欧洲文化入门Europe Culture3 The Middle Ages
欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions
欧洲文化入门++各章+Terms+和Essay+Questions欧洲文化入门各章T erms 和Essay QuestionsDivision One: Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Homer:2. Father of History3. Academy4. Idealism5. Ciceronian6. She-wolf7. What are the characters of ancient Greek society?8. What influences did Greek civilization have on English literature?9. What were ancient Greeks curious about?10. What marked European Culture reached i9ts high point in the 5th Century B.C.?11. What is the major difference between Herodotus and Thucydides?12. What did Ancient Greek economy rest on?13. What religion absorbed the ideas of Plato?14. What is Ciceronian style?15. In which literary work did Aeneas appear?16. What is the dividing range of Roman history?Division Two: The Bible And Christianity1. Historical books2. Book of Daniel3. John Wycliff4. Vulgate Edition of Bible5. King James Bible7. What are the two forceful beliefs which separateChristianity from other religions?8. What influences did Bible have on western culture?Division Three The Middle Ages1. Age of Faith2. Feudalism3. Father of the church4. City of God5. Benedictine Rule6. Crusades7. Carolingian Renaissance8. Alfred the Great9. What are the main elements of humanism?10. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?11. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?12. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modern history?Division Four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance2. Mona Lisa3. Elegant Raphael4. Titian5. Calvinism6. Reformation7. Counter Reformation8. What are the main elements of humanism?9. What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?10. What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?11. Why we call Renaissance a turning point in modernhistory?Division Five The Seventh Century1. Induction and deduction2. Induction and Deduction3. Leviathan4. Bill of Right5. Paradise Lost6. Cartesian Doubt7. Dualism8. French Classicism9. What were Galilio’s contributions to the modern science?10. Why we call Newton the greatest scientist that ever lived?11. What were the major difference between Locke’s concept and Hobbes’?12. What were the main features of seventeenth century?Division Six1. Age of Reason2. The Spirit of Laws3. Letter Anglaise4. Candide5. Rou sseau’s Social Contract6. Robinson Crusoe7. Sorrow of Young Werther8. Faust9. Cabal and Love10. Critique of Reason11. Nebular Hypothesis12. Why we call Enlightenment an age of reason?What is the great significance of the Industrial Revolution?Division Seven1. Romanticism2. The Lakers3. What are the main features of Romanticism?4. What are the main differences between Romantics and Realists?5. What were the conditions in western Europe in the 1840’s?6. Why Mark Twain is considered the father of American Literature?Division Eight1. Marxism2. Capital3. Utopian Socialism4. Origin of SpeciesDivision Nine1. Realism2. Balzac3. Madame Bovary4. A Hunter’s Sketches5. David Copperfield6. Middlemarch7. Vanity Fair8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin9. Impressionism10. Post ImpressionismDivision Ten1. Modernism2. Sigmund Freud3. Odepus Complex4. Waste Land5. Ulysses6. The Lost Generation7. Angry Young men in England8. Beat Generation9. Black Humor10. Fauves11. Expressionism12. Cubism13. Futurism14. Dadaism15. Surrealism。
欧洲文化史的五个阶段
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期（ the Classic Age， 1200 B.C～476 A.D）主要是古希腊文明（the Ancient Greek Civilization）及古罗马文明（the Ancient Roman Civilization）。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践（Paganism）。
异教徒指非基督教徒，非犹太教徒，非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚，实践中享受人生，个性突出，热情奔放，创造力旺盛，风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期（the Middle Ages， 476～1453）主要是罗马天主教的教会文化（the Church Culture），强调人的原罪（the original sin），人性受到压抑（inhibited），文化上是一泓死水（cultural backwater）。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁（ Alighier，Dante，l265～1321），杰作是史诗《神曲》（Divine Comedy）。
三、文艺复兴时期（the Renaissance， 15～16C）古典主义的复兴，遵循的是人文主义（Humanism），这是对中世纪经院哲学（Scholasticism）的对抗（reaction）。
代表人物有：1. 米开朗琪罗（Michelangelo Buonarroti，1475～1564）：代表作有梵蒂冈教皇（Pope，pontiff）专用西斯庭小教堂（The Sistine chapel）穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》，（Genesis）以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》（The Last Judgment），雕塑《大卫》（David）等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci，1452～1519）：代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》（Mona Lisa），《最后的晚餐》，（The last Supper）。
是画家，又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师，确是多才多艺（versatile）。
欧洲文化入门TheRenaissance
16 century Italian Renaissance painting art interest on mature, and its representative painters are: Leonardo da Vinci ,Michelangelo and Raphael.
2021/2/4
2
Raphael
2021/2/4
Leonardo Da Vinci
Michelangelo
3
Middle Ages
Renaissance
2021/2/4
4
The Renaissance was Western Europe in modern history a great spiritual revolution. It to western painting art and the whole art field, has great impact. The Renaissance is the banner of a profound thought liberation movement. It makes sure of people on real life value and status, respects for the feelings of person, the power of praise. Against religion to mental shackles and thought shackled. Advocate the scientific spirits, pursuing the truth and knowledge, against ignorance and false theological concepts.
欧洲文化史的五个阶段
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期（ the Classic Age， 1200 ～476 ）主要是古希腊文明（the Ancient Greek Civilization）及古罗马文明（the Ancient Roman Civilization）。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践（Paganism）。
异教徒指非基督教徒，非犹太教徒，非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚，实践中享受人生，个性突出，热情奔放，创造力旺盛，风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期（the Middle Ages， 476～1453）主要是罗马天主教的教会文化（the Church Culture），强调人的原罪（the original sin），人性受到压抑（inhibited），文化上是一泓死水（cultural backwater）。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁（ Alighier，Dante，l265～1321），杰作是史诗《神曲》（Divine Comedy）。
三、文艺复兴时期（the Renaissance， 15～16C）古典主义的复兴，遵循的是人文主义（Humanism），这是对中世纪经院哲学（Scholasticism）的对抗（reaction）。
代表人物有：1. 米开朗琪罗（Michelangelo Buonarroti，1475～1564）：代表作有梵蒂冈教皇（Pope，pontiff）专用西斯庭小教堂（The Sistine chapel）穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》，（Genesis）以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》（The Last Judgment），雕塑《大卫》（David）等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci，1452～1519）：代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》（Mona Lisa），《最后的晚餐》，（The last Supper）。
是画家，又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师，确是多才多艺（versatile）。
European Culture3,4
By 1291 the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and rule all the territory in Palestine that the crusader had fought to control.到了1291年，穆斯林占领了基督教徒们的最后一
10.
the Gothic style started in France
I.必背细节
1.In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the West Rome Empire in the 5th C. is called the Middle Age. the fall of the West Rome marked the beginning of feudalism in Europe. 2. In the later part of the 4th century, the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes.
The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew, and Gothic heritages merged.中世纪是古 典文化、希伯莱文化和哥特文化的相互融合时期。 During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. The Middle Age is also called the Age of Faith.中世纪时期， 没有统一的中央政府来维护秩序，唯一统一欧 洲的组织就是基督教会。中世纪也被称为“信 仰时代”。
欧洲文化概要介绍基础知识入门英文版
Division 1
Greek Culture &
Roman Culture
Greek Culture
◦ The Historical Context
1200 B.C.
War between Greece and Troy
Writer
Works
Tragedy/ Characteristics Comedy
Noted for
Aeschylus
Prometheus Bound,
(525-456 B.C.) Persians,
Agamemnon
Sophocபைடு நூலகம்es
Oedipus the King,
(496-406 B.C.) Electra, Antigone
Tragedy Tragedy
Euripides
Andromache, Medea, Tragedy
(484-406 B.C.) Trojan Women
Only two actors and a chorus; Written in verse
Vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry
5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point ---Failure of Persian invasion ---Establishment of democracy and flourishing of S.P.L.A.& HW Civil war between Athens and Sparta
欧洲文化入门(四)(课堂PPT)
21
Reformation in England
Henry VIII Act of Supremacy Act of Succession Church of England
22
Renaissance in Other Countries
19
Martiny Wittenberg University 95 theses Men are redeemed by faith and not by
the purchase of indulgences.
20
Calvinism
France John Calvin Reject the papal authorities. Stress the absolute authority of the
-Anglo-Saxon -France -England -Italy
2
Three Words - Features of the Middle Ages
Democracy Feudalism King Church War Chivalry
3
Division Four
Renaissance and Reformation 文艺复兴与宗教改革
France ：
Rabelais拉伯雷 - Gargantua and Pantagruel巨人传
Pleiade 七星诗社 Montaigne 蒙田 – Essais 随笔集
23
Spain -- Cervantes 塞万提斯 – Don Quixote堂吉诃德
England：
Thomas More William Shakespeare
【可编辑】欧洲文化入门各单元重要人物及其代表作
【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】我衷心祝愿你们成为我的校友-路明军欧文各单元重要人物及其代表作（敬请同学们提意见、建议，不断改进）1Greek and Roman culture1．1 Greek (5century BC)1, Homer, wrote: epic: Iliad ; Odyssey2, Sophocles, wrote: drama : Oedipus the King, Electra, Antigone (都是人名)3, Aristophanes, wrote: comedy: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds4, Historian:Herodotus ( the father of history)Thucydides, wrote: the war between Athens and S-parta and between Athens and Syracuse)5, Ancient Greek philosopher:Pythagoras(founder of scientific mathematics),Heracleitus ( “ all is flux, nothing is stationery),Democritus( one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory)Socrates ( founder of dialectical method辩证法), Plato’s teacherPlato: Dialogues( founder of Idealism), Aristotle’s teacherAristotle: Ethics, Politics, Poetics RhetoricSophists（诡辩派）: Protagoras（人名，下同）Cynics（犬儒派）: DiogenesSceptics（怀疑派）: PyrrhonEpicureans: EpicurusStoics（斯多葛派）: Zeno6，ScienceEuclid : wrote: Elements（几何原理）Archimedes:” give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”, illustrates the principle of the lever.7, Art and etc.Parthenon（巴台农神庙）The Acrpolis （阿波罗神庙）重要年代：1, Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. 2, the Olympic games revived in 1896.3,Homer probably lived around 700 BC.4,Euclid and Archimedes both lived in the 3rd century BC.5, in 146 BC the Romans conquered Greece.1．2 Rome (after 146 BC)8, 名句：the Roman writer Horace said, “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”9, Latin literatureProse:Marcus Tullius CiceroJulius Caesar: Commentaries (高卢战记)名句：I came, I saw, I conquered. 10，PoetryLucretius wrote : on the nature of things11, ArchitecturePantheon ( 万神殿)12．SculptureShe-wolf重要年代：1，the burning of Corinth in 146 BC marked Roman conquest of Greece.2, in 476 the last emperor of the West Roman was deposed by the Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.3, the East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in1453.2 The Bible and Christianity (The Old Testament about 1300 BC; The New Testament about 400 AD)1,The Old Testament became the first part of the Christian Bible and the New Testament the second.2, Christian are divided into 3 groups: Catholic, orthodox and protestant3, the first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate (拉丁文圣经) in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.4, the most important and influential of English Bible is the “authorized ”or King James’ version.重要年代：The Old Testament formed in about 1300 BC; The New Testament formed in the end of the 4th century.3 The Middle ages (between 476 AD and 17th century)1，The most important of all the leader ops Christian thought was Augustine(人名) of Hippo（地名）who lived in North Africa in the 5th century. He wrote: the Confession and the City of God.2，Alfred the Great promoted translations into the vernacular form Latin works, he inspired the compilation of the Anglo –Saxon Chronicles（编年史）.3, St. Thomas Aquinas Italian philosopher , he wrote: Summa Contra Gentiles ( 驳异教徒)，Summa Theologiae (神学大全)4, Roger Bacon, wrote: the Opus maius( 大著作), an encyclopedia of the sciences of his time.5, Beowulf is an Anglo- Saxon epic, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.6, Dante Alighieri，the greatest poet of Italy, wrote: the Divine Comedy(I神曲).7, Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet, wrote: the Canterbury Tales （坎特伯雷故事集）.重要年代：1, in 476 AD a Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government.2, after 1054, the church was divided into the Roman Catholic church and the Eastern Orthodox church.4 Renaissance and reformation (between 14th and 17th century) 1．Leonardo da Vinci , Italian, painted : Last Supper, Mona Lisa2, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian, sculpture: David, painted: Sistine Chapel(西斯廷礼拜堂), Dying slave, Moses.3，Raphael, Italian, painted: Madonna ( virgin girl), School of Athens4,Titian, Venetian, painted: The venus of Urbino, Sacred and Profane Love, Madonna of the pesaro Family, Man with the Glove5, John Wycliffe ( religious reformer), English , led the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.6, Jan Hus ( religious reformer), Bohemian Czech reformer7, Martin Luther, German leader of the Protestant reformation: 95 theses8, John Calvin, French theologian: Institutes of the Christian Religion9, Francois Rabelais, French, wrote: Gargantua and Pantaguel (巨人传)10，Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish novelist, wrote: Don Quixote(唐. 吉柯德) 11，El Greco, Spanish painter, painted: The Burial of Count Orgaz (奥加兹伯爵的葬礼)12，William Shakespeare, English writer: Hamlet, As you like it, Twelfth night, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth .13, Christopher Columbus, Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.14, Bartholomeu Dias, Portuguese navigator, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.15, Vasco da Gama, Portuguese navigator, discovered the rout to Indea roundthe Cape of the Cape of Good Hopes16, Amerigo Vespucci, Italian navigator in his honor America was named. 17，Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer, wrote: De Revolutionibus Orbium(天体革命,即the revolution of the heavenly orbs也译为天体运行论), the father of modern astronomy.18, Dante , Italian poet, wrote: Divine Comedy.19，Niccolo Machiavelli, he was called the father of political science, wrote: Price( 论王公), Discourses（论文集）.重要年代：1,Renaissance and reformation took place between 14th and 17th century.2, the discovery of America in1492 , the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope to India in between the years of 1497 and 1498.5 The 17th Century ( the beginning of modern time)1，Johannes Kepler, German scientist, discovered the 3 laws of planetary motion( what are the 3 laws ?)2, Galileo Galilei, Florentine ( 弗罗伦萨人)，scientist, wrote: Sidereus Nuncius (i.e. The Starry Messenger,星星使者), applied telescope to the study of skies, proved geocentric system was wrong, discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics, discovered the law of inertia, first established the law of falling bodies.3, Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist, invented calculus, discovered that whit light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum, the most important discovery is the universal gravitation.4, Francis Bacon, English philosopher, essayist and statesman, found modern inductive method(归纳法), wrote: The Advancement of Learning, The New Atlantes, The New Method, Essays, 名句：Knowledge is power, The Monuments of wit survive the monuments of power ( 智慧的力量比统治的力量更长久).5, Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher, , wrote: Leviathan( 利维坦), he was a materialist.6, John Locke, English empiricist and an outstanding political philosopher, wrote: Essay concerning human understanding, Treatises of civil government. 7, John Milton, English writer and political figure, wrote: Paradise lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.8, Descartes, French philosopher, wrote: Rules for the Direction of the Mind, Discourse on Method , Meditations concerning first philosophy and objections and replies.9, Moliere, French author, wrote: Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope and L’Avare. 10, Michelangelo Caravaggio, Italian painter, painted: The Calling of St. Matthew, The Cardsharps( 玩牌者)11，Van Rijn Rembrandt, Dutch Baroque painter etcher, painted: Blinding of Samson, The Polish Rider.重要年代：1,in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times.6 The age of enlightenment (the second half of the 18th century)1, B. Montesquieu, French philosopher, man of letters, wrote: Persian letters, The spirit of the laws.2, Voltaire, French poet, dramatist, historian, and philosopher, wrote: Lettres anglaise ( also circulated as Lettres philosophiques哲学书简), Candide(憨第德)3，J. J. Rousseau, Swiss-born philosopher, author, political theorist and composer, wrote: The origin of human inequality（论人类不平等起源）, The social contract, The confessions(忏悔录)4，D. Diderot, French philosopher and man of letters, wrote: Philosophical thoughts, Encyclopedia, Elements of Physiology, Rameau’s nephew.5,Daniel Defoe, English novelist and political journalist, wrote: The life andstrange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, The Fortune and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders , A journal of the plague year, The fortune mistress.6, J. Swift, English churchman, political writer and poet, wrote: A modest proposal, Gulliver’s travels( 格列弗游记)7，Henry Fielding, English novelist, dramatist and essayist, wrote: The history of the adventures of Joseph Andrews and his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, The life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great, The history of Tom Jones, a Foundling.8, Wolfgang Goethe, German poet, wrote: The sorrows of young Werther, Wilhelm Meister’s travels( 威廉迈斯特的漫游时代)，Faust,(浮士德).9, J. Schiller, German dramatist ,poet, historian and aesthetic theoretician, wrote: Cabal and love，Ｗilhelm Tell（威廉退尔）.10, I. Kant, German classical philosopher, wrote: Critique of pure reason ( 纯理性的批判).11, J. Bach, German musician, wrote: Brandenburg concertos12, G. F. Handel, born in German, naturalized English, wrote: Oratorios，Messiah(清唱剧，弥赛亚).13, J. Haydn, wrote: Austrian composer, wrote: String quartets ( 弦乐四重奏). 14, W.A. Mozart, Austrian composer, wrote: Choral music Requiem, k. 626( 安魂曲)，The Marriage of Figaro(费加罗的婚礼).重要年代：1,the American war of independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over that country.2, the French Revolution followed in 1789.3, the first French Republic was born in 1792.7 Romanticism (between the late 18th and the early 19th century)1, William Blake, English writer, wrote: Songs of innocence, Songs of experience, The French Revolution, Milton.2, the Lakers- Wordsworth and Coleridge.Wordsworth，he wrote: Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very Heaven!( 能生活在那个黎明真是幸福，若到那时你还年轻则更是天堂！)Coleridge wrote: Kubla Khan ( 忽必烈汗), The Rime of the ancient mariner( 古舟子咏).3,George G. Byron, English poet, wrote: Isles of Greece, Don Juan( 唐. 璜). 4, Percy B. Shelley, English poet, wrote : Ode to the West wind (If winter comes, can spring be far behind?), Prometheus Unbound.5, John. Keats, English poet, wrote: Ode to a nightingale.6, Walter Scott, English poet, wrote: The heart of mid-Lothian（中洛辛郡的心脏）, Ivanhoe( 艾凡赫，中译撒克逊劫后英雄略)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
b) Church Fathers and Early Monasticism
St. Jerome
Augustine of Hippo
St. Benedict Benedictine Rule
c) the power and influence of the Catholic Church
under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.
After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
People pay taxes to churches.
nobles and Kings often gave lands, crops or cattle to support the church.
Many high church officals were themselves big landowners and influencial nobles.
knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)
2. The Church After 1054， the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.
Manor and Church
1. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.
The pope not only ruled Rome and part of Italy as a king, he was also
the head of all Christian churches in western Europe.
The church set up a church court--- the inquisition to stamp out heresy.
a) The organization of Church
The word “catholic” means “universal”
The Catholic Church was a highly centralized and disciplined international organization.
very few peasants were freemen---workers (made ploughs, shod the horses, and made harnnesses) In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as reward for their service.
a)Growth of feudalism
most of peasants became serfs (attacks from invaders and robbers---sought protection from powerful landowners--gave their land and freedom)
Kings, nobles and church officials worked together to rule the people.
Clergymen were the only teachers, as they were the best-educated men in their day.
Medieval Castle
c) Knighthood and code of chivalry:
Almost all nobles were knights in the medieval days. But they had to experienced a long and hard training.
b)Manor : The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。 By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.