听运动的发起可以追溯到20世纪早期学校和博物馆开始使用视觉符号比如图画，印刷品，幻灯片，电影和模型来支持口语教学。
随着成为正式课程视觉教学运动中在1918年到1928年间得到了巨大的成长，视觉教育领域的专业组织和期刊，研究报告，还有管理单位也逐步形成。
华师网络2014年9月课程考试《教育技术学专业英语》练习测试题库及答案
华中师范大学网络教育学院《教育技术学专业英语》练习测试题库及答案一、Fill in the blanks1. First-generation computers' main parts are ____________.2. Second-generation computers' main parts are ____________.3. Third-generation computers' main parts are ____________.4. Fourth-generation computers' main parts are ____________.5.____ is the integration of text, audio sound, static graphic images, animations, and full-motion video.6. ____ is the basis for word processing programs.7. Audio sound is available in several formats, such as ____, ____, ____.8.____ is another buzzword going through the industry.9.____,____,____,____ are four basic processes of CAD.10.In most practical applications,____ would be incorporated in a much large specific applications system.11. In a manufacturing industry, discrete islands of implementation fall into five c1asses: ____,____,____,____,____.12. The integration effort should include both ____and____.13.As early as l980, the CASA/SME published a presentation of ____ in order to provide a common set of terms for its members.14. An adage ____is certainly as valid today as it was l00 years ago.15. Computer graphics is concerned with all aspects of ____.16. An idea of the complete picture includes____.17. ____show us state--of--the--art hardware and software.18. In raster graphics, the picture elements are ____.19. A special memory area in Which the pixels are stored is called ____.20. A ____ is simply any collection of objects.21. An assertion such as 1+1=3 which is either true or false, but not both, is ca11ed a ____22. The truth values of compound propositions can be described by____. The ____of the compound proposition p(p1,..,pn) 1ists all Possible combinations of truth va1ues for pl... pn, T denoting true and F denoting false, and for each such combinations lists the truth va1ue of p(p1,..,pn).23. In ____, complete simP1e sentences, such as "John is at home", are taken as unbroken units, and are not analyzed into their component parts.24. In ____,our logical analysis goes deeper, into the interna1structure of the simple sentences and instead of singe letters to represent complete sentences, we have various symbo1s to represent the various parts of a sentence.25. It has n vertices and precise1y one edge between each Pair of distinct vertices. It is cal1ed____.26. Graphs that contain a circuit that includes every edge exactly once. It is called____.27. ____ graph is one that contains a circuit that visits each vertex exact1y once.28. Computational image processing can be defines as the operation of ____ on numeric representations of pictorial scenes.29. Image are formed either by ____or____30. The two fundamental characteristics of image are their ____resolution and their ____resolution.31. Lossless compression means that you can achieve a certain ____and be able to exactly reproduce the original image.32 .A fast computer implementation of the Discrete Cosine Transform is known as a ____.33. Artificial systems need many features of brain such as____, ____, ____, ____ and____.34 .Neural computation is also known as ____ ____ ____ ____ and____.35 .The fundamental theory of a neuron is ____ and is as ____.36.The brain is composed of about ____ neurons and as a ____of about 1011 processors37. Robust of a neuron system means ____.38 .The typical cycle time of neurons is a few ____ and the cycle time of semiconductor gates is ____.39 .The main problem of making neural network chips is ____.40 .A new technology which will potentially alternate the IC chips is ____.41 .We can "teach" the neura1 network to perform the desired computation in two main ways: ____ and ____.42 .The excitement of neural networks is their ability to ____.43 .Select the perfect font ___________with the new drop-down___________ font menu,which gives you a preview of font styles before you choose them.44 .Word automatically________________ what language a user is typing and applies the correct Proofing tools, including ________,_______ and________.45.As part of office 2000, Microsoft Word allows you to easily ____________ information through ______,______, and _____, using tools you're already familiar with.46.Just click to open _______am in Word and send your document as anE-mail message that retains ______ formatting.47. Use _________ to add documents, ________ through existing comments, view orhide the discussion window, or subscribe to a document. 48. The Microsoft Outlook 2000 messaging and collaboration client helps you____________ and______________ and_______________ across your enterprise.49. And in today's workplace, ______________means increased productivity.50. Whether scheduling meetings, __________ and ___________, or____________ clientcontacts, Outlook 2000 gives you all___________ you need to collaborate more efficiently.51. Microsoft Outlook 2000 helps you organize all your__________ in _________, soyou can always find the information you want, when you want it.52. The "Find and organize Tools" help you _____________ fast, easy searches for E-mail messages,_____________, and tasks, and _____________ organizing your inbox efficiently.53. Direct disk writes are disabled onlywhen_____________________________.54. Boot sector viruses infect at a________________ level________________ any operating system has been loaded.55. The Windows-specific viruses are direct-action viruses; namely, they___________, but rely on infecting other programs when the infected program is executed.56. As a result, these viruses have had limited success in__________, which reside in memory and _____________ functions performed by___________ and have always bcen __________________.57. Macro viruses pose the greatest threat to___________.58. I don't mind________ at the grocery store or getting panicky calls for help, the hours are________ and the pay is_________.59. And troubleshooting nascent networks requires you to know__________ and running_________.60. I chose the Mac because______________.61. Today, expansion _________ can give you a music synthesizer,a fax machine, a CD-ROM drive, ect.62. The control unit fetches _________ from memory and decodes them.63. When power is removed, information in the semiconductor memory is ________ .64. Please find the item that is not belong to the DBA _________ .65. A database _________ is designed to manage large bodies of information.66. A characteristic of operating system is resource _________ .67. Assembly-language instructions are a series of abstract _________ .68. _______ program also has potential benefits in parallel processing.69. An advantage of a ring network is that it needs less _________ .70. An ISP supplies a service _________ that you can dial from your computer to log on the internet server.71. To open Internet Explorer, just click Start, point to _________ , and then click Internet Explorer.72. Electronic bulletin boards are _________ communication platforms.二、TRUE/FALSE1. Special purpose computers can adapted to many situation by giving them an appropriate program.2. A minicomputer is the smallest and least expensive type ofcomputer.3. A digital computer has worked the value of pi(π) out to 500,000 decimal place.4. A special purpose computer performs only one specific task and thus lacks versatility.5. The larger the system the greater is its processing speed, storage capacity.6. Mainframe computers are designed to process complex scientific application7. A computer's operational software defines the schedule of jobs awaiting execution.8. Though an operating system can schedule the execution of jobs, it does not manage the availability of I/O devices.9. The IOCS component of an operating system controls I/O operations.10. It is a major problem for the operating system to map the logical file concept onto physical storage devices such as magnetic tape or disk.11. Files can only be direct access on a disk system.12. The logic structure and nomenclature of the different operating systems vary considerably.13 .Flowcharting is used primarily for program design andrarely for systems design.14. When programming in a procedure--oriented language, you tell the computer "what to do" and "how to do it".15. --Assembler--level languages use memonics to represent instructions.16. The purpose of office automation is to reduce the human intervention and raise the work efficiency.17. The key to attaining office automation ties in being equipped with a wide variety of advanced hardware and software.18. Desktop publishing is a electronic technology that handles the sending and receiving of messages.19. Electronic mailbox is used to store and distribute messages.20.Multimedia is a product.21. Multimedia aims at making computers easier to use.22.Only a few corporations are turning to multimedia applications to train their employees.23. Magnetic tape can be used to store large amounts of data where random-access is not required.24. CD-ROM is Rewritable.25. In this coming decade we will send and receive more information not just on the telephone.26. Using the general television, people can hold a business meeting without leaving their living room.27.From the user’s point of view ISDN will be a complex worldwide network.28. “Smart building” contains a network for voice, data, environment control and closed-circuit TV.29.In developing countries fiber is rapidly replacing microwave and coaxial cable transmission paths.30. End—to—end digitization is the hardware base and the first step in the process toward re1alizing an ISDN.31. Goals of ISDN will be realized by the availability of well—specified and functional user-network interface characteristics and the network transport function that best meets the end user’s needs.32. ISDN does not include that element that provides one kind of service.33.Special purpose ISDN can provide single service.34.Workstations in ISDN used for CAD, graphics arts and desktop publishing will become communicating terminals.35.Bank robberies in developed countries commonly crop up for these years.36.Some computing professionals and managers have recognizedthe value of the resources they use or control.37.Judges do not recognize electromagnetic signals as the statute property.38.The multiplicity of intruding a computing system makes computer security difficult.39.Control is a protective way for reducing a vulnerability.40.Wiretapping to obtain data in a network is an interruptive action.41.Coding in computer security makes data be unintelligible to the outside observer.42.Encryption can solve all computer security.43.Software controls directly influence the way users interact with a computing system..44.Principle of Effectiveness points out that control must be effective, efficient, appropriate and easy to use.45.The possible symbols in the binary numbering system are 0 to 9.46.The decimal value of 16 is represented in 4 bit BCD as 0001010l.47.Alphanumeric versions of BCD commonly use 6, 7, or 8 bits to represent characters.48.A 6 bit alphanumeric code can represent 128 differentcharacters.49. There are four 8 bit codes in current use.50.Each 8 bit unit used to code data is called a byte.51.performance management statistics would most likely be used by computer operators.52.performance management software monitors the use of files, file and I/O devices and utility software.53.Thinking about a new computer system is an opportunity to reexamine a business and the manner in which it is operated.54.The analysts make a requirement list of a application in a difficult way.55.Documentation provides a programmer with reference guide and provides a user with a using tool.56.A successful test is to exhibit the absence of errors in the programs being tested.57.Machine testing is designed to detect the maximum number of errors.58.Logical structuring techniques used by DBMSs are limited to list, hierarchical, and relational approaches.59 .Each element or branch in a hierarchical DBM structure may have several owners, and may, in turn, own any number or other data units.60.A pointer is a data item in one record that identifies the storage location of another logically related record.61.A register is a storage location inside the processor.62.A system board is a heart of a computer.63.The Memory addresses are expressed as binary numbers.64.Metadata means data about data.65.Without an operating system, we could not execute a user program.66.A high-level language can be designed to only process scientific calculation.67.For information about using Internet Explorer, click the Help menu in Internet Explorer.68.The development of videodisc is useful for distance education.69.There are three general types of compression.70.Multimedia is not only a product, but also a technology.71. Hypermedia is the same as multimedia.72. We can use E-mail only as a one-to-one platform.三、Multiple Choice:1. A characteristic of operating system is:(A)resource management (B)error recovery.(C)memory management (D)all the above.2. Which is the generalization of a two-level directory?(A) a cyclic graph directory structure (B)a tree-structured(C) a general graph structure (D)all the above.3. Which system may have no time constraints?(A) real-time system (B)time-share system(C)batch system (D)all the above4. The more popular micro operating system is:(A) MS-DOS (B) CP/M(C)UNIX (D)all the above5. How any basic approaches are used for designing a microprocessor architecture?(A) one (B) two (C)three (D) four6. W-hat approach a RISC design methodology is?(A) bottom-up (B) top--down (C)middle--approach (D) parallel--approach7. Which software technique significantly reduce the design time and potential errors?(A) CA-M (B) CAD (C) CAI (D) CAQ8. What will the compiler system match in creating a high--speed computer?(A) the language (B) the software(C)the program (D) the hardware9. A centralized database system is well suitab1e for(A) inultinationa1 corporation's employees.(B) local improvisation and free wheeling.(C) top-down control.(D) managers in different locations.10. Which device can perform para11el-to-serial and serial--to-parallel conversions?(A)DTE(B) UART(C) USART(D)all the above11. Data communication facility may be(A) PSDN(B) user application(C) DNA(D)OSI12.________ I stayed in the AAA Company only a short time, butI learned a lot.(A) Though(B) Although(C) As(D) 不填13._______, he lived a very simple life.(A) As Einstein was a great scientist(B) As great scientist Einstein was(C) Great scientist was as Einstein(D) Great scientist as Einstein was14. If this printer doesn't work, bring it back____________ we'll give you your money back.(A) because(B) but(C) and(D) since15. _______ you understand this rule, you'll have no further difficulty.(A) Once(B) Though(C) Until(D) Unless16. They were about to start,________ a strong wind came up and it began to rain.(A) as(B) when(C) while17. Do you think _______ necessary ________ computer?(A) this, learn(B) it, learn(C) this, to learn(D) it, to learn18. You'd better_____________ your books here.(A) don't put(B) to put(C) not put(D) putting19. I think it ___________ this type of disk.(A) better buying(B) better I buy(C) better my buying(D) better to buy20. Would you have him__________ to my office, please?(A) coming(B) come(C) comes(D) to come21. I didn't hear the phone last night. I_______________ asleep.(B) must have been(C) should be(D) should have been.22. This is the first time that I hear the song___________ in Eng1ish.(A) singing(B) sung(C) sing(D) to sing23.__________ from space, our earth, with water_________ 70% of its surface, looks like a"blue blanket".(A) Seeing, covering(B) Seen, covered(C) Seeing, covered(D) Seen, covering24. The film was so_______ that it_________ all of us.(A) excited, exciting(B) exciting, excited(C) exciting, exciting(D) excited, excited25. If you have him _______the parts, he'll have the machine ________ all day long.(A) makes, run(B) made, run(C) make, running(D) making, running26. This is the building_______ last year.(A) being built(B) built(C) had been built(D) having been built27. He ran_______ the house.(A) in to (B) into (C) in (D) on28. The government building is_________ the other side________ the street.(A) at, of (B)on, in (C) at, in (D)on, of29. Do you have any objections_________ this design?(A) of (B)for (C) to (D) with30. They are looking forward __________ his coming.(A) to (B) in (C) of (D) on31. He earns extra money ____________ doing some translation work.(A) without (B)by (C) to (D) about32. The teacher gave _____________each a book for what they had done.(A) their (B) they (C) them (D) theirs33. The students ______________ to the laboratory.(A) all have gone (B) all have went(C) have gone all (D) have all gone34. Who do you think __________ fit for this Work.(A) is (B) 不填(空) (C) it is (D) are35. The professor gave some advice to ______________ on how to learn English well.(A) we students (B) us students (C) students us (D) ours students36. The two men _________________ honored by the state.(A) were all (B) each were(C) were each (D) were both37. It was in this very place I bought the laser printer.(A) where(B) when(C) in which(D) that38. Was it the manager who walked by?(A) It must be that(B) It must have been(C) He must be it(D) Must have been it39. _______________only after he grew up that he realized his mistake.(A) It was(B) It is(C) Not(D) There were40. "______________ a seat." he told me.(A) Do you want(B) Have you had(C) Do have(D) You are taking41. It's usually the manager, and not the members of the company,____________ in charge ofthe company.(A) who is(B) who are(C) which are(D) which is42. A computer virus plagues other computers by _______________.(A) misguiding the header information at the beginning of the file(B) preying on other computer files(C) attaching its infected code to the end of a host program(D) all of the above43. Which of the following about a computer virus is not true?(A) It is a piece of software whose purpose it is to replicate.(B) It is a program that gains control over its host in various ways.(C) It all contains code that won't be activated without a trigger mechanism.(D) It sometimes attaches to a file.44. Which kind of virus may probably load and gain control upon system for the first?(A) Executable File Infectors.(B) Boot Sector Infectors.(C) Partition Table Infectors.(D) Memory Resident Infectors.45. According to the author, people write viruses because ________________.(A) they think it fun to do so(B) their legitimate software is used without their permission(C) they are encouraged and paid by a special organization(D) they think it an efficient way to prove that they are good at programming46. The virus is transmitted most commonly through ______________.(A) programs sent by modem(B) shrink wapped retail software(C) piracy of software(D) the use of floppy disks47. High-capacity data transport facilities mainly refer to_______________.(A) Superhighways (B) telephones(C) television sets (D) computer networks48. Which of the following does the Internet mainly consist of?(A) The public Internet and enterprise Internets.(B) The e-mail system and newsgroups.(C) The World Wide Web and Usenet.(D) Bitnet and Fidonets.49. What does the Internet support?(A) Information sharing.(B) Network innovations.(C) Rapid business transactions.(D) All of the above.50. How many-countries had joined the internet by the year 1995?(A) 160(B) l80(C) 200(D) All the countries in the world.51. How many ways are there to connect to the public Internet?(A) 2 (B) 3(C) 4 (D) 552. The main idea of the first two paragraphs is that _____________.(A) Bill Clinton benefits a lot from the Internet(B) the WWW develops rapidly during the Clinton's administration(C) the Internet has a great effect(D) many new words come into being with each passing day53. What is true in the third paragraph about the Internet?(A) It is painful (B) It is changeable.(C) It is wonderful (D) It is a melting Pot.54. The real purpose of the Superhighway was _______________.(A) to make the U.S. telecommunications infrastructure modern(B) to make money for the U.S government(C) to provide information service for everyone at home(D) to compete with the WWW55. The word "mainstream" in the last paragraph of The InformationSuperhighway can be best replaced by ____________.(A) big river (B) dominant trend(C) investment (D) business56. What is the word "Intranet"?(A) It is a browser. (B) It is another kind of internet.(C) It is an external Web. (D) It is a Personal Web.57. When you are on the Information Highway, which of the following is not necessary for you to learn?(A) How Web pages are put together.(B) How to write software.(C) How to surf the Internet.(D) How to drive cars.58. Which of the following is not true?(A) Navigating the Superhighway without the right knowledge and tools is a waste of time.(B) There are not many ways so far to use the Internet to retrieve information.(C) Java is a useful program.(D) There are various levels of knowledge about cars.59. What was the original idea of computer networking?(A) Packet switching.(B) Information sender and recipient.(C) Data transmission.(D) Circuit switching method.60. We can safely guess the ARPANET ____________.(A) is a network(B) helps researchers share supercomputing power(C) is used for military purpose(D) all of the above61. Who invented Email?(A) Bolt. ( B) Newman.(C) Rap Tomlinson. ( D) The text doesn't tell.62. What is true about the Internet According to the text?(A) People now have realize that the Internet will dominate our society completely.(B) The Internet increases by 50% every year.(C) The Internet will combine all the traditional media such as books, televisions and push them further.(D) The internet prevents individuals from developing newskills,63. In the 4th paragraph, the phrase 'be lost' means '_____________'.(A) be Internet-dependent( B) be denied interactive medium(C) be TV-controlled (D) be deprived of opportunities64. The author believes _________.(A) access to the Internet will be as it is today(B) people will spend a lot of time on the Internet(C) the present generation spent most of their free time in front of the TV(D) shopping over the Internet will occur but now we can' t imagine what it will be like65. From the text we know that________________.(A) the telephone was not network-oriented device from the beginning(B) the television was not network-oriented device from the beginning(C) the radio was a sound-based one-to-one device initially(D) the PC was a stand-alone device initially66. By giving the example that radios have not disappeared, the author may mean _____________.(A) new applications of the old device will be possible(B) multifunctional devices will not be possible(C) some people prefer radios to TV sets(D) multifunctional devices are not as popular as single-functional devices67. Which of the following is true?(A) The 18th century was the age of steam engine.(B) The 19th century was the time of the great mechanical system.(C) The 20th century was marked by installation of telephone net-works and the invention of television.(D) None of the above.68. We can infer _________________.(A) automobile industry is young compared to air transportation industry(B) computer industry has made more progress than we could ever imagine in the past 20 years(C) the greatest changes took place in computer manufacture in the last 10 years.(D) The idea of combining computers with communications has a great effort on people's thinking.69. The key difference between a distributed system and a computer network is that in the former _________________. (A) the system functions are more automatic(B) the number of computers is greater(C) the distance among the computers is shorter(D) the operating system has a better feature70. Which of the following is false regarding a network and a distributed system?(A) They both need to move files around.(B) They have little in common.(C) They overlap each other a lot.(D) They have different operating systems.71. According to the text, companies set up their own networks for ___________ purposes.(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) more than 672. Computer office systems consist of _______________.(A) computers and typewriters(B) typewriters and computers(C) typewriters and their peripheral equipment(D) computers and their peripheral equipment73. Computer office systems can deal with _____________ in a business environment.(A) personnel in all companies(B) information which can be electronically produced, duplicated, and transmitted(C) staff engaged in business(D) security issues74. What promoted the development of computer office systems?(A) The service sector of the United States economy.(B) The manufacture of bookkeeping and billing machines.(C) Heavy volume data processing requirements.(D) Typewriters, calculators, and manual accounting techniques.75. The purposes for several users to share a mainframe are ____________.(A) to divide the cost of the equipment among them(B) to utilize the equipment to the maximum extent(C) to produce fewer PCs(D) both A and B76. What has come to play an important role in most offices recently?(A) Mainframes.(B) Networks.(C) Microcomputers.(D) Communications satellites.77. From the text, we know that the Windows NT operating system ____________.(A) began before Windows 3.X system existed(B) was more robust(C) worked in reliable business environment(D) was the most advanced operating system of all78. The purpose of this passage is to_________.(A) make a comparison (B) introduce a new design(C) explain a new computer (D) advance a new idea79. Which of the following about Windows 2000 Operating System is false?(A) It is the latest version.(B) It is named 5.0.(C) It is based on a different OS design.(D) It is as simple as any other OP.80. From the text we know that__________________.(A) Win 2000 retains few features of the NT 4.0(B) Win 2000 differs a lot from the NT 4.0(C) Win 2000 is the same as the Windows version NT 5.0(D) NT 4.0 and Windows 2000 have almost the same characteristics81. Most system boards have two kinds of power connectors: _________ .A. AT and ISA stylesB. ATX and ISA stylesC. AT and EISA styles。
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The “New Age” of research in Educational Technology: A Focus onLearning EnvironmentsThe ideas of carefully designing instruction, varying the formats in which information is presented to students, and building interactive simulations lead naturally to the idea of constructing entire “Learning Environments”, in which the student has unprecedented freedom to act. Increasingly today, researchers in educational technology study students working in complete learning environments. Learning Environments can either be entirely natural, or they can be artificial, existing only through the agency of technology.Of course, learning always takes place in an environment. In the eighteenth century, Rousseau (1762) argued that the most effective and socially appropriate education arose from a student’s interaction with Nature------the natural environment. More recently, educators have proposed that a modified natural environment can serve to meet more specific learning objectives, through cognitive (Brown et al. , 1989) or professional and vocational (Lave & Wenger , 1991) apprenticeships. Apprentices work in a natural environment that has either been modified for pedagogical purposes , or within which the apprentice’s freedom to act is limited , so that, in accordance with good instructional design, apprentices’learning can be guided to bring about knowledge construction. Schools are also learning environments. However, they are recent on the scale of human history and quite artificial (Winn & Windschitl , 2001) .More often than not, all that students learn in them is how to be students (Brown , 1997).Many technology------supported learning environments simulate some aspect of the natural environment. This allows learning to be “authentic”, engaging students in projects that have some meaningful connection with problems that exist in the real, nonsimulated world. Because most authentic real --- world activities involve more than one person, it follows that most technology-supported learning environments include people in addition to the student, confirming that learning occurs socially. Current theories of learning and instruction acknowledge the social natural oflearning (Vygotsky, 1978). Many current educational research projects study social interaction as a promoter of learning, often through the agency of learning communities created with the Internet (Gordin et al. ,1996; Malarney ,2000).翻译：教育技术研究的“新时代”：聚焦学习环境周密地设计教学，改变信息呈现给学生的形式，以及构建交互模式等观念自然而然引发了建构整体“学习环境”的理念，在这种整体学习环境下，学生拥有史无前例的自由去学习。
目前，教育技术研究者越来越多地研究学生在整体学习环境下的学习。
学习环境可能是完全能自然的，或是通过技术而实现的人工环境。
当然，学习总是发生在某种环境下。
在18世纪，卢梭（1762）认为最有效且适应社会的教育源自学生与自然（自然环境）的交互。
近年来，教育家提出，经过改造的自然环境通过采用认知学徒（Brown et al. , 1989）或专业与职业学徒（Lave &Wenger, 1991）的方式，能满足更多特定目标的学习。
学徒要么在根据教学目标而修改的自然环境下工作，要么在行动自由受到一定限制的自然环境下工作，以便通过良好的教学设计引导学徒的学习，实现知识建构。
学校也是学习环境。
但是，它们不过是人类历史长河中的新事物，而且完全是人造的（Winn 和Windschitl , 2001）。
更多时候，学生在其中学到的只是如何做学生(Brown, 1997)。
许多技术支持的学习环境模拟了自然环境的某些方面。
这使得学习变得“真实”，让学生参与到项目中，这些项目与真实的、非模拟世界的问题有某些充满意义的关联。
许多真实世界的活动不知牵涉某一个人，大多数技术支持下的学习环境不仅包括学生，还包括许多人，从而证实了学习的社会化。
学与教的新近理论认同学习的社会本质（Vygotsky, 1978）。
很多近期的教育研究项目，通过因特网创建的学习社区，将社会互动作为学习的促进者进行研究（Gordin et al. , 1996; Malarney ,2000）。
长句、难句的翻译与解释：1、The ideas of carefully designing instruction, varying the formats in whichinformation is presented to students, and building interactive simulations leadnaturally to the idea of constructing entire “Learning Environments”, in which the student has unprecedented freedom to act.译文：周密地设计教学，改变信息呈现给学生的形式，以及构建交互模式等观念自然而然引发了建构整体“学习环境”的理念，在这种整体学习环境下，学生拥有史无前例的自由去学习。
2、More recently, educators have proposed that a modified natural environmentcan serve to meet more specific learning objectives, through cognitive (Brown et al. , 1989) or professional and vocational (Lave & Wenger , 1991)apprenticeships.译文：近年来，教育家提出，经过改造的自然环境通过采用认知学徒（Brown et al. , 1989）或专业与职业学徒（Lave &Wenger, 1991）的方式，能满足更多特定目标的学习。
3、Because most authentic real --- world activities involve more than one person, it follows that most technology-supported learning environments include people in addition to the student, confirming that learning occurs socially.译文：这使得学习变得“真实”，让学生参与到项目中，这些项目与真实的、非模拟世界的问题有某些充满意义的关联。
许多真实世界的活动不知牵涉某一个人，大多数技术支持下的学习环境不仅包括学生，还包括许多人，从而证实了学习的社会化。
单词：1、varying [英]['veərɪ][美][ˈvɛri, ˈværi]vi.变化；不同，偏离；[生]变异vt.使不同；使多样化；[音乐]变奏2、formats[英]['fɔ:mæts][美]['fɔ:mæts] n.（出版物的）版式( format的名词复数)；[电视]电视节目的总安排（或计划）3、interactive[英][ˌɪntərˈæktɪv][美][ˌɪntɚˈæktɪv adj.互相作用的，相互影响的；[计]交互式的；互动的n.交互式视频设备4、simulations生词本n.模仿( simulation的名词复数)；模拟；假装；冒充5、naturally[英][ˈnætʃrəli][美][ˈnætʃərəli, ˈnætʃrə-]adv.自然地，表现自然地，顺理成章地；合理地，当然，不用说；生来，天然地；自自然然，不做作地6、constructing[英][kən'strʌktɪŋ][美][kən'strʌktɪŋ] v.修建( construct的现在分词)；构成；组成；（按照数学规则）编制7、unprecedented[英][ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd][美][ʌnˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd] adj.前所未有的，无前例的；空前的；无比的；新奇的，崭新的8、artificial[英][ˌɑ:tɪ'fɪʃl][美][ˌɑrtəˈfɪʃəl] adj.人造的；人工的；虚假的，非原产地的；人为的n.人造肥料；<美>假花9、appropriate[英][ə'prəʊprɪət][美][əˈpropriɪt] adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的vt.占用，拨出10、arose[英][ə'rəʊz][美][əˈroz] v.呈现，出现，发生( arise的过去式)；（由…）引起；起身11、interaction[英][ˌɪntər'ækʃn][美][ˌɪntɚˈækʃən]n.一起活动；合作；互相影响；互动复数：interactions12、modified[英]['mɒdɪfaɪd][美]['mɒdəˌfaɪd] adj.改良的，改进的，修正的vt.修饰v.修改，更改( modify的过去式和过去分词)；改变；修饰；缓和13、serve[英][sɜ:v][美][sɚv] vt.& vi.（为…）服务；任（职）；提供；端上vt.招待；（为…）工作；对…有用；向…供应vi.适合；服役；供职；[网球、羽毛球]发球n.网球等发球；发球权；所发的球14、apprenticeships n.学徒身份( apprenticeship的名词复数)；学徒资格；学徒期；见习期15、pedagogical[英][ˌpedə'ɡɒdʒɪkl][美][ˌpɛdəˈɡɑdʒɪkl] adj.教师的，适宜于教师的，教学（法）的(pedagogical)；16、recent[英]['ri:snt][美][ˈrisənt] adj.最近的；新近的；近代的；[地]全新世的17、scale[英][skeɪl][美][skel] n.规模；比例（尺）；鱼鳞；级别vt.测量；攀登；刮去…的鳞片vi.衡量；攀登；（鳞屑）脱落；生水垢18、authentic[英][ɔ:ˈθentɪk][美][ɔˈθɛntɪk] adj.真的，真正的；可信的，可靠的；有根据的；[法]认证了的19、involve[英][ɪn'vɒlv][美][ɪnˈvɑlv] vt.包含；使参与，牵涉；围绕，缠绕；使专心于20、confirming v.批准( confirm的现在分词)；证实；使有效；使巩固21、occurs[英][ə'kɜ:z][美][ə'kɜ:z] v.发生( occur的第三人称单数)；被想起；被发现；（尤指基督教节日与别的节日）适逢同日22、current[英]['kʌrənt][美][ˈkɚrənt, ˈkʌr-]adj.现在的；最近的；流行的；流传的n.趋势；电流；水流；涌流23、promoter[英][prə'məʊtə(r)][美][prəˈmotɚ]n.助长者；发起人；促进者复数：promoters易混淆的单词：Promoter。