2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试材料科学基础考研真题试卷
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试法语考研真题试卷
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码252 考试科目名称法语Ⅰ.根据需要在空格中填入du, de la, des ou de。
（每空格1分，共7分）Patricia : Cet après-midi, on sort faire ____1____courses ?Luc : Il y a_____2____tennis à la télé, un match ____3_____tennis important, la finale dames. Patricia : Oui, mais il y a aussi une émission ____4_____variétés, avec ___5_____artistes connus. Luc : Ecoute, ce genre_____6_____ programme, on peut le voir toute l’année.Patricia : Bon, regarde ton match. Moi, je vais écouter_____7_____musique.Ⅱ.将括弧内动词不定式改为合适形式。
（每空格1.5分，共15分）1.Il voit son amie (rentrer)_________chez lui.2.Samedi dernier, nous (faire) ___________ une excursion en auto.3.Quand on a fermél’usine oùtravaillait son mari, elle (venir d’être hospitalisé)_________.4.J'ai entendu dire que les délégués de Shanghai (partir) _________ pour Beijing demain.5.Ces machines (réparer)__________ par un jeune ouvrier il y a trois jours.6.Si vous ne prenez pas ce chemin, vous (s'écarter)__________ beaucoup.7.Après (finir) _________ leurs devoirs, les étudiants sont allés au terrain de sport.8.Ne partez pas sans que je le (savoir)__________.9.Chaque fois qu'ils (remplir) __________ une tâche, ils en faisaient le bilan.10. Il ferme les yeux comme s’il （dormir）_________.Ⅲ.根据需要在空格中填入适当的形容词。
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试海商法考研真题试题答卷
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码819考试科目名称海商法（答卷）一单项选择题（20分）1 根据我国法律，下列哪一项关于提单转让的表述是错误的？DA 记名提单不得转让B 指示提单可以经过记名背书转让C 指示提单可以经过空白背书转让D 不记名提单应当经过空白背书转让2 下列关于汉堡规则的表述，错误的是。
AA 我国积极推动并参加了反映第三世界国家利益的汉堡规则B 汉堡规则对承运人责任的归责原则是完全过错责任制C “实际承运人”是汉堡规则的发明D 汉堡规则规定的火灾损失的举证责任有利于承运人3 根据我国法律规定，对于船舶碰撞，下列情况中的哪一种我国法院具有管辖权？DA 碰撞发生在我国水域B 当事船舶之一悬挂我国国旗C 在公海碰撞后，当事船舶之一最先抵达我国港口D 以上全对4 对于获救满日的船舶和其他财产，如果被救助方不支付救助款项也不提供满意的担保，救助方可以申请法院裁定强制拍卖。
AA 九十B 三十C 一百二十D 十五5 根据我国海商法的规定，对于取得防止或减少环境污染损害效果，有权获得特别补偿时，救助方在何种情况下，可将特别补偿数额增加到救助费用的100％？ BA 根据船舶所有人和救助方的共同申请B 法院或仲裁机构认为适当C 根据救助方的申请D 以上全错6 下列哪种情况，属于可以构成共同海损的危险？DA 船舶在航行途中主机因故障而停机，但当时风平浪静，天气及海况都非常良好B 船上装运的一批活动物突然发生瘟疫，需立即驶往一个港口进行紧急处理，否则该批动物将全部死亡C 一重载船舶在港停泊过程中，船舶坐浅在泊位上，但专家估计不会对船舶产生太大影响，且水深恢复后，船舶可自然浮起D 船舶在海上航行过程中遭遇大风浪，风力超过11级，浪高达5米以上，船舶不得不绕航驶往一个避风港避风7 发生共同海损后签署的“不分离协议”是。
BA 转运船和货方签署的有关转运的协议B 货方应参加共同海损分摊的协议C 船方不应参加共同海损分摊的协议D 港方应参加共同海损的分摊的协议8 最早采纳“喜马拉雅条款”的海事赔偿责任限制国际立法是。
上海海事大学民法2014年—2018年考研真题考研试题
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码623 考试科目名称民法
一、名词解释（共8小题，每小题5分，总分40分）
1.自助行为
2.回赎
3.除斥期间
4.连带责任
5.同时履行抗辩权
6.消极侵权行为
7.占有改定
8.行纪
二、问答题（共5小题，每小题12分，总分60分）
1.民法上的物有哪些法律特征？
2.试述效力待定法律行为与可撤销民事行为的区别。
3.简述代理权滥用的构成条件及类型。
4.试述死亡宣告撤销的法律后果。
5.简述预期违约的概念和特点。
三、论述题（共1小题，总分25分）
1.试论按份共有人的权利和义务。
1 / 2。
上海海事大学法理学2014年—2018年考研真题试题
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码825 考试科目名称《法理学》
一、名词解释题（30分）
1.（6分）法系
2. （6分）普遍管辖原则
3. （6分）准用性规则
4. （6分）法的规范作用
5．（6分）法律责任
二、简答题（50分）
1.（10分）简述奥斯丁在法学方面的贡献。
2. （10分）何为法律关系？简述法律关系之要素，并试举一例具体分析。
3. （10分）何为法的效力等级？简述确定法的效力等级通常应遵循的原则。
4. （10分）简述法律原则和法律规则的主要区别。
5．（10分）简述法治和法制的区别和联系。
三、论述题（40分）
1.（20分）有位知名的法理学教授曾说过，每一位法学家都要对什么是法律进行论述，在法学领域，基本上没有什么问题比“法律是什么”这个问题得到更多的考虑和回答。
为什么会有这样的观点？你认为什么是法律？
2. （20分）试论述司法权的性质和特征。
四、案例分析题（30分）
单双号限行制度是为了缓解城市交通压力以及缓解空气重污染的一种交通制度，即车辆限行区域内按“单日单号车通行，双日双号车通行”原则，实施单双号限行措施。
据了解，目前，包括北京、保定、济南、南昌、兰州、长春、杭州、贵阳等城市已相继出台了汽车限行令。
对此，有人认为，单双号限行侵犯了公民用车自由；有人认为，这一措施能起到立竿见影的作用，对社会的积极作用明显。
问题：运用法理学有关理论和知识，谈谈你对前述材料的看法。
要求：题目可自拟，字数不少于350字；说理充分，逻辑严谨，语言流畅，表达准确。
上海海事大学经济法2014年—2018年考研真题考研试题
现，部分港口存在涉嫌违反《反垄断法》的行为，反垄断部门要求涉案港口按照 《反垄断法》立即进行全面整改。
此次调查发现上海港、天津港等港口存在涉嫌违反《反垄断法》的问题主要 包括：要求船舶公司使用本港下属企业提供的拖轮、理货、船代等服务；对本地 外贸集装箱收取过高的装卸作业费；向交易对象附加强制拆箱理货、不竞争条款、 忠诚条款等不合理交易条件等。
二、简答题（共 6 小题，每小题 10 分，共 60 分） 1．我国增值税的纳税主体是谁？征税范围是什么？ 2. 列举财政调控的主要制度。 3. 列举外汇领域的金融调控调控涉及的主要领域。 4．我国《反不正当竞争法》规定了经营者不得从事哪几种有奖销售？ 5. 我国《证券法》禁止的操纵证券市场的行为有哪些？ 6. 列举我国预算支出的六种形式。
2018 年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试 试题
（重要提示：答案必须做在题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目代码 818
考试科目名称 经济法
一、名词解释（共 6 小题，每小题 5 分，共 30 分） 1. 经济法主体的二元结构 2. 营业税 3. 金融调控 4. 中央银行 5. 公开市场操作 6. 房产税
二、简答题（共 6 小题，每小题 10 分，共 60 分） 1.简述财政政策的目标和工具。 2.简述货币政策的目标。 3.简述产品缺陷的损害赔偿责任的归责原则。 4.列举金融市场监管的主要内容。 5.简述税法的构成要素。 6.简述行政性垄断及行政性垄断行为的类型。
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试伦理学考研真题试题
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：《伦理学》一、辨析题（正确的在题后括号内划"√"，错误的划"×"。
每小题2分，共10分）1、“现代化”固然是当代人聚焦的热门话题，但“现代化”如果缺乏伦理层面的正确诠释和道德价值的时代内涵，那么，这样的“现代化”未必就是人类的福祉。
2、在一些学术著作中，“伦理”与“道德”常常联系起来使用，有时甚至相互替换。
3、伦理学作为一门研究道德现象的社会科学，与政治学、经济学、心理学、宗教学等在研究对象、研究方法和研究任务等诸多方面有着不同之点，因此它们相互之间关系不大。
4、应用伦理学的兴起使伦理学理论与生活实践结合的深刻程度达到了一种新的历史水平。
5、人的道德水平特别是个别英雄人物的道德品质和愿望决定社会历史的进程。
二、名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1、慎独2、社会舆论3、道德原则4、大公无私三、简答题（每题6分，共30分）1、什么是道义论？2、孟子提出的“五伦”是指什么？3、现代意义上的公正的具体内容和基本规则主要表现在哪些方面？4、请解释“天人合一”。
5、什么是道德修养？四、论述题（每题20分，共40分）1、试论道德与法律的关系。
2、伦理学是怎样完成教育人和培养人的任务的？五、案例分析（每题25分，共50分）1、阅读下面材料，谈谈自己的看法。
老人为7元钱39年寻友中新网南昌11月12日电 (苏路程)“再见到你，并还上欠你的钱，是我39年的夙愿。
”12日，江西一六旬老人李书真(音)紧紧握着阔别数十年未见的好友胡菊英，用略微沙哑的声音说道。
现年62岁的李书真是江西南昌人，19岁时被分配到江西生产建设兵团九团，并与胡菊英成为无话不谈的好朋友。
1974年，李书真去赣州师范学校报名时，向胡菊英借了7元钱。
学校毕业后，李书真便与胡菊英失去联系。
“我一直惦记着何时能还她钱，也很想了解她现在的境况。
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试汉语写作考研真题试卷
2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
考试科目：汉语写作
一、根据下面的提供的材料，撰写一份600字左右的请示。
（40分） 1．内容
省级重点工程东平湖水库防汛改造工程自开工以来，各项工作进展顺利，现已完成黄河滩区和东平湖区的群众安迁工作，完成建筑土石方50万立方米、堤段5000米。
汛期即将来临，为加快工程建设，需要准备充足的建筑材料，但由于市场上建材价格上涨，省财政厅划拨的一千万元计划专款已远远不能满足工程建设的需要。
为此，承担此项目工程建设的东山县人民政府拟请东平市人民政府向天平省财政厅求援，希望再增拨专项资金三百万元，以求顺利完成防汛改造工程建设，确保东平湖两岸及周围几个市县人民生命财产的安全。
2.提示
（1）符合一般公文写作的基本格式与思路要求。
（2）请示原因、理由、要求等应适当展开叙述。
（3）注意叙述内容的具体性与叙述过程的条理性
二、下面是《庄子·秋水》中一段原文，请仔细阅读品味后，自拟题目写一篇800-1000字的议论文。
（60分）
秋水时至，百川灌河。
泾流之大，两涘渚崖之间，不辩牛马。
于是焉，河伯欣然自喜，以天下之美为尽在己。
顺流而东行，至于北海。
东面而视，不见水端。
于是焉，河伯始旋其面目，望洋向若而叹曰：“野语有之曰：‘闻道百，以为莫己若’者，我之谓也。
且夫我尝闻少仲尼之闻，而轻伯夷之义者，始吾弗信，今吾睹子之难穷也，吾非至于子之门，则殆矣，吾长见笑于大方之家。
”—《庄子·秋水》。
上海海事2014年MTI真题汇总
小（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目代码211 考试科目名称翻译硕士英语Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A),B), C) and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet.1.It is customary for the bride and groom to __________ their wedding ceremony the evening before theoccasion.A) rehearse B) reciteC) relieve D) reiterate2.The students dormitory is __________ to the school campus.A) adjunct B) absentC) adolescent D) adjacent3.The whole house was in a dilapidated condition; the door __________ on its hinges and the floorboardswere nearly rotten.A) screeched B) squealedC) squeaked C) sledged4.After Obama announced that he planned to run for president, the telephone at campaign headquarters rang__________.A) incisively B) incessantlyC) impartially D) impatiently5.Because she was a few minutes late, she __________ into class and sat in the back of the room.A) crawled B) tiptoedC) rambled D) stumbled6.During the long __________ last year, the farmers had to irrigate their crops.A) drought B) questC) threat D) sleet7.Almost every manager needs an assistant whom he can __________ to take care of problems that mayoccur in his absence.A) count to B) count onC) count for D) count of8.Tom doesn’t even know that angles of less than 90 degrees are called __________ angles.A) obtuse B) focalC) acute D) converging9.One of the __________at the post office is for local mail and the other one is for out-of-town mail.A) slides B) slatsC) slots D) slips10. It is important to boost the morale of the soldiers as low morale can render an army __________.A) sterile B) barrenC) dissolute D) impotent11.Schools should not __________ poor children of the opportunity for learning.A) deprive B) impressC) improvise D) derive12. As there were no other choices, we decided to pay for the furniture on the __________ plan.A) deposit B) debitC) installment D) creditrry was so __________ in his reading that he forgot about his meat cooking in the oven.A) enlivened B) engrossedC) engraved D) enlightened14.Finally, the powerful ruler __________ a rebellion and punished the instigators.A) supported B) reinstatedC) resigned D) suppressed15.The spy used a __________ name while dealing with his counterpart.A) fictitious B) fictileC) fidgety D) fiery16.Nothing is better than a cup of tea to __________ my thirst after playing tennis for two hours.A) quash B) quenchC) quit D) quell17.Christopher Columbus was the first person to __________ under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain.A) wander B) navigateC) circumvent D) explore18.After receiving the insulting letter, Ian became __________.A) fugitive B) revengefulC) resentful D) furious19.To some people in the west, marriage is an ___________ institution.A) obsolete B) ancientC) archaic D) extant20.The government is engaged in a project to __________ the hostile element of society.A) dignify B) pacifyC) satisfy D) certify21.The swimmer __________ from the water and climbed onto the boat.A) emerged B) submergedC) merged D) entered22.The city maintains very many Chinese traditions which are among the highest achievements of those whocreated the __________ we now enjoy.A) inheritance B) geneticsC) estate D) heritage23.She worked __________ from a desire to live a full life either in favorable or unfavorable conditions.A) assertively B) persistentlyC) resiliently D) insistently24.We have heard that his face was badly __________ in the crash last night.A) browsed B) breachedC) bruised D) brooded25.The very idea of your taking part in the beauty competition is __________.A) alphabetic B) absurdC) abnormal D) abrupt26.The clerk in the patent office said to his boss, “Look, I am not drunk. I’m as __________ as a judge.”A) sober B) steadyC) somber D) clear27.My continual __________ kept the other workmen awake at night during the past weeks when we werestaying together.A) snarling B) snoringC) sneering D) snoozing28.It is very convenient for you to replace any part of the machine, for they are all __________.A) mechanized B) normalizedC) standardized D) modernized29.She wants to set up a school to __________ her skills and knowledge to the young generation.A) impede B) inheritC) impart D) intervene30.He is considered one of the geniuses in our school, but I think his paintings are quite __________.A) meager B) mediumC) moderate D) mediocrePart II Reading Comprehension (40%) Directions:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decideon the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Items 31 to 34 are based on the following passage:Perhaps the most challenging is the set of skills required to produce a written assignment, the most common means by which student learning is evaluated. This demands a critical evaluation of a potentially large amount of required reading.The reading required to perform writing tasks requires a set of effective strategies with which many students may be unfamiliar. The texts themselves may vary greatly in both content and style from subject to subject but all require the same critical analysis of conceptually complicated material.Similarly, the experience of speaking before an audience will almost certainly be a new experience for most undergraduates. Again, students are expected to critically evaluate issues and to contribute to the discussion or analysis. Participation in these discussions often forms part of a student’s course assessment and those who fail to express themselves may gain lower grades.Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a confusing and frustrating experience. The lecturer speaks for one or two hours perhaps illustrating the talk with slides, writing up important information on the blackboard, distributing reading material and giving out assignments. The new student sees the other students continuously writing on notebooks and wonders what to write. Very often the student leaves the lecture with notes which do not catch the main points and which become hard even for the student himself to understand.Most institutions provide courses which assist new students to develop the skill they need to be effectivelisteners and notetakers. If these are unavailable there are many useful study-skill guides which enable learners to practice these skills independently. In all cases it is important to tackle the problem before actually starting your studies. If you leave it until after your course begins, you may find that you are not able to study and to learn how to study at the same time.It is important to acknowledge that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skill required in college study. One way of overcoming these difficulties is to attend the language and study-skill classes which most institutions provide throughout the academic year. Another basic strategy is to find a study partner with whom it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.The acquisition of effective language and study skills is a process which continues throughout undergraduate life and is itself a fundamental component of a university education.31. The passage is mainly about ________.A) the necessity of getting much knowledgeB) the training of writing at collegeC) the importance of acquiring a set of effective study skillsD) the training of reading ability32.When a student has difficulties acquiring language skills, it is advisable for him orher to __________.A) turn to the teacher immediately B) exchange ideas with a partnerC) seek advice from books D) memorize more words33. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A) Most students are confused by traditional teaching.B) Most teachers fail to teach students how to learn.C) Taking notes in class is not so important.C)Learning how to learn is just as important as what to learn.34. When speaking before an audience, it is important for a student to ________.A) give his own comments B) speak clearly enoughC) show his knowledge from books D) notice others’ reactionPassage 2Items 35 to 38 are based on the following passage:Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978—87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace—all that re-engineering and downsizing—are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improvingquality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish —“the worst sort of ambulance-chasing”.35. According to the author, the American economic situation is___________.A) not as good as it seems B) at its turning pointC) much better that it seems D) near to complete recovery36. The official statistics on productivity growth ____________.A) exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB) fall short of businessmen’s anticipationC) meet the expectation of business peopleD) fail to reflect the true state of economy37. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain” because _______.A) he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B) he does not think the productivity revolution worksC) he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD) he has conclusive evidence for the revival of business38. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A) Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B) New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C) The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.D) The consultants are a bunch of go-for-nothings.Passage 3Items 39 to 42 are based on the following passage:The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. “She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt.” More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivation, abilities, ideas, and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly—perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting with others, particularly with those who are known to you so you can compare the observed person’s behavior with the known others’ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person’s responses to specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person—questions, self-disclosures and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are oftenimprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still known very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won’t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).39. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C) One should not judge people by their appearance.D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people’s personality.40. It can be inferred from Berger’s suggestions that __________.A) people do not reveal their true self on every occasionB) in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directlyC) the best way to know a person is by making comparisonsD) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover41.In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author’sopinion, are __________.A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB) barriers that should be done away withC) as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD) things people should guard against42. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is _________.A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB) to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC) to call the reader’s attention to the negative side of people’s charactersD) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know peoplePassage 4Items 43 to 46 are based on the following passage:Dr. Thomas Starzl, like all the pioneers of organ transplantation, had to learn to live with failure. When he performed the world’s first liver transplant 25 years ago, the patient, a three-year-old boy, died on the operating table. The next four patients didn’t liv e long enough to get out of the hospital. But more determined than discouraged, Starzl and his colleagues went back to their lab at the University of Colorado Medical School. They devised techniques to reduce the heavy bleeding during surgery, and they worked on better ways to prevent the recipient’s immune system from rejecting the organ — an ever-present risk. Now, thanks to further refinements, about two thirds of all liver-transplant patients are living more than a year.But the triumphs of the transplant surgeons have created yet another tragic problem: a severe shortage of donor organs. “As the results get better, more people go on the waiting list and there’s wider disparity between supply and need,” says one doctor. The American Council on Transplan tation estimated that on any given day 15,000 Americans are waiting for organs. There is no shortage of actual organs; each year about 25,000 healthy people die unexpectedly in the United States, usually in accidents. The problem is that fewer than 20 percent become donors.This trend persists despite laws designed to encourage organ recycling. Under the federal UniformAnatomical Gift Act, a person can authorize the use of his organs after death by signing a statement. Legally, the next of kin can veto these posthumous gifts, but surveys indicate that 70 to 80 percent of the public would not interfere with a family member’s decision. The bigger roadblock, according to some experts, is that physicians don’t ask for donations, either because they fear offend ing grieving survivors or because they still regard some transplant procedures as experimental.When there aren’t enough organs to go round, distributing the available ones becomes a matter of deciding who will live and who will die. Once donors and potential recipients have been matched for body size and blood type, the sickest patients customarily go to the top of the local waiting list. Beyond the seriousness of the patient’s condition, doctors base their choice on such criteria as the length of time th e patient has been waiting, how long it will take to obtain an organ and whether the transplant team can gear up in time.43. One factor causing death on organ transplantation is ___________.A) heavy bleeding during surgeryB) destruction of patients’ immune systemC) objection from patients to taking organs of othersD) doctors’ lack of confidence44. In the U.S. there is a long waiting list for organs because __________.A) there is a shortage of actual organsB) only a few people become organ donorsC) doctors have set a limit to the number of organ recipientsD) transplant surgery is still experimental45. There would be many more organ donors if ____________.A) laws are designed to encourage organ recyclingB) people can’t legally prevent a family member from donating his organC) doctors are more willing to ask for donationsD) transplant surgery is more successful46. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A) Dr. Starzl and Transplant SurgeryB) Transplant Surgery in the U.S.C) The Future of Transplant SurgeryD) Success in Transplant Surgery and Shortage of OrgansPassage 5Items 47 to 50 are based on the following passage:The beginnings of marine biology can be traced back to the renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle of the 3rd century B.C. In certain respects, he was a greater marine biologist than any who followed him, for he made many notable observations with no books to guide him and no microscope with which to see fine details. He studied chiefly the seashore animals of the Greek Coast. In the words of Charles Singer, an English historian of science, Aris totle has left an “imperishable account of some of the things he has seen with his own eyes”. There was no study of seashore life comparable with that of Aristotle until almost the beginning of the nineteenth century. In the first part of that century, biologists of England and Norway made many striking contributions to man’s knowledge of life in the sea. The leader in these discoveri es was Edward Forbes, who classified ocean life according to the depths in which it was found. In Forbes’, methods of dredging the greatdeeps had not been invented. Generalizing from studies he made in shallow depth, Forbes was convinced that there was no life on the bottom below 50 meters. This was an error, to be sure, but a very stimulating one, for scientists set to work to put Forbes’ theory to the test. Within twenty years after his death, they had proved that such types of animals as sea stars, worms, and mollusks lived on the ocean bottom at depths of more than one and one-half kilometers. From later explorations by the Danish ship Galathea and Russian ship Vitiazmen they came to know that such creatures occur on the bottom in the deepest parts of the ocean —The Philippine trench and the Kurile Kamchatka trench, more than ten kilometers beneath the surface of the sea.The Challenger expedition was organized by men who were students of Forbes and were carrying out the work that he started. The resul ts of the expedition, which added immeasurably to man’s knowledge of the ocean and of the creatures that dwell there, were published in fifty huge volumes. They are still a model for contributors to the sciences of oceanography and marine biology.47. As a marine biologist, Aristotle’s greatness lies in his __________.A) study of the Greek coastB) long-lived account of his studyC) being a famous philosopherD) study of the Greek coast by making observations with no books to guide him48. Edward Forbes is so important to be mentioned here for __________.A) he is Aristotle’s followerB)the error he made in his discovery stimulated other scientists to find out the truthC) he made a great errorD) he was the leader of the English and Norwegian biologists in the 19th century49. At last men found out that __________.A) there was no life on the bottom below 550 metersB)there were some animals living on the ocean bottom at depths of more thanone and one-half kilometersC)sea stars and some other animals lived on the bottom in the deepest parts of the oceanD) worms could not live on the bottom of the ocean50. Which of the following is not true?A) Marine biology can be traced back to the beginning of human history.B)Before the 19th century, Ari stotle’s study of seashore life was beyond compare.C) “Challenger” was the name of an expeditionary ship.C)Man’s knowledge of the ocean owes a lot to Forbes’ students who made the “Challenger” expedition.Part III Writing (30%)Directions: For this part, you are asked to write a composition on the topic Job Problems for University Graduates.Please base your composition on the topic and the outlines given and yourcomposition is required to contain about 600 words.1.To state that many graduates cannot find a job related to their specialty or of their interest.2.To give possible reasons for the status quo.3.To suggest some solutions to the problems.2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）考试科目：汉语写作一、根据下面的提供的材料，撰写一份600字左右的请示。
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2014年上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
（重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分）
允许使用计算器
考试科目代码833 考试科目名称材料科学基础
一、名词解释（共10分，每题2分）
1. 肖脱基缺陷；
2. 置换固溶体；
3. 枝晶偏析；
4. 沉淀强化；
5. 调幅分解。
二、选择题（共20分，每题2分）
1. 不属于一次键结合的是：（）
A、共价键；
B、离子键；
C、氢键；
D、金属键。
2. 体心立方晶体结构的原子密排方向是：（）
A、[111]；
B、[110]；
C、[001]；
D、[112]。
3. 一个面心立方晶胞中所含有的八面体间隙个数为：（）
A、1个；
B、2个；
C、4个；
D、8个。
4. 下列关于影响高分子链柔性的因素的叙述中不正确的是：（）
A、当主链中含有非共轭双键时，分子链柔性差；
B、侧链极性越强，分子链的柔性越差；
C、交联程度较低时，分子可保持一定柔性；
D、当主链中含C-O、Si-O键时，柔顺性好。
5. 在二元系合金相图中，计算两相相对量的杠杆法则只能用于：（）
A、单相区中；
B、两相区中；
C、三相平衡水平线上；
D、任意区域。
6. 碳钢与铸铁在显微组织上的区别在于有无：（）
A、莱氏体；
B、珠光体；
C、铁素体；
D、渗碳体。
7. 产生枝晶偏析的原因是：（）
A、液、固相线间距很小，冷却缓慢；
B、液、固相线间距很小，冷却速度大；
C、液、固相线间距大，冷却缓慢；
D、液、固相线间距大，冷却速度也大。
8. 不属于细化材料铸态晶粒的措施的是：（）
A、提高过冷度；
B、变质处理；
C、热处理；
D、振动与搅拌。
9. 金属结晶过程中形核难易程度正确的描述是：（）
A、临界晶核半径越大，形核越易；
B、临界晶核形成功越大，形核越易；
C、过冷度越大，形核越易；
D、均匀形核比非均匀形核容易。
10. 不影响合金晶内偏析程度的因素是：（）
A、凝固速度；
B、偏析元素扩散能力；
C、平衡分配系数；
D、合金熔点。
三、判断题（共20分，每题2分，正确的在括号内画“√”，错误的画“×”）
1. 离子晶体萤石（CaF2）的晶胞中，正离子与负离子的配位数均为4。
( )
2. 对于螺型位错，其柏氏矢量平行于位错线，因此纯螺位错只能是一条直线。
( )
3. 只有置换固溶体的两个组元之间才能无限互溶，间隙固溶体则不能。
( )
4. 位错线的滑移和攀移都可以使金属晶体在滑移面产生塑性变形。
( )
5. 固溶体凝固过程中形核的必要条件是达到临界过冷度，并同时满足结构起伏、能量起伏和成分起伏。
( )
6. 三元相图垂直截面的两相区内不适用杠杆定律。
( )
7. 扩散的决定因素是浓度梯度，原子总是由浓度高的地方向浓度低的地方扩散。
( )
8. 根据施密特定律，晶体滑移面平行于拉力轴时最容易产生滑移。
( )
9. 马氏体相变的惯习面是不畸变面。
( )
10. 固态相变中，由于母相中存在大量的晶体缺陷，使得相变过程中很难发生均匀形核。
( )
四、简答题（共60分）
1. Cu为面心立方结构，请完成以下问题：（10分）
（1）面心立方晶体结构配位数是多少？写出{111}晶面族包含的所有晶面的密勒指数；（2）绘制出（111）、（112）晶面与[110]、[112]晶向，并指出（112）晶面与[112]晶向的关系；
2. 依据Fe-Fe3C铁碳合金相图，简述一次渗碳体、二次渗碳体、三次渗碳体、共晶渗碳体和共析渗碳体的成因与组织特点。
（10分）
3. 影响扩散的主要因素有哪些，论述之。
（10分）
4. 列举出四种合金的强化方法，并论述其强化机制。
指出其中哪一种方法是既能够提高材
料强度，同时又提高韧性？（10分）
5. 论述马氏体相变的基本特征。
（10分）
6. 论述冷变形金属加热时回复和再结晶过程中的组织、性能变化特点与影响因素。
（10分）
五、计算题（共40分）
1. 根据铁碳平衡相图，回答以下问题：（15分）
（1）写出在1495℃、1148℃、727℃发生的三相平衡反应方程式；
（2）画出含碳量ωc =1.2%的过共析钢在室温下的平衡组织，并计算其中二次渗碳体的百分含量；
（3）描述出含碳量ωc =3.5%的亚共晶白口铁从液相平衡冷却到室温的结晶过程，并计算二次渗碳体的百分含量。
2. 考虑一个纯钨和含1%钍的钨合金之间的扩散偶。
在2000℃下几分钟后，产生了一个0.02cm 的扩散区。
如果扩散机制是①体扩散②表面扩散，这时钍原子的通量是多少？(D 0
2.11
0.77 4.3
①
② ③
和Q见表1，钨为体心立方结构，晶格常数为0.3nm) （15分）
表1钍在钨中不同类型的扩散效应
体扩散 1.00 28000
3. 一种低碳钢，可以通过工艺细化晶粒。
已知晶粒尺寸为25微米时，其屈服强度为200MPa，当晶粒尺寸为4微米时，其屈服强度为400MPa，请估算当晶粒尺寸为9微米时，其屈服强度大小和该低碳钢的晶格摩擦阻力大小。
（10分）。