Ch3 Principles of plastic forming
课程名称翻译大全

电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术根底Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术根底Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工根底Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工根底理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工根底实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术根底Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术根底Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagnetic Fields 电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气局部Electric Elements of Power Plants法律根底Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学根底Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans 风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry& Integral Transformation复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑根底设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-Voltage Technology高电压测试技术High-Voltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Porcessing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高频电路High-Frenquency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frenquency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frenquency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-Voltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-Voltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-Voltage Electronic Field 高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-Voltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程工程评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术根底Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作Document Writing古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technologyatic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器根底Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信根底Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Infomation光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment播送编辑学Broadcast Editing播送新闻Broadcast Journalism播送新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange,Condction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济方案National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering建筑结构Architectural Structure建筑结构抗震设计Anti-quake Architectural Structure Design建筑经济与企业管理Architectural Economy & Enterprise Management建筑力学Architectural Mechanics建筑名作欣赏Appreciation of Architectural Works建筑入门Elementary Architecture建筑摄影Architectural Photographing建筑设备Architectural Equipment建筑设计Architectural Design建筑施工Construction Technology建筑绘画Architectural Drawing建筑物理Architecural Physics建筑制图Architectural Graphing胶体化学Colloid Chemistry交流调速系统Alternating Current Governor System教育心理学Pedagogic Psychology接口与控制器Interface and Controler接口与通讯Interface and Communication结构程序设计Structural Program Designing结构动力学Structural Dynamics结构化学Structural Chemistry结构检验Structural Testing结构力学Structural Mechanics结构素描Structure Sketching结构塑性分析Structural Plasticity Analysis结构稳定Stability Analysis of Structures结构先进技术Advanced Structuring Technology结构优化理论Optimal Structure Theory结构优化设计Optimal Structure Designing解析几何Analytic Geometry介质波导Medium Wave Guide介质测量Medium Measurement介质光学Medium Optics金属X射线学Metal X-Ray Analysis金属材料焊接Metal Material Welding金属材料学Metal Material Science金属材料与热处理Metal Material & Heat Treatment金属腐蚀与保护Metal Erosion & Protection金属腐蚀原理Principles of Metal Erosion金属工艺学Metal Technics金属焊接性根底Elementary Metal Weldability金属焊接原理Principles of Metal Welding金属机械性能Mechanical Property of Metal金属力学性能Metal Mechanic Property金属切削机床Metal Cutting Machine Tool金属切削原理及刀具Principles of Metal Cutting & Cutters金属熔焊原理Principles of Metal Molten Welding金属熔焊原理及工艺Principles of Metal Molten Welding & Technique 金属熔炼Metal Melting金属塑性成形原理Principles of Metal Forming金属物理性能Physical Property of Metal金属学Metallography金属学与热处理Metallography & Heat Treatment金属学原理Principles of Metallography金相分析Metallographic Analysis金相技术Metallographic Techniques近代光学测试技术Modern Optical Testing Technology近代光学计量技术Modern Optical Measuring Technology近代经济史Modern History of Economics近代物理实验Lab of Modern Physics近世代数Modern Algebra晶体管原理Principles of Transistors晶体光学Crystallographic Opticsrecision Machinery Design精细有机合成Minute Organic Synthesis经济地理Economical Geography经济法Law of Economy经济法学Law of Economy经济分析根底Basis of Economic Analysis经济控制论Economical Cybernetics经济社会学Economic Sociology经济新闻Economic News经济学说史History of Economics经济学原理Principles of Economics经济预测Economic Predicting经济预测与管理奖惩Economic Predicting & Management经济原理Principles of Economy经济运筹学Economic Operation Research经济增长理论Theory of Economic Growth经营管理Operation Management经营管理学Operation Management静力学Statics纠错编码Error Correction of Coding决策分析Analysis of Policy Making绝缘在线检测Insulation Live Testing抗干扰技术Anti-Jamming Technique科技翻译Scientific English Translation科技管理Technological Management科技史History of Science & Technology科技史及新技术知识Historry of Science & Knowledge of New Techndogy 科技写作Scientific Writing科技新闻Scientific News科技英语Scientific English科技英语根底Elementary Scientific English科技英语阅读Readings of Scientific English科技与社会Science & Society科学技术史History of Science & Technology科学计量Scientific Measurement科学社会学概论Introduction to Scientific Socialism科学社会主义Scientific Socialism科学学Scientology可计算性Calculability可靠性Reliability可靠性及故障诊断Reliability & Error Diagnosis可靠性技术导论Introduction to Reliability Technology可靠性数学Reliable Mathematics可靠性物理Reliability Physics可逆式机组Reversible Machinery Group可逆式水力机械Reversible Hydraulic Machinery空气调节与通风Air Regulation & Ventilation空气动力学Aerodynamics控制电机Electrical Machines for Control控制工程Control Engineering控制工程根底Basis of Control Engineering控制理论Theory of Control控制理论根底Elementary Theory of Control控制理论根底与水轮机调节Elementary Theory of Control & Water Turbine Regulat 控制系统设计Control System Design控制系统数字仿真Control System Digital Imitation口译Oral Intepretation口语实践Oral Practice快速阅读Fast Reading劳开工资管理Management of Labor Wages乐理Music Theory雷达原理Principles of Radar雷电静电及环境Radar Static Electricity & Environment冷冻枯燥技术Freeze Drying Technique冷冻技术Refrigeration Technique冷库设计Refrigerating House Design离散数学Discrete Mathematics离心泵与轴流泵Centrifugal Pumps & Axial Pumps离心式压缩机模拟Centrifugal Compressor Imitation离心式压缩机强度Centrifugal Compressor Intensity离心式压缩机原理Principles of Centrifugal Compressors理论力学Theoretical Mechanics力热学Mechanics & Thermology力学,热学Mechanics & Thermology力学性能测试Mechanics Performance Testing两相流动和传热Two-phase Flow & Thermal Conduction量子力学Quantum Mechanics劣质煤燃烧与利用Tinpot Coal Combustion & Use零件设计Element Design领导科学Leadership Science流场数值计算及性能预测Numerical Calculation of Flow Field流态化工程Fluidization Engineering流体力学Fluid Mechanics六朝文论Articles of Six Dynasties鲁迅研究Research on LU Xun轮机概论Introduction to Turbines伦理学Ethics论文写作Thesis Writing论文指导Thesis Supervision螺杆压缩机Spiral Lobe Compressor逻辑设计Logic Design逻辑学Logic Theory马克思主义原理Principles of Marxism马列(社会学)原著选读Selected Readings of Marx's & Lenin's Original Wor马列哲学原著选读Selected Readings of Marx's & Lenin's Original Wor马列主义原理Principles of Marxism & Leninism马氏规划Martensitic Planning脉冲功率放大Pulse Power Magnification脉冲与数字电路Pulse & Digital Circuit毛泽东思想哲学研究Research on Mao Zedong's Thinking Philosophy煤粉燃烧技术及测量技术Coal Power Combustion & Technology and Measurement美术粉彩Art Powder Paint美术室外建筑写生Outdoors Architectural Sketch美术素描Art Sketch美学概论Introduction to Aesthetics免疫学Immunity敏感元件及材料Sensors & Materials明清小说研究Research on NOVELS OF mING & Qing Dynasties名篇赏析Appreciation of Master Pieces模糊数学Fuzzy Mathematics模具计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design of Models模拟电子技术Analog Electronics Technique模拟电子技术根底Basic Analog Electronics模拟电子线路Analog Electrical Circuitry模拟集成电路Analog Integrated Circuitry模式识别Matrix Recognition模型辨识Model Distinguish磨削原理Principle of Grinding and Cutting耐腐蚀非金属材料Erosion-Resisting Non-metallic Materials内燃机测试技术IC Engine Test Technology内燃机调节IC Engine Regulation内燃机动力学IC Engine Dynamics内燃机概论Introduction to IC Engine内燃机排气净化Purification of IC Exhaustive Gas内燃机设计IC Engine Design内燃机原理Principles of Internal-Combustion Engine内燃机制造工艺学IC Manufacturing Technology能源工程Energy Source Engineering扭转振动Torque Vibration排压力波计算Computation of Pressure Extraction Wave配位化学Coordination Chemistry疲劳断裂力学Fatigue Fracture Mechanics偏微分方程Partial Differential Equation偏微分方程数值解Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equation评报Commentary Report评论写作Commentary Writing普通化学General Chemistry普通生物学General Biology普通物理General Physics普通物理实验Lab of General Physics企业供销管理Management of Enterprise Supply & Sales企业管理Enterprise Management企业管理与技术经济Enterprise Management & Technological Economy 企业经营经济学Enterprise Management Economics企业社会学Enterprise Sociology企业生产物流Productive Physical Distribution of Enterprise企业物流Physical Distribution of Enterprise气阀原理Principles of Air Valves气固两相流Dual-Phrase Distribution of Gas % Solid气体放电及应用Gas Discharge & Application气体激光器Gas Laser Devices气体制冷机Gas Refrigerator气压传动Pneumatic Transmission汽车驾驶技术Driving Skills汽轮机调节Steam Turhine Adjustment汽轮机调节与仿真Steam Turhine Adjustment & Simulation汽轮机热力特性Steam Turbine Thermal Property汽轮机原理Principles of Steam Turbine汽轮机振动Steam Turbine Vibration钎焊Soldering强电流技术Strong Current Technology青年伦理学Ethics for Youth青年社会学Sociology for Youth情报检索Information Searches全过程设计Whole Process Design燃气轮机Steam Turbine Engines燃烧理论Theory of Combustion燃烧学Combustion热处理工艺Technology for Heating Processing热处理设备Equipment for Heating Processing热处理设备设计Design of Heat Treatment Equipment热处理新工艺New Technology of Heat Treatment热处理原理Principles of Heating Processing热处理原理及工艺Principles & Technology for Heating Processing热工测量及仪表Thermal Measurement & Meter热工过程自动调节Thermal Process Automatic Adjustment热工设备Thermal Equipment热力发电厂Thermal Power Stations热力发动机Thermal Motors热力机械测试技术Thermo-Mechanic Measurement Technique热力机械测试技术课程设计Course Design for Thermo-Mechanic Measurement Technique热力学Thermodynamics热力学与统计物理Thermodynamics & Statistical Physics热物理测量及实验技术Measurements & Experiments of Thermal Science热物理量测技术Measurements of Thermal Science数值电路Digital Circuit数值分析Numerical Analysis数值计算Digital Computation数字测量技术Digital Measuring Technique数字测量实验技术Experimental Technique of Digital Measuring数字测试实验技术Experimental Technique of Digital Testing数字电路Digital Circuit数字电路及微机原理Digital Circuit & Computer Principles数字电视Digital Television数字电子根底Fundamental Digital Electionics数字电子技术Digital Electronic Technique数字电子技术根底Fundamental Digital Electronic Technique数字电子技术设计与实验Experiment & Design of Digital Electron Technique数字电子线路Digital Electrical Circuitry数字电子与微机原理Digital Electronics & Principle of Microcomputer数字仿真Digital Simulation数字化测量技术Digital Measuring Technique数字控制及微机控制技术Digital Control & Microcomputer Control Technique数字逻辑Digital Logic数字图象处理Digital Image Processing数字系统逻辑设计Logical Design of Digital System数字系统设计Design of Digital System双曲线方程Hyperbolic Equation水电能源学Science of HydrOelectric Enelgy水电站过渡过程的特殊问题Special Problems in the Transition of a Hydropower Station水电站计算机控制Computer Control in Hydropower Station水电站经济运行Economic Operation in Hydropower Station水电站控制系统分析Analysis of Control System in Hydropower Station水电站自动化Automation of Hydropower Station水动力学Water Dynamics水机工艺结构分析Technics Structure Analysis of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械测试技术Test Technique of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械的汽蚀Gas Etching of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械调节Adjustment of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械强度计算Intensity Calculation of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械原理Principles of Hydraulic Machinery水力机械制造工艺及结构分析Manufacturing Technique & Structure Analysis of Hydraulic Machinery水力学Hydraulics水轮机Water-Turbine Engine水轮机调节Water-Turbine Engine Adaption水轮机调节系统Adaptive System of Water-Turbine Engine水轮机水力设计Hydraulic Design of Water Engine水轮机原理及水力设计Principles of Water-Turbine Engine & Design of Water Engine 水轮机原理与CAD Principle of Water-Turbine Engine & CAD水轮水力设计Hydraulic Design of Water Engine水现代控制理论Modern Theory of Water Controling水质稳定技术Stability Technique of Water Quality思想教育Virtue Education素描Pencil Sketch速冻技术Technique of Speed Freezing塑性力学Plastic Machanics算法语言Algorithmic Language随机过程Stochastic Process & Time Series Analysis随机运筹学Randomized Operational Research锁相技术Phase Lock Technique谈判技巧Negotiation Skills唐宋诗词Poetry & Prose of Tang & Song Dynasties陶瓷材料学Science of Ceramic Material陶瓷工艺原理Principle of Pottery Technology特种泵Special Pump特种加工工艺Special Working Technology特种压缩机Special Compressor特种铸铁Special Casting Iron特种铸造Special Processes of Metal Castings体育Physical Education天线原理Principle of Antenna铁磁学Ferromagnetics铁电半导体Ferro-Electric Semiconductor铁电材料与器件Ferro-Electric Material and Element铁电压电材料与器件Ferro-Voltage Electric Material and Element铁氧体材料Ferrite Material听说训练Practice on Listening & Speaking通风机Ventilator通信电子线路Electronic Circuit of Communication通信原理Principle of Communication通讯写作专题Current Issues on Report Writing同步控制原理Principle of Synchronic Control统计Statistics统计计算Experiment of Applied Physics统计检查与质量控制Statistic Check and Quality Control统计物理Statistical Physics文化人类学Cultural Anthropology文献检索Document Indexing文选与习作Selected Readings & Composition文学概论Introduction to Literature文学选读Selected Readings of Literature文字音韵学Phonology文定性理论Theory of Stability涡轮增压器原理Principle of Turbosupercharger无机电介质Inorganic Dielectric无机化学Inorganic Chemistry无机化学实验Inorganic Chemistry Experiments无机介电材料Inorganic Dielectric Material无损检测技术Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement无线电测量Antijamming Techniques无线电系统概论Introduction to Radio System无线电系统与设备Radio System & Equipment无油润滑及空气净化Oil-Free Lubrication & Air Purification物理光学Physical Optics物理光学实验Optical-Physics Experiment物理化学Chemicophysics物理化学实验Physical Chemistry Experiment物理学Physics物理冶金Physical Metallurgy物流管理学Material flow Management物流系统工程Material Flow System Engineering物资管理学Material Administration物资会计Accountancy of Materials物资会计与财务分析Accountancy of Materials & Financial Analysis 物资进出口管理Material Import and Export Administration物资进出口贸易Material Import and Export Trade物资经济学Economics for Materials物资经营管理Materials Management Administration物资经营学Materials Management物资企业管理学Enterprise Management for Materials物资企业经营学Enterprise Management for Materials误差理论Theory of Error西方近现代建筑史History of Western Contemporary Architecture 西方科学与哲学评价Comment of Western Science & Philosophy 西方美术史History of Western Art西方文化讲座Lecture of Western Culture西方文学理论Theories of Western Literature吸收式及蒸喷式制冷机Absorption & Evaporation Refrigerator吸收式制冷机Absorption Refrigerator系统辨识System Discrimination系统程序设计根底Basic of System Program Design系统动力学System Dynamics系统工程System Engineering系统建模与响应System Modeling & Response系统结构System Structure系统与泵站System & Pump Station细胞生物学Cell Biology细杆式制冷压缩机Thin Pole Compressor纤维光学Fibre Optics显示技术Display Technique显示技术及装置Display Technique & Equipment显示仪表Displaying Meter现代汉语Modern Chinese现代控制论Comtemporary Control Theory现代生物概率Probability of Modern Biology现代文学Modern Literature现代文学作品选读Selected Readings of Contemporary Literature现代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy现代西方哲学评价Comments on Contemporary Western Philosophy现代语言学Modern Linguistics现代作品选讲Lectures on Selected Contemporary Writings线性代数Linear Algebra线性规划Linear Programming线性系统与分析Linear System & Analysis相似理论在热工中应用Application of Similarity Theory in Heat Engineering 工程可行性研究与评诂Research & Evaluation of Project Fearibility小区规划设计Small Zone Planning小型客积式压缩机Small-Volumed Compressor小型制冷装置Small Refrigerating Equipment写作Writing写作根底Basis for Writing新时期小说专题Current Issues on Contemporary Novels新闻采访学News Gathering新闻概论Introduction to Journalism新闻管理专题Current Issues on Journalism Administration新闻学理论Theories of Journalism Science新闻评论学News Commentary新闻摄影News Photography新闻史History of Journalism新闻世界史World History of News新闻事业管理Journakism Administration新闻文化学News Culturology新闻写作News Writing新闻心理学News Psychology新闻总编赏析Appreciation & Analysis of General Editing心理学Psychology信息传输根底Information Transmission System信息光学Information Optics信息论Informatics信息论与编码Informatics & Coding信息系统设计Information System Design信息系统设计与分析Analysis of Information System & Designing形式逻辑Formal Logics形势与教育Situation & Education形势与政策Situation & Policy行政法Administrative Law行政管理学Administration Science修辞讲座Lectures on Rhetorics学科专研究Subject Research循环分析Analysis of Cycling循环力学Cycling Mechanics训估学Phonology压力焊Pressure Welding压缩机测试技术Compression Test Technique压缩机汽阀Steam Valve of Compressor压缩机制冷技术Technology of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制冷原理Principle of Compressor Refrigeration压缩机制造工艺学Technology of Compressor Manufacturing氧化锌避雷器Zinc-Oxide Arrester遥感图象数字处理Remote Sense Picture and Digit Processing叶片泵设计Paddle Pump Designing叶栅理论Theories of Cascades液力传动Fluid Transmission液体静压技术Liquid Static-Press Technique液体力学及液压传动Fluid Dynamics and Hydraulic Power Transmission液压测试技术Hydraulic Test Technique液压传动Hydraulic Transmission液压传动系统Hydraulic Power Transmission System液压传动系统设计Hydraulic Power Transmission System Designing液压概论Introduction to Hydrdulics液压流体力学Hydro-mechanics液压伺服系统Hydrauservo System制冷及低温技术Refrigeration & Cryogenic Technique制冷系统优化与节能Optimal Refrigeration System & Energy Saving制冷与空调Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning制冷原理与设备Refrigeration Principle & Equipment智能化仪表根底Basis of Artificial Intelligence Meter智能机器Artificial Intelligence Machinery智能仪器设计与应用Design & Application of Artificial Intelligence Instrument 质量管理Quality Management质量管理工程学Quality Management EngineeringChinese Traditional CultureChinaf Chinese Paintingppreciation of Chicese Artture中级无机化学Medium Inorganic Chemistry中级无机化学实验Experiment on Medium Inorganic Chemistry中社建文献选读Selected Readings of Chinese Socialist Construction Documents 中英文打字与编排Typing & Editing in English & Chinese轴流式压缩机Axial Flow Compressor铸钢及有色金属Steel-Casting & Colored Metal铸件成形理论Theory of Casting Forming铸件形成理论根底Basis of Cast Forming Theory电路理论根底Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Porgrams电视节目制作Television Porgram Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术Art of Film Making电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术根底Basic Electronic Technology电子技术根底与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurementtus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus & Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统Infrared System厚薄膜集成电路Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量根底Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry,Shadow and Perspective化工根底Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反响工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学别离Chemical Decomposition化学工程根底Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计根底Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计根底Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造根底Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造根底(金属工艺学) Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta。
Chp3_Principles of plastic forming_Answers to course work

2. Translation
Chapter 3: Course work
1)The large tensile elongations and typically low flow stresses associated with superplastic metals permit the forming of complex shapes by using methods and forming pressures not previously possible.Page 31, the 1st paragraph of 3.2 15% 超塑 性金属所具有的大延伸率和典型的低流动应力可以在常规的 加工方法和压力无法实现的情况下成形复杂的形状。 2)However, since this is a highly strain-rate sensitive property, and actual parts can experience significant variations in strain rate during forming, it is sensible to measure tensile elongation as a function of strain rate. Page 32 Line 2 15% 然而延伸率是一个 应变速率敏感的性能,制件在实际成形过程中应变速率变化 很大,因此以应变速率为变量来测量延伸率n. Page 24, Line 1 in 3.1 10%
塑料污染英语作文题目

塑料污染英语作文题目Plastic Pollution: A Looming Environmental CrisisPlastic has become an integral part of our daily lives, permeating every aspect of our modern society. From the convenience of single-use bags to the vast array of packaged products, plastic has revolutionized the way we live and consume. However, this convenience has come at a dire cost – the alarming rise of plastic pollution, which has become a global crisis threatening the very fabric of our environment.The ubiquity of plastic has led to its widespread and often irresponsible disposal. Millions of tons of plastic waste find their way into our oceans, rivers, and landfills each year, wreaking havoc on delicate ecosystems and the diverse array of life they sustain. Marine life, in particular, has borne the brunt of this environmental catastrophe, with countless creatures becoming entangled in or ingesting plastic debris, leading to devastating consequences.The impact of plastic pollution extends far beyond the immediate impact on wildlife. As these plastic particles break down, they release toxic chemicals that seep into the soil and waterways, contaminatingthe very resources we rely on for sustenance. This pollution not only threatens the health of our planet but also poses a direct risk to human well-being, as these toxins can accumulate in the food chain and ultimately be consumed by us.Moreover, the production and disposal of plastic contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, further exacerbating the global climate crisis. The energy-intensive process of extracting and refining fossil fuels to create plastic, coupled with the lack of effective recycling and waste management infrastructure, has led to a staggering carbon footprint associated with this ubiquitous material.The scale of the plastic pollution problem is truly staggering. Estimates suggest that by 2050, there could be more plastic in the ocean than fish. This dire prediction underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and coordinated action to address this pressing issue. Governments, businesses, and individuals must all play a crucial role in driving meaningful change.Governments must implement robust policies and regulations to curb the production and consumption of single-use plastics, while also investing in the development of sustainable alternatives and the improvement of waste management systems. Businesses, on the other hand, must embrace the principles of the circular economy,developing innovative solutions that minimize waste and promote the reuse and recycling of plastic products.Individuals, too, have a critical role to play in combating plastic pollution. By adopting simple yet impactful lifestyle changes, such as reducing the use of single-use plastics, properly disposing of waste, and supporting eco-friendly initiatives, we can collectively make a significant difference in reversing the tide of this environmental crisis.The fight against plastic pollution is not just a battle for the health of our planet – it is a fight for the very future of humanity. The consequences of inaction are dire, and the time to act is now. Through a concerted and collaborative effort, we can create a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future, one where plastic no longer poses a threat to the delicate balance of our world.。
principle知识资料of知识资料plastic知识资料molding知识资料engineeri

The concept of the plastic forming(Sheet metal forming)塑性成形(金属板料成型)概念:sheet metal forming are those which force applied to a piece of sheet metal to modify its geometry rather than remove any material. The applied force stresses metal beyond its yield strength, causing the material to plastically deform, but not to fail. By doing so, the sheet can be bent or stretched into a variety of complex shapes. Sheet metal forming processes include the following 板料成型工艺是在外力作用下改变金属板料的几何形状而不是去除任何材料。
施加在金属上的外力取决于其屈服强度,使其产生塑性变形但不是失效。
通过这种主意,金属板料可以被弯曲或者拉伸成为各种复杂的形状。
金属板料成型工艺包括以下:Bending 弯曲成型1.concept概念:A force is applied to a piece of sheet metal, causing it to bend at an angle and form the desired shape. The bending operation causes deformation along one axis, but a sequence of several different operations can be performed to create a complex part. Bent parts can be quite small, or up to 20 feet in length. A bend can be characterized by several different parameters弯曲成形是一个外力作用在一个金属板上,引起了一个角度的弯曲而得到我们所需要的形状。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语3PRINCINPLESOFPLASTICFORMING幻灯片

流动应力
流动应力是从英文Flow Stress翻译过来的,实质 上就是变形过程的应力。
材料在单向拉伸〔或压缩〕过程中,由于加工硬化 ,塑性流动所需的应力值随变形量增大而增大。对 应于变形过程某一瞬时进展塑性流动所需的真实应 力叫做该瞬时的屈服应力〔Y〕,亦称流动应力。 如果忽略材料的加工硬化,可以认为屈服应力为一 常数,并近似等于屈服极限〔σs〕。实际上,屈服 应力是一个由形变速度、形变温度、形变程度决定 的函数,且这些参数彼此相互影响,并通常与材料 特性相关。
热加工物理冶金的原则现已得到公认。在变形过程中(例如 一个轧制过程中),材料发生加工硬化,但被回复和再结晶 的动态软化过程平衡。
▪recognize 认出,识别;承认 ▪pass n,(机器的)一次操作;一次完整的工作循环
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CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING
▪材料成型及控制工程专业英 语
3PRINCINPLESOFPLASTI CFORMING幻灯片
2009 © Hisuntech C ▪学习完请自行删除,谢谢! ▪本课件PPT仅供大家学习使用 ▪学习完请自行删除,谢谢!
▪Translation Skill — Semantic Extension
▪ 长句常见的翻译(方翻法译主技要巧有以——下长四句种的:译法)
➢ 化整为零,分译法; ➢ 纲举目张,变序法; ➢ 逆流而上,逆序法; ➢ 逆序而下,顺序法。
▪化整为零,分译法
▪原句包含多层意思,而汉语习惯一个小句表达一层意思。为 了使行文简洁,将整个长句译成几个独立的句子,顺序基本 不变,保持前后的连贯。
▪Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers.
材料成形及控制工程-专业英语阅读

CHAPTER I MA TERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES1. 1 Metals and Non-metalsAmong numerous properties possessed by materials, their mechanical properties, in the majority of cases, are the most essential and therefore, they will be given much consideration in the book. All critical parts and elements, of which a high reliability is required, are made of metals, rather than of glass, plastics or stone. As has been given in Sec 1-l, metals are characterized by the metallic bond; where positive ions occupy the sites of the crystal lattice and are surrounded by electron gas .All non-metals have an ionic or a covalent bond. These types of bond are rigid and are due to electrostatic attraction of two ions of unlike charges. Because of the metallic bond, metals are capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening upon plastic deformation. Therefore, if there is a defect in a material or if the shape of an element is such that there are stress concentrators, the stresses in these points may attain a great value and even cause cracking. But since the plasticity of the material is high, the metal is deformed plastically in that point, say, at the tip of a crack, undergoes strengthening, and the process of fracture comes to an arrest. This does not occur in non-metals. They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening; therefore, fracture will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite value. These facts explain why metals are reliable structural materials and can not be excelled by non-metallic materials.Words and Terms:mechanical property 机械(力学)性能critical part and element 关键零部件covalent bond 共价键metalic bond crystal lattice 金属键晶格electrostatic attraction 静电吸引plastic deformation 塑性变形self-strengthening 自强化stress oncentrator 应力集中点the tip of a crack 裂纹尖端Questions: 1) What are the differences in properties between metals and non-metals?2) Why are metals capable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening?1. 2 Ferrous AlloysMore than 90 % by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between 0. 05 and 2.0 wt % carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0 and 4.5 wt % carbon. Within the steel category,we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used . A composition of 5 wt % total non-carbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased materials costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance.Words and Terms:ferrous 铁的;含铁的corrosion resistance 耐腐蚀;抗蚀力arbitrary 特定的;武断的Questions:l) What is the difference in composition between steel and cast iron?2) How can you distinguish low alloy steels from high alloy steels?CHAPTER 2 HEA T TREA TMENT OF STEEL2. 1 Principle of Heat Treatment of SteelThe role of heat treatment in modern mechanical engineering cannot be overestimated. The changes in the properties of metals due to heat treatment are of extremely great significance.2. 1. 1 Temperature and TimeThe purpose of any heat treating process is to produce the desired changes in the structure of metal by heating to a specified temperature and by subsequent cooling.Therefore , the main factors acting in heat treatment are temperature and time , so that any processof heat treatment can be represented in temperature-time ( t-τ) coordinates .Heat treatment conditions are characterized by the following parameters: heating temperature t , i.e. the maximum temperature to which an alloy metal is heated; time of holding at the maxheating temperatureτh; heating rate νh and cooling rateνc.If heating (or cooling) is made at a constant rate, the temperature-time relationship will be described by a straight line with a respective angle of incline.With a varing heating (or cooling) rate , the actual rate should be attributed to the given temperature , more strictly , to an infinite change of temperature and time : that is the first derivative of temperature in time : νact = dt/dτ.Heat treatment may be a complex process , including multiple heating stages , interrupted or stepwise heating (cooling) , cooling to subzero temperatures , etc . Any process of heat treatment can be described by a diagram in temperature-time coordinates.Words and Terms:coordinates 坐标系heating rate 加热速度straight line 直线heating temperature 加热温度cooling rate 冷却速度first derivative 一阶导数Questions:1) What are the two main factors acting in heat treatment?2) How many stages may usually be inc luded in the heat treatment of steel?2. 1. 2 Formation of AusteniteThe transformation of pearlite into austenite can only take place at the equilibrium critical point on a very slow heating as follows from the Fe-C constitutional diagram. Under common conditions, the transformation is retarded and results in overheating, i.e. occurs at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated in the Fe-C diagram.When overheated above the critical point, pearlite transforms into austenite, the rate of transformation being dependent on the degree of overheating.The time of transformation at various temperatures (depending on the degree of overheating) shows that the transformation takes place faster (in a shorter time) at a higher temperature and occurs at a higher temperature on a quicker heating. For instance , on quick heating and holding at 780 ℃,the pearlite to austenite transformation is completed in 2 minutes and on holding at 740 ℃,in 8 minutes .The end of the transformation is characterized by the formation of austenite and the disappearance of pearlite (ferrite + cementite). This austenite is however inhomogeneous even in the volume of a single grain. In places earlier occupied by lamellae (or grains) of a pearlitic cementite , the content of carbon is greater than in places of ferritic lamellae . This is why the austenite just formed is inhomogeneous .In order to obtain homogeneous austenite , it is essential on heating not only to pass through the point of the end of pearlite to austenite transformation , but also to overheat the steel above that point and to allow a holding time to complete the diffusion processes in austenitc grains.The rate of homogenization of austenite appreciably depends on the original structure of the steel, in particular on the dispersion and particle shape of cementite. The transformations described occur more quickly when cementite particles are fine and, c therefore, have a large total surface area.Words and Terms : pearlite 珠光体constitutional diagrm 状态图inhomogeneous 不均匀的lamellae 层片critical point 临界温度overheat 过热grain 晶粒diffuse扩散Questions:1) Is there no diffusion process in the transformation from pearlite to austenite?2) Is it true that the higher the temperature, the faster the transformation from pearlite into austenite?3) How to obtain homogeneous austenite?CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF PLASTIC FORMING3. 1 Physical Metallurgy of Hot WorkingThe principles of the physical metallurgy of hot working are now well recognized. During the deformation process itself, e.g. a rolling pass, work hardening takes place but is balanced by the dynamic softening processes of recovery and recrystallization. These processes, which are thermally activated, lead to a flow stress that depends on strain rate and temperature as well as on strain. The structural changes taking place within the material result in an increase in dislocation density with strain until in austenitic steels and nickel- and copper-base alloys a critical strain (εc)is reached when the stored energy is sufficiently high to cause dynamic recrystallization . With further strain, dynamic recrystallization takes place repeatedly as the new recrystallized grains are themselves work-hardened to the critical level of stored energy. These dynamic structural changes leave the metal in an unstable state and provide the driving force for static recovery and static recrystallization to take place after the deformation pass. Static recrystallization may be followed by grain growth if the temperature is sufficiently high. In order to be able to apply these principles to commercial working processes, we require answers to two main questions: (a) how long does recrystallization take place after a deformation pass; and (b) what grain size is produced by recrystallization and grain growth? The answers determine the structure of the material entering the next and subsequent passes and hence influence the flow stress of the material and the working forces required. Eventually they determine the structure and properties of the hot worked products.Words and Terms : physical metallurgy 物理冶金work hardening 加工硬化static recovery静态回复thermally activated 热激活的hot working 热加工dynamic softening 动态软化recrystallization 再结晶dislocation density 位错密度critical strain 临界应变Questions:l) When does dynamic recrystallization take place within the material work hardened?2) What do the answers to the two questions determine?3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural ChangeDuring the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels, tested in torsion, but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion, tension, or compression. After initial rapid work- hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystallization has taken place so the strain to the peak(εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recystallization (εc ) . The relationship between the two strains is complex , but it has been suggested thatεc=αεp( where αis a constant ) is a reasonable approximation for conditions of deformation of interest in hot working. however , the proposed values of αdiffer , being 0.83 , 0.86 , and 0.67 . It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter ( Z ) , independent of the particular combination of stain rate (ε)and temperature ( T / K ) in the relationship : Z=εexp Q def/RTWhere the activation energy Q def for this alloy steel is 314 kJ/mol. A similar value of 312kJ/mol is appropriate for a range of C-Mn steels but lower values of 270 and 286 kJ/mol have also been observed.Asεc marks a change in microstructure from one of somewhat poorly developed subgrains , produced by the action of work hardening and dynamic recovery,to one which also contains recrystallization nuclei , it is also a critical strain in terms of the static structural changes that take place after deformation . The dependence of εp,and hence of εc,on Z is shown for the low-alloy steel and a number of C-Mn steels in Fig. 3.2. It can be seen that, indicated by the Fig.3.2 ,εp generally increases with increasing Z although the curve for the data of Sakui et al. passes through a minimum at Z = 3 x 10s-1,( corrected to Q def = 312 kcal / mol ) . The curves for the data of Nakamura and Ueki, Cook, Rossard and Blain, and Hughes, and also the data of Suzuki et al. for a number of C-Mn steels were obtained from tests on material reheated to the same temperature as the testing temperature.These all show a trend for higher values of εp at higher testing temperatures.In contrast, the curves for the data of Le Bon et al. , Barraclough , and Morrision refer to tests carried out at lower temperature than the reheating temperature and these show no effect of test temperature 0n εp.In the former group of results, higher reheating/test temperatures will give larger initial grain sizes. As shown by Sah et al., Sakui et al., and Roberts et al. , increase in grain size ( d0)leads to an increase inεp and their data indicate a relationship of the form εp∝d0^ 1/2 Words and TermsStress-strain curve 应力应变曲线torsion 扭转;转矩activation energy 激活能initial grain size 原始晶粒尺寸Questions:l ) What doεc andεp mark ?2 ) What is the relationship between εc andεp ?3. 1. 2 Static Recrystallization RateAfter deformation, softening by static recovery and recrystallization take place with time at rates which depend on the prior deformation conditions and the holding temperature. These processes may be followed by studying the changes in yield or flow stress during a second deformation given after different holding times to obtain a restoration index, or recrystallization may be measured directly by metallographic examination of quenched specimens. An example of the form of recrystallization curves obtained by the latter method for low-alloy steel is shown inFig 3.3. The curves generally follow an A vrami equation of the formwhere X v is the fraction recrystallized in time t ; t F is the time for some specified fraction of recrystallization ( say 0.5 ) ; k is a constant ; and C=-In ( 1-F ) . For the Curves shown k = 2 , which is consistent with the value observed for other steels deformed to strains <εc.With this relationship t0.05=0 . 27t0.5 and t0.95 = 2.08 t0.5 , i.e. recrystallization proceeds over about one order of magnitude in time.The dependence on strain of the characteristic time t0.5, measured by either metallographic or restoration method, is shown for several steels in Fig. 3.4. All the curves show a steep dependence on strain for strains up to ~0. 8εp,which fits a relationship t0.5∝ε-m , where the mean value of m = 4 . This value is also given by observations on ferritic metals. The lower limit of strain to which this relationship is applicable is uncertain as the critical strain for static recrystallization has not received systematic study. The data of Norrison indicate that it is < 0.05 for low-carbon steel at 950℃whereas the observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate a value of > 0.055 for high-carbon steel at 780 ℃.It is clear whether this difference arises from thedifference in temperature or composition as the simple dependence on Z suggested by the broken line in Fig. 3.2 may be unrealistic. This deserves further study as low strains my be applied in the final passes of plate rolling and , as shown previously , these could have significant effects on the final grain size if they exceed the critical strain for static recrystallization.In the strain range of steep dependence of t0.5 on ε,Morrison observed that there was no effect of strain rate over the two orders of magnitude studied . This is somewhat surprising as interesting strain rate (or Z) increases the flow stress at any particular strain. Increasing flow stress would be expected to increase the random dislocation density and decrease the subgrain size and hence increase the stored energy.The subgrain boundaries provide the largest contribution to the stored energy and as their misorientation increases with strain, the driving force for recrystallization will increase. However, this increase would be expected to be about linear with strain so the much greater dependence of t0.5on strain must also arise from an increase in density of nucleation sites and in nucleation rate. The lack of influence of strain rate may thus reflect compensating effects on stored energy and substructure development at any strain. This contrasts with the strain rate effect observed for stainless steel.The observations of Djaic and Jonas indicate that an abrupt change takes place from strain dependence to independence at a strain ~0.8εp,as illustrated in Fig . 3. 4. This corresponds reasonably with the strain expected forεc and arises because preexisting recrystallization nuclei are always present in the deformed structure at strains greater thanεc.Static recrystallization under these conditions has been referred to as ‟metadynamic‟ to distinguish it from the 'classical ' recrystallization after lower strains when the nuclei must be formed after deformation . The restoration measurements indicate that the recrystallization kinetics may have a complex form after strains betweenεc and the onset of steady state , and direct metallographic observations of static recrystallization after stains well into steady state show that the exponent k in the A vrami equation drops to a value of ~1 . This means that t0.05 = 0.074 t0.5 and t0.95 = 4.33 t0..5, i. e. static recrystallization proceeds over about two orders of magnitude in time after strains which give dynamically recrystallized structures during deformation 。
模具注塑英文自我介绍范文

模具注塑英文自我介绍范文Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am a professional in the field of injection molding. With a passion for precision and a keen eye for detail, I have dedicated my career to mastering the art and science of molding plastic parts.I hold a degree in Mechanical Engineering, which has provided me with a solid foundation in understanding the principles of material science, mechanical design, and manufacturing processes. My journey in the injection molding industry began with an internship at a renowned manufacturing company, where I was first introduced to the intricacies of the process.Over the years, I have honed my skills in various aspects of injection molding, including but not limited to:1. Design for Manufacturability (DFM): I understand the importance of designing parts that are not only functional but also efficient to produce. This involves considering the mold flow, cooling channels, and part ejection during the initial design phase.2. Mold Making: I have experience working with mold makers to ensure that the molds are designed and built to the highest standards, taking into account the material to be used, the complexity of the part, and the production volume.3. Material Selection: Choosing the right plastic resin iscrucial for the success of any injection molding project. I am well-versed in the properties of various materials and can select the most appropriate one based on the application's requirements.4. Process Optimization: I am adept at fine-tuning the injection molding process to achieve optimal part quality, cycle time, and cost efficiency. This includes adjusting parameters such as injection speed, pressure, temperature, and cooling time.5. Quality Control: Ensuring that the final product meets the required specifications is of utmost importance. I implement stringent quality control measures, including visual inspections, dimensional checks, and material testing.6. Problem Solving: Inevitably, challenges arise in any manufacturing process. I pride myself on my ability to quickly identify issues and implement effective solutions to minimize downtime and maintain production efficiency.7. Project Management: I have a proven track record of managing injection molding projects from conception to completion. This involves coordinating with cross-functional teams, setting project timelines, and ensuring that all deliverables are met on time and within budget.8. Continuous Improvement: The world of injection molding is constantly evolving, with new technologies and techniques emerging regularly. I am committed to staying abreast of these advancements and incorporating them into my work todrive innovation and improve processes.In my most recent role, I led a team responsible for the development and production of complex automotive components. Through my leadership, we were able to reduce production costs by 15% while simultaneously improving part quality and reducing lead times.I am excited about the prospect of bringing my expertise in injection molding to a dynamic and forward-thinking organization. I am confident that my technical knowledge, combined with my problem-solving skills and dedication to excellence, will contribute significantly to the success of any project I undertake.Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to the opportunity to discuss how my skills and experience align with the needs of your company.。
2024新课标II卷英语真题卷及答案

2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语本试卷共12页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项:1.答题前,考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚,将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂;非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写,字体工整、笔迹清楚。
3.请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答,超出答题区域书写的答案无效;在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4.作图可先使用铅笔画出,确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5.保持卡面清洁,不要折叠,不要弄破、弄皱,不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分听力(1—20小题)在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题 2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AChoice of Walks for Beginner and Experienced WalkersThe Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner,experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.Walk1—The Natural WorldWith environmentalistÉanna Lamhna as the guide,this walk promises to be an informative tour.Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at09:00Start Point:Scratoes BridgeWalk Duration:6hoursWalk2—Introduction to HillwalkingEmmanuel Chappard,an experienced guide,has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all.This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at09:00Start Point:Deerpark Car ParkWalk Duration:5hoursWalk3—Moonlight Under the StarsWalking at night-time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone.Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs.A torch(手电筒)along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark.Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.Date and Time:Saturday,1st October,at18:30Start Point:The Town HallWalk Duration:3hoursWalk4—Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish ForestThis informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well-surfaced forest path.Date and Time:Sunday,2nd October,at11:45Start Point:Kilbrannish Forest Recreation AreaWalk Duration:1.5hours1.Which walk takes the shortest time?A.The Natural World.B.Introduction to Hillwalking.C.Moonlight Under the Stars.D.Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.2.What are participants in Walk3required to do?A.Wear proper clothes.B.Join a walking club.C.Get special permits.D.Bring a survival guide.3.What do the four walks have in common?A.They involve difficult climbing.B.They are for experienced walkers.C.They share the same start point.D.They are scheduled for the weekend.【答案】1.D 2.A 3.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。
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2 该部分作为作业,笔译到作业本上。
1 补充术语(Supplementary Term) 补充术语(
Finite Element Method (FEM) 有限元法 Finite Difference Method (FEM) 有限差分法 Equipotential lines 等势线 Stress-strain relations:应力应 变关系/本构关系 Upper-bound analysis/ Lower bound analysis 上限、下限法 Elastic-plastic finite element method 弹塑性有限元方法 Rigid-plastic finite element method 刚塑性有限元方法 Round forging 圆角锻造 High order element 高阶单元 Backward extrusion operation 反向挤压 Graphics terminal 图形终端 Closed die forging 闭式模锻 Preform 预锻 Coupled analysis 耦合分析
3.1.1 Basic assumption in plastic forming
1 补充术语(Supplementary Term) 补充术语(
The mechanics of deformation 变形机制 Metal forming 金属成形 Strain rates 应变速率 Elastic deformation弹性变形 Plastic deformation塑性变形 弹性变形 塑性变形 Elastic recovery 弹性回弹 Elastic deflection弹性弯曲 弹性弯曲 Precision forming / cast 精密成形 铸造 continuum 连续体 精密成形/铸造 Metallurgy/ metallurgical 冶金、冶金学 冶金学的 冶金、冶金学/冶金学的 Uniaxial/ multiaxial 单轴 /多轴 多轴 Isotropy /anisotropy各向同性 各向异性 各向同性/各向异性 各向同性 Baushinger:鲍辛格效应 当预先经受少量塑性变形的试件, 当预先经受少量塑性变形的试件, : 在以后经受相反符号的变形时, 在以后经受相反符号的变形时,变形抗力降低 Coulomb’s law 库仑定律 ’
3.1.2 Complex stress system
1 补充术语(Supplementary Term) 补充术语(
Elastic-perfectly plastic body 理想弹塑性体 Rigid-perfectly plastic body 理想刚塑性体 Deformation force(pressure)(load)变形力(加载) Deformation work 变形功 Deformation rate/ration/region Equivalent /nominal / residual stress 等效/名义/残余应力 Tensile/compressive type of deformation 拉伸/压缩类变形 Permanent deformation 永久变形 Homogeneous deformation均匀变形 Maximum shear stress criterion ~ Tresca yield criterion Energy criterion ~ Misses yield criterion Total strain theory 全量理论 Increment strain theory 增量理论 Slip line fie有的大延伸率和典型的低流动应力可以在不需 要常规的加工方法和压力的情况下实现复杂的形状的成形。
2 第一段第二句译:
在成形工艺设计中应该充分利用超塑性这种特殊的性能,这一点 已经得到普遍认同;近二十年来对超塑性的机制和条件展开了广 泛的研究,这些研究的目的还包括为开发新的合金和改进现有的 合金和开发新的工艺方法,从而可以进一步拓展超塑性的研究领 域。
3.1.3 Relationship between tensile yield stress Y and shear yield stress K
1 补充术语(Supplementary Term) 补充术语(
Tensile yield stress 拉伸屈服应力 Shear yield stress 剪切屈 服应力 Yield criteria (criterion的复数)屈服准则 tensile test 拉伸试验 torsion test 扭转试验 gauge 标准 Principal stresses 主应力 Hydrostatic stress 静液应力
3.3 Superplasticity(超塑性)
1 The large tensile elongations and typically low flow stresses associated with superplastic metals permit the forming of complex shapes by using methods and forming pressures not previously possible.
2 句型分析(Sentences Analysis) 句型分析( )
1 This can be seen from an analysis of what happens when a cylindrical sample is compressed between two platens as in Fig.1-1. 分析:此句是一个宾语的定语较为复杂的嵌套式句型,主定 语为What happens,定语从句的状语仍未从句,此句的翻 译也需要将定语部分拆分,以免头重脚轻。注:what happens 译为:所发生的现象。 例:这一点从图1-1的分析可以看出,改图所示为一圆柱体 样件在两模板之间受压时所发生的现象。 2 Many attempts have been made to find a mathematical relationship between the tensile yield stress and the values of stresses in a triaxial system just at the point of yielding. 译:为了找到拉伸屈服应力与三轴系统中屈服点上各应力值 之间的数学关系,进行了许多探索。
2 句型分析(Sentences Analysis) 句型分析( )
1 For all press types, but especially for hammer presses and screw presses, there is no interconnection between machine and process giving the die actual velocity. 译:对于所有类型的压机而言,尤其对锻锤和螺旋压力机,在 给定模具实际速度的情况下,机器本身与加工工艺之间便没 有相互关系。 2 The temperature distribution of the dies and of billets is characterized in general through a gradient between dies and billet at the beginning of forging process. 分析:具有相对难度的复合句,翻译时将状语前置。 例如:通常,在锻造过程之初,锻模和坯料之间温度分布特征 是两者之间的温度梯度。 3 Thus the process simulation of forging in general needs a coupled analysis of plasticity and heat transfer for non steady-state problem with changing boundary conditions. 译:通常,随着边界条件的变化,对于这种非稳态问题,锻造 过程的数值模拟便需要塑性分析和传热过程分析两者之间的 耦合。
3 However, since this is a highly strain-rate sensitive property, and actual parts
can experience significant variations in strain rate during forming, it is sensible to measure tensile elongation as a function of strain rate.
2 句型分析(Sentences Analysis) 句型分析( )
句型分析:目的状语成分复杂,动名词determining作为for 的宾语, determining的宾语为并列从句, “how…”, ”how…”and “what…”,这样环环相 扣,用于表达严密的语义。 翻译方法:句子拆分法,将宾语变成独立的句子,主语部 分为了达到句子的通顺和完备,往往需要添加修饰词予 以补充。 参考译文(1)从而,(对于)塑性变形机制(的研究)提 供了一系列的(研究)手段,(通过这些手段)可以确 定金属如何流动,如何通过塑性变形获得预期 的几何形 状,可以预测通过成形生产所获得零部件机械性能。 注:该句式适用于专业文献的翻译 (2)从而,塑性变形机制(的研究)提供了手段:金属流 动方式的确定、如何通过塑性成形获得预期的几何形状 以及成形生产中零(部)件机械性能的确定。 注:该句式适用于一般科普文献的翻译
2 句型分析(Sentences Analysis) 句型分析( )
1 The purpose applying plasticity theory in metal forming is to investigate the mechanics of plastic deformation in metal forming processes. 翻译:在金属成形中运用塑性成形理论的目的是研究金属金 属成形过程中的塑性变形机制。 2 Such investigation allows the analysis and prediction of… 注意:allows 翻译为:可以包括,比include更具有不确定的 意思,这个句型可以翻译为:这种研究可以包括以下的分 析与预测。由于在此为理论研究,作者以此表示对这些研 究具有不甚确定的态度。 3 Thus, the mechanics of deformation provides the means for determining how the metal flows, how the desired geometry can be obtained by plastic forming and what are the expected mechanical properties of the part produced by forming.