曼哈顿语法笔记

Chapter 3:主谓一致注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)没有必要的句子成分尽量少读介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.And 和 additive phases（注意 mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus 都是单数的形式）Media 是 medium 的复数形式。

Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）集体名词People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.用单数Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.不定代词SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends is here this weekend.Every and eachEvery dog has paws.Every dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.The number of和a number of 的用法要注意注意 there be 句型的单复数There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.注意：Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意Chapter 4：平行准则Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.使用 where 能够减少歧义。

注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上 andSal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。

注意另一种更为 subtle 的平行结构：系动词The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F)The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. ®注意意思还必须对应Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. RChapter 5：Pronouns看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否 make sense。

注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires,which would be devastating to it.Park在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做 it的前置词。

正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词永远保证 pronouns make sense错误：Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.注意单复数一致。

The deadly five：it its they them theirThat, this, these, and those正确用法：New ‘nano-paper’注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分注意用 it 来指代前者的时候必须做到 it 就完全是前面的事物The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be.The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。

Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.(原因在于 supernovas和 they 属于两个主从句的主语，虽然 they 可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they是合理的代词用法啊)Chapter 6：Modifier注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：Corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,resent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed and usual.名词性修饰成分修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧Wrong:George Carlin,both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation,who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Right:both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation,George Carlin,who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.注意所有格的陷阱Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。

带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分That 不能用来修饰人Whose 能够用来修饰人和物Who 和 whom 要严格区分The security guard whom we met was nice.修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用 where，只能够用 in which例如 arrangement，phenomenon 等限定性和非限定性定语从句主要区别一个是 that，一个是，which 的结构一个重要的区别是This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用 that（一般不会只考这个区别）动词修饰成分注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)Which vs doingWhich 不能够指代前面整个句子Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。