World Steel in Figures 2007
钢铁是怎样炼成的 英语小论文
钢铁是怎样炼成的A few days ago, I read a very educational book "How to Make Steel's." This is an autobiography of the novel. Author Aositeluofsky of their life experience to be summarized and refined to create a prototype for their own Paul. Kecha of this extraordinary and a great hero image.Paul. Kecha after the October Revolution is the first generation of CYL members of the Soviet representatives, a strong Bolshevik soldiers. The author describes this profound inner world of the U.S. figures, showing the main character from childhood, until the civil war and joined the party after the maturity period of life experiences. He reflected in the revolutionary struggle of the Agni Bailianchenggang in the growth process.Paul. Kecha from the Ukraine in a family of workers, in several decades of study and struggle to become a firm proletarian revolutionary fighter. He honesty from pristine, the body is the guts, fearless, but the exploiting classes have a deep-seated hatred and for resistance, self-motivated, loved to read books all kinds of revolutionary, ideological consciousness raising fast. He's a strong character, strong and unyielding in the face of the enemy, and a staunch enemy of the struggle. Is more important to him to self-reflection, in the minds of the remnants of their old ideological war, its customer service impact of anarchism, call the lack of organization and discipline of the concept. No longer do their own feelings and habits of slaves. He will themselves into the masses of people, completely selfless work, in order to the interests of the masses of the people willing to pay for all or even their lives. Faced with the deterioration of health conditions endured unrelenting pain, in another literary front to serve the people. He is an ordinary and the heroic image of the great.How to Make Steel's » Steel is the spirit of what » In the fire in torment, in many difficulties to come forward and Jin in the fire in a much, in the evil forces of justice against oppression.As in several Aositeluofsky as described: the most precious is human life. Life belongs to people only once. Person's life should be spent this way: When reviewing the events of the past, he will not be wasted because the Mood for Love and remorse, not because Luluwuwei and ashamed; dying again when he's able to have a clear conscience, said: "My whole life and All energy, have been dedicated to the world's most magnificent cause - the liberation of mankind and fight! "People should be hastened, full of life, because of illness or accident tragic accidents can always end his life.Youth are always beautiful, but the real youth will always strive to only those belonging to the upper reaches of the people, always selfless work, always humble person!。
超人背后的超级英雄英语作文概括
超人背后的超级英雄英语作文概括全文共5篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Super Superhero Behind SupermanEverybody knows about Superman, the superhero who can fly, has super strength, laser vision, and a whole bunch of other cool powers. But did you know there was a real-life superhero behind the famous red cape and 'S' symbol? His name was Jerry Siegel, and he was the guy who first dreamed up the amazing Man of Steel when he was just a teenager!Jerry and his friend Joe Shuster were two shy kids growing up in Cleveland, Ohio back in the 1930s. They loved reading science fiction stories and comic strips about mythical heroes with incredible abilities. One day, Jerry had a brilliant idea – why not create a new kind of hero, combining all the superpowers into one super-duper powerful guy? And just like that, the concept of Superman was born!At first, Jerry and Joe's superman was a bald villain who used his powers to terrorize people. But then they realized it would be way more fun if he was a good guy protecting the world instead.They tweaked their character, giving him an awesome costume and a secret identity as a mild-mannered reporter named Clark Kent. After lots of hard work and determination, they finally got their Superman story published in 1938. And the rest is history!Superman was an instant hit with readers who were amazed by his gravity-defying abilities. Kids gobbled up each new comic, following his daring adventures of battling crooks, rescuing damsels in distress, and just generally being awesome. Pretty soon, everybody was pretending to be the Man of Steel on the playground, tying towels around their necks as capes and running around going "Up, up and away!"But Superman wasn't just a make-believe character - he also taught valuable lessons about using your talents and powers to help others and fight for justice and what's right. His unstoppable strength always protected the weak from bullies and criminals. And his human identity as Clark Kent showed you didn't have to wear a cape and tights to be a hero in your everyday life.Although Jerry and Joe created Superman's incredible superpowers, in many ways they were the real-life superheroes. As shy, nerdy high school kids from humble backgrounds, nobody expected them to dream up one of the most iconic andenduring pop culture heroes of all time. But they used their powerful imaginations to make the impossible possible on the comic book pages.They didn't have lasers shooting from their eyes, but Jerry and Joe's brilliant creativity, determination and humble personalities were like real-life superpowers. They inspired generations of readers to believe they could overcome any obstacle, no matter how bumpy the road or how many people doubted their dreams.Even after Superman became a smash success, Jerry and Joe remained down-to-earth and devoted their lives to doing what they loved - telling amazing stories about the world's greatest superhero. While they didn't get to reap the full financial rewards of their creation, their legacy lives on eternally in the Man of Steel's continued worldwide popularity today.Whenever you see Superman soaring across the big screen or read his latest adventures in the comics, remember thereal-life super-creators behind the super superhero's cape. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster used the extraordinary superpower of their imaginations to build an unstoppable hero that still captures our hearts and souls over 80 years later.Just like Superman stands for truth and justice, Jerry and Joe's everlasting story reminds us that with enough self-belief, a little creativity can empower anyone to change the world and become a hero in their own way. All you need is the courage to make the impossible possible, to look beyond the ordinary and imagine the extraordinary. Just like those two amazing teenagers from Cleveland did all those years ago when they first conjured up the Man of Steel.篇2The Real Superhero Behind SupermanYou guys all know about Superman, right? He's that super strong guy who can fly and has laser eyes and stuff. He wears a red cape and blue tights with his underpants on the outside (which is really weird if you think about it!). Anyway, Superman is totally awesome and can beat up any bad guys. But did you know there's an even more amazing superhero behind Superman? Let me tell you all about him!The true superhero isn't some made-up alien from the planet Krypton. He was just a regular person, but he used his incredible imagination and creativity to come up with Superman and all his amazing powers. His name was Jerry Siegel, and hewas just a shy, skinny teenager growing up in Cleveland, Ohio back in the 1930s.Jerry didn't have any cool superpowers himself. In fact, he was really quiet and got bullied a lot by the tough kids at school for being such a nerd who loved reading and writing stories. But Jerry had something even better than laser vision or super strength – he had a brilliant mind full of the most exciting adventures and characters.When Jerry was just 17 years old, he created the very first Superman story about an infant from the planet Krypton who is rocketed to Earth and grows up with incredible abilities. Jerry imagined everything - Superman's blue costume with the iconic S-shield on his chest, his secret identity as the mild-mannered reporter Clark Kent, even his love for the beautiful Lois Lane. It was all from Jerry's own creative genius!At first, no comic book companies wanted to publish Jerry's Superman story because they thought it was too far-fetched and crazy. But Jerry's best friend Joe Shuster helped by drawing some awesome pictures to bring Superman to life. Finally in 1938, a comic company took a chance on Superman, and he became an instant smash hit that everyone went bonkers for. Kids andparents alike fell in love with this new superhero who fought for truth and justice.Since that first Superman comic, the character has appeared in countless comics, TV shows, movies, video games, and so much more. Billions of people all around the world have enjoyed Superman's adventures of using his X-ray vision, frostbreath, flight, and super strength to protect the world from villains. And it all started just from one teenage boy's endless imagination and love for storytelling.While Superman seems to get all the glory for being so strong and brave, the true superhero is the kid from Ohio who thought him up – Jerry Siegel. Real life is full of bullies, mean people, and scary situations that can make you feel powerless. But Jerry showed that by using your mind and channeling your hopes and dreams into creating something positive, you can give strength and courage to millions. That's a true superpower if you ask me!Jerry never became a famous billionaire or had action figures made of himself. But his creation Superman made him and his friend Joe achieved their dreams and got to see their character become a legendary hero for the entire world. Superman flew high across the skies using his awesome abilities, while Jerry'strue superpower was the amazing ideas and stories inside his head that he shared through comic books and let kids feel like they could fly too.When you're having a tough day or feel scared or alone, just remember the real hero behind Superman - Jerry Siegel, who proved that an ordinary kid can create the most extraordinary things through imagination, creativity, believing in yourself, and never giving up on your dreams no matter what obstacles get in your way. That's a superpower we could all use a bit more of.篇3The Super Hero Behind SupermanYou know Superman, right? He's the big strong guy who can fly around and lift really heavy stuff. He wears a blue suit with a red cape and has an awesome "S" on his chest. But did you know there was a super hero behind Superman too? His name was Joe Shuster and he was the guy who first drew Superman along with his friend Jerry Siegel.Joe wasn't actually a super hero like Superman, but he did have a pretty super life! He was born in 1914 in Toronto, Canada. Even as a little kid, Joe loved to draw comic characters. All the other kids wanted to play sports or go outside, but Joe justwanted to stay inside and draw his made-up heroes fighting bad guys and saving the day.In 1932, when Joe was 18 years old, he met Jerry Siegel. Jerry was a really good writer who came up with amazing stories about super powered heroes. Joe and Jerry became best friends and decided to create their own comic book together. They made up a new superhero who was super strong, could fly, and had laser vision! His name was...Superman!At first, no comic book companies wanted to publish Joe and Jerry's Superman story. They got rejected over and over again. But Joe and Jerry never gave up because they believed in Superman so much. Finally in 1938, a company called National Allied Publications agreed to give Superman a chance.The very first Superman comic book was published on April 18, 1938 and it was a huge hit! Kids all across America went totally crazy over the Man of Steel. They had never seen a hero who was so powerful and could do such incredible things before. Superman could soar over buildings, stop speeding trains, and beat up all the bad guys!As Superman became more and more popular, Joe and Jerry made lots of new comic books and stories about his adventures. But sadly, they didn't make much money at first because theyhad signed a bad contract with the comic company. It wasn't until 1975 that Jerry and Joe started getting paid what they deserved for creating the world's first super hero.Even though Jerry and Joe created one of the most famous characters ever, their lives weren't always easy. Money was tight at times, and the comic company even tried to take all the credit for Superman. But Joe Shuster never stopped drawing his favorite hero. He worked on Superman stories and artwork until he sadly passed away in 1992 at 78 years old.So the next time you see Superman saving the day, just remember - behind that red cape and super strength was the true hero, Joe Shuster. His incredible drawings and endless imagination brought the Man of Steel to life and inspired millions of kids to believe that anyone can be a super hero. Thanks Joe, you were one-of-a-kind!篇4The Real Super Hero Behind SupermanYou probably already know all about Superman. He's the guy from the planet Krypton who can fly, has super strength, laser vision, and wears a blue suit with a red cape. He fights bad guys and saves people in Metropolis. But did you know there'san even bigger super hero behind Superman? His name is Jerry Siegel and he's the one who created Superman!Jerry Siegel was just a kid, around 17 years old, when he first thought up the idea for Superman back in 1933. He loved reading adventure stories about heroes, but he wanted to make up his own hero that was even more super than any of the ones he had read about. Jerry was really into science and movies and stuff, so he dreamed up this totally powerful guy from outer space.First, Jerry wrote down a short story about his new Superman character. He made him able to leap 1/8th of a mile, hurdle 20-story buildings, and be stronger than a locomotive. But his friend Joe Shuster thought Superman should be able to fly too. That's when they made him able to fly and have crazy powers like x-ray vision and super hearing!After showing the Superman story to lots of publishers who didn't want it, Jerry and Joe finally got their big chance in 1938. That's when Superman first appeared in Action Comics #1 published by Detective Comics (which later became DC Comics). From that one comic book issue, the whole world fell in love with Superman and he became the very first superhero!While Superman was super strong and super fast on the pages of comics, Jerry Siegel was the real brains behind his powers. You see, back when Jerry was a kid, he was actually a shy, skinny, nerdy Jewish boy who got bullied a lot and didn't have much confidence. I bet you didn't expect Superman's creator to be such a shrimpy kid!But Jerry used his huge imagination to make up this powerful hero that he dreamed he could be like. Through Superman's adventures of fighting crooks and stopping disasters, Jerry could picture himself being brave, tough and able to stand up to bullies. Readers saw how Superman always chose to use his powers to help people and do the right thing.As Superman became more and more popular through comics, radio shows, TV shows, movies and games over the decades, his coolness inspired countless kids and grownups to be braver, stronger and kinder - just like the superhero they looked up to. Jerry Siegel kept creating new Superman stories and watching his character positively impact the world for over 60 years until he passed away in 1996.These days, Superman is more super-famous than ever and his logo with the big "S" is recognized all over the world. But not everybody knows about the real super hero behind Superman'ssuper powers - Jerry Siegel. With his creative mind and heart of gold, he used the American traditions of comics, science fiction and adventure to craft the first superhero that kids everywhere would idolize.So the next time you cheer for Superman as he saves the day yet again on the big screen, remember to praise Jerry Siegel too. He was the pint-sized, nerdy kid who was super at using his big brain to conjure up the best superhero ever - the unstoppable Man of Steel who always fights for truth and justice. The real super power is imagination and Jerry Siegel definitely had plenty of that!篇5Super Duper Superman!Golly gee whiz, I just love Superman! He's the bestest superhero ever. Superman can fly through the sky faster than a jet plane, he's stronger than a big ol' monster truck, and he can shoot heat rays out of his eyes that are hotter than the sun! He's so awesome. But you know what's really neat? Superman wasn't always a superhero with amazing superpowers. He used to be just a regular kid from another planet before he came to Earth.Let me tell you all about the super origins of the one and only Superman!A long, long time ago on a planet called Krypton, there lived a scientist named Jor-El. Jor-El was one of the smartest guys around. He figured out that Krypton was gonna explode into a bajillion pieces! Oh no! Jor-El and his wife Lara had a baby boy they loved more than anything. His name was Kal-El. They knew they had to get baby Kal away from Krypton before it blew up into smithereens. Using a fancy rocket ship, they blasted little Kal off into the deep dark of space just before Krypton went kablooey! Poor kid was all alone out there in the big empty void between planets. But don't worry, Kal's journey was just getting started.Down on the planet Earth, there was a nice farm couple named Jonathan and Martha Kent. They lived in a small town called Smallville. One night, they saw a meteor or something crash land in one of their fields. When they went to check it out, it wasn't a meteor at all! It was a tiny little baby boy in a spaceship from who knows where! Jonathan and Martha didn't have any kids of their own, so they decided to take in the baby and raise him as their son. They named him Clark Kent after Martha's maiden name. Aww, how sweet is that?Little Clark grew up as a normal kid on the farm, playing outside and doing chores and all that regular kid stuff. But as he got older, Clark started to realize he wasn't like the other kids in Smallville. He could run way faster than anyone else. If he fell off something high up, he wouldn't get hurt at all. And strangest of all, he could even see through walls with his x-ray vision peepers! Yowzas, talk about weird puberty stuff happening to the poor fella. Clark's adopted parents eventually sat him down and told him he wasn't from around here. They showed him the crashed spaceship they found him in and told Clark he was an alien from another planet. Can you imagine finding that out about yourself? Mind = blown!Once Clark was old enough, he decided to use his crazy abilities to help people in danger. But he couldn't just go running around in his farm clothes or people would recognize him. So Martha made Clark a super cool costume with a big red cape, blue tights, and that iconic S symbol on his chest. Looking sharp, Clark! With his new superhero duds, he took on the name Superman and became the greatest superhero ever known to mankind (and alien-kind too)!Superman fought tons of bad guys with weird powers like him. There was the ultra icky Parasite who could drainSuperman's abilities. The metallic Metallo with a heart made of Kryptonite, the one thing that could hurt the Man of Steel. And the most diabolical of all, the manic mad scientist Lex Luthor who was obsessed with taking down the Last Son of Krypton once and for all. No matter what dastardly villains Superman faced, he always managed to save the day using his smarts along with his super strength, laser eyes, freezing breath, and all his other crazy abilities.Even with all his amazing powers, Superman is more than just a strong alien. He's a good-hearted farm boy at his core who wants to help people and do the right thing. Superman stands for truth, justice, and the American way! Whenever people are in danger, you can bet your bottom dollar that Superman will come soaring out of the sky to the rescue. That's why he's my number one favorite superhero of all time. Up, up, and away!。
上海著名景点英文介绍(附图)之欧阳学文创编
※ShanghaiOriental Pearl Tower欧阳歌谷（2021.02.01）The Oriental Pearl Tower is a TV tower in Shanghai, China. The Oriental Pearl Tower is located at the tip of Lujiazui in the Pudong district, by the side of Huangpu River, opposite of The Bund.It was designed by the Shanghai Modern Architectural Design Co. Ltd. Principal designers are Jiang Huan Chen, Lin Benlin and Zhang Xiulin. Construction began in 1990 and the tower was completed in 1994. At 468 m (1,535 feet) high, it was the tallest structure in China (excluding Taiwan; see Taipei 101) from 1994–2007, when it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center.The spheres in the towerThe tower features 11 spheres, big and small. The two largest spheres, along the length of the tower, have diameters of 50 m (164 ft) for the lower and 45 m (148 ft) for the upper. They are linked by three columns, each 9 m (30 ft) in diameter. The highest sphere is 14 m (46 ft) in diameter.The entire building is supported by three enormous columns that start underground.Observation levelsThe tower has fifteen observatory levels. The highest (known as the Space Module) is at 350 m (1148 ft). The lower levels are at 263 m (863 ft) (Sightseeing Floor) and at 90 m (295 ft) (Space City). There is a revolving restaurant at the 267 m (876 ft) level. The project also contains exhibition facilities, restaurants and a shopping mall. There is also a 20-room hotel called the Space Hotel between the two large spheres.Antenna spireAn antenna, broadcasting TV and radio programs, extends the construction by another 118 m (387 ft) to a total height of 468 m (1,535 ft).Chinese symbolism in the designThe design of the building is said to be based on a verse of the Tang Dynasty poem Pipa Song by Bai Juyi about the wonderful sprinkling sound of a pipa instrument, like pearls, big and small falling on a jade plate. However, the designer Jiang Huancheng says that he did not havethe poem in mind when designing the tower. It was the chief of the jury board who said it reminded him of that poem.※Shanghai World Financial CenterThe Shanghai World Financial Center is a supertallskyscraper located in the Pudong district of Shanghai, China. It was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and developed by Mori Building. It is a mixed-use skyscraper, consisting of offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks, and ground-floor shopping malls. Park Hyatt Shanghai is the hotel component, containing 174 rooms and suites. Occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, it is the second-highest hotel in the world, surpassing the Grand Hyatt Shanghai on the 53rd to 87th floors of the neighboring Jin Mao Tower.On 14 September 2007, the skyscraper was topped out, at 492.0 meters (1,614.2 ft) making it the second-tallest building in the world at the time, and the tallest structure in the People's Republic of China prior to the construction of the nearby Shanghai Tower. It also had the highest occupied floor and the highest height to roof, two categories used to determine th e title of "The World’s Tallest Building".On 28 August 2008, the SWFC officially opened for business. Two days later, the world's tallest observation deck opened, offering views from474 m (1,555 ft) above ground level. The SWFC continues to have the tallest observation deck in the world.The SWFC has been lauded for its design, and in 2008 it was named by architects as the year's best completed skyscraper.HistoryDesigned by Kohn Pedersen Fox, the 101-story tower was originally planned for construction in 1997, but work was temporarily interrupted by the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s and later to accommodate design changes by Mori Building Co. The building of the tower is financed by several multinational firms, including Chinese, Japanese, and Hong Kong banks, as well as by the Japanese developer and as-yet unnamed American and European investors. American investment bank Morgan Stanley is coordinating the financing for Mori Building. ConstructionThe foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1997. In the late 1990s the Pierre de Smet Building Corporation had a fund shortage caused by the Asian financial crisis in 1997 to 1998, which halted the project after the foundations were completed. On 13 February 2003, the Mori Group increased the building's height to 492 m and 101 stories from the initial plans for a 460 m (1,509 ft), 94-story building. The new building woulduse the foundation of the original design. The building construction resumed on 16 November 2003.The building reached its total height of 492 m on 14 September 2007 after installation of the final steel girder. The final cladding panels were installed in mid June 2008, and elevator installation was finished in mid July 2008. On 17 July 2008 The Shanghai World Financial Center was completed and on 28 August 2008, the SWFC officially opened for business. On 30 August 2008, the observation floors were opened to the public.ArchitectureThe most distinctive feature in the design of the building is an aperture at the peak. The original design specified a circular aperture, 46 m (151 ft) in diameter, to reduce the stresses of wind pressure, as well as serve as a subtext for the design, since "Chinese mythology represents the earth with a square and the sky with a circle".It also resembled a Chinese moon gate due to its circular form in Chinese architecture. However, this initial design began facing protests from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai, who considered it too similar to the rising sun design of the Japanese flag. Pedersen then suggested that a bridge be placed at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular. On18 October 2005, KPF submitted an alternative design to Mori Building and a trapezoidal hole replaced the circle at the top of the tower, which in addition to changing the controversial design, would also be cheaper and easier to implement according to the architects. In the eyes of some, the building resembles a giant bottle opener. In fact, metal replicas of the building that function as actual bottle openers are sold in the observation deck gift shop.There are 3 observation decks in Shanghai World Financial Center. The height of its lowest observation deck (观光大厅) is 423 m (1,388 ft), on the 94th floor, the second is 439 m (1,440 ft) high, on the 97th floor, named "Observatory Bridge" (观光天桥), and the highest (观光天阁) is 474 m (1,555 ft) high, on the 100th floor. Admission ranges from 100 RMB (15.4 USD) for the 94th floor only to 150 RMB (about 23.1 USD) for all three observation decks.The skyscraper's roof height is set at 492 m, and has temporarily claimed the highest roof in the world. Before construction resumed on the roof, tower height was scheduled to be 509.2 m (1,671 ft) so the building would hold the title of the world's tallest building (structural top) over the Taipei 101, but a height limit was imposed, allowing the roof to reach a maximum height of 492 m. Architect William Pedersen and developer Minoru Mori have resisted suggestions to add a spire thatwould surpass that of Taipei 101 and perhaps One World Trade Center, calling the Shanghai WFC a "broad-shouldered building". The SWFC boasts a gross floor area of more than 377,300 m2 (4,061,200 sq ft) and 31 elevators and 33 escalators.AwardsShanghai World Financial Center was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008 receiving both the Best Tall Building Overall and Asia & Australasia awards from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). CTBUH's Carol Willis, head of New York's Skyscraper Museum, states: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the skyscraper." Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses gird against the forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and contributed to its sustainability." Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of genius."※Huangpu River cruiseIf you cruise by the river you will see hundreds of cargo and passenger ships. You don't remain indifferent to beauty of four Shanghai bridges: Xupu, Lupu, Nanpu and Yangpu. The splendid array of structuresresembles misty ice palaces in a riot of colors-golden yellow, pure white and aquamarine blue. Constantly changing colors mesmerize.It is also a major water source for Shanghai. Huangpu Rver, known as the mother river of Shanghai, which rises in the Tai Lake, Jiangsu Province, flows through the urban area of the city and empties into the mouth of the Yangtze River, with a total length of 112 kilometers. First of all the river is thruway for Shanghai.History and CultureHuangpu River, 97 km long, rising in the lake district of Shanghai Municipality, East China, and flowing northeast past Shanghai into the Chang estuary at Wusong. The Huangpu River can also be called either the Chun Shen River or the Huang Xie River.It is also a major water source for Shanghai, and as the city has grown it has suffered from water shortages and polluted drinking water; in 1996 a project to divert water from the Chang River (Yangtze) to the Huangpu was completed. The cruise boat meanders eastward along the golden waterway to the intriguing "three-layer waters" at the Wusong Mouth, confluence of the three and half hours over a distance of 60 kilometers, with beautiful view emerging one after another.Its famous riverside avenue, with its park-like green areas and tall buildings, is Shanghai's landmark. Here, the visitor stands in front ofmagnificent buildings in the art nouveau style that once housed the clubs, banks, companies and hotels of the foreign rulers.※Madame Tussauds Gallery in ShanghaiThe second Asian outlet is located in the Chinese city of Shanghai. Attracted by Shanghai's growing reputation and tourism volume in East Asia, the Tussauds Group approached Shanghai authorities to discuss the possibility of opening its second Asian location in early 2004. The Shanghai authorities agreed with the proposal and Madame Tussauds Shanghai was opened on 1 May 2006 on the 10th floor of the New World Department Store at West Nanjing Road.The Shanghai outlet houses nearly 75 wax figures of local and internationally-known celebrities to date, and will add more in its second and third phases. The museum opens all year round from 10 am to 10 pm daily and it is divided up into seven themed sections: Glamour, Behind the Scenes, History and Heroes, Music, Film, Speed and Sport. Admission fee is RMB 135 (US$20) for adults and RMB 100 for students. Madame Tussauds Shanghai is the Tussauds Group's sixth waxwork museum after London, Amsterdam, Las Vegas, New York City and Hong Kong※City God Temple of ShanghaiThe City God Temple or Chenghuang Miaois a temple located in Shanghai, China, within the old walled city. Today the "City God Temple" not only refers to the large temple complex, but also the traditional district of commerce in the city, surrounding the temple. There are over a hundred stores and shops in this area, and most of these store buildings are nearly a century old. The temple connects to the Yuyuan Garden, another landmark of the old city.The temple's surrounding area and vicinity is a large commercial district that hosts an array of shops, restaurants, teahouses, as well as annual temple fair events.A paifang adjacent to the temple One of the altars of the templePavilions and teahouses in the ChenghuangThe streets of Chenghuang MiaoMiao areaRegardless of size, many walled cities in ancient China contained a temple dedicated to one or more immortal or god as the spirit(s) or protector(s) of the city.The City God Temple in Shanghai originated as the Jinshan God Temple, dedicated to the spirit of Jinshan, or "Gold Mountain", anisland off the coast of Shanghai. It was converted into a City God Temple in 1403, during the Yongle era of the Ming dynasty.During the Qing Dynasty, the temple grew popular. Residents of the old city as well as nearby areas visited the temple to pray for good fortune and peace. The temple reached its largest extent in the Daoguang era. The popularity of the temple also led to many businesses being set up in the area, turning the surrounding streets into a busy marketplace.In 1951, the Board of Trustees of the City God Temple was dissolved, and the temple was handed over to the Shanghai Taoist Association and made into a Taoist center. The institution made changes to the temple, removing statues representing folk Underworld personalities such as Yama, the judge of the dead, and placing an emphasis on Taoist spirituality instead.During the Cultural Revolution, the temple was closed down and used for other purposes. For many years, the main hall was used as a jewellery shop. In 1994, the temple was restored to its former use as a temple, with resident Taoist priests. The Temple, together with nearby Yuyuan Garden and the surrounding streets, are now part of a large pedestrian zone dedicated to restaurants and retail.A complete restoration of the City God Temple took place between 2005 and 2006. In October 2006 the place of worship was reopened and reconstructed by Taoist clergymen.※Yu Yuan GardenYu Yuan GardenYu Yuan Garden located in the center of the Old City next to the Chenghuangmiao area in Shanghai, China, is considered one of the most lavish and finest Chinese gardens in the region. The garden is accessible from the nearby Yuyuan Garden Station on the Shanghai Metro line 10.HistoryThe garden was first established in 1559 as a private garden created by Pan Yunduan, who spent almost 20 years building a garden to please his father Pan En, a high-ranking official in the Ming Dynasty, during his father's old age. Over the years, the gardens fell into disrepair until about 1760 when bought by merchants, before suffering extensive damage in the 19th century. In 1842, during the Opium Wars, the British army occupied the Town God Temple for five days. During the Taiping Rebellion the gardens were occupied by imperial troops, and damaged again by the Japanese in 1942. They were repaired by the Shanghaigovernment from 1956–1961, opened to the public in 1961, and declared a national monument in 1982.DesignYu Yuan GardenToday, Yuyuan Garden occupies an area of 2 hectares (5 acres), and is divided into six general areas laid out in the Suzhou style:Grand Rockery - rockery made of huangshi stone (12 m high), featuring peaks, cliffs, winding caves and gorges. This scenery was possibly created by Zhang Nanyang in the Ming Dynasty. This area also contains the Sansui (Three Corn Ears) Hall.Heralding Spring Hall (Dianchun) - built in 1820, the first year of the Emperor Daoguang's reign. From September 1853 to February 1855, it served as the base of the Small Swords Society.Inner Garden - rockeries, ponds, pavilions, and towers, first laid out in 1709 and more recently recreated in 1956 by combining its east and west gardens.Jade Magnificence Hall (Yuhua) - furnished with rosewood pieces from the Ming Dynasty.Lotus Pool - with a zigzag bridge and mid-lake pavilion.Ten Thousand-Flower Tower (Wanhua)Garden areas are separated by "dragon walls" with undulating gray tiled ridges, each terminating in a dragon's head.Features•Sansui Hall •YangshanHall•HugeRockery •Cuixui Hall •RelaxationStone Boat •Yule Pavilion •Double Lane Corridor •WanhuaChamber •Gingko Tree •Nine LionStudy•Ancient WellPavilion•Relic Hall•Dianchun Hall•Acting andSinging Stage•KualiouPavilion•Hexu Hall•Huijing Tower•ToastingPavilion•Yuhua Hall•Deyue Chamber•Jade Water Corridor•Depository of Booksand Paintings•Exquisite Jade Rock•Huanlong Bridge•Inner Garden•Jingguan Tower•Guantao Tower•Dress Circle•Keyl Hall•Stone Boat•Big Stage•Mid-LakePavilion•Nine ZigzagBridge•Master LaoHal※TianZiFangHave you ever been to shanghai? If you are going to travel to shanghai, you must have a walk at TianZiFang, which locates at Kangtai Street in shanghai.Comparing with the brand new modern buildings, you can find the special architecture of old shanghai city. Peoples, who lived in shanghai in their life, still live here. It’s such a peaceful and quiet place to live.On the other hand, it’s also a good shopping area. There are a lot of beautiful, special and unique goods. The stores are little, but very characteristic with full of art beauty. The whole shopping area is not so large, but you will enjoy walking here and find out a lot of fun. When you’re tired, you can go to one of the lit tle cafe or bar to have a drink or cake. What a beautiful day!(End)。
美标钢结构节点设计教程
ConnectionsTeaching ToolkitA Teaching Guide for Structural Steel ConnectionsPerry S.Green,Ph.D.Thomas Sputo,Ph.D.,P.E.Patrick VeltriThis connection design tool kit for students is based on the original steel sculpture designed by Duane S. Ellifritt, P.E., Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at the Uni-versity of Florida. The tool kit includes this teaching guide, a 3D CAD file of the steel sculpture, and a shear connection calculator tool. The teaching guide contains drawings and photographs of each connection depicted on the steel sculp-ture, the CAD file is a 3D AutoCAD® model of the steel sculpture with complete dimensions and details, and the cal-culator tool is a series of MathCAD® worksheets that enables the user to perform a comprehensive check of all required limit states.The tool kit is intended as a supplement to, not a replace-ment for, the information and data presented in the Ameri-can Institute of Steel Construction’s Manual of Steel Construction, Load & Resistance Factor Design, Third Edi-tion, hereafter, referred to as the AISC Manual. The goal of the tool kit is to assist students and educators in both learn-ing and teaching basic structural steel connection design by visualization tools and software application.All information and data presented in any and all parts of the teaching tool kit are for educational purposes only. Although the steel sculpture depicts numerous connections, it is by no means all-inclusive. There are many ways to connect structural steel members together.In teaching engineering students in an introductory course in steel design, often the topic of connections is put off until the end of the course if covered at all. Then with the crush of all the other pressures leading up to the end of the semes-ter, even these few weeks get squeezed until connections are lucky to be addressed for two or three lectures. One reason for slighting connections in beginning steel design, other than time constraints, is that they are sometimes viewed as a “detailing problem” best left to the fabricator. Or, the mis-taken view is taken that connections get standardized, espe-cially shear connections, so there is little creativity needed in their design and engineers view it as a poor use of their time. The AISC Manual has tables and detailing informa-tion on many standard types of connections, so the process is simplified to selecting a tabulated connection that will carry the design load. Many times, the engineer will simply indicate the load to be transmitted on the design drawings and the fabricator will select an appropriate connection. Yet connections are the glue that holds the structure together and, standardized and routine as many of them may seem, it is very important for a structural engineer to under-stand their behavior and design. Historically, most major structural failures have been due to some kind of connection failure. Connections are always designed as planar, two-dimensional elements, even though they have definite three-dimensional behavior. Students who have never been around construction sites to see steel being erected have a difficult time visualizing this three-dimensional character. Try explaining to a student the behavior of a shop-welded, field-bolted double-angle shear connection, where the out-standing legs are made purposely to flex under load and approximate a true pinned connection. Textbooks generally show orthogonal views of such connections, but still many students have trouble in “seeing” the real connection.In the summer of 1985, after seeing the inability of many students to visualize even simple connections, Dr. Ellifritt began to search for a way to make connections more real for them. Field trips were one alternative, but the availability of these is intermittent and with all the problems of liability, some construction managers are not too anxious to have a group of students around the jobsite. Thought was given to building some scale models of connections and bringing them into the classroom, but these would be heavy to move around and one would have the additional problem storing them all when they were not in use.The eventual solution was to create a steel sculpture that would be an attractive addition to the public art already on campus, something that would symbolize engineering in general, and that could also function as a teaching aid. It was completed and erected in October 1986, and is used every semester to show students real connections and real steel members in full scale.Since that time, many other universities have requested a copy of the plans from the University of Florida and have built similar structures on their campuses.PREFACEConnections Teaching Toolkit • iConnection design in an introductory steel course is often difficult to effectively communicate. Time constraints and priority of certain other topics over connection design also tend to inhibit sufficient treatment of connection design. The Steel Connections Teaching tool kit is an attempt to effectively incorporate the fundamentals of steel connection design into a first course in steel design. The tool kit addresses three broad issues that arise when teaching stu-dents steel connection design: visualization, load paths, and limit states.In structural analysis classes, students are shown ideal-ized structures. Simple lines represent beams and columns, while pins, hinges, and fixed supports characterize connec-tions. However, real structures are composed of beams, girders, and columns, all joined together through bolting or welding of plates and angles. It is no wonder that students have trouble visualizing and understanding the true three-dimensional nature of connections!The steel sculpture provides a convenient means by which full-scale steel connections may be shown to stu-dents. The steel sculpture exhibits over 20 different connec-tions commonly used in steel construction today. It is an exceptional teaching instrument to illustrate structural steel connections. The steel sculpture’s merit is nationally recog-nized as more than 90 university campuses now have a steel sculpture modeled after Dr. Ellifritt’s original design.In addition to the steel sculpture, this booklet provides illustrations, and each connection has a short description associated with it.The steel sculpture and the booklet “show” steel connec-tions, but both are qualitative in nature. The steel sculpture’s connections are simply illustrative examples. The connec-tions on the steel sculpture were not designed to satisfy any particular strength or serviceability limit state of the AISC Specification. Also, the narratives in the guide give only cursory descriptions, with limited practical engineering information.The main goals of this Guide are to address the issues of visualization, load paths, and limit states associated with steel connections. The guide is intended to be a teaching tool and supplement the AISC Manual of Steel Construction LRFD 3rd Edition. It is intended to demonstrate to the stu-dent the intricacies of analysis and design for steel connec-tions.Chapters in this guide are arranged based on the types of connections. Each connection is described discussing vari-ous issues and concerns regarding the design, erectability, and performance of the specific connection. Furthermore,every connection that is illustrated by the steel sculpture has multiple photos and a data figure. The data figure has tables of information and CAD-based illustrations and views. Each figure has two tables, the first table lists the applicable limit states for the particular connection, and the second table provides a list of notes that are informative statements or address issues about the connection. The views typically include a large isometric view that highlights the particular location of the connection relative to the steel sculpture as well as a few orthogonal elevations of the connection itself. In addition to the simple views of the connections provided in the figures, also included are fully detailed and dimen-sioned drawings. These views were produced from the full 3D CAD model developed from the original, manually drafted shop drawings of the steel sculpture.The guide covers the most common types of steel con-nections used in practice, however more emphasis has been placed on shear connections. There are more shear connec-tions on the steel sculpture than all other types combined. In addition to the shear connection descriptions, drawings, and photos, MathCAD® worksheets are used to present some design and analysis examples of the shear connections found on the steel sculpture.The illustrations, photos, and particularly the detail draw-ings that are in the teaching guide tend to aid visualization by students. However, the 3D CAD model is the primary means by which the student can learn to properly visualize connections. The 3D model has been developed in the com-monly used AutoCAD “dwg” format. The model can be loaded in AutoCAD or any Autodesk or other compatible 3D visualization application. The student can rotate, pan and zoom to a view of preference.The issue of limit states and load paths as they apply to steel connections is addressed by the illustrations and narra-tive text in the guide. To facilitate a more inclusive under-standing of shear connections, a series of MathCAD®worksheets has been developed to perform complete analy-sis for six different types of shear connections. As an analy-sis application, the worksheets require load and the connection properties as input. Returned as output are two tables. The first table lists potential limit states and returns either the strength of the connection based on a particular limit state or “NA” denoting the limit state is not applicable to that connection type. The second table lists connection specific and general design checks and returns the condition “OK” meaning a satisfactory value, “NA” meaning the check is not applicable to that connection type, or a phrase describing the reason for an unsatisfactory check (e.g.INTRODUCTIONii• Connections Teaching Toolkit“Beam web encroaches fillet of tee”). The student is encouraged to explore the programming inside these work-sheets. Without such exploration, the worksheets represent “black boxes.” The programming must be explored and understood for the benefits of these worksheets to be real-ized.A complete user’s guide for these worksheets can be found in Appendix A. Contained in the guide is one exam-ple for each type of shear connection illustrated by the steel sculpture. Each example presents a simple design problem and provides a demonstration of the use of the worksheet. AppendixB provides a list of references that includes manuals and specifications, textbooks, and AISC engineer-ing journal papers for students interested in further informa-tion regarding structural steel connections.Many Thanks to the following people who aided in the development of this teaching aid and the steel sculpture Steel Teaching Steel Sculpture CreatorDuane Ellifritt, Ph.D., P.E.Original Fabrication DrawingsKun-Young Chiu, Kun-Young Chiu & AssociatesSteel Sculpture Fabrication and ErectionSteel Fabricators, Inc.Steel Sculpture Funding Steel Fabricators, Inc.Teaching tool kit Production StaffPerry S. Green, Ph.D.Thomas Sputo, Ph.D., P.E.Patrick VeltriShear Connection MathCAD® WorksheetsPatrick VeltriAutoCAD Drawings & 3D ModelPatrick VeltriPhotographsPatrick VeltriPerry S. Green, Ph.D.Proofreading and TypesettingAshley ByrneTeaching tool kit FundingAmerican Institute of Steel ConstructionConnections Teaching Toolkit • iiiPreface...............................................................................i. Introduction.....................................................................ii. Chapter 1.The Steel SculptureDesign DrawingsGeneral Notes........................................................1-2 North Elevation.....................................................1-3 South Elevation.....................................................1-4 East Elevation........................................................1-5 West Elevation.......................................................1-6 Chapter 2. Limit StatesBlock Shear Rupture.............................................2-1 Bolt Bearing..........................................................2-2 Bolt Shear..............................................................2-2 Bolt Tension Fracture............................................2-2 Concentrated Forces..............................................2-3 Flexural Yielding...................................................2-4 Prying Action.........................................................2-4 Shear Yielding and Shear Rupture........................2-4 Tension Yielding and Tension Rupture.................2-5 Weld Shear............................................................2-6 Whitmore Section Yielding / Buckling.................2-6 Chapter 3. Joining Steel MembersStructural Bolting..................................................3-1 Welding..................................................................3-2 Chapter 4. Simple Shear ConnectionsShear Connection Examplesand MathCAD worksheets....................................4-1 Double-Angle Connection.....................................4-3 Shear End-Plate Connection...............................4-12 Unstiffened Seated Connection...........................4-12 Single-Plate (Shear Tab) Connection..................4-18 Single-Angle Connection....................................4-18 Tee Shear Connection..........................................4-20Chapter 5: Moment ConnectionsFlange Plated Connections....................................5-1 Directly Welded Flange Connections....................5-5 Extended End Plate Connections..........................5-5 Moment Splice Connections.................................5-7 Chapter 6: Column ConnectionsColumn Splice.......................................................6-1 Base Plates.............................................................6-3 Chapter 7: Miscellaneous ConnectionsClevises.................................................................7-1 Skewed Connection (Bent Plate)..........................7-3 Open Web Steel Joist.............................................7-6 Cold Formed Roof Purlin......................................7-6 Shear Stud Connectors..........................................7-6 Truss Connections.................................................7-6 Chapter 8. Closing RemarksAppendix A. MathCAD WorksheetsUser’s GuideAppendix B. Sources for Additional SteelConnection InformationTABLE OF CONTENTSiv• Connections Teaching ToolkitAs a structure, the steel sculpture consists of 25 steel mem-bers, 43 connection elements, over 26 weld groups, and more than 144 individual bolts. As a piece of art, the steel sculpture is an innovative aesthetic composition of multi-form steel members, united by an assortment of steel ele-ments demonstrating popular attachment methods.At first glance, the arrangement of members and connec-tions on the steel sculpture may seem complex and unorgan-ized. However, upon closer inspection it becomes apparent that the position of the members and connections were methodically designed to illustrate several specific framing and connection issues. The drawings, photos, and illustra-tions best describe the position of the members and connec-tions on the steel sculpture on subsequent pages. The drawings are based on a 3D model of the sculpture. There are four complete elevations of the sculpture followed by thirteen layout drawings showing each connection on the sculpture. Each member and component is fully detailed and dimensioned. A bill of material is included for each lay-out drawing.In general terms, the steel sculpture is a tree-like structure in both the physical and hierarchical sense. A central col-umn, roughly 13 ft tall is comprised of two shafts spliced together 7 ft -6in. from the base. Both shafts are W12-series cross-sections. The upper, lighter section is a W12×106 and the lower, heavier section is a W12×170. Each shaft of the column has four faces (two flanges and two sides of the web) and each face is labeled according to its orientation (North, South, East, or West). A major connection is made to each face of the upper and lower shafts. Seven of the eight faces have a girder-to-column connection while the eighth face supports a truss (partial). Two short beams frame to the web of each girder near their cantilevered end. Thus, the steel sculpture does indeed resemble a tree “branching” out to lighter and shorter members.The upper shaft girder-to-column connections and all of the beam-to-girder connections are simple shear connec-tions. The simply supported girder-to-column connections on the upper shaft are all propped cantilevers of some form. The east-end upper girder, (Girder B8)* is supported by the pipe column that acts as a compression strut, transferring load to the lower girder (Girder B4). A tension rod and cle-vis support the upper west girder (Girder B6). The channel shaped brace (Beam B5A) spans diagonally across two girders (Girder B5 and Girder B8). This channel is sup-ported by the south girder (Girder B5) and also provides support for the east girder (Girder B8).The enclosed CD contains 18 CAD drawings of the steel connections sculpture which may serve as a useful graphi-cal teaching aid.*The identification/labeling scheme for beams, columns, and girders with respect to the drawings included in this document is as follows:CHAPTER 1The Steel Sculpture•Columns have two character labels. The first characteris a “C” and the second character is a number.•Girders have two character labels. The first character isa “B” and the second character is a number.•Beams have three character labels. Like girders, thefirst character is a “B” and the second character is anumber. Since two beams frame into the web of eachgirder, the third character is either an “A” or “B” iden-tifying that the beam frames into either the “A” or “B”side of the girder.•Plates have two character labels that are both arelower-case letters. The first character is a “p”.•Angles have two character labels that are both lower-case letters. The first character is an “a”.Connections Teaching Toolkit • 1-1GENERAL NOTES (U.N.0.)ABBREVIATIONS1-2• Connections Teaching ToolkitFigure 2-1. Block Shear Rupture Limit State (Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy ofGeorgia Institute of Technology)Connections Teaching Toolkit • 2-1BSFigure 2-2. Bolt Bearing Limit State(Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)Figure 2-3. Bolt Shear Limit StateFigure 2-4.Bolt Tension Fracture Limit State (Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon, courtesy of Georgia Institute of Technology)2-2• Connections Teaching ToolkitConnections Teaching Toolkit • 2-3Figure 2-5. Flange Local Bending Limit StateFigure 2-6. Web Crippling Limit State Figure 2-7. Web Local Buckling Limit State(SAC Project)2-4• Connections Teaching ToolkitFigure 2-9 Tee Stem Deformation (Astaneh, A., Nader, M.N., 1989)Figure 2-10 Seat Angle Deformation(Yang, W.H. et al., 1997)Figure 2-8 Web Local Yielding Limit State(SAC Project)Figure 2-12.Shear Yielding Limit StateFigure 2-11.Prying Action Limit StateConnections Teaching Toolkit • 2-5Figure 2-14.Tension Fracture Limit StateFigure 2-15.Weld Shear Limit State2-6• Connections Teaching ToolkitFigure 2-16. Whitmore Section Yielding/Buckling Limit StateConnections Teaching Toolkit • 2-7In current construction practice, steel members are joined by either bolting or welding. When fabricating steel for erection, most connections have the connecting material attached to one member in the fabrication shop and the other member(s) attached in the field during erection. This helps simplify shipping and makes erection faster. Welding that may be required on a connection is preferably performed in the more-easily controlled environment of the fabrication shop. If a connection is bolted on one side and welded on the other, the welded side will usually be the shop connec-tion and the bolted connection will be the field connection. The use of either bolting or welding has certain advan-tages and disadvantages. Bolting requires either the punch-ing or drilling of holes in all the plies of material that are to be joined. These holes may be a standard size, oversized, short-slotted, or long-slotted depending on the type of con-nection. It is not unusual to have one ply of material pre-pared with a standard hole while another ply of the connection is prepared with a slotted hole. This practice is common in buildings having all bolted connections since it allows for easier and faster erection of the structural fram-ing.Welding will eliminate the need for punching or drilling the plies of material that will make up the connection, how-ever the labor associated with welding requires a greater level of skill than installing the bolts. Welding requires a highly skilled tradesman who is trained and qualified to make the particular welds called for in a given connection configuration. He or she needs to be trained to make the varying degrees of surface preparation required depending on the type of weld specified, the position that is needed to properly make the weld, the material thickness of the parts to be joined, the preheat temperature of the parts (if neces-sary), and many other variables.STRUCTURAL BOLTINGStructural bolting was the logical engineering evolution from riveting. Riveting became obsolete as the cost of installed high-strength structural bolts became competitive with the cost associated with the four or five skilled trades-men needed for a riveting crew. The Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts, pub-lished by the Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC, 2000) has been incorporated by reference into the AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings. Many of the bolting standards are based on work reported by in the Guide to Design Cri-teria for Bolted and Riveted Joints, (Kulak, Fisher and Struik, 1987).High strength bolts can be either snug tightened or pre-tensioned. When bolts are installed in a snug-tightened con-dition the joint is said to be in bearing as the plies of joined material bear directly on the bolts. This assumes that the shank of the bolt provides load transfer from one ply to the next through direct contact. Bearing connections can be specified with either the threads included (N) or excluded (X) from the shear plane. Allowing threads to be included in the shear planes results in a shear strength about 25% less than if the threads are specified as excluded from the shear plane(s). However, appropriate care must be taken to spec-ify bolt lengths such that the threads are excluded in the as-built condition if the bolts are indeed specified as threads excluded.In pretensioned connections, the bolts act like clamps holding the plies of material together. The clamping force is due to the pretension in the bolts created by properly tightening of the nuts on the bolts. However, the load trans-fer is still in bearing like for snug-tightened joints.The initial load transfer is achieved by friction between the faying or contact surfaces of the plies of material being joined, due to the clamping force of the bolts being normal to the direction of the load. For slip-critical joints, the bolts are pretensioned and the faying surfaces are prepared to achieve a minimum slip resistance. The reliance on friction between the plies for load transfer means that the surface condition of the parts has an impact on the initial strength of slip-critical connections. The strength of slip-critical con-nections is directly proportional to the mean slip coefficient. Coatings such as paint and galvanizing tend to reduce the mean slip coefficient.The two most common grades of bolts available for struc-tural steel connections are designated ASTM A325 and ASTM A490. The use of A307 bolts is no longer that com-mon except for the ½-in. diameter size where they are still sometimes used in connections not requiring a pretensioned installation or for low levels of load. A307 bolts have a 60 ksi minimum tensile strength. A325 and A490 bolts are des-ignated high-strength bolts. A325 bolts have a 120 ksi min-imum tensile strength and are permitted to be galvanized, while A490 bolts have a 150 ksi minimum tensile strength, but are not permitted to be galvanized due to hydrogen embrittlement concerns. High strength bolts are available in sizes from ½- to 1½-in. diameters in 1/8in. increments and can be ordered in lengths from 1½ to 8 inches in ¼ in. incre-ments.CHAPTER 3Joining Steel MembersConnections Teaching Toolkit • 3-1When a pretensioned installation is required, four instal-lation methods are available: turn-of-the-nut, calibrated wrench, twist off bolt, and direct tension indicator methods. The turn-of-the-nut method involves first tightening the nut to the snug tight condition, then subsequently turning the nut a specific amount based on the size and grade of the bolt to develop the required pretension. The calibrated wrench method involves using a torque applied to the bolt to obtain the required level pretension. A torque wrench is calibrated to stall at the required tension for the bolt. Twist-off bolts have a splined end that twists off when the torque corre-sponding to the proper pretension is achieved. ASTM F1852 is the equivalent specification for A325 “twist-off”bolts. Currently, there is no ASTM specification equivalent for A490 tension control bolts. Direct tension indicators (DTIs) are special washers with raised divots on one face. When the bolt is installed, the divots compress to a certain level. The amount of compression must then be checked with a feeler gage.WELDINGWelding is the process of fusing multiple pieces of metal together by heating the metal to a liquid state. Welding can often simplify an otherwise complicated joint, when com-pared to bolting. However, welds are subject to size and length limitations depending on the thickness of the materi-als and the geometry of the pieces being joined. Further-more, welding should be preferably performed on bare metal. Paint and galvanizing should be absent from the area on the metal that is to be welded.Guidelines for welded construction are published by the American Welding Society (AWS) in AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code-Steel. These provisions have been adopted by the AISC in the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.Several welding processes are available for joining struc-tural steel. The selection of a process is due largely to suit-ability and economic issues rather than strength. The most common weld processes are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW), and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). SMAW uses an electrode coated with a material that vaporizes and shields the weld metal to prevent oxidation. The coated electrode is consumable and can be deposited in any position. SMAW is commonly referred to as stick welding.GMAW and FCAW are similar weld processes that use a wire electrode that is fed by a coil to a gun-shaped electrode holder. The main difference between the processes is in the method of weld shielding. GMAW uses an externally sup-plied gas mixture while FCAW has a hollow electrode with flux material in the core that generates a gas shield or a flux shield when the weld is made. GMAW and FCAW can be deposited in all positions and have a relatively fast deposit rate compared to other processes.Figure 3-1. Structural Fastener - Bolt, Nut and Washer Figure 3-2. Direct Tension Indicators and Feeler Gages Figure 3-3. Structural Fastener - Twist-off Bolt3-2• Connections Teaching Toolkit。
铁矿石口译常用词汇及句型表达
铁矿石商务会议口译常用词汇及句型表达Macro注重-paid close attention to坚持实施- steadfastly implement牢牢掌握- kept a firm grasp on一揽子计划-Multi-point plan大范围的产业调整和振兴- wide-ranging industrial adjustment and rejuvenation plans大规模，大范围，大力度，大幅度- Massive, wide-ranging, intensive, substantial远近结合，标本兼治addressing both the short-term needs and the long-term needs, addressing not only the symptoms but also the root cause社会投资和民间投资investment from nongovernmental sources and other private capital---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 钢厂-Steel mills, mills, Steel Producers, Steel Works，Steel factory, Steelmakers矿山- Iron Ore Miners/Producer/Suppliers, mining firms/companies（三大巨头：Top Three Miners）年产能-annual capacity产业重组- industrial consolidation健康良好的财务状况--Strong financial profile/position/strength, statement,(balance sheet)补充库存-restock/replenish stockpiles亏损经营- running/operating on losses/deficit巨额亏损-bleeding a huge amount of money;全行业全面亏损- the whole industry will slip into deficit/is losing money./overall losshuge losses have swept the whole China steel industry.需求没有跟上demand did not keep pace最坏的时刻还没有到来：The worst is still yet to come.市场还未调整到位: the market has not reached the end of a correction心理影响psychological impact取消几乎所有的热轧产品以及部分中厚板、冷热轧窄带和型钢产品的出口退税-Cancelled the export tax rebate for a wide range of steel products/ almost all the hot roll products, certain plates steel, band steel and section steel.销售不畅，积累大量库存，押占巨额资金,钢厂面临着巨大资金链的压力- The sales is slowing and the steel products is piling up in stock. Some mills are now faced with huge pressure of the cashflow. // financially underwater.钢铁工业唯一的出路是钢厂大幅减产But the only salvation for the steel industry is a wide output cut by the mills.停电power outage, power blackout,限产保价- cut back the production to sustain the price.跌破成本线- selling below the cost; below-the cost Sales成本倒挂-降价- Price cuts高炉/设备检修：The maintenance of the blast furnaces/equipment;裁员-downsize/lay off/shed/pare the employees/workers/headcount.倒闭- go bust, go bankruptcy, out of business.去库存- destocking节能减排- Energy-saving and emission-reduction盈亏平衡- break even/ make both ends meet.扭亏为盈-gets out of red and into black;/get rid of the losses开始盈利-turned around the corner/start to make profit触底反弹- bottom out. 小幅上调- Moderate Rebound经济恢复增长- restored economic growth增速-race/ rate of growth宏观调控- macro-control 政府干预- state interference二次探底- double dipping减产20%-running on 80% of the full capacity/cut back 20% of the production银行信贷- bank credit 信贷紧缩- credit crunch严重产能过剩- sever overcapacity释放产能：release the restrained capacity供大于求：oversupply/ glut盲目竞争/扩产- rampant capacity expansion;非法产能- illegal capacity/ private mills without government’s approval for the production.遗留问题- left-over problems;淘汰落后产能- eliminate/phase out/scrap the obsolete/backward/inefficient capacity优化产品结构：optimize the product portfolio/mix推动并购重组- encourage/promote the M & A铁矿石进口资质：iron ore importing qualification国有资产无偿划拨：national asset transferring without compensation;国退民进：State advances and the private sector retreat国企- State-owned Enterprise;据官方统计- on official figures西部大开发- The western development drive/The grand western development program上下游关系相互依存- interdependent攫取暴利- make a tidy/fat/profit 苦苦挣扎：struggling, floundering成本增加不能转嫁到下游最终用户- the cost increase couldn’t be transferred to the downstream. 过高的成本侵蚀利润- the high cost has eroded/eaten up the already slim margin.立足长远- Base on the long term plan携手共度难关- overcome/get through the difficulty hand in hand/together平均/拉低成本：to bring down/ average out the cost推迟出货：detering the shipment优先安排Kumba：Put Kumba on top of the list推迟出货deferring the shipments;例句：1.China's daily crude steel output reached a record of 1.94 million tonnes in February, butdemand didn't keep pace.2.Speculative trade activity was the main reason for the price surge in January, and the markethad not yet reached the end of a correction3.Traders are looking to pick up cargoes diverted/ turned away from Japan following thesuspension of a number of ports and mills in the country4.Demand for ore and coking coal has more downside than upside, given the historical highproduction of steel.5.Spot iron ore prices lost more ground on Tuesday as key indexes fell to more thanthree-month lows on the prospect of thinner Japanese demand after a massive earthquake and tsunami disrupted steel output.6.China should streamline its qualified importers to curb speculative purchases and controlthe inventory of imports at reasonable levels7.Chinese steelmakers, which are depleting their inventories, may restart purchases inmid-April when the stockpile s will have fallen by about half, he said.8.We estimate 15-18 million tonnes of annualised steel production capacity may be affected,given the proximity of the steel mills to the earthquake, which could equate to 20-25 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of iron ore and 9-10 mtpa of coking coal.9.There is a deep longer-term concern with iron ore as the market is racing towardsoversupply.10.The world's biggest exporters of the iron ore (Rio, BHP and V ale) are leading the way,knowing that when the inevitable price crunch in response to over supply does come, they will still be at the bottom of the global cost curve.11.Chinese steel futures steadied on Wednesday after iron ore indexes fell to two-month lows asmills remained wary of buying more raw material until they see a pickup in demand for their products.12.Platts 62 percent iron ore benchmark fell $1 to $176 a tonne on Tuesday, extending its losingstreak to a 14th consecutive day.13.As steel prices fell in China, iron ore prices are facing a lot of headwinds.14.Of the 80 million tonnes of iron ore stocks at Chinese ports, nearly 35 million to 40 milliontonnes belong to traders, who were betting on a recovery in steel demand after the Lunar New Year holiday last month.15.Offers held firm on Friday, as Chinese steel mills returned to market to replenish theirstockpiles.As rising raw material price and slow steel demand turned off the top buyers in China.16.A source at a Chinese steelmaker said it was unclear how long the upturn would be sustainedbecause it has been led by what seems to be a short-lived recovery in steel. “It could be because prices have fallen too much, and partly due to better steel sentiment arising from Japan’s shortage,” said the trader.17.Shanghai steel rebar futures fell more than 1 percent on Monday after China furthertightened the amount of funds banks can lend and on demand uncertainty.18.The decline in steel prices in China, the world's biggest producer, could stall a nascentrecovery in iron ore prices which rose for a second day on Friday…19.Adding to demand concerns, China on Friday again raised banks' required reserves, thelatest installment in its monetary tightening cycle that many had thought would be put on hold after Japan's devastating earthquake.20."We believe the three-month period is good enough to avoid major gaps with actual marketprices and, on the other hand, smooth volatility of the monthly period."21.New headwinds for the sector however now include China's moves to cool its economy andthe uncertain impact and pace of an expected plan by Japan to rebuild after the devastating earthquake and tsunami22.Still, disruptions in disaster-hit Japan's steel production as well as largely ample inventoriesat most Chinese steel mills may continue to weigh on iron ore prices in the second quarter,23.But later this year, around the end of the second quarter, we may see China restocking and therest of the world especially Western steel mills ramping up output in response to a recovery in demand. "So later this year we expect the iron ore market to be tightening again and prices to rebound," added Zhu.24.Nippon Steel Corp said on Tuesday that output at the three blast furnaces at its mainstayplant in eastern Japan had recovered to pre-earthquake levels.25.The company has resumed production at the plant while carefully watching the powersituation.26.Spot iron ore prices edged up on Friday as some Chinese mills restocked the steelmakingingredient, but purchases were far from brisk given lacklustre steel prices.27.Chinese mills have kept production at a high level and they've run down on iron oreinventories quite dramatically to the point where they now have to come back to the market and buy," said Graeme Train. "The problem is that mills don't want to commit to a large amount of tonnage when steel prices are not performing very well, so it seems like you've hit a bit of stabilisation and it's a bit tricky for prices to fall because mills have to buy."28.Global miner Rio Tinto said that tight global iron ore supplies could be stretched evenfurther by a massive rebuilding effort in Japan while equipment shortages will prevent miners from ramping up production.29.Spot iron ore prices are likely to build on last week's more than 4 percent gain as Chinesebuyers continue to replenish stocks although trading was predictably thin on Monday with China off for a two-day holiday.30.Chinese steel mills, the biggest buyers of iron ore, returned to the market to boost run-downinventories.31.TSI said the recent rally in prices was driven by smaller, spot market-dependent Chinesemills returning to the market to rebuild stocks run down since February32.The herd mentality is on again in China so people are buying all at once.33.Electricity supplies to [Chinese] industrial users will be cut further this summer as capacityshortages, coal supply problems and declining hydropower output combine to produce the worst power crunch in years, reports Steel Guru. Power deficits in the 26 provinces and regions serviced by State Grid Corporation of China would total 30 gigawatts in the summer, but could increase to about 40 GW if coal supplies tightened, water stocks were lower than normal and unusually high temperatures persisted.34.Many steel mills have totally shunned buying forward shipments and have increasedpurchases of cheaper domestic ore in anticipation of a further fall in prices of imported cargoes,"35.China's drive to build 10 million cheap housing units this year has been largely behind aboom in its construction sector which has buoyed its steel demand.36.Fears that the U.S. economy could slip back to recession and a recent jump in Italian andSpanish bond yields towards danger levels have pushed investors to seek cover, pulling out of commodities from oil to base metals and grains and driving Asian stocks down around 5 percent after the worst sell-off on Wall Street since the global financial crisis.37.The drop in rebar futures raised concern it could snuff out a recent run-up in prices of ironore, the key steelmaking raw material, which had been spurred by rising steel prices.38.However, analysts said continued tightness in iron ore supply from India, the world's No. 3exporter, should keep losses in spot prices in check.39.The physical market was little changed on Monday despite bearish overall sentiment, withsome offers continuing to hold firm despite turmoil in global financial markets and lower steel prices though transactions were limited.40.Shanghai rebar futures fell over 1 percent to a more than one-month low on Monday asinvestors fretted about Standard & Poor's downgrade of the United State's t op-tier credit rating, raising worries about a recession in the world's largest economy, reports Reuters.41.Figures demonstrated that huge losses have swept the whole China steel industry.42.Reuters reported that spot iron ore prices in top consumer China slipped on recently as a slowrecovery in steel demand kept most buyers off the market with steel prices hovering near levels last seen in February.。
Solid Works World 2007让SolidWorks展示产品设计中的精髓和新奥尔良的重建
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世界钢铁数据2009汉语版
百万吨
年份
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
世界
595 644 717 719 770 752 750 799 777 789
年份
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
世界
848 850 904 970 1,069 1,147 1,251 1,351 1,327
43 6.8 44 6.5 45 6.5
46 6.4
47 6.4 48 6.1 49 6.1 50 6.0 51 5.9 52 5.9 53 5.7
54 5.6
55 5.4 56 5.3 57 5.2
58 5.1
59 5.0 60 4.7 61 4.5 62 4.4 63 4.3 64 4.3 65 4.3 66 4.0 67 4.0
2007
1
116.4
安塞乐米塔尔集团 (ArcelorMittal)
2
35.7
新日铁公司1 (Nippon Steel)
5 28.6 宝钢集团
4 31.1 浦项制铁(POSCO)
NA 31.1 河北钢铁集团
3
34.0
日本钢铁工程控股 公司(JFE)
11 20.2 武汉钢铁集团
6 26.5 塔塔钢铁2
• 杜绝伤害事故，远离职业疾病。
• 健康安全根本，领导关心负责。
• 人人作出承诺，积极参与培训。
• 共创安全环境，享受平安幸福。
• 健康安全出色，经营业绩卓越。
• 管理环环相扣，健康安全如一。
2008年，国际钢铁协会出版了《安全与健康原则指南》（现已具有10种 语言的译本）和安全海报，帮助其会员实施和运用这些原则。
高二艺术风格英语阅读理解 30 题
高二艺术风格英语阅读理解30 题1<背景文章>The Renaissance was a remarkable period in European history that had a profound impact on art. It emerged in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread across Europe, lasting until the 17th century.One of the most prominent features of Renaissance art was its focus on realism. Artists strived to depict the human form, nature, and the world around them with great accuracy. This was a departure from the more stylized and symbolic art of the Middle Ages. For example, in paintings, figures were no longer flat and one - dimensional but had a sense of volume and three - dimensionality.Many great artists emerged during this era. Leonardo da Vinci was one of the most celebrated. His works, such as the "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper," are world - famous. The "Mona Lisa" is renowned for her enigmatic smile and the detailed and lifelike portrayal of her face and figure. "The Last Supper" showcases his ability to create a sense of drama and depth within a single painting, with each disciple having a distinct expression and posture.Michelangelo was another giant of the Renaissance. His sculptures, like the "David," are masterpieces. The "David" is a symbol of strength andbeauty, with its perfect anatomical proportions and a sense of power emanating from the figure. His paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, such as the creation scenes, are also awe - inspiring.The art of the Renaissance also had a significant impact on society. It inspired a new way of thinking and a greater appreciation for the individual. People began to see themselves as more than just part of a collective but as unique individuals with their own identities. Art became a means of expressing human emotions, ideas, and values. It also contributed to the growth of humanism, which emphasized the importance of human beings and their capabilities.1. <问题1>A. The Renaissance art mainly focused on _____.A. Abstract formsB. RealismC. Religious symbols onlyD. Completely flat figures答案：B。
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World Steel in Figures 2007Note: The annual IISI publication World Steel in Figures was not produced as a booklet in 2007. This PDF file contains the tables and charts usually contained in the print publication every year.The current edition of World Steel in Figures is available from the Bookshop on .For more information, contact IISI: steel@iisi.beWorld crude steel production 1950 to 2006(million metric tons)Years World 20061,24420051,14220041,06920039702002904200185020008481999789199877719977991996755199575619907751985721198071719756441970595Average Growth Rates% per annum Years World 2005-069.02000-05 6.11995-00 2.31990-95-0.51985-90 1.51980-850.11975-80 2.21970-75 1.6200400600800100012001400195019601970198019902000Top steel-producing companies2005 and 2006(million metric tons crude steel output)20062005200620051 117.2n/a Arcelor Mittal141 7.038 7.0Mariupol(Ilyich)Steel42 6.839 6.8BlueScope2 32.73 32.0Nippon3 32.0 5 29.9JFE43 6.842 6.2Panzhihua4 30.1 4 30.5POSCO44 6.648 5.7Jiuquan5 22.56 22.7Baosteel45 6.541 6.4voestalpineSteel46 6.446 5.8Handan6 21.27 19.3U.S.7 20.38 18.4Nucor47 6.459 4.4Tata8 19.112 16.1Tangshan48 6.343 6.2MetalloinvestGroup49 6.351 5.4Taiyuan9 18.39 18.2CorusGroup50 6.054 5.0Jianlong10 18.210 17.5Riva11 17.513 15.2Severstal51 6.044 5.9Chelyabinsk(Mechel)12 16.811 16.5ThyssenKrupp252 5.749 5.6AKSteel13 16.114 13.9EvrazGroup53 5.456 4.6Liuzhou14 15.615 13.7Gerdau54 5.255 4.6BeiteiSteelGuofeng15 15.320 11.9Anshan55 5.257 4.5Tangshan16 14.622 10.5Jiangsu Shagang Group56 5.166 4.0XinyuGroup17 13.818 13.0Wuhan57 5.053 5.2Erdemir18 13.616 13.5Sumitomo58 4.961 4.4Nangang19 13.517 13.4SAIL59 4.869 3.8Kunming20 12.819 12.6Techint60 4.850 5.5HKM421 12.521 11.4Magnitogorsk61 4.565 4.2EZDK22 11.224 10.4Jinan62 4.485 2.9Tonghua23 10.927 9.6MagangGroup63 4.460 4.4Zaporizhstahl24 10.825 10.3Laiwu64 4.370 3.5ShaoguanDynamics25 10.726 10.3ChinaSteel65 4.378 3.3SteelSteelHoldings26 10.523 10.4Shougang66 4.286 2.9Global27 9.932 8.5Valin Steel Group67 4.162 4.2SIDORSteel28 9.828 9.4Imidro68 4.076 3.4Pingxiang29 9.530 8.6IUD69 4.063 4.2Hadeed30 9.131 8.5Novolipetsk70 3.975 3.4HebeiJinxiSteel31 8.933 8.2Hyundai71 3.868 3.9NisshinUsiminas72 3.858 4.5Stelco32 8.829 8.7Sistema33 8.734 8.2Metinvest73 3.767 4.0SSABBayi34 7.735 7.7KobeSteel74 3.687 2.8Xinjiang35 7.640 6.5Benxi75 3.552 5.2CSN36 7.537 7.0Baotou76 3.572 3.4TianjinTiantie37 7.436 7.1Salzgitter377 3.580 3.2IPSCOSteel38 7.245 5.8Celsa78 3.473 3.4Vizag39 7.279 3.3Duferco Group79 3.477 3.3AHMSAGroup40 7.047 5.8Anyang80 3.490 2.7Lion(1) 2005 tonnages - Mittal Steel 63.0, Arcelor 46.7(2) 50% of HKM included in ThyssenKrupp(3) includes part of HKM(4) total productionMajor steel-producing countries2005 and 2006(million metric tons crude steel production)2006200520062005 Country Rank mmt Rank mmt Country Rank mmt Rank mmt China1422.71355.8Australia227.9227.8 Japan2116.22112.5Austria237.1237.0 United States398.6394.9Czech Republic24 6.926 6.2 Russia470.8466.1Netherlands25 6.424 6.9 South Korea548.5547.8Romania26 6.325 6.3 Germany647.2644.5Egypt (e)27 6.028 5.6 India744.0740.9Argentina28 5.529 5.4 Ukraine840.9838.6Sweden29 5.527 5.7 Italy931.61029.3Malaysia (e)30 5.530 5.3 Brazil1030.9931.6Thailand (e)31 5.431 5.2 Turkey1123.31121.0Slovakia32 5.134 4.5 Taiwan, China1220.21318.9Finland33 5.133 4.7 France1319.91219.5Venezuela34 4.932 4.9 Spain1418.41417.8Kazakhstan35 4.235 4.5 Mexico1516.31516.2Saudi Arabia36 4.036 4.2 Canada1615.41615.3Indonesia (e)37 3.837 3.7 United Kingdom1713.91713.2Luxembourg38 2.839 2.2 Belgium1811.61810.4Greece39 2.438 2.3 Poland1910.0218.3Byelorussia40 2.340 2.0 Iran209.8209.4Bulgaria41 2.141 2.0 South Africa219.7199.5Hungary42 2.142 2.0Others23.321.9World1,244.21,141.9Crude steel production by process2006Production Oxygen Electric Open Other Totalmmt%%hearth %%% Austria7.191.09.0 - - 100.0 Belgium11.670.329.7 - - 100.0 Czech Republic 6.991.68.4 - - 100.0 Finland 5.168.331.7 - - 100.0 France19.961.738.3 - - 100.0 Germany47.268.931.1 - - 100.0 Hungary 2.179.021.0 - - 100.0 Italy31.637.462.6 - - 100.0 Luxembourg 2.8 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Netherlands 6.497.7 2.3 - - 100.0 Poland10.057.642.4 - - 100.0 Slovakia 5.192.67.4 - - 100.0 Spain18.419.680.4 - - 100.0 Sweden 5.565.634.4 - - 100.0 United Kingdom13.980.819.2 - - 100.0 Other EU 4.4 - 100.0 - - 100.0 European Union (25)197.959.540.5 - - 100.0 Romania 6.369.830.2 - - 100.0 Turkey23.329.270.8 - - 100.0 Others 6.344.655.4 - - 100.0 Other Europe35.939.061.0 - - 100.0 Russia (e)70.861.618.420.0 - 100.0 Ukraine (e)40.956.49.833.8 - 100.0 Other CIS8.947.943.78.5 - 100.0 CIS120.758.817.323.9 - 100.0 Canada15.458.641.4 - - 100.0 Mexico16.325.774.3 - - 100.0 United States98.643.156.9 - - 100.0 NAFTA130.342.757.3 - - 100.0 Argentina 5.547.552.5 - - 100.0 Brazil30.973.924.4 - 1.7100.0 Chile 1.672.427.6 - - 100.0 Venezuela 4.9 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Others 3.422.477.6 - - 100.0 Central and South America46.359.139.7 - 1.2100.0 Egypt (e) 6.021.578.5 - - 100.0 South Africa9.753.246.8 - - 100.0 Other Africa 2.645.254.8 - - 100.0 Africa18.441.658.4 - - 100.0 Iran (e)9.822.577.5 - - 100.0 Saudi Arabia 4.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Other Middle East 1.3 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Middle East15.114.685.4 - - 100.0 China422.787.013.0 - - 100.0 India (e)44.047.350.5 2.3 - 100.0 Japan116.274.026.0 - - 100.0 South Korea48.554.345.7 - - 100.0 Taiwan, China20.253.047.0 - - 100.0 Other Asia17.0 - 100.0 - - 100.0 Asia668.576.523.30.2 - 100.0 Australia7.981.718.3 - - 100.0 New Zealand0.871.328.7 - - 100.0 World1,241.6965.532.0 2.40.0100.0Continuously-cast steel output2004 to 2006Million metric tons (mmt)% crude steel output200420052006200420052006 Austria 6.3 6.8 6.896.096.295.9 Belgium11.710.411.699.8100.0100.0 Czech Republic 6.3 5.5 6.190.188.889.6 Finland 4.8 4.7 5.099.599.599.5 France20.018.719.096.195.895.6 Germany44.942.945.596.896.496.3 Hungary 2.0 2.0 2.199.999.999.8 Italy27.428.130.295.995.695.5 Luxembourg 2.7 2.2 2.8100.0100.0100.0 Netherlands 6.7 6.8 6.298.098.097.5 Poland8.27.08.277.184.282.4 Slovakia 4.4 4.5 5.199.799.799.8 Spain17.317.518.398.098.099.4 Sweden 5.3 5.1 4.888.888.987.4 United Kingdom13.412.913.797.297.898.4 Other EU 3.9 4.1 4.398.397.097.1 European Union (25)184.7178.6189.295.696.095.9 Romania 4.9 5.4 5.581.185.387.0 Turkey20.521.023.3100.0100.0100.0 Others 3.6 4.1 5.569.874.185.3 Other Europe29.030.434.391.592.895.1 Russia (e)35.635.738.154.354.053.8 Ukraine (e)17.317.318.344.644.844.7 Other CIS 3.9 4.5 4.640.750.051.1CIS56.857.561.049.850.550.5 Canada16.115.115.298.598.898.8 Mexico16.115.916.096.298.098.0 United States96.991.995.397.296.896.7 NAFTA129.1122.9126.597.297.297.1 Argentina 5.0 5.3 5.598.398.598.5 Brazil30.529.228.592.792.492.3 Venezuela 4.6 4.9 4.9100.0100.0100.0 Other Latin America 4.0 4.0 4.491.190.288.1 Central and South America44.143.443.293.993.793.4 Egypt (e) 4.7 5.5 5.997.998.297.5 South Africa9.49.49.698.798.598.4 Other Africa 1.1 1.5 1.489.393.298.3 Africa15.216.316.997.797.998.1 Iran8.79.49.8100.0100.0100.0 Saudi Arabia 3.9 4.2 4.0100.0100.0100.0 Other Middle East 1.4 1.4 1.3100.0100.0100.0 Middle East14.014.915.1100.0100.0100.0 China263.5334.3400.794.094.094.8 India (e)21.525.129.065.961.465.9 Japan110.2109.9113.697.897.797.7 South Korea46.746.947.598.398.198.0 Taiwn, China19.518.920.099.699.699.1 Other Asia14.915.215.7100.0100.0100.0Asia476.4550.2626.593.893.193.9 Australia7.47.77.899.299.399.3 New Zealand0.90.90.8100.0100.0100.0 World957.41,022.81,121.290.090.090.5Monthly crude steel production 2003 to 2006(million metric tons)7085100115681012891011910111210203040234512141618The 67 reporting countriesAlgeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Byelorussia,Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Japan,Kazakhstan, Libya, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia andMontenegro, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan, China, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe.In 2006 these 67 countries accounted for more than 98% of world crude steel production.Steel production and use:geographical distribution, 2006World total: 1244 million metric tons crude steel ProductionOthers comprise:Africa 1.5%Central and South America3.7%Middle East 1.2%Australia and New Zealand 0.7%Consumption (crude steel equivalent)Others comprise:Africa 1.8%Central and South America3.4%Middle East 3.2%Australia and New Zealand 0.7%Other Asia 10.5%Others 7.2%Japan 9.3%China 34.0%NAFTA 10.5%CIS 9.6%EU (25)15.9%Other Europe2.9%EU (25)17.1%Other Europe3.0%CIS 4.7%NAFTA 14.5%China 30.9%Japan 6.7%Other Asia 14.0%Others 9.0%World steel trade by area 2005(million metric tons)* excluding intra-regional trade markedMajor importers and exporters of steel2005(million metric tons)Rank Country Total Exports Rank Country Total Imports 1European Union (25)135.41United States30.22Japan32.02China27.33Russia30.93European Union (25)124.74China27.44Germany220.45Ukraine27.35South Korea18.86Germany226.06Italy218.37Belgium-Luxembourg221.67France214.98France217.68Belgium-Luxembourg213.89South Korea16.19Thailand12.510Italy214.410Spain211.311Brazil12.611Taiwan, China11.112Turkey12.312Turkey10.213United States9.413Canada9.914Taiwan, China9.214Iran8.415United Kingdom28.715United Kingdom27.716Netherlands28.216Netherlands2 6.617Spain2 6.717Mexico 5.518Austria2 6.118United Arab Emirates 5.419India 6.019Indonesia 5.420Canada 6.020Hong Kong 5.4 Rank Country Net Exports3Rank Country Net Imports4 1Japan26.81United States20.82Ukraine26.32Thailand10.43Russia26.33Iran 6.94Brazil11.84United Arab Emirates 5.45European Union (25)110.75Spain2 4.66Belgium-Luxembourg27.86Viet Nam 4.57Germany2 5.67Indonesia 4.38South Africa 4.18Canada 3.99Austria2 3.09Hong Kong 3.910France2 2.610Italy2 3.911Slovakia2 2.511South Korea 2.712Finland2 2.312Saudi Arabia 2.713Romania 2.213Philippines 2.614Turkey 2.014Syria 2.215Venezuela 1.915Pakistan 2.11 Excluding intra-European Union (25) trade2 Data for individual European Union (25) countries include intra-European trade3 Exports less imports4 Imports less exportsWorld steel exports - analysis by product2001 to 2005(million metric tons)20012002200320042005 Ingots and semi-finished material47.350.551.058.959.5 Railway track material 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.4 2.4 Angles, shapes and sections17.817.117.719.418.5 Concrete re-inforcing bars13.213.014.815.917.9 Bars and rods, hot-rolled9.38.59.19.910.2 Wire rod16.317.617.920.619.8 Drawn wire 4.2 4.5 4.9 5.5 5.4 Other bars and rods 3.8 3.6 3.9 4.8 4.9 Hot-rolled strip 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.3 Cold-rolled strip 3.2 3.4 3.6 4.5 4.5 Hot-rolled sheets and coils43.749.050.054.953.3 Plates17.718.220.624.126.2 Cold-rolled sheets and coils26.928.429.831.229.9 Electrical sheet and strip 2.6 2.7 3.4 3.7 3.7 Tinmill products 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.0 Galvanised sheet20.523.124.326.825.6 Other coated sheet 6.1 6.7 6.87.47.3 Steel tubes and fittings23.824.523.828.231.0 Wheels (forged and rolled) and axles0.30.30.30.40.4 Castings0.50.50.60.90.9 Forgings0.80.80.8 1.1 1.0 Other0.00.00.00.00.0 Total270.0284.5295.7330.0331.9 Exports in World Steel in Figures include intra-EU trade and trade between countries of the former CMEA, and are based on a broad definition of the steel industry and its products, including ingots, semi-finished products, hot-rolled and cold-finished products, tubes, wire, and unworked castings and forgings. The above table comprises the exports of 37 countries, which represents aproximately 90% of total world trade in 2005.World trade in steel products 1975 to 2005(million metric tons finished steel)Year Exports Production Exports %1975114.7506.922.6 1976126.1533.723.6 1977127.9536.523.8 1978138.6571.724.2 1979143.1598.723.9 1980140.6578.724.3 1981142.8574.324.9 1982135.5528.725.6 1983145.3546.526.6 1984158.8588.427.0 1985171.0599.028.5 1986161.7597.427.1 1987162.3615.526.4 1988171.1656.826.1 1989171.2664.425.8 1990171.0654.026.2 1991177.1634.727.9 1992196.1632.831.0 1993222.5639.534.8 1994238.6631.137.8 1995246.6658.737.4 1996245.1660.137.1 1997267.9701.538.2 1998268.7685.239.2 1999280.8697.040.3 2000307.3750.840.9 2001300.8753.539.9 2002313.5803.339.0 2003332.9862.938.6 2004368.91016.436.3World volume of trade - 1990 to 2005Quantum Indices 2000 = 100Exports are of finished and semi-finished steel products.Production of finished steel,where not available from nationalsources, is calculated from crude steel production, taking into account the continuous casting ratio.406080100120140160501001502002503003504001975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005Scrap: estimated consumption, tradeand apparent domestic supply, 2005(million metric tons)= ApparentDomestic Country Consumption- Imports+ Exports Supply Austria 2.6 1.1 1.1 2.6 Belgium-Luxembourg 6.37.7 3.0 1.6 Czech Republic 2.50.4 1.4 3.5 Finland 2.10.80.3 1.7 France9.9 2.8 5.012.1 Germany19.6 5.0 6.721.2 Hungary0.90.00.8 1.6 Italy21.7 5.40.216.6 Netherlands 1.7 2.2 4.2 3.7 Poland 5.10.2 1.4 6.3 Slovakia 1.30.20.4 1.5 Spain15.47.00.18.6 Sweden 2.70.30.9 3.3 United Kingdom 4.50.2 6.110.5 Other EU 5.0 3.3 3.6 5.3 European Union (15)101.336.535.199.9 Bulgaria 1.00.10.8 1.7 Romania 3.20.0 1.7 4.8 Turkey17.613.20.1 4.4 Others 3.1 1.0 1.5 3.6 Other Europe24.914.3 4.014.5CIS50.0 2.317.064.7 Canada8.0 1.6 3.19.5 Mexico12.5 1.50.611.6 United States57.0 3.813.066.2NAFTA77.5 6.916.687.2 Argentina 2.30.00.0 2.2 Brazil8.10.10.08.0 Venezuela 1.70.00.1 1.7 Other Central and South America0.40.20.4 1.1 Central and South America14.70.20.414.9 South Africa 3.10.10.4 3.4 China60.010.10.049.9 Japan46.90.27.654.3 South Korea25.4 6.80.218.8 Taiwan, China10.1 3.40.1 6.8 Other Asia24.811.5 2.115.4Asia167.332.010.0145.2 Australia 2.70.0 1.3 3.9World441.592.484.8433.9Pig iron2005 and 2006(million metric tons)= ApparentProduction Production- Exports+ Imports Consumption20062005200520052005 Austria 5.5 5.40.00.1 5.5 Belgium-Luxembourg7.57.30.20.37.4 Czech Republic 5.2 4.60.00.1 4.7 Finland 3.2 3.10.00.0 3.1 France13.012.70.00.213.0 Germany30.428.90.10.329.1 Hungary 1.3 1.30.00.0 1.3 Italy11.511.40.0 1.713.1 Netherlands 5.4 6.00.20.5 6.4 Poland 5.3 4.50.00.2 4.7 Portugal - - 0.00.00.0 Slovakia 4.1 3.70.00.0 3.7 Spain 3.4 4.20.00.8 5.0 Sweden 3.6 3.70.10.0 3.7 United Kingdom10.710.20.00.110.3 Other EU - - 0.00.10.1 European Union (25)110.2107.00.6 4.7111.0 Bulgaria 1.1 1.10.00.0 1.1 Romania 4.0 4.1 - 0.0 4.1 Turkey 6.0 6.00.00.4 6.4 Others 1.90.20.00.00.2 Other Europe13.011.30.10.511.8 Kazakhstan 3.4 3.60.00.0 3.6 Russia51.748.4 4.90.043.5 Ukraine32.930.80.90.230.1 Other CIS - - 0.00.20.2CIS88.182.8 5.80.477.4 Canada8.38.30.10.18.3 Mexico 3.8 4.00.00.4 4.4 United States37.937.20.1 6.043.2 NAFTA50.049.50.2 6.555.9 Argentina 2.5 2.6 - 0.0 2.7 Brazil32.533.97.10.026.8 Chile 1.1 1.1 - 0.0 1.1 Venezuela - - 0.00.0-0.0 Other Latin America0.80.70.00.00.7 Central and South America36.838.37.20.131.2 Egypt 1.1 1.10.00.0 1.1 South Africa 6.2 6.10.70.0 5.4 Other Africa 1.1 1.10.00.0 1.1Africa8.48.30.70.07.6 Iran 2.0 2.30.00.0 2.3 Other Middle East - - 0.00.10.1 Middle East 2.0 2.30.00.1 2.4 China404.2337.4 2.20.3335.4 India28.327.10.30.026.8 Japan84.383.10.0 1.084.1 South Korea27.627.30.0 1.528.8 Taiwan, China10.49.40.00.910.3 Other Asia 1.3 1.50.3 1.8 3.0Asia556.0485.8 2.9 5.5488.4 Australia 6.4 6.20.00.3 6.5 New Zealand0.70.7 - 0.00.7 Other Oceania - - - 0.00.0 Oceania7.1 6.90.00.37.2World871.6792.317.518.0792.8Direct reduced iron production2001 to 2006(million metric tons)Country2000200120022003200420052006 Germany0.50.20.50.60.60.40.6 Sweden0.10.10.10.10.10.10.1 European Union (15)0.60.30.70.70.70.60.7 Russia 1.9 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3 Canada 1.10.00.20.5 1.10.60.4 Mexico 5.6 3.7 4.7 5.5 6.3 6.1 6.2 United States 1.60.10.50.20.20.20.2 NAFTA8.3 3.8 5.4 6.27.6 6.9 6.9 Argentina 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 Brazil0.40.30.40.40.40.40.4 Peru0.10.10.00.10.10.10.1 Trinidad and Tobago 1.5 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 Venezuela 6.4 5.5 6.8 6.67.88.98.4 Central and South America9.89.211.011.012.313.312.9 Egypt 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.1 Libya 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.7 1.6 South Africa 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 Africa 5.1 5.0 5.4 5.7 6.2 6.4 6.5 Iran 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.0 6.4 6.9 6.9 Qatar0.60.70.80.80.80.80.9 Saudi Arabia 3.1 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.6 Middle East8.28.69.39.110.711.311.4 China0.10.10.20.30.40.40.4 India 5.5 5.7 5.77.19.112.115.0 Indonesia 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 Malaysia 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.5 Myanmar0.00.00.00.00.00.00.0 Asia8.68.48.510.212.715.118.3 Australia0.3 1.4 1.0 2.00.70.00.0 World42.939.244.247.854.156.859.9Apparent Steel Use, 2000 to 2006(million metric tons finished steel products)2000200120022003200420052006 Austria 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.5 4.3 Belgium-Luxembourg 5.7 5.4 4.5 4.0 4.8 4.2 4.6 France19.417.316.415.716.815.016.4 Germany37.035.634.334.336.436.138.4 Italy30.530.430.231.833.231.636.0 Netherlands 4.7 4.7 4.0 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.9 Spain17.418.919.721.021.120.923.4 Sweden 3.6 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.1 4.4 United Kingdom13.513.512.612.313.211.412.9 Other EU (15)11.310.911.810.911.211.412.0 European Union (15)146.0142.8139.8140.1147.5141.8156.3 Czech Republic 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.4 5.2 5.2 5.9 Poland7.67.17.17.78.58.410.6 Other new EU (10) 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.6 6.0 5.9 6.6 New EU (10)16.616.416.517.719.719.623.0 European Union (25)162.6159.3156.3157.8167.2161.4179.3 Romania 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.9 Turkey12.711.012.314.616.618.521.9 Others 5.8 6.5 6.4 6.77.47.27.6 Other Europe21.120.321.524.327.329.133.3 Russia24.426.924.928.529.230.536.0 Ukraine 4.9 5.8 5.5 6.67.27.27.1 other CIS 4.9 4.3 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 CIS34.137.935.440.241.542.948.4 Canada17.815.215.915.517.416.217.3 Mexico14.113.114.314.916.016.118.0 United States114.7103.8102.7100.4115.6107.1119.6 NAFTA146.6132.1132.9130.8149.0139.4154.9 Argentina 3.0 2.6 1.7 2.8 3.6 3.7 4.5 Brazil15.816.716.516.018.316.818.5 Venezuela 1.7 2.3 1.6 1.5 2.3 2.4 3.2 Others7.67.47.87.78.59.39.8 Central and South America28.128.927.728.032.632.336.0 Egypt 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0 4.9 4.7 South Africa 4.0 4.2 4.9 4.1 4.9 4.7 6.0 Other Africa 6.57.2 6.98.59.210.110.9 Africa14.515.615.816.818.119.721.6 Iran9.610.611.314.714.516.117.9 Other Middle East10.212.514.014.816.717.319.0 Middle East19.723.125.329.531.233.436.8 China124.3153.6186.3247.0272.0326.8356.2 India26.327.428.931.234.339.243.1 Japan76.173.271.773.476.878.079.0 South Korea38.538.343.745.447.247.149.3 Taiwan, China21.117.420.419.922.119.919.8 Other Asia36.841.241.642.947.149.047.6 Asia323.0351.1392.7459.8499.4560.0595.0 Australia and New Zealand 6.7 6.37.27.58.07.97.9 World756.6774.5814.7894.8974.31,026.01,113.2。