高分子化学常见名词

高分子化学常见名词（中英文）Side groups

All the carbon based polymers you will find

mentioned on this site have the structure

-C-C-C-C-C-C- etc. Anything hanging off that

centre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a side

group.

侧基：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。Functional Group

An atom or group of atoms that has similar

chemical behavior, no matter what the rest of the

molecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH)

group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as does

the thio (SH) group in all thiols.

官能团：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，因此称它们为官能团。

Hydrogen bond

The strongest attraction between two dipoles is

when one or both of them involves a bond between

hydrogen and a strongly electronegative atom, like

oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. Because hydrogen

only has one electron, if it forms a bond with an

element that is very keen to grab an electron, it

becomes much more positive than an element that

has plenty of other electrons left to hang around

the positively charged nucleus. Dipole-dipole

interactions between these sort of molecules (like

water {H2O}, ammonia {NH3}, hydrofluoric acid

{HF}) are so much stronger than ordinary

dipole-dipole bonds that we give them the special

name of 'hydrogen bonds'.

氢键：氢键是极性很强的X－H键上的氢原子与另外一个键上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一种键。氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。氢键具有饱和性和方向性。

Monomer

Any small molecule that can undergo a reaction in

which it is incorporated into a large molecule

containing many similar units. Common

monomers are vinyl acetate, styrene, butadiene

and vinyl chloride. (Yes, it is appropriate to

consider hydrocarbons as polymers of methylene!) 单体:能够发生反应生成大分子的小分子物质，最常用的单体如：醋酸乙烯，苯乙烯，丁二烯，氯化乙烯等。（习惯上称亚甲基聚合物为碳氢化合物）

Polymer

A large molecule (molecular weight ~10 000 or

greater) composed of many smaller molecules

(monomer) covalently bonded together. Some of

us think they are much better than any of those

little molecules, but the other chemists are always

telling us size doesn't matter.

聚合物：由许多小分子（单体）通过共价键连接而成的大分子物质（分子量大于1万）。

Polymerisation

The process in which many small molecules

(molecular weight ~100) are joined together to

form a few, much larger molecules (molecular

weight 10 000 - 10 000 000). The two ways in

which this happens are chain-growth and

step-growth polymerisation.

聚合：许多小分子物质（分子量约为100）连接在一起生成高分子（分子量为104－107）的过程。主要有连锁聚合和逐步聚合两大类。

Free Radical

A member of the socialist party not caught by

McCarthy's inquisition. Also a molecule which has

an odd number of electrons. The "unpaired"

electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. If

it finds something that might be willing to give it

an electron it reacts very quickly with it. Molecules

such as other radicals and alkenes turn out to be

good things for radicals to attack. The reaction of

radicals with the double bonds in alkenes is how

some of us earn our living.

自由基：化合物中共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。

Radical Chain Polymrization

Chain polymerization is initiated by a reactive

species R* produced from some compound I

termed an initiator. The reactive species, which

may be a free-radical, adds to a monomer

molecule by opening the -bond to form a new

radical. The process is repeated as many more

monomer molecules are successively added to

continuously propagate the reactive center.

Polymer growth is terminated at some point by

destruction of the reactive center by an

appropriate reaction depending on the type of

reactive center and the particular reaction

conditions.

自由基聚合：由一种称为引发剂的化合物产生的反应种所引发的链式聚合。这个带有自由基的反应种通过打开双键加入到单体分子上，从而形成新的自由基。这个过程不断重复，

更多的单体连续地加入到反应中心上，形成大的自由基反应中心。当一种破坏反应中心的反应发生时，聚合物增长被终止，这将依赖于反应中心的类型和特定的反应条件。Addition Polymerisation

Also known as chain-growth polymerisation. The

mechanism in which large numbers of usually

identical small molecules are joined together to

rapidly form a single large molecule. This involves

the addition of reactive centre (anion, cation, or

unpaired electron) to a multiple bond to form a

new bond and a new reactive centre - which reacts

with another multiple bond, et cetera... The

finished chain then hangs around without reacting

while more of the starting material reacts to form

new polymer chains.

加成聚合：又称为连锁聚合。聚合机理是，大量的小分子快速地连接在一起形成一个大分子。反应中心（阴离子、阴离子和不成对电子）加成到单体的双键中生成新的键和新的反应中心，之后再与另一个单体反应，以此持续反应下去。当不再反应时，链的增长停止，同时新的反应开始，生成新的聚合物链。

Initiator

A compound required to start a chain reaction,

such as free-radical polymerisation. Unlike a

catalyst, it is consumed in the reaction, but only a

small quantity is normally required since one

molecule of initiator can initiate the reaction of

many other molecules.

引发剂：能够引起连锁反应（如自由基聚合）的化合物。与催化剂不同，引发剂在反应中能被消耗掉，但是一般只需要少量的引发剂，因为一个引发剂分子能够引发许多单体分子的反应。

Benzoyl Peroxide

A common initiator used to start chain growth

polymerisation. It undergoes a decomposition

reaction at the peroxide (O-O) bond. Here is a

picture:

过氧化二苯甲酰（BPO）：用于引发链增长聚合的常用过氧

类引发剂，引发时过氧键(O －O)断裂分解。其结构式如下图

所示:

Initiator Effciency The initiator efficiency f is defined as the fraction of the radicals formed in the primary step of

initiator decomposition, which are successful in initiating polymerization. The initiator efficiency is considered exclusive of any initiator wastage by

induced decomposition.

引发剂效率：引发剂效率定义为引发剂最初分解形成自由

基，并成功引发聚合反应的分数。引发剂效率不包括因诱导

分解所浪费的引发剂。

Chain Transfer A growing polymer is terminated by the

transferred of a hydrogen or other atom or species to it from some compound present in the

system-the monomer, initiator, or solvent, as the case may be. These radical displacement reactions

are chain-transfer reactions.

链转移：氢、其它原子或反应种转移到反应体系的化合物中

（单体、引发剂或溶剂），从而导致聚合物增长终止，这种

情况称为链转移。这种自由基转移的反应称为链转移反应。

Kinetic Chain Length

The kinetic chain length ν of a radical chain polymerization is defined as the average number of monomer molecules consumed (polymerized)

per each radical, which initiates a polymer chain. This quantity will obviously be given by the ratio of the polymerization rate to the initiation rate or

to the termination rate, since the latter two rates are equal.

动力学链长：自由基聚合物的动力学链长ν定义为每个引发

聚合的自由基所消耗的单体分子的平均数。它等于聚合速率

与引发速率（或终止速率）的比值，因为引发速率与终止速

率相等。

Polydispersity Index

The ratio

n w X

X is also referred to as the polydipersity index. 多分散指数：是指n w X X （重均/数均）的比值。

Ceiling Temperature

Above a certain temperature, monomers can no

longer be persuaded to form polymers by chain

polymerisation. This occurs when the loss in

entropy arising from joining many molecules into

one outweighs the energetic benefit of converting

double bonds to single bonds. A chain-growth

polymer raised above the ceiling temperature will

degrade, or depolymerise.

聚合上限温度：单体聚合时，当聚合和解聚处于平衡状态，这时的聚合温度称为聚合上限温度。当反应温度高于聚合上限温度时，聚合物会解聚成小分子单体。

Solution Polymerization

Solution polymerization is carried out by

dissolving the monomer in a solvent. The solvent

acts as diluent and aids in the transfer of the heat

of polymerization. The solvent also allows easier

stirring, since the viscosity of the reaction mixture

is decreased. Thermal control is much easier in

solution polymerization compared to bulk

polymerization.

溶液聚合：溶液聚合是将单体溶解在溶剂中来实现的。溶剂起到稀释的作用，有利于聚合反应热的传递，同时由于溶剂使反应混合物的粘度降低，使得搅拌较为容易。与本体聚合相比，在溶液聚合中对反应热的控制比较容易。Suspension Polymerization

Suspension polymerization is carried out by

suspending the monomer (discontinuous phase)

as droplets (50-500 m in diameter) in water. The

water: monomer weight ratio varies from 1:1 to 4:1

in most polymerizations. The monomer droplets

are prevented from coalescing by agitation and the

presence of suspension stabilizer.

悬浮聚合：悬浮聚合是将直径为50～500毫米的单体液滴（不连续相）悬浮在水中来实现的。在大多数悬浮聚合中，水与单体的重量比为1:1到4:1。可通过搅拌和加入悬浮稳定剂来阻止单体液滴的聚集。

Active Centre

In chain-growth polymerisation, the

highly-reactive spot on the growing polymer chain

where new monomer is added. The four most

common types are a free-radical (atom with an

unpaired electron), carbanion (carbon-centered

negative ion), carbocation (carbon-centred

positive ion) or a metal complex (as in

Ziegler-Natta polymerisation).

活性中心：活性中心是指连锁聚合中具有高活性的反应活性

点，即新单体加入到增长的聚合物链的位置。有四种最常见的活性中心类型：自由基（带有未成对电子的原子）、碳负粒子、碳阳离子鎓和金属络合物（在Ziegler-Natta聚合中使用）。

Living Polymerization

Living polymerization are polymerizations in

which propagation centers do not undergo either

termination of transfer.

活性聚合：活性聚合是指增长中心不会发生链终止和链转移的聚合反应。

Carbocation

A positively-charged chemical species where the

positive charge is localised on a carbon atom. Both

carbonium ions (which have three bonds to a

positively charged carbon) and carbonium ions

(which may have five or more bonds to a positively

charged carbon) are examples of carbocations.

碳阳离子：正电荷位于碳原子上的一种正电性的化学物种，碳正离子（三个键连接在带正电的碳上）和碳鎓离子（有五个甚至更多的键连接在正电性的碳上）都属于碳阳离子。Carbonium

If there are five or more bonds to a single carbon

atoms, it will be short of electrons and have a

positive charge - this species is called a carbonium

ion, a form of carbocation. The easiest way to

make one is to add a hydrogen ion (H+).

阳碳（碳鎓）：如果有五个甚至更多的键连接在一个碳原子上，碳原子由于缺乏电子而带正电，这种物质称为阳碳（或碳鎓），这是碳正离子的一种。形成阳碳的最简单的办法就是加上一个氢离子。如下图所示：

Comonomer

A monomer that is polymerised along with one or

more other monomers to make a copolymer. All

the different comonomers used in a

copolymerisation are incorporated into each

chain.

共聚单体：能和其它一种或多种单体聚合生成共聚物的单体，称为共聚单体。在一个共聚反应中所用到的所有不同的

共聚单体全都连接在每一条分子链上。

Copolymer

A polymer that is made up of more than one

monomer unit. A copolymer has each of its

comonomers in every chain. There are a number

of different types of copolymer which describe the

nature of the arrangement of the comonomers

within the polymer chain. For the two monomer

units A and B we can have:

block ...AAAAAABBBBBB...

alternating ...ABABABABAB...

statistical (or random) ...ABAAABBABBAABBB... 共聚物：由两种或两种以上的单体单元组成的高聚物称为共

聚物。在一个共聚物分子链中含有各种共聚单体单元。根据

聚合物链中共聚单体的排列方式，共聚物有多种类型。由两

种单体组成的二元共聚物有以下几种类型：

嵌段共聚：AAAAAABBBBBB

交替共聚：ABABABABAB

无规共聚：ABAAABBABBAABBB

Branched Polymer

Branched polymer molecules are those in which

there are side branches of linked monomer

molecules protruding from various central branch

points along the main polymer chain.

接枝聚合物：从聚合物主链的支化点上生长出侧链的聚合物。

Monomer reactivity ratios

Monomer reactivity ratios is the ratio of the rate

constant for a reactive propagating species adding

its own type of monomer to the rate constant for

its addition of the other monomer.

单体竟聚率：是指反应增长种加成到同种单体的速率常数与

它加成到其它类型单体的速率常数之比。Condensation Polymerisation

Also known as Step-Growth Polymerisation. A way

of making polymers in which every polymer chain

grows continuously through the course of the

reaction, remaining quite small until almost all the

monomer has reacted.

缩合聚合：又称作逐步聚合，每一个聚合物链都是通过一个反应过程连续增长的，在这个反应过程中，聚合物的分子量是与单体的转化率成正比的。

Dimer

A dimer is two molecules (of the same type)

bonded together. (just as monomer is one (mono)

unit (mer) a dimer is two units).

二聚体：二聚体是同一类型的两个单体分子键和的产物。即，单体是一个单体单元，而二聚体是两个单体单元。Prepolymer

The prepolymer is obtained in a first step by

stopping the reactionm usually by cooling, at the

desired extent of conversion.

预聚物：通常通过冷却终止反应，获得具有设计转化率的预聚物。

Gel Point

At this point, termed the gel point, one first

observes the visible formation of a gel or insoluble

polymer fraction. As the polymerization and

gelation proceed beyond the gel point, the amount

of gel increases at the expense of the sol as more

and more polymer chains in the sol are crosslinked

to the gel. There is a dramatic physical change that

occurs during the process of gelation.

凝胶点：在凝胶点，可看到凝胶或不可溶的聚合物生成。当聚合超过凝胶点时，凝胶量增加，越来越多的聚合物链交联成凝胶。在凝胶的过程中，聚合物的物理性质发生巨大的变化。

Functionality of the Monomer

A monomer A f containing f functional groups per

molecule. The value of f is termed the functionality

of the monomer.

单体的官能度：是指每个单体分子含有的官能团数。

Bis-functional Monomer

A bis-functional monomer is a monomer

containing two functional groups per molecule.

二官能度单体：是指每个分子含有两个官能团的单体。Polyfunctional Monomer

A polyfunctional monomer is one with three or

more functional groups per molecule.

多官能度单体：是指每个分子含有三个或三个以上官能团的单体。

Thermoplastic

A polymer that, when heated ('thermo') becomes

soft and deformable ('plastic'). Examples are

poly(styrene) and poly(ethylene) etc.

热塑性塑料：热塑性塑料是一类加热后可变软、熔融，并可加工成各种形状的制品。如聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚乙烯（PE）等。

Thermoset

A polymer that, when heated ('thermo') does not

become soft and deformable. This is usually

because it is crosslinked, and the molecules

comprising it cannot move past one another

unless chemical bonds are actually broken - which

leads to the decomposition of the polymer.

Phenol-formaldehyde resin is an example.

热固性树脂：热固性树脂是加热后不会变软，不会发生形变的一种高聚物。热固性树脂通常具有分子链交联结构。如酚醛树脂、环氧树脂等。

Plastic

What most people think of when they think of

polymers. Strictly speaking, a plastic is a

polymeric material that can be molded into

different shapes when heated (a thermoplastic) -

this is true for most of the materials mentioned on

this website, including poly(styrene), nylon66,

PVC, and PET. Some misguided people say nasty

things about plastic, but it wouldn't be everywhere

if it wasn't (a) incredibly useful and (b) incredibly

cheap.

塑料：从严格意义上来讲，塑料（热塑性）是一种加热后可以浇铸成不同形状的聚合物，包括聚苯乙烯、尼龙66、PVC、PET等。

Elastomer

A polymer that, when deformed (stretched,

twisted, spindled, mutilated, etc.) springs back

into its original shape. The elastomer par

excellence is lightly-crosslinked natural rubber.

弹性体：弹性体是一种发生形变（如拉伸、扭转、损坏等）后能够恢复原始形状的聚合物。性能最优异的弹性体是轻度交联的天然橡胶。

Fiber

Fibers are polymers that have very high resistance

to deformation-they undergo only low

elongation( <10-50%) and have very high

moduli(>35000N/cm2) and tensile strengths

(>35000N/cm2).

纤维：纤维是一种具有较高抗变形能力的高聚物。其伸长率小（<10-50％），模量很高(>35000N/cm2)，抗张强度很高

(>35000N/cm2)。

Synthetic Rubber

Any synthetic polymer that mimics the properties

of natural rubber. One of the earliest was ABS

(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) rubber, a

copolymer containing long segments of each of

those three monomers.

合成橡胶：合成橡胶的性能类似于天然橡胶的性能。最早的合成橡胶品种是ABS（丙烯腈－丁二烯－苯乙烯）橡胶。Nylon

A class of polymers that is widely use in the

clothing industry (amongst others). Their common

feature is the presence of a -C(O)-NH- link

between monomer units. This is also called a

peptide bond. See Nylon 66 and Nylon 6.

尼龙：尼龙是广泛用于纤维工业的聚合物品种。其共性是单体之间形成了酰胺键。主要品种有尼龙6、尼龙66等。Nylon 6

Another form of nylon that uses only one

monomer unit (not two). This monomer is

difunctional with a carboxylic acid group at one

end and an amine group at the other. The

condensation reaction between two such

molecules produces an amide bond in the same

way as the synthesis of Nylon 66. The monomer

used is (I think) 7-amine-1-heptanoic acid.

尼龙6：尼龙6仅由一种单体－己内酰胺聚合而成。也可由7－氨基－1－庚酸自缩聚而成。

Nylon 66

A polymer widely used in a fibrous form in fabrics

as well as solid lumps of plastic (e.g. in chopping

boards and bearings). Nylon 66 may be formed

from the condensation polymerisation of

1,6-hexadiamine and 1,8-octadioic acid, although

modern industrial processes have improved upon

these reactions by ionising the reagents to the

hexadiammonium and 1,8-octadioate ions before

the reaction is undertaken.

尼龙66：尼龙66是以纤维形态广泛用于织物中的一种聚合物，尼龙66可由己二胺和己二酸缩聚而成。工业生产中是通过二元胺和二元酸的中和形成66盐的方法实现官能团的等当量比。

PET

Short for poly(ethylene terephthalate), a

condensation polymer that is commonly used in

soft-drink bottles、fibers、engineering plastics etc.

It can be prepared by the reaction between

ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid to give

polymer and water。

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）：PET是由乙二醇和对苯二甲酸通过缩聚反应而成的，反应过程中释放出副产物水。PET广泛用于软饮料瓶、纤维、工程塑料等方面。Polyester

Polyesters are a class of polymer which use ester

linkages (-C-O-C(O)-) to join the monomer units.

Polyesters are condensation polymers.

聚酯：聚酯是一类通过酯键将单体连接起来的聚合物。聚酯是缩和聚合物。

Polyolefin

A polymer of olefins, molecules that have an

alkene (double bond) functionality. These

polymers include polystyrene and poly(vinyl

chloride). They are normally formed by free

radical polymerisation (a form of addition

polymerisation).

聚烯烃：通常由具有烯烃官能团的分子经过自由基聚合而成。如聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚氯乙稀（PVC）等。Oligomer

An oligomer is a molecule which is formed from a

few smaller (identical) molecules joined together.

Just as a monomer is one (mono) unit (mer) and a

dimer is two (di) units, an oligomer is a few units. 低聚物：低聚物是几个分子单元连接而成的分子。Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a reaction where water attacks a part

of a molecule, usually breaking it up. An example

of hydrolysis is the breaking of the ester linkages

to form a soap out of an oil. In this reaction, the

ester linkage is broken, releasing an alcohol and

an acid.

水解：水解是水攻击分子时使其发生断裂的反应。如酯键水解，释放出醇和酸。

Depolymerisation

The chemical reaction which results in a polymer

chain being broken up into monomer units. For

most polymers made by addition polymerisation,

this is done by heating the polymer above its

ceiling temperature in the absence of oxygen.

Some polymers, like styrene and vinyl chloride,

will be difficult to depolymerise because the bonds

between the side-groups (the phenyl ring and

chlorine in these examples) are weaker than the

C-C bonds between ex-monomers, and the

polymer will degrade into different species than

the starting materials. Other polymers, such as

those made by step growth polymerisation may be

more easily depolymerised by undoing the

condensation or elimination reaction that caused

the monomer units to join. In the lab, this can

often be done using a strong acid in harsh

conditions, although industrially, there are other

tricks that polymer scientists can play.

解聚：一种导致聚合物链断裂生成单体单元的化学反应。对

于由加成聚合得到的大部分聚合物而言，在氧存在下加热到

它的临界温度以上，聚合物就会解聚。但聚苯乙烯和聚氯乙

烯类的聚合物的解聚就比较困难，因为侧基的键（如苯环和

氯）比单体的C－C键弱，聚合物在解聚成单体前就降解成

各种产物。其它聚合物，如由逐步聚合得到的聚合物，比较

容易解聚，可通过引入导致单体单元链接的缩和反应的逆反

应来实现。在实验室中，可以在特殊的条件下用强酸解聚；

在工业中，聚合物科学家用其它方法来实现解聚。

Biosynthesis

The production of a chemical by bacteria or other

living organisms.

生物合成：由细菌或其他的生物体合成化学制品的过程。

Biopolymer

A polymer produced by a living plant, animal

fungus, bacterium, or other biological entity.

生物高分子：生物高分子是一种由活的植物、生物真菌、细菌或其他生物体提炼出的一种聚合物。