P198

P198-to most Africans, tribalism simply means very strong loyalty to ones ethnic group. It is a force that can be both good and bad. By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family. It makes sure that a person is taken care of by his own group. To give a job to a fellow tribesman is not wrong; it is an obligation. Similarly, for a politician or military leader, it is considered good common sense to choose his closest advisers from people of his own tribe. This ensures security, continuity, authority. Tribal loyalty may mean a quick promotion—from sergeant to captain, from clerk to manager—within a very short time.大多数非洲人,部落主义仅仅意味着非常强烈的忠诚的民族。

它是一种力量,既可以是好的和坏的。

通过定义部落主义意味着共享成员之间的大家庭。

它确保一个人照顾被自己的集团。

给一个工作的部落成员不是错误的;它是一种义务。

类似地,对于一个政治家或军事领袖,被视为好的常识选择他最亲近的顾问从他自己的部落的人。

这确保了安全、连续性、权威。

部落忠诚可能意味着一个快速晋升上尉警官,从助理经理在很短的时间内。

Modern African politicians publicly speak out against tribal divisions. Yet it remains perhaps the most powerful force in day to day African life. As evidence of tribalism, in 1977 in Kenya, President Jomo Kenyattas Kikuyu tribe controlled business and politics. Eight of the 21 cabinet posts, including the most important four, were filled by Kikuyus. In Uganda in the same year, the Presidents small Kakwa tribe filled almost all the highestgovernment and military positions. In Angola, Ethiopia, and Nigeria, the fighting in the past ten years can be partly explained by disagreements among tribes.现代非洲政治家公开发言反对部落分裂。

但它仍可能在一天最强大的力量,非洲生活 天。

作为证据的部落文化,在1977年在肯尼亚,总统乔莫Kenyattas基库尤部落控制的商业和政治。

8的21个内阁职位,包括最重要的四个,是由基库尤人了。

在乌干达,同年,总统小Kakwa部落填充几乎所有政府和军队的最高职位。

在安哥拉、埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚,战斗在过去的十年里可以部分解释为部落之间的分歧。

To most Africans,tribalism simply means very strong loyalty to o ne’s ethnic group.It is a force that can be both good and bad.By definition tribalism means sharing among members of the extended family.It makes sure that a person is taken care of by his own group.To give a job to a fellow tribesman is not wrong;it is an obligation. 大多数非洲人,部落主义仅仅意味着非常强烈的忠诚的民族之一。

它是一种力量,既可以是好的和坏的。

通过定义部落主义意味着共享成员之间的大家庭。

它确保一个人照顾被自己的集团。

给一个工作的部落成员不是错误的;它是一种义务。

Similarly,for a politician or military leader it is considered good common sense to choose his closest adviser from people of his own tribe.This ensures security,continuity, authority.Tribal loyalty may mean a quickpromotion—from sergeant to captain,from clerk to manager—within a very short time. 类似地,对于一个政治家或军事领导人被视为好的常识选择他最亲近的顾问从他自己的部落的人。

这确保了安全、连续性、权威。

部落忠诚可能意味着一个快速晋升上尉警官,从助理经理在很短的时间内。

Modern African politicians publicly speak out against tribal isions.Yet it remains perhaps the most powerful force in day-to-day African life.As evidence of tribalism,in 1977 in Kenya,president Jomo Kenyatta’s tribe controlled business and politics.Eight of the 21 cabinet posts,including the most important four were filled by Kikuyus.In Uganda in the same year,the president’s small Kakwa tribe filled almost all the highest government and military positions!In Agola,Ethiopia,and Nigeria,the fighting in the past ten years can be partly explained by disagreements among tribes. 现代非洲政治家公开发言反对部落isions。

但它仍然是最强大的力量在日常非洲生活。

作为证据的部落文化,在1977年在肯尼亚,总统乔莫•肯雅塔的部落控制的商业和政治。

8的21个内阁职位,包括最重要的四个都是基库尤人了。

在乌干达,同年,总统的小部落Kakwa了几乎所有最高的政府和军队的职位!在Agola、埃塞俄比亚和尼日利亚,战斗在过去的十年里可以部分解释为部落之间的分歧。

1.What is the definition of tribalism?A.Sharing among members of the extended family.B.Giving a job to a fellow tribesman.C.A force that can be both good and bad.D.People have the same religious belief.2.One example of how a tribe takes care of its own people is ____.A.“a force that can be both good and bad”B.“very strong loyalty to one’s ethnic group”C.“tribal loyalty may mean a quick promotion”D.it is important to be loyal to one’s own tribal group3.In paragraph 2,“the most important four” refers to ____.itary positionB.businessC.cabinet postsD.Kikuyus4.How many examples are there “as evidence of tribalism”?A.Four.B.Two.C.One.D.Three.5.According to the passage,which of the following statements is wrong?A.Modern African politicians approve of tribal isions.B.A person is usually taken care of by his own tribe.C.Africans consider it an obligation to give a job to a fellow tribesman.D.Tribalism is still a powerful force in day-to-day African life.P197 Cars are an important part of life in th United States.Without a car, most people feel that they are poor.An even if a person is poor he doesn't feel really poor when he has a car.Henry Ford was the man who first started making cars in large numbers.He probably didn't know how much the car was going to affect American culture.The car made the Unite States a nation on wheels.And it helped make the United States what it is today.There are three main reasons the car became so popular in the United States.First of all,the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it.The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.With a car people can go any place without spending a lot of money.The second reason cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation.Long-distance have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world.Nowadays,there is a goodsystem of air-service provided by planes.But it is too expensive to be used frequently.The third reason is the most important one,though.The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular.Americans don't like to wait for a bus or a train or even a plane.They don't like to have to follow an exact schedule.A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time.And this is the freedom that Americans want most to have.The gas shortage has caused a big problem for Americans.But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation.The real solution will have to be a new kind of car,one that does not use so much gas.汽车是生活的重要组成部分在th美国。