PM emissions from industrial sources - IIASA从工业来源-奥地利的PM排放
雾霾影响英语作文
As a resident living in a city affected by heavy smog, I have personally experienced the negative impacts of air pollution on my daily life. In this essay, I will delve into the various ways in which smog has affected me and those around me, and explore the potential solutions to this pressing issue.
In light of these challenges, it is evident that addressing smog requires a concerted effort from individuals, communities, and governments. Measures such as reducing emissions from industrial sources, promoting the use of clean energy, and implementing stricter regulations on vehicle emissions are crucial steps in combating smog. Additionally, raising public awareness about the detrimental effects of air pollution and promoting environmentally-friendly lifestyles are equally important in effecting long-term change.
2019人教版高中英语必修一Unit 4 单元综合检测
Unit 4 Natural Disasters 单元检测一、完形填空Hurricane Ian hit Florida in October and brought with it flooding, winds, and a record high storm. Many11．A．time B．weather C．pressure D．disease12．A．waist B．head C．knees D．wrists13．A．signal B．reminder C．order D．music14．A．shaking B．whispering C．standing D．dancing15．A．focused B．clean C．warm D．accessible16．A．competent B．efficient C．responsible D．safe17．A．owned B．stored C．discovered D．remembered18．A．fascinated B．grateful C．willing D．determined19．A．Disaster B．Difficulty C．Life D．Misfortune20．A．eventually B．fortunately C．similarly D．unexpectedly二、阅读理解After a relaxing July day at the Jersey Shore in 2021, Jessica Reeder and her two children headed home to Philadelphia. As they reached Pennsylvania, they were greeted with a yellow- gray sky. It reminded Reeder of what she often saw in Southern California in her childhood when wildfires were burning.In North America, most large wildfires occur in the western states and Canada. But smoke generated in the West doesn’t stay there. It tends to travel east. Within days, it can dirty the air in the Midwest and even East Coast towns. Today, most asthma(哮喘)-related US deaths and emergency-room visits from wildfire smoke occur in eastern cities.The big problem comes from tiny aerosols(气溶胶)--bits of ash, and other droplets in the air. Scientists refer to this mix as particulate matter, or PM.The smaller the PM is, the longer it can stay in the air. And the longer it floats, the farther it can travel. The especially worrisome sizes are known as PM2.5. These bits are no more than 2.5 micrometers wide. That’s about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair. These aerosols are so small that they can be breathed deeply into the lungs. PM2. 5 has been linked with breathing- related injury and heart disease.Over the last few decades, US clean-air laws have set limits on emissions (排放) of PM from industrial sources. That has helped clean the air in many cities. But these rules don’t cover PM from wildfire smoke. Recent studies have shown that aerosols from wildfires may be more poisonous than industrial sources of these pollutants.So far, much of the science on how wildfire PM2. 5 can sicken people has focused on people exposed to smoke near fires in the US West. Now, researchers are turning their attention to how this smoke may be affecting people as far away as the East Coast. With climate change increasing the intensity and frequency of wildfires,people across North America need to be more concerned about the health impacts of this smoke.21．Why does the author tell Jessica Reeder s story?A．To lead in the topic.B．To praise her performance.C．To remember a friend.D．To introduce a nice scene.22．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about?A．The classification of PM.B．The treatment for asthma.C．The harm of tiny aerosols.D．The characteristics of PM.23．What did America do to clean the air in the past?A．It cut down on PM from wildlife smoke.B．It reduced industrial emissions by law.C．It encouraged people to work from home.D．It stopped wildfire smoke travelling east.24．Which is the most suitable title for the text?A．Wildfire Smoke Poses Health Risks in North AmericaB．Wildfires Are Burning Out of Control in the USC．Why Do Large Wildfires Occur in the Eastern US?D．How Do Wildfires Affect the Western US Cities?Humans can race to get out of a hurricane’s path. Some animals can sense a hurricane coming and leave quickly, but there are animals that can’t simply get out of the way. Here are the various effects of hurricanes on animals.Birds may be able to sense air pressure and other changes in the environment, which encourages them to get out of harm’s way. Some birds will even speed up their migration (迁徙) leaving earlier than usual if a serious hurricane is approaching. However, strong winds can push birds hundreds of miles away from their home. Young or weak birds can become separated from the rest of their group and often have difficulty making it home.Fish can also be affected. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, about 184 million fish died in south Louisiana’s Atchafalaya Basin alone. Strong winds blew leaves off trees, blowing them into wetlands. The rotting (腐烂的) organic material to extremely low levels of oxygen in the water, killing the fish. Some fish will often find sheltered areas during hurricanes, but they’re not always safe. Dolphins have occasionally been blown to shore during big hurricanes.There are many other dangers that come with hurricane-related water. Sharp rise of saltwater onshore can harm wildlife and plants that live in the freshwater and can’t bear the salt content.Heavy rain can also affect the balance of fresh and salt water in some areas, harming the creatures that live in them.Many animals lose their regular food supply when a hurricane arrives, as strong winds and rains destroy trees of fruits, nuts and berries. During Hurricane Andrew, about one-quarter of Louisiana’s public oyster seed (牡蛎种苗) grounds were destroyed. Because the oysters were an important food source for some birds on Louisiana’s barrier Islands, the birds suffered mass death as a direct result of the hurricane.25．What can we learn from paragraph 2?A．Birds are adapting to a changing climate.B．Birds can sense the coming of a hurricane.C．Birds migrate at certain times of every year.D．Birds’ habitats are destroyed by hurricanes.26．What causes fish in south Louisiana’s Atchafalaya Basin to die after Hurricane Andrew in 1992?A．Poisonous leaves.B．Air pollution.C．A lack of oxygen.D．The loss of shelters.27．What could be the effect of hurricane-related water?A．Ocean ecosystem is destroyed.B．Sea salt production is reduced.C．Many animals move away from their habitats.D．There would be less fresh water on the earth.28．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．Animals suffer more than humans during a hurricaneB．What happens to animals during a hurricane?C．Why do animals migrate earlier than usual?D．Animals might face serious threatsMauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, started erupting late Sunday in the U.S. island state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The volcano last erupted 38 years ago. But it is not expected to put people in danger.At this point, melted(熔化的) rock, called lava, is predicted not to come near populated areas, but officials warned people to be ready to move away. The path of lava flows can change quickly.Island officials warned people to stay away from the areas where lava is coming out because it can shoot 30 to 60 meters in the air. The gas coming from the eruption is also harmful. At the moment, however, the state said air quality on the island is good.The eruption is a new experience for many people on the island. There are more than twice as many people living there compared to the last time Mauna Loa erupted. State officials are most concerned about an area about 50 kilometers to the south of the volcano where about 5,000 people live.There is some concern about a weak area on the southwestern part of the mountain. If lava escapes from that area, it could threaten places where people live in just hours or days. The lava has never come up through that area during past eruptions.The lava could flow toward the city of Hilo, which has about 45,000 people. That could take about a week. Scientists say they hope the lava flows like it did in 1984, when it moved slowly.Hawaii mayor is Mitch Roth. He said the eruption “will be remarkable”, but he does not think it will cause problems for people visiting Hawaii. He said many people come to Hawaii to see volcanoes, but they have to travel a long way to a national park. Now, they can see an eruption much more easily. “You can just look out your window at night and you’ll be able to see Mauna Loa erupting,” he said.29．Why did officials give people a warning?A．The way lava flows is uncertain.B．Air quality on the island isn’t good.C．The lava can shoot 60 meters at least.D．The lava will reach where people live.30．Why do some people worry about the weak area?A．It is near populated places.B．No lava has come up through it.C．Many people live there.D．It can stop eruptions.31．What does Mitch Roth agree with?A．People had better leave Hawaii soon.B．The eruption is a possible danger to visitors.C．It is convenient to watch an eruption in Hawaii.D．The eruption is a once-in-a-century natural wonder.32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．People in Hawaii Are Ready to EscapeB．V olcanoes in Hawaii Always Attract VisitorsC．Damage of Volcano in Hawaii Is Not ClearD．World’s Largest Active V olcano Erupts in Hawaii三、词性转换四、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. NoteAmerican Decoration in the Middle of the 20th Century Home decorating has come a long way over theelements in the modern age. Some styles are still massively popular, inspiring copycat furniture that sells for thousands. Other 42 are ignored or even ridiculed.No one knows what home decoration of the future will look like. But if we look back through history, we can guess which design elements will come back—and which will disappear forever.The Great Depression affected every aspect of American life—including decoration.People were just trying to 43 during the 1930s, which didn’t leave a lot of room for non-essentials. But that doesn’t mean everyone gave up on making their homes look beautiful. A 44 living room would have a few throw rugs in interesting patterns, too. There was no one type of furniture that 45 the 1930s—curved and straight line furniture still 46 as the Art Deco style from the previous era was still popular. Plastic chairs and wingback chairs all had a place in the 1930s home. People were also likely to use what they had and not care so much about matching a certain taste.It’s impossible to describe the 1940s without mentioning World War II. During the first half of the decade,home design took a backseat to 47 the war effort. The second half was much different. Returning soldiers had something new to look forward to: new kitchens with 48 such as refrigerators, freezers, and dishwashers. Traditional wood furniture in dark or blonde tones graced every room of the home.Post-war America was a lot happier and shinier than recent decades. With a prospering middle class and a healthy economy, people had more time and money to devote to new pursuits—like decorating their houses.The unfussy furniture made popular by Charles Eames started to 49 the American household. Everything was simple and uncomplicated. Wall to wall carpeting became the most desirable type of flooring, especially in unique colours.The 60s brought about many changes to American culture and home design was no exception. People wanted to show off their unique sense of style more than ever before. Homes weren’t just seen as a 50 of how successful you were—they were also a chance to let your personality shine through home decoration.五、告知信/通知51．假设你是李华，这个周日你们学校将举行地震知识讲座，请你写一封邮件告知来自英国的交换生Jim。
雾霾产生的原因英语作文带翻译
雾霾产生的原因英语作文带翻译雾霾危害着我们的生活，那么雾霾是怎么形成的呢?大家不妨写一篇关于雾霾产生的原因英语作文说一下你的看法吧。
下面是为大家精心挑选的，关于雾霾产生的原因英语作文带翻译，希望对大家有所帮助。
雾霾产生的原因英语作文篇一Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment.This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources.Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations.The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations.Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution.翻译：阴霾是空气污染和灰尘,烟雾和其他干燥粒子,它掩盖了清晰的天空,与自然环境进行交互。
这种空气污染物来自各种自然和人为来源。
雾霾产生的英语作文
雾霾产生的英语作文The Formation and Hazards of Haze。
Haze, a type of air pollution, is a phenomenon where dust, smoke, and other dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky. It is often caused by the burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, and vehicle exhaust, and is a major concern for environmental and public health.The formation of haze is a complex process that involves the interaction of various pollutants and atmospheric conditions. One of the main contributors to haze is the emission of particulate matter (PM) from sources such as power plants, industrial facilities, and vehicles. These particles can range in size from coarse dust to fine soot, and when released into the atmosphere, they can remain suspended for long periods of time, leading to the formation of haze.In addition to PM, haze is also formed by the releaseof gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the combustion of fossil fuels. These gases can undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to form secondary pollutants such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which can contribute to the formation of haze through the production of fine particles and aerosols.The impact of haze on human health and the environment is significant. Exposure to high levels of PM and other pollutants in haze can lead to a range of health problems, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as exacerbate existing conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. In addition, haze can also have adverse effects on ecosystems, including damage to vegetation, soil, and water bodies, as well as the loss of biodiversity.To address the issue of haze, it is important to implement measures to reduce the emissions of pollutants that contribute to its formation. This can include the use of cleaner technologies and fuels in industrial processes and transportation, as well as the enforcement of regulations and standards to limit emissions from sourcessuch as power plants and vehicles. In addition, efforts to improve air quality monitoring and forecasting can help to better understand and mitigate the impacts of haze on public health and the environment.In conclusion, haze is a serious environmental and public health concern that is caused by the release of pollutants into the atmosphere. By understanding thefactors that contribute to its formation and implementing measures to reduce emissions, we can work towards improving air quality and reducing the impacts of haze on human health and the environment.。
治理雾霾措施英语作文
治理雾霾措施英语作文治理雾霾措施 (Measures to Control Haze)。
Haze, also known as smog, has become a major environmental problem in many parts of the world,especially in densely populated urban areas. Haze is a mixture of air pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds, that can cause a range of health problems, such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we will discuss the measures that can be taken to control haze.1. Reduce Emissions from Industrial Sources。
One of the most effective ways to control haze is to reduce emissions from industrial sources, such as factories, power plants, and transportation. This can be achieved by implementing stricter regulations on emissions, using cleaner technologies, and promoting renewable energysources. For example, some countries have introduced emissions trading schemes, which allow companies to buy and sell emissions permits, encouraging them to reduce their emissions.2. Improve Energy Efficiency。
有什么污染种类英文
有什么污染种类英文Introduction污染是指环境中存在的有害物质，对人类、动物和植物健康造成危害，并对自然生态系统产生不利影响的现象。
污染种类众多，其中一些常见的污染种类包括水污染、大气污染、土壤污染、噪音污染和光污染。
本文将用英文介绍这些污染种类。
1. Water PollutionWater pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater, by pollutants. These pollutants can be of both natural and human origin, including industrial wastewater, sewage, agricultural runoff, and chemical spills. Water pollution can have detrimental effects on aquatic life, as well as pose risks to human health if the contaminated water is consumed.2. Air PollutionAir pollution is the presence of harmful substances in the atmosphere that can cause harm to living organisms and the environment. It is mainly caused by emissions from industrial processes, power plants, vehicles, and various combustion sources. Air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx),sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues.3. Soil PollutionSoil pollution refers to the presence of toxic chemicals or contaminants in thesoil that can adversely affect plant growth, soil fertility, and human health. It can be caused by improper disposal of industrial waste, use of agrochemicals, and improper handling of hazardous substances. Soil pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and radioactive materials. Soil pollution can lead to the degradation of ecosystems and pose risks to food safety.4. Noise PollutionNoise pollution is excessive or disturbing noise that can be harmful to human health and cause annoyance or interference with daily activities. It is commonly generated by transportation systems, construction activities, industrial processes, and loud music. Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can lead to hearing loss, stress, sleep disturbances, and other health problems.5. Light PollutionLight pollution is the excessive or misdirected artificial light that disrupts the natural darkness of the environment. It can be caused by outdoor lighting from streetlights, buildings, and advertising signs. Light pollution has negative impacts on wildlife, as it can disturb migration patterns, disrupt ecosystems, and interfere with animal behavior. It also contributes to energy waste and hinders stargazing opportunities.Conclusion污染是对环境和人类健康造成危害的现象。
空气污染保护作文英文翻译
空气污染保护作文英文翻译英文：Air pollution is a serious issue that we need to address in order to protect our environment and our health. There are many sources of air pollution, including emissions from vehicles, industrial processes, and burning of fossil fuels. These pollutants can have a range of negative effects on our health, from respiratory problems to cardiovascular disease.One example of air pollution that I have personally experienced is smog. I remember a time when I visited acity with heavy smog, and it was difficult to breathe and my eyes were stinging. It was a really unpleasant experience, and it made me realize just how important it is to take action to reduce air pollution.There are many ways that we can work to protect the air quality. One approach is to promote the use of clean energysources, such as wind and solar power, and to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Another important step is to improve the fuel efficiency of vehicles and to promote public transportation and cycling as alternatives to driving.中文：空气污染是一个严重的问题，我们需要采取措施来保护我们的环境和健康。
空气污染英语作文初三
空气污染英语作文初三英文回答：Air Pollution is a major environmental issue that affects the health and well-being of millions of people around the world. It occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. These substances can be natural or man-made and can include gases, particles, and biological molecules.Air pollution can have a significant impact on human health. Exposure to air pollutants can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Air pollution can also contribute to climate change, which can lead to increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, and floods.There are a number of different sources of air pollution. Some of the most common sources include:Industrial activities: Industrial processes, such as manufacturing, mining, and power generation, can release harmful pollutants into the air.Transportation: Vehicles, such as cars, trucks, and airplanes, emit pollutants through their exhaust systems.Residential heating and cooking: Burning fossil fuels for heating and cooking can release pollutants into the air.Agriculture: Agricultural activities, such aslivestock farming and crop cultivation, can release pollutants into the air.Air pollution can be controlled and reduced through a variety of measures. Some of the most common measures include:Reducing emissions from industrial sources: Industrial facilities can reduce emissions by using cleaner technologies, installing pollution control devices, andimproving energy efficiency.Improving vehicle fuel efficiency: Vehicles can be made more fuel-efficient by using lighter materials, improving engine design, and reducing aerodynamic drag.Promoting the use of alternative fuels: Alternative fuels, such as electric and hydrogen, can help to reduceair pollution from transportation.Adopting cleaner heating and cooking practices: Theuse of cleaner heating and cooking technologies, such as electric stoves and solar cookers, can help to reduce air pollution from residential sources.Reducing agricultural emissions: Agriculturalemissions can be reduced by using more sustainable farming practices, such as reducing fertilizer use and improving manure management.Air pollution is a serious environmental issue, but it can be controlled and reduced through a variety of measures.By working together, we can create a cleaner, healthier future for ourselves and our planet.中文回答：什么是空气污染？空气污染是指有害或过量的物质进入地球大气层的情况。
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• Conclusions
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
n/a
50
PCDD/F
70
65
Reference: EIPPCB Iron & Steel BREF January 2019
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
7
Inertisation as an End of Pipe Measure Example: Blast Furnace Operation - Fume Suppression During Casting
9
Economic Aspects of Dust Suppression Systems
Reference: EIPPCB Iron & Steel BREF January 2019
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
11
Collection Efficiency of Secondary Emissions
Example: Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
Reference: EIPPCB Iron & Steel BREF January 2019
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
Dust emissionsinto ambient air [kg/d]
Conventional dedusting 1.6
546 (after dedusting, emissionlimit: 50 mg/m3 (STP))
Dust suppression 0.02
144(without further dedusting)
12
Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions from Industrial Sources
Summary
• Depending on the sector, major contributions result from fugitive emission sources. • Process integrated measures often entail multi-pollutant emission reduction. • EoP Measures: Encapsulation of dust emission sources can lead to significant
2
Major Contributors to PM Emissions from Industry
• Mining of coal, lignite, metal ores • Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products
(Cement, lime, glass, bricks and tiles) • Manufacture of basic metals
Reference:
4
3
Emission Control
2
at Stationary Sources
1
in the Federal Republic
of Germany,Volume II
DFIU/IFARE 2019
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
6
Emission Optimised Sintering - Multi-Pollutant Emission Reduction
Emission reduction (by mass) resulting from EOS
(compared to conventional sintering)
(Iron and steel, non-ferrous metals) • Manufacture of basic chemicals / fertilisers • Manufacture of wood products
(Chipboard, fibreboard) • Manufacture of food products
10
Control of Secondary Emissions Primary and secondary off-gases from a converter
Primary hood
Secondary hood
Converter
Pig iron ladle
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
4
Particulate Matter Emissions from Pig Iron Production
Contribution of Fugitive Emissions
Fugitive Emissions Highly uncertain information; estimated fractions:
Storage and handling
20 %ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้PM10
Industrial building venting
up to 75 % PM10
Reference: Remus R.: Feinstaub - Entstehung und Quellen der Feinstaubemissionen Neue gesetzliche Regelungen; VDI Berichte 1478, 2019
Reference: Emission Control at Stationary Sources in the Federal Republic of Germany, Volume II, DFIU/IFARE 2019
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
University of Karlsruhe (TH), Germany
Workshop of the UN/ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modeling on the Potential and Costs for Controlling Primary Emissions of Fine Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter Emissions from Industrial Sources (With the Iron & Steel Industry as an Example)
U. Karl, O. Rentz French-German Institute for Environmental Research (DFIU/IFARE)
Direct Emissions Depending on dust control equipment
Fabric filters
Electrostatic precipitators Scrubbers Cyclones
95 - 98 % PM10
95 % PM10 90 % PM10 50 - 60 % PM10
advantages compared to suction hoods and conventional dust abatement. • Concerning the abatement of secondary emissions the collection efficiency
Contents
• Introduction - Major sources of PM emissions in industry
• Fine Particulate Matter - Fractions of PM 10 in emissions from direct and fugitive emission sources
(Mills, sugar production) • Waste incineration
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
3
Fractions of Fine Particulate Matter
Laxenburg, 23 - 24 November 2000
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe
1
Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions from Industrial Sources