专业英语阅读unit 4
环境工程专业英语第四章_unit4
State of matter. In making an environmental analysis it is necessary to designate the physical form of the species being.
最后，我们应该认识到环境影响不可能全部会被一般 人的感知能力识别到，认识到这一点很重要，因此需 要采用高级化学或物理分析方法来测定。
In order to provide a meaningful description of the general field of environmental analysis, this field may be considered from three point of view: the basic concepts underlying the reasons for and choice of the analysis which are normally performed; the available techniques and methodology[ˌmɛθəˈdɑlədʒi] commonly used; and the current status of capabilities in environmental analysis.
In fact, the ability to obtain an authentic sample is probably one of the most difficult aspects of any environmental analysis due to the considerable complexity and heterogeneity of most environmental systems.
unitHotBlastStove冶金专业英语
Each hot blast stove is a large exchanger to preheat blast furnace air. It can utilize the heating value of the furnace off-gasses to heat the blast air to 1,000 to 1,350℃. When well designed and operated, the thermal efficiency of the stoves will be 80% to 85%. 每座热风炉 都是一个用于预热高炉用风的大换热器，它 能利用高炉煤气的热值把空气加热到 1,000～1,300℃。当设计合理、操作得当时， 热风炉的热效率将达到80%～85%。
The design of the stove burner is critical in assuring good combustion and efficient, stable operation. Internal ceramic burners with high mixing capability of the gas and air streams are recommended to meet this requirement. The checker chamber is packed with checker bricks which provide many small, vertically-aligned flues for the high temperature gasses. The efficiency of the stove is improved as the surface area to volume ratio for the checker mass is increased. 在保证良好燃烧和有效稳定 操作方面热风炉燃烧器的设计很关键，用煤气和助燃 空气混合效果好的陶瓷燃烧器能够满足这一要求。蓄 热室是用格子砖堆砌而成的，它能提供许多直径比较 小的高温气体直通管。当格子砖的表面积与体积比增 加时，热风炉的效率就会提高。
《公共管理专业英语》Unit4 textB翻译
Recent Transformations Administration Theory：a revolution in public management？近代的变革管理理论：公共管理的改革Since the early１９８０s much work has been conducted in public administration theory and practice that claims to go beyond the conservative approach in the field．This “liberalization” of public administration is recognized today as the NPM trend．The self-identity problem of public administration was greatly aggravated by the launching of the idea of NPM．As noted by Kettl and Mitward，“public management is neithe r traditional public administration nor policy analysis since it borrows heavily from a variety of disciplines and methodological approaches．”Mainly drawing on the experience of the business／industrial／private sector，scholars have suggested taking a more demanding attitude to the dynamics，activity，and productivity of public organizations：however，“competing academic disciplines dueled to establish bridgeheads or，worse，virtually ignored each other as they developed parallel tracks on related problems”．Consequently，a cross-fertilization，which could have accelerated learning and improved performance of public systems，was delayed．自20世纪80年代初以来，很多工作都已经在公共行政理论和实践中开展，主张要超越公共行政领域的保守研究方法。
电子信息类专业英语(西电第二版)Unit 4 Microel
Unit 4 Microelectronics
Integrated circuits are small, light, rugged, and reliable. They require less power and lower voltages than equivalent macroscopic circuits; consequently they operate at lower temperatures, and individual components may be close together without exceeding the operating temperature limit. Relatively little stray capacitance and short time delays are produced because of the short interconnections between the individual components in IC. Maintenance is simplified because if a component of the IC fails the complete IC is usually replaced. Mass production techniques of plane technology have reduced the cost of many IC so that they are almost as inexpensive as a single transistor. Eventually most conventional circuits will be replaced by IC.
［2］ The reduction in power dissipation is particularly important where a complex circuit is to be concentrated into a small space. The problem of extracting the heat generated in the circuit may then be a difficult one.
研究生医学英语Unit 4翻译
Unit 4Drug Therapy in the Older Adult老年人的药物治疗Drug therapy in the older adult population is a complex phenomenon influenced by numerous biopsychosocial factors. The elderly are the largest group of consumers of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. The average older adult uses 4.5 prescriptions and 2.1 OTC medications and fills between 12 to 17 prescriptions yearly. The incidence发生率of adverse有害的drug reactions in the elderly is two to three times that found in young adult. This is considered to be a conservative 保守的estimate估计, because drug reactions are less well recognized in older adults and because reactions can often mimic symptoms of specific disease states.药物治疗在老年人口是一个复杂的现象，因其被众多的生物心理社会因素影响。
老年人是处方药和非处方药的最大消费群体。
老年人平均使用4.5张处方和2.1张非处方药，每年填写12到17张处方。
老年人的药物不良反应发生率是年轻人的两到三倍。
这被认为是一个保守的估计，因为药物反应在老年人中较少被认识，因为反应往往可以模拟特定疾病状态的症状。
计算机专业英语Unit04_SectionA_Computer_Program
Computer Program-Program Development At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code —a format that the operating system will recognize as a proper program and be able to execute.
Computer Program-Program Development With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code.
编译程序将使用FORTRAN、C和Pascal等高级编程语言编写的 文本文件一次性从源代码翻译成目标代码。这不同于BASIC等 解释执行的语言所采取的方式，在解释执行的语言中程序是随 解释执行的语言 着每条指令的执行而逐个语句地翻译成目标代码的。
10/56
Computer Program-Program Development
556yyy操作系统管理计算机以及与之相连的各种资源和设备如随机存储器硬盘驱动器监视器键盘打印机和调制解调器以便其他程序可以使用它们
Unit 4 Software Development Section A Computer Program
专业硕士英语Unit4-4
[32] I gntense look in his eyes.
make things right ."
译文： [23] 我把擦过的纸扔进废纸篓，继续为他的脚按 摩。幸运？我用拇指用力地按他变硬的肌肤，他一点感 觉都没有。 [24]“反向力，米奇，还记得吗？事物朝两个方 向发展。” [25]我记得。 [26]“我哀叹时间在无情地逝去，但我又庆幸它 仍给了我弥补的机会。”
不知为什么他讲这些故事时一点都不害怕。
betray：
avt.对…不忠； 背叛； 出卖； 泄露
例句： They offered me money if I would betray my associates. 他们提出来只要我供出同伙就给我钱。
THANKS
译文： [27]我们静静地坐在那里，雨水打在窗上，他身后的那 棵木槿小而挺拔，依然生命旺盛。 [28]“米奇，”莫里低声说。 [29]嗯？ [30]我神情专注地揉动着他的脚趾。 [31]“看着我。” [32]我抬起头来，看见了他非常严肃的眼神。
whispered：
adj.<医>耳语的，低语的；
v.低声说( whisper的过去式和过去分词 )； 私语； 小声说； 私下说
译文： [33] “ 我 不 知 道 你 为 什 么 回 到 我 身 边 来 。 但 我 想 说……”他打住了话头，声音有些哽咽。“如果我还能 有个儿子，我希望他就是你。” [34]我垂下眼睛，搓揉着他坏死的肌肤。一时间我有点 不知所措，似乎接受了莫里的感情就意味着背叛自己的 父亲。可当我抬起头来，看着莫里噙着泪水的笑容，我 知道此时此刻根本就不存在什么背叛。 [35]我真正害怕的是跟他说再见。
测控专业英语Unit 4
③The uncertainty of the standard used for calibration．
仪器的准确度取决于三个主要因素：① 距离上次校准的 时间； ②校准和使用时的温差； ③用于标定的标准的不确 定度。
Unit 4
Calibration
2.1 In most organizations，calibration is the responsibility of a separate group. That group is responsible for maintaining working standards, keeping records of instruments for periodic calibration and certification, and being knowledgeable of the latest calibration procedures．
What should the separate calibration groups do according to their tasks and office authorities? 办公权限
Questions before reading
Q4
What are calibration procedures and instrument performance check, and how are they implemented? 校准程序
校准是指为了使仪器与已有标准完全一致 （匹配）而将一个测量仪器与一个标准的或其他 已知准确度的仪器相比较的过程。
Unit 4
Calibration
The established standard is normally of at least four 1.3 times greater accuracy than the instrument being calibrated or the average of multiple standards if the four-times criterion is not feasible． 已有标准通常至少四倍于待校准仪器的准确度，或者 当四倍标准不可行时，则采用多重标准平均方式。 To say that an instrument is calibrated means that it 1.5 indicates measurements within specified limits of error for that instrument． 也就是说，仪器校准表明了其测量误差的确定限度。
工商管理专业英语Unit4-What
• 第一，组织中的大部份工作可以毫不夸张地说是由群体完 成的，无论是短期工作队或是在组织表格中标明的正式工 作群体。
a
22
Glossary
• predict [pri‘dikt]
• v. 预言、预报、预知、预测 • e.g. We are therefore interested in predicting and explaining the
a
16
Glossary
• subset [‘sʌbset]
• n. 子集
• e.g. These organizational behaviors are important because they
represent a subset of people-related operative goals which help
due to lack of patronage, it ceases to be an organization.
• 然而，如果你最喜欢的饭店或酒馆由于缺少客人光顾而关 门，那么它就不再是一个组织了。
a
5
Glossary
• impact [‘impækt,im’pækt]
• n. 影响、冲击力 • v. 冲击、撞击、产生影响 • e.g. Particular technologies have an important impact on the
Unit 4 What is Organization behavior?
a
1
Glossary
• beast [bi:st]
• n. 兽、畜生、凶残的人
英语专业泛读课程重点单词Unit3-4
Unit3----unit4 commitment n.委任，委托；致力，献身；承担义务；承诺，许诺；commit vt.承诺，使…承担义务；保证；犯罪，做错事；reducing waste generation减少废料的产生grassroots effort 基层努力flow潮流trend divert转移be projected/expected to 被预计达到stack n.整个的藏书架排列；垛，干草堆；层积；current profitability 当前的盈利情况focus solely on 仅仅关注于impact撞击、抨击、影响profitable 有利可图的beneficiary受益方diverse 多种多样的、不同的federal agencies联邦机构identify 识别replicate 复制taxing peculiarities 税法特点enhance提高beverage 饮料curbside n.靠近路缘的人行道部分，路边；sustainability持续性planet行星emission 排放raw materials原材料fad 流行，潮流pollutant 污染物economy economic necessity经济需求rely on mass production principal主要的principle原则scape n.花茎，柄节；羽轴；柱身；花梗scrap n.小片；残余物；吵架；废料，取消，吵架rage n.激烈，猛烈；渴望，疯狂；愤怒；〈口〉战争狂initial首字母，开始的，最初的disposal facilities 处理设施promote sth to do促进compost n.堆肥；混合，合成at all levels invest 投资preach宣扬virgin 未使用多的，处女的academy专科院校fidelity n.忠诚，忠实；保真度；尽责；逼真；reflect delusion illusion错觉policy guidance 政策指南glue胶pile 堆inhibit v.禁止；抑制severe严重的modify 使温和、使改善demolition n.毁坏，破坏，拆毁；(pl.)炸药debris 碎屑、残骸discard reject丢弃viable 可行的inspiration spiritbattery电池visual 视觉的vision one-of-a-kind 独一无二的keep current with 紧跟潮流summer summary grammar revenue 收入generate vt.产生（后代）；形成，造成；引起；产生物理反应；campus 校园get acquainted with使对、、、了解enchant使喜悦、使陶醉vacant空着的、未占满的row house排房caption handy 拿手settlement定居block街区frail虚弱reedy尖细的dim 光线暗淡的、记忆模糊的、看不清的coordinate调节disgust厌恶dispute 纷争coward 懦夫riffraff 人渣escort护送luscious美味的华丽的、性感的retrieve 重获、挽回、纠错alley胡同admonish警告，责备extinguish vanish 消失、不复存在eclipse日蚀、月蚀；光辉、荣誉权利等丧失；使黯然失色festive节日的，欢庆的substantial 大量的economical经济的、实惠的combative 好斗的infection 传染decay使变坏，腐烂rouse 唤醒circulate 流通、散播perplex 迷惑protest 反对insurance保险pitch n.球场；倾斜；沥青；vi.抛，扔；搭帐篷；向前跌或冲；[棒球]当投手；scour v.冲刷；擦亮；四处搜索；charred 烧焦的pull up靠边停primitive原始的executive行政的sponsor n.担保者；后援组织；倡议者；发起者，主办者；illustrate证明powerhouse强大的组织hesitate犹豫patent 显着的、清楚的、明显的paternal incongruous adj.异向；不和谐的，不一致的；不相称的；commence开始academic degree学位dilapidated tattered shabby 破旧的slanted倾斜的dreadful恶劣的straw vt.散落于；撒在…上；撒满；点缀；。
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Unit 4 Reading: Fluidized-bed Combustion of Coal第四单元阅读：硫化床煤燃烧Fluidized-bed combustion of coal has been investigated in apilot-plant combustion facility. 在实验工厂燃烧装置中已经开始研究煤的硫化床燃烧。
The test bed section has an internal diameter of 0.154 m and an overall height of 3.5 m.试验床是一个直径为0.154米整体高度为3.5米的区域。
Sand with an average particle diameter of 1421μm is used as inert bed material.用平均直径为1421微米的微小沙粒作为惰性床材料。
The inert bed is heated to a temperature of about 1000 K by two propane burners installed in the preheater and calming sections. 惰性床被安装在预热器和镇定两个部分的两个丙烷燃烧器加热到1000K的高温。
Experiments were conducted for coal-feed rates of 0.83 and l.09 g/s with corresponding bed temperatures of 1220+43 and 1259+34 K for superficial air velocities in the range 0.63～1.07m/s at ambient conditions. 相应床温度在1220+43和1259+34 K时，实验给出的给煤速率是0.83到1.09克每秒，此时环境条件下的表面空气速度在0.63到1.07米每秒之间。
Concentrations of O2, CO, CO2, NOx, and SO2were monitored in the flue gas,and their variations with operating parameters used to establish optimum combustion conditions. 废气中氧气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮氧化物和二氧化硫的浓聚物是被时刻监测的，并且他们随运行参数的变化被用来建立最优的燃烧条件。
Material and energy balances were employed to compute carbon utilization and thermal combustion and combustion quality efficiencies. 材料和能量的平衡用来计算碳利用率、热燃烧和燃烧质量的效率。
Optimum operating conditions were determined for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion. 最佳的运行条件确定了高效并对环境有利的燃烧。
It is proposed that oxidation of coal nitrogen to NO is a first-order reaction with respect to O2and a zero-order reaction with respect to coal nitrogen. 有观点认为，无煤氮氧化是关于氧气的一阶反应及对煤氮的零阶反应。
Significant kinetic inferences are derived concerning oxidation of coal carbon and sulfur. 重要的动力学推论被用来关注煤炭和硫的氧化。
1. Introduction 导论Fluidized-bed reactors have been widely used for applications involving exothermic noncatalytic chemical reactions. 流化床反应被广泛用在设计放氧非催化化学反应的应用中。
A recent trend has been to employ such reactors for the incinerationof hazardous and low calorific value materials in an environmentally friendly mode. 最近的趋势是为环保模式中有焚烧危险和低热值的材料提供这样的反应堆。
This approach has led to the development of incineration technology for operation in a co-combustion mode involving an auxiliary fuel. 这种途径促进了包含辅助燃料的混合燃烧的焚化技术操作的发展。
Propane and coal have been employed in this laboratory and it has been shown that efficient combustion is accomplished under proper operating conditions. 丙烷和煤在这个实验室中被使用，有效的燃烧可以在适当的操作条件下完成。
The history of fluidized-bed combustion is long and many careful investigations have provided details of the physico-chemicalprocesses occurring in different phases. 硫化床燃烧的历史已经有很久，并且很多认真的调查都证明了发生在不同阶段的物理-化学过程的细节。
A recent review deals with such efforts from an historical perspectiveand contains an overview of the important findings. 最近的一个评论从历史的角度处理这样的努力，包含重要发现的概述。
In this paper, we report experiments on combustion of coal for the purpose of establishing optimum combustion conditions to reduce the formation of pollutants as a preamble to investigating co-combustion of cellulose as an auxiliary fuel with coal. 在本文中，我们报告煤炭燃烧实验的目的是建立最佳燃烧条件，减少污染物的形成，以此作为研究纤维素作为煤辅助燃料的混合燃烧的一个前文。
The experimental facility and the carbon combustion efficiencycalculation procedure are described in the next two sections. 试验装置和煤炭燃烧效率计算方法在以下两部分中介绍。
This is followed by the experimental results, their interpretation and significant conclusions.这是紧随其后的实验的结果、他们的解释和有意义的总结。
2. Experimental facility实验装置The schematic of the UIC incineration facility is shown in Fig.4-1.焚化设施如图4-1所示。
It consists of an air (1～10) and propane-gas (11～15) supply system;它包含一个空气（１－１０）和丙烷（１１－１５）供应系统； fluidized-bed incinerator (16~19, 36); 流化床和焚烧炉（１６－１９,３６）off-gas cleanup system (20~23); 烟气净化系统（２０－２３）；temperature (24) and pressure (25) measuring instruments; 温度和压力检测仪器；solids feeder assembly (26～28); 固体给料组件（２６－２８）；data acquisition and analysis equipment (29～33); 数据获取和分析设备（２９－３３）；and flue-gas sampling instruments (34, 35).烟气采样仪器（３４,３５）.Fig.4-1 The schematic diagram of the UIC incinerator facility４－１焚化设施图a-Preheating Section; ａ：预热部分；b-Elbows; ｂ：弯头；c-Calming Section;ｃ：镇静部分； d-Test Sections;ｄ：测试部分； e-Freeboard Sections.ｅ：超高部分 Gl-Teledyne Gas Analyzer; Ｇ１：热导气体分析仪；G2-Horiba NOx Gas Analyzer; Ｇ２：氮氧化合物气体分析仪G3- Horiba SOx Gas AnalyzerＧ３：含硫化合物分析仪Signal Outputs:信号输出： Gl-3, Gas Analyzers; Ｇ１-３，气体分析仪；Pl-5, Pressure Probes; Ｐ１-５，压力探头；DPl-3, DP Cells; ＤＰ１-３，ＤＰ汽包；Tl-8, ThermocouplesＴ１-８，热电偶1-SULLAIR Air Compressor １－ＳＵＬＬＡＩＲ空气压缩机2-Receiver/Sump ２－接收器／水池3-Oil Filter ３－油过滤器4-Hankison Air Drier ４－汉克森空气干燥器5-Oil Filter ５－油过滤器6-Storage/Balancing Tank ６－存储／平衡罐7-Air Regulator ７－空气调节器8-Pressure Gauges ８－压力表9-Globe Valves ９－截止阀10-Air Rotameters １０－气体转子流量计11-Propane Tank １１－丙烷储罐12-Propane Regulator １２－丙烷减压器13-Propane Gauges １３－丙烷计14-Propane Flow Valves １４－丙烷流量阀15-Propane Rotameters １５－丙烷转子流量计16-Propane Ring Burner １６－丙烷燃烧器17-Spark Plug １７－火花塞18-Distributor-test Section １８－分电盘测试部分19-Distributor-Calming Section１９－分电盘镇定部分28-Screw Feeder ２８－螺旋加料机The air-supply system consists of a 45 kW air compressor which is a single-stage, positive displacement, air-cooled and flood-lubricated rotary screw type; two filters; a regenerative desiccant compressed air drier; and a large vertical tank suitably manifolded with several gages and control valves.该供气系统的组成包括一台45kw的单级容积式、空冷及水润滑旋转螺旋式空气压缩机，两个过滤器，一台干燥剂可再生的压缩空气干燥器，一个大型的安装有适当个数测量头和控制阀的立式水罐。