Dynamic Systems of Petroleum Accumulation in the Nanpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
新东方英语四级词汇乱序版整理
Word List 19saddle 马鞍lest 唯恐creep 爬行afford 承担trial 审判，试验inn 小旅店choke 噎着dental 牙的council 委员会，理事会portion 一部分lodge 旅舍，乡间小屋troop 军队，一群vague 模糊的tropical 炎热的，热带的coil 一卷benefit 受益troublesome 麻烦的，讨厌的female 女性的pose 造型，姿态；姿势truly 真正的peculiar 独特的export 出口resume 重新开始portrait 肖像utter 完全的bacteria 细菌idle 闲逛pledge 承诺exchange 交换emotion 情绪harsh 刺耳的exposure 暴露saving 节约reasonable 通情达理的,合理的trumpet 唢呐，小号;喇叭applause 鼓掌nonsense 废话fantasy 幻想usage 使用finance 财政exaggerate 夸大trunk 树干grocer 杂货店，杂货商cruise 巡游initial 最初的railroad 铁路tube 管，道attain 达到devise 设计density 密度tune 调子source 源shrug 耸肩daylight 日光tunnel 隧道site 位置turbine 涡轮机handy 手边的background 背景tutor 导师sauce 酱汁combine 组合pill 药bay 湾ceremony 典礼formula 公式reservoir 水库delete 删除pump 泵backward 向后twist缠绕range 范围niece 侄女protest 反对Word List 20 centimetre 厘米predict 预测acquaintance 熟识learning 学识spider 蜘蛛counsel 忠告commit 犯罪typewriter 打字机sin 罪过sow 播种companion 伙伴destination 目的地typical 典型的corresponding 相应的donkey 驴子frontier 前沿，边境outlook 展望，前景typist 打字员apart 分开additional 另外的consequence 结果nevertheless 然而dirt 污秽，尘，土，污垢lobby 前厅occasional 偶然的doubtful 怀疑的committee 委员会tyre 轮胎ugly 丑陋的parallel 平行的cooperate 合作appetite 食欲impose 强迫invade 侵略controversy 争论confident 自信的nursery 育婴房fraction 部分cabinet 橱amid 在...之中manufacturer 制造商independence 独立academic 学院的evolve 进化exception 例外dictation 听写profession 职业authority 权利deposit 积累enquiry 询问differ 区别于argument 争论memorial 纪念碑faculty 系，学科dim 昏暗的moreover 而且earnest 认真的，热心的heroic英雄的umbrella 雨伞orchestra 管弦乐队arithmetic 算术basically 基本地battery 电池heel 脚后跟oblige 迫使convict 判罪respond 负责，回答，响应cite 引用，举例discard 丢弃grab 抢夺，抓住deceive 欺骗senior 高级的modest 谦虚的continuous 连续不断的Word List 21 comprise 包括revolt 反叛expense 消费campus 校园mold 霉菌insure 保险cash 现金virtue 优点violent 狂暴的react 反应odd 奇怪的diverse 不同的manual 手工的uncover 揭露，暴露ban 禁止confront 直面undergo 经历journal 杂志emperor 君王undergraduate 大学肄业生circular 循环的dictate 听写inform 通知underground 地铁hook 钩underline 下划线male 雄性的proceed 前进hydrogen 氢force 力fog 雾fluid 流体drill 钻机understanding 理解的nitrogen 氮commission 委员会jaw 颌undertake 承担salary 工资skilled 熟练的assembly 集会merry 快乐undo 解开undoubtedly 毫无疑问地globe 全球，地球，世界uneasy 不舒服的,心神不安的,忧虑的precious 珍贵的mosquito 蚊子petroleum 石油favourable 赞同的sightseeing 观光economic 经济的multiple 多重的poverty 贫困rely 依赖effort 努力accumulate 积累cheat 欺骗humorous 幽默的rare 罕见的rival 对手echo 回声investment 投资collapse 倒塌corridor 走廊despite 不顾pit 坑counter 柜台balcony 楼厅diplomatic 外交的cigar 雪茄bathe 洗澡conquer 征服inflation 膨胀Word List 22 thermometer 温度计worthwhile 值得的scenery 景色terror 恐怖average 平均democracy 民主slap 掴obstacle 障碍occur 出现nuisance 讨厌的人significance 重要性up-to-date 最新的justify 证明...有理neglect 无视membership 会员身份union 联合roller 滚筒，滚轴，辊压机formation 形成punctual 守时的relieve 减缓candy 糖果spokesman 发言人employer 雇主unique 独特的mathematics 数学herd 群cheerful 鼓舞人心的advertise 打广告reflexion（=reflection）反射unite 联合secure 安全的mineral 矿石universal 普遍的lane 小径beloved 亲爱的adapt 适应mislead 误导drag 拖flash 闪immigrant 移民remarkable 惊人的,非凡的,显著的increasingly 越来越indoor 室内的palm 手掌exclusive 奢侈的namely 即universe 宇宙burst 爆发preferable 更好的filter 滤过anyhow 不管怎么样score 得分qualify 满足条件，胜任，合格global 全球的heave 起伏，举unless 除非excessive 过分的marine 海军behalf 利益，维护，支持advanced 高级的，领先的soda 苏打unlike 不像adjust 调整unload 卸下leader 领导spelling 拼写accordingly 一致地，因此；相应地anxiety 焦躁ridiculous 荒谬的unusual 不寻常的scholarship 奖学金divorce 离婚headquarters 总部commerce 商业Word List 23torture 折磨fashion 时尚incident 小事，事件upset 失落，心烦意乱；混乱underneath 在...下面recover 恢复theory 理论evolution 进化myth 神话trim 整洁的mud 泥浆unfortunately 不幸地relate 联系，相关extraordinary 不凡的debt 债urge 急切做urgent 急切的qualification 资格satellite 卫星publication 出版cliff 峭壁restrain 克制commander 指挥官carpet 地毯peer 凝视highway高速公路breed 饲养ensure 确保requirement 要求attempt 努力flock 群largely 很大程度上restraint 克制focus 集中protective 保护性的utility 效用jet 喷气飞机coordinate 协调restore 恢复receipt 收据contrary 相反方面Christian 基督教徒hardware 硬件bloom 开花dragon 龙specimen 标本chew 咀嚼utmost 极度的original 初始的religion 宗教communication 交流beyond 超出vacant 空的conclude 做结论restrict限制，限定；约束，束缚respectively 分别地，各自地fairly 公平地sailor 海员，水手remark 评论assure 使确信balance 平衡campaign 运动，战役psychological 心理学的contradiction 矛盾，否定dose 一剂vacation 假期immediately 立即vacuum 真空ore 矿石clause 从句cattle 牲口，牛barn 牲口棚laser 激光initiative 主动性，首创精神compel 使屈服Word List 24basis 基础contact 接触guarantee 保证semiconductor 半导体rib 肋骨obvious 明显的geometry 几何butcher 屠夫triumph凯旋，胜利maid 女仆eyesight 视力interview 采访vain 徒劳的paste 浆糊soak 浸泡exceed 超越boom 激增item 项目hammer 榔头metric 米制的jar 罐子resource 资源compose 创作military 军事的package 包裹van 货车，领导者，先驱besides 另外injection 注射laboratory 实验室vanish 消失experimental 实验的mysterious 神秘的sake 缘故keen 强烈的vapour 蒸汽haste 急忙magic 魔法poisonous 有毒的aid 援助coach 教练decrease 降低relief 缓解continual 连续的slight 轻微的stare 凝视grace 优雅band 带，乐团mechanical 力学的，机械的considerate 体贴的ditch 沟渠ignorance 天真，无知balloon 气球brake 刹车data 数据bake 烘焙gear 齿轮patient 耐心的altitude 海拔inquiry 询问implement 贯彻，执行remind 提醒pint 品脱engine 发动机bid 叫价scout 侦查mould 霉菌avenue 林荫道instance 例子career 事业fountain 喷泉format 格式correspond 相当，相符合，通信Word List 25clarify 澄清mercy 恩惠expression 表示exact 确实decade 十年dimension 维度vision 视力，视觉unity 统一vigorous 活力的via 通过skim 略读severe 严重的conquest 征服improve 提高variety 种类election 选举expert 专家dive 跳水various 多种多样的rifle 来福步枪stake 刑柱，股份corporation公司，企业了，社团vary 呈现不同eagle 山鹰figure 数字，人vast 广阔的simplify 简化instead 替代shell 贝壳drawer 抽屉quote 引号，引用depress 使压抑schedule 日程表limitation 限制disturb 打扰cancer 癌症accord 一致industrial 工业的preference 偏爱screen 屏幕error 错误gratitude 感激，感谢，感恩slam 砰的关上evil 邪恶的accent 口音imagination 想象力elsewhere 其它地方，在别处champion 冠军framework 框架social 社会的endure 忍受gradual 逐渐的sleeve 袖子concession 承认，许可vehicle 交通工具register 注册apology 道歉luggage 行李desperate 极渴望的billion 十亿venture 商业冒险queue 队列aside 一边reflect 反射beneficial 有益的repeatedly 反复地kindergarten 幼儿园verify 核实reduction 减少version 版本implication 暗示accustomed 习惯的helicopter 直升机normal 普通的Word List 26shiver 颤抖stadium 体育馆grasp 抓住economy 经济rotten 腐烂的dash 猛冲recently 最近地concept 概念rigid 死板的entertain 使娱乐vertical 垂直的vessel 管，容器；船，飞船；血管evident 明显的apologize 道歉scholar 学者costly 昂贵的veteran 老士兵，有经验的人glimpse 一瞥finally 最终approval 准许judgement 判断regulation 管理，规章cord 绳powder 粉末improvement 提高remote 遥远的provide 提供rub 揉搓，摩擦fiction 小说occurrence 出现adopt 接受navigation 航海adventure 探险float 漂浮dynamic 动力学的=kinetic vibrate 振动indifferent 冷漠的plot 情节，计划，密谋horror 恐怖，颤栗，憎恶fatigue 疲劳consideration 考虑vice 罪恶，恶习，缺点notebook 笔记本chop 劈respect 方面，尊敬admission 准许进入disease 疾病ignore 忽视infect影响，传染confirm 证明harbour 港口concrete 具体的，实在的，混凝土organic 有机的phase 相，阶段previous 预先的helpless 无助的amaze 使惊奇despair 绝望victim 受害者possibility 可能性video 视频viewpoint 观点erect 矗立obey 遵守rarely 很少地vinegar 醋approach 方式，达到violate 违反distinction 显著不同holy 神圣的philosophy 哲学golf 高尔夫outward 向外的section 部分penalty 惩罚Word List 27dump 倾销，倾倒internal 内部的(adj),内脏，本质（n）installation 安装charge 掌管，电荷criticize 批评disorder 混乱rocket 火箭dessert 甜点dispute 争论butterfly 蝴蝶circuit 环路，电路，线路frequent 频繁的depart 离开lens 透镜sigh 叹息violence 暴力reserve 保存aluminium 铝hence 所以pine 松木opening 开始，空缺acid 酸hen 母鸡giant 巨大的crystal 水晶，晶体operational 可执行的racial 种族的construction 结构planet 行星image 图像blade 刀刃physicist 物理学家sack 麻袋behave 行为organism 有机体shortly 简短地interval 间隔violet 紫罗兰draught拖拉，气流appointment 约定meantime 同时murder 谋杀violin 小提琴perspective 远景，透视图laundry 洗衣房virtual 事实上virtually事实上calculate 计算confess 承认appearance 外貌virus 病毒ambulance 救护车，野战队liberty 自由consequently 因此所以insist 坚持要求，认为solar 太阳的flourish挥舞，茂盛，繁荣, 活跃，蓬勃correspondence一致,符合, 通信，信件pronoun 代词property 财产shave 剃刮selection 选择limited 限制的enormous 大量的，巨大的impact 影响visible 可见的conceal 隐藏earthquake 地震curriculum 课程feature 特点loaf一条面包，游荡；游手好闲stain 玷污demand 要求，需求media 媒介comparative 相比的Word List 28massive 重的，巨大的ultimate 最终extent 面积，长度，程度employment 雇佣medium 居中的urban 城市的engineering 工程marvelous 不可思议的event 大事resolve 决心avoid 避免respective 分别boast 自夸sew 缝纫indicate 暗示govern 掌控visual 可视的utilize 利用chase 追赶prevail 说服，流行，盛行pillow 枕头packet 包heap 堆variation变化，变动；变异primary 初级的dense 密集的outside 外面owe 欠interfere 干涉burden 压力scatter 传播，分散starve 挨饿simplicity 简朴bare 裸露的compound 化合物orderly 有序的resolution 决心learned有学问的；博学的；学术上的shelter 藏身之处reporter 记者profile 侧脸shed 库棚necessarily 必要地vitamin 维生素reproduce 再生产，繁殖，复制grateful 感激的convenience 方便vivid 生动的outset 开始deserve 值得assignment 指派，分配principal 校长enable 使能够refrigerator 冰箱keyboard 键盘poison 毒药mill 磨坊electrical 电的install 安装output 产量ally 联盟vocabulary 词汇athlete 运动员honourable 光荣的brass 黄铜merely 仅仅地engage 花时间做，订婚sphere 球，球状的purple 紫色volcano 火山decline 下降classic 传统的，经典的stale 腐烂的Word List 29 liberate 自由，解放standpoint 立场activity 活动volt 伏特arrange 安排canal 运河device 装置voltage 电压angle 角度volume 容量voluntary 志愿的rhythm 韵律bore 使枯燥marriage 婚姻bet 打赌spade 铁锹official 官方的beast 野兽drum 鼓crash 冲撞boot 长筒靴charm 魅力literature 文学handbag 手提包volunteer 志愿者oval 椭圆的glorious 光荣的inspire 使振奋精神protection 保护argue 争论cop警察given 规定的，给定的chapter 章节likely 有可能的omit 省略，遗漏adequate 充分的departure离开，离去；起程according 依据，依照shift 改变sophisticated 老于世故的damp 潮湿的fry 炸extension 延伸instruction 用法说明，命令；教学assumption 假定potential 潜在的permanent 永久的quit 放弃region 地域overseas 海外的vote 选票furnace 火炉，熔炉wagon 四轮马车agriculture 农业oven 电炉waist 腰editor 编辑republican 共和主义者factor 因素hint 暗示waken 唤醒plunge 投入，猛冲applicable 适当的wander 漫步，闲逛luxury 奢侈品loosen 放松，解开readily 乐意地devil 魔鬼border 国界warmth 温暖creative 创造性的waterproof 防水的cargo 货物complaint 抱怨Word List 30explosion 爆炸economical 节约的progressive 进步的residence 住所，住宅resemble 类似于perception 感知annoy 扰乱whichever 不管哪个whereas 然而rob 打劫recommend 推荐pitch 高音，投掷perform 表演connect 连接pilot 飞行员vital 必不可少的，生死攸关的scold 训斥intense 强烈的horrible 恶心的，可怕的edition 版本speculate 猜想，投机mechanism 机制，机理dumb 哑的handwriting 手写educate 教育landlord 地主glove 手套scope 范围recovery 恢复weaken 使衰弱refusal 拒绝wealth 财富overall 整体上reputation 名声ending 结局spill 溢出character 字，特征notify 通知pollute 污染persist 坚持principle 原则peak 山峰margin 页边空白regarding 关于repetition 重复spectacular 壮观的humour 幽默感achievement 成就salad 沙拉fare 车费flame 火焰convention 习俗network 网络reservation 保存ribbon 缎带plentiful 丰富的classify 分类weapon 武器dissolve 溶解splendid 壮观的scarce 少见的politics 政治学alphabet 字母表performance 表演clumsy 笨拙的ax 斧子wealthy 富裕的detect 发觉physician医生，内科医生guy 家伙administration （政府）行政机关emphasize 强调frost 冰冻，严寒，霜Word List 31contribution 贡献weave 编织crane 起重机muscle 肌肉admire 羡慕，崇拜exclude 排除inquire 询问dialect 方言weed 杂草accident 事故Negro 黑人identify 识别instrument 器具，仪器，乐器scratch 抓dependent 依靠的moral 道德的individual 单独的loan 借出divide 分chin 下巴shield 盾牌minimum 最小的lump 肿块loose 释放，松的，不精确的scissors 剪刀diameter 直径soar 猛增，剧增molecule 分子gaze 凝视relationship 关系reality 现实risk 危险fee 费mature 成熟的provided 假如，倘若curiosity 求知欲，好奇心organ 器官grind 碾碎harmony 和谐lamb 羊羔column 栏目weekly 每周riot 暴乱being 人，存在；生物plus 加nightmare 梦魇budget 预算chart表格porter 搬运工人dusk 黄昏somewhat 有一点weep 流泪weld 焊接competition 竞赛gallon 加仑convert 皈依publish 出版market 市场kneel 跪postpone 延迟liter 升click 点击logical 逻辑的convince 使相信headline 提要disaster 灾难welfare 福利pierce 刺入ankle 踝关节radiation 放射线origin起源，根源；出身well-known 著名的exhaust 耗尽hardship 困难Word List 32 bubble 泡intimate 亲密的defeat 战胜bacon 咸肉creature 生物optional 可以任选的probable 大概的fuss 大惊小怪的wax 蜡nucleus 原子核financial 财政的sequence 顺序concede 承认，让步brand商品junior 年少的whale 鲸whatsoever 任何relax 放松fireman 消防员crust 面包皮observation 观察mention 提及guideline 指导方针insight 洞察力nuclear 核能的seminar 研讨会colony 殖民地jeans 牛仔裤deliberate 故意的catalog 目录salesman 售货员liver 肝inevitable 必然的deck 甲板arrangement 整理forbid 禁止account 账目operator 话务员，操作者whilst 当…的时候lid 盖子humble 简陋的descend 下降furniture 家具aggressive 好斗的footstep 足迹invent 发明plantation 种植园accurate 准确的mankind 人类log 原木pessimistic 悲观的neighborhood 四邻glow 发白热光injure 伤害objective 目标alter 改变electricity 电apparent 明显的arrow 箭occupy 占hunt 打猎poll 民意测验grape 葡萄capacity 容量refresh 振作精神guidance 引导ounce 盎司applicant 申请人ashamed 惭愧的draft 草稿whip 鞭笞philosopher 哲学家greenhouse 温室Word List 33 competitive 竞争的destruction 破坏application 申请impatient 急躁的logic 逻辑negotiate 协商germ 细菌whisper 低语withdraw 撤回aspect 方面require 要求beam 面露喜色smash 粉碎responsible 有责任感的accompany 陪伴affection 感情detail 细节commercial 商业的efficiency 效率organization 组织whistle 口哨injury 伤害refugee 难民embarrass 使为难inhabitant 居民province 省collective 集体的ruin 毁灭resist 反抗genius 天才quotation 引文hut 小屋community 社区isolate 使隔离whoever 无论谁snap 仓促的ache 疼痛optical 光学的alarm 警报wholly 全部地semester 学期impress 给…留下印象fate 命运resistant 抵抗的maximum 最大量wicked 坏的possess 拥有widen 加宽widespread 分布广的active 积极地beard 胡须classification 分类postage 邮费widow 寡妇accidental 偶然happen 碰巧element 成分era 时代arise 出现poem 诗explosive 爆炸的width 宽度grammar 语法wisdom 智慧insult 侮辱freight 货运physical 身体的conversely 相反地wit 风趣location 位置hostile 不友善的reject 拒绝purchase 购买Word List 34 jewel 宝石determination 决心preliminary 初步的withstand 反抗insect昆虫civil 公民的scrape 刮blast 爆炸witness 证人melt 融化scream 尖叫hopeless 绝望的wolf 狼sacrifice 牺牲forge 伪造lover 情人connection 联系possession 所有wool 羊毛identical 完全相同的preceding 前面的workshop 车间entry 入口处digest 消化rate 比率define 限定fulfill 履行generous 慷慨的owner 物主passive 消极的chaos 混乱workman 工人motive 动机attract 吸引revise 修改senate 参议院observe 观察alcohol 酒精settlement 解决radar 雷达gum 口香糖worm 虫grip 抓紧optimistic 乐观的nature 本性brilliant 卓越的worldwide 遍及全球的inferior 下等的audio 听觉的circulate 循环abandon 丢弃assist 协助pattern 型index 索引worship 崇拜fleet 舰队mixture 混合currency 货币outlet 出口facility 设备attorney 律师regulate 管理intend想要brick 砖measure 测量claw 爪rat 鼠feasible 可行的parcel包裹worthless 无用的leap 跳horizon 地平线socialism 社会主义Word List 35 influence 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主席change 零钱cheap 卑鄙的china 瓷器class 阶级coat 表皮code 准则coin创造collect 对方付费的company 连队composition 构成concert 一致content 满足的correct 纠正course 一道菜crop 一批custom 海关daily 日报deal分给deed 契约degree 学位deliver给产妇接生description 种类desert 离弃duty税edge 优势employ 使忙于even 均匀的exit 退出express 快车,快递fail 使失望fair 白皙的familiar 冒昧的fan 狂热爱好者file 把…归档film 胶卷fine 罚金fire 解雇firm 公司flow 流动fly 苍蝇garage汽车修理行general 将军gift 天赋goal 得分golden 极好的hand 指针handsome 相当大的head 率领hear 审讯heavy 密集地hero 男主角hide 兽皮hit 成功而风行一时的事物hot 辣的house 议院ice 冰镇immediate 直接的industry 勤劳iron熨kill 消磨(时间)last 持续lead 铅letter 字母library 藏书lift 电梯live 活的lonely 荒凉的long 渴望lot 阄mad 恼火的mark 斑点master 硕士match 火柴mean 吝啬的might 力量mine 矿minute 微细的mirror 反射moon 卫星next 贴近的novel 新颖的nurse 看护order 命令paper 论文park 停车场part 角色period 学时permit 执照piece 拼合pipe烟斗plain 清楚的plane平面plant 工厂plate 平板play 演奏please 使高兴pool 共有post 柱pound 捣碎power 使开动present 介绍president 会长press新闻界pretty 很,相当pride 自夸prize 珍视program 节目单pronounce 宣布pupil 瞳孔race 种族rapid 急流reason 推理receive 接待refer 参考rest 停留revolution 旋转role 作用room 余地rough 粗略的row 划rush 催促safe 保险箱sandwich 夹入中间satisfaction 赔偿(物) save 除…之外school 学派season 时节sentence 判决share 股份sharp 敏锐的shoot 疾驰shoulder肩负silence 使沉默skirt边缘society 上流社会soil弄脏sort 整理sound 健康的spare 饶恕spring 泉stage 阶段stamp 跺脚stomach 食欲student 研究生succeed 继承suggest 暗示suit 起诉sunny 快活的table 项目表tank 大容器tap 窃听tear 撕开tell 区分terrible 极度的ticket 罚款单tip 小费tired 厌倦的tower 高耸treasure 珍视treat 款待try 审问uniform 制服unit 部件value 估价voyage 旅行wage开展(运动) want 需要water灌溉well井wind 缠绕world 领域wound 使受伤超纲单词表abundance 大量accommodate 容纳aerial 飞机的aisle 过道ambitious 有抱负的applaud 向…鼓掌appraisal 估计auction 拍卖aviation 航空bachelor 单身汉baffle 使困惑ballet 芭蕾舞beforehand 预先blockade 封锁breakthrough 突破briefcase 公文包brutal 野兽般的calorie 卡casualty 伤亡人员census 人口普查chronic 慢性的chronological 按年代排序cling 紧紧抓住cognitive 认知的commonplace 普通的compensate 补偿concise 简明的conform 遵守consequent 结果console 安慰continuity 连续cooperative 合作的corporate 法人团体的costume 服装courtesy 谦恭有礼coverage 新闻报道creation 创造cumulative 积累的deadly 致命的decisive 决定性的defiance 违抗deficiency 不足destructive 破坏的diligent 勤勉的disastrous 灾难性的distract 转移注意力divine 神的dock 码头donate 捐献endurance 忍耐力energetic 精力充沛的enrich 充实enthusiastic 满腔热情的erosion 腐蚀eternal 永远的ethnic 种族的expedition 远征fake 假货fitting 设备flaw 缺点foster 收养grim 讨厌的guidepost 路标heighten 提高heir 继承人heritage 遗产hum 哼曲子humanity 人类hurricane 飓风iceberg 冰山identification 认出ignition 点火illusion 幻想imaginative 富于想象力的imitation 模仿imperative 必要的indicative 指示的induce 诱导inland 内陆的instrumental 有帮助的interact 相互作用invariably 不变地irrigation 灌溉likelihood 可能literacy 识字locality 地点,位置lounge 闲逛memoir 论文集，回忆录memorize 记住monetary 钱的monopoly 垄断morality 道德muscular 强壮的notwithstanding 尽管nurture 养育nutritious 有营养的olive 橄榄optimum 最佳的paperback 平装本pedestrian 行人permissible 许可的pest 害虫physiological 生理学的plague 鼠疫preach 宣讲premature 不成熟的prescription 药方prestige 威信prevalent 流行的productive 多产的productivity 生产力profess 表示profitable 有益的profound 深远的prophecy 预言prospective未来的pumpkin 南瓜purity 纯洁pursuit 追求quest 寻找random 任意的rap 敲击recite 朗诵reconcile 使协调recycle 回收利用referee 裁判员relay 接力赛repertoire 全部节目residential居住的reunion 团聚revelation 新发现revenge 报复revolve 旋转scrutiny 仔细观察seemingly 表面上silicon 硅slogan 标语smuggle 走私snack 快餐solitary 孤独的stability 稳定stationary 静止不动的stereo 立体声stern 严厉的subjective 主观的subordinate 下级的sue 控告telecommunication 通信thereafter 之后tile 瓦timely 及时地token 纪念品，记号tolerant 宽容的toll 损失tract 传单，小册子transient 临时的transition 转变tuition 学费unemployment 失业unify 使联合upbringing 教养versus 对vicious 邪恶的vigor 精力vita 个人简历vocal 发声的vulnerable 脆弱的wallet 皮夹子wardrobe 衣柜warfare 战争wrinkle 皱纹。
旋转空化喷嘴结构优化设计及涡旋特性分析
第 54 卷第 4 期2023 年 4 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.4Apr. 2023旋转空化喷嘴结构优化设计及涡旋特性分析武晓亚1，张逸群2, 3，赵帅2，李根生1, 3(1. 中国石油大学(北京) 石油工程学院，北京，102249；2. 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院，北京，102249；3. 中国石油大学(北京) 天然气水合物国家重点实验室，北京，102249)摘要：为提升高压水射流破碎开采天然气水合物的效率，优化设计一种旋转空化射流喷嘴。
利用计算流体力学方法探究不同叶轮数、叶轮加旋角度、入口速度和出口围压对旋转空化射流特性的影响规律，对比分析旋转空化射流和收缩−扩张型空化射流的流场分布规律、涡旋特性及天然气水合物沉积物的破碎特征。
研究结果表明：叶轮加旋角度对旋转空化射流的影响明显比叶轮数的影响大，叶轮数及叶轮加旋角度的优化值分别为3个和360°；在喷嘴结构固定的情况下，提高入口速度能获得空蚀及射流冲蚀能力更强的旋转空化射流，而围压升高则会弱化流场中空化云的初生与发展；旋转空化射流因兼具正向冲击、径向张力及周向剪力和“梭形”空化云特点，较收缩−扩张型空化射流有更优的破岩效果；叶轮旋转效应所产生的中心涡使得旋转空化射流的涡结构更加复杂，流场中更易形成“负压”区以提升射流的空蚀能力。
关键词：旋转空化射流；天然气水合物；射流冲蚀；分离涡模拟；涡旋；数值模拟中图分类号：TE52 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）04-1500-18Optimization design and vortex characteristics analysis ofswirling cavitating nozzleWU Xiaoya 1, ZHANG Yiqun 2, 3, ZHAO Shuai 2, LI Gensheng 1, 3(1. College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China;2. College of Safety and Ocean Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249 China;3. State Key Laboratory of Natural Gas Hydrate, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China)Abstract: In order to improve the efficiency of waterjet breaking and extracting natural gas hydrate(NGH), a swirling cavitating jet nozzle was designed. The effects of number and angle of impellers, inlet velocity and outlet confining pressure on the characteristics of swirling cavitating jet were investigated based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The flow field and vortex characteristics of swirling cavitating jet and convergent-divergent cavitating jet were compared and analyzed. The results show that the influence of impeller angle on swirling收稿日期： 2022 −06 −13； 修回日期： 2022 −07 −30基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(51827804，52174009，U20B6005) (Projects(51827804, 52174009,U20B6005) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China)通信作者：张逸群，博士，教授，从事高压射流完井增产理论与技术研究；E-mail ：***************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.04.027引用格式： 武晓亚, 张逸群, 赵帅, 等. 旋转空化喷嘴结构优化设计及涡旋特性分析[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(4): 1500−1517.Citation: WU Xiaoya, ZHANG Yiqun, ZHAO Shuai, et al. Optimization design and vortex characteristics analysis of swirling cavitating nozzle[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(4): 1500−1517.第 4 期武晓亚，等：旋转空化喷嘴结构优化设计及涡旋特性分析cavitating jet is stronger than that of the number of impellers, and the optimization values of the number and angle of impellers are 3 and 360°, respectively. Under the condition of constant nozzle structure parameters, the swirling cavitating jet with stronger cavitation and jet erosion ability can be obtained by increasing the inlet velocity, while the increase of confining pressure will weaken the initiation and development of cavitation cloud in the flow field.With the characteristics of forward impact, radial tension, circumferential shear and "shuttle" cavitation cloud, the swirling cavitating jet has better rock breaking effect than the convergent-divergent cavitating jet. The cooperation of central vortex developed by impeller swirling effect makes the vortex structure of swirling cavitating jet more abundant, and the "negative pressure" area is easier to form in the flow field to improve the cavitation erosion capacity of the jet.Key words: swirling cavitating jet; gas hydrate; jet erosion; detached eddy simulation; vortex; numerical simulation天然气水合物是由天然气和水分子在高压低温条件下生成的似冰状结晶化合物，具有能量密度高、储量丰富、环保无污染等特点[1−3]。
能源地质学专业术语中英文对照
125
低位沼泽(flat bog,low moor)
126
中位沼泽(medium bog,medium swamp)
127
高位沼泽(raised bog,highmoor)
128
富营养沼泽(eutrophic mire)
129
中营养沼泽(mesotrophic swamp)
97
氯仿沥青A(chloroform bitumen A)
98
族组成(group composition)
99
饱和烃(saturated hydrocarbon)
100
芳烃(aromatic hydrocarbon)
101
胶质(colloid,pectin,colloid substance)
102
116
浅海(shallow sea)
117
泻湖(lagoon,lagune)
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潮坪(tidal flat)
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砂坪(sand flat)
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泥坪(mud flat)
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混合坪(mixed flat)
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苔草沼泽(sedge mire)
123
木本沼泽(swamp,woody mire)
124
202
微粒体(micrinite)
203
粗粒体(macrinite)
204
菌类体(sclerotinite)
205
碎屑惰质体(inertodetrinite)
206
孢子体(sporinite)
207
角质体(cutinite)
195
均质镜质体(telocollinite)
罗曼尼亚国防护卫舰T22号改装动力系统的自动化控制说明书
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 83, Iss. 1, 2021 ISSN 1454-2358 AUTOMATION CONTROL FOR REVAMPING THE PROPULSION SYSTEM OF A NAVY FRIGATEFilip NICULESCU1, Claudia BORZEA2, Iulian VLĂDUCĂ3, Andrei MITRU4, Mirela VASILE5, Alexandra ȚĂRANU6, Gabriel DEDIU7The paper presents the replacement of the current propulsion system of a T22 Romanian defence frigate with a Pratt & Whitney turboprop engine. Due to becomingout-of-date and reaching the maximum operation hours and expected lifetime, turbineengines need to be replaced. A ST40M engine of 4 MW power was tested in-house andinstalled on the frigate, replacing one of the Rolls Royce Tyne engines and proving itsreliability. After the revamp, the defence ship will be equipped with two ST40Mengines for cruise speed, and two Rolls Royce Olympus gas turbines for sprint speed.For the control, monitoring and warning functions, a modern automation andelectronic control system was designed and implemented, customised for the ship. Thelocal control panel displays the real time parameters and virtual engine controls. Amathematical model was developed for estimating the maximum power that can beachieved. Bench tests with the engine were performed to assess its behaviour andimplement the automation control program, prior to onboard commissioning tests. Keywords: automatic control system, PLC electronic control, gas turbine, turboprop engine, marine equipment1. IntroductionA marine propulsion system’s purpose is to convert a primary form of energy into mechanical power, and to convey this one to the propulsion system, in order to ensure the necessary torque for driving the propeller. Gas turbine engines experience degradations over time that cause great concern regarding engine reliability, availability, and operating costs [1, 2, 3]. Therefore, after becoming out-of-date and beginning to be unreliable for the precision required in marine ships, these engines need to be replaced.The paper presents the replacement of an out-of-date marine gas turbine engine with a newer propulsion system, on a T22 frigate. The new Pratt & Whitney 1PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************* 2PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************ 3PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,************************ 4PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,********************** 5PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcher,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,***********************6PhDStud.Eng.,ResearchAssistant,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,**************************7PhDStud.Eng.,ScientificResearcherIII,INCDTCOMOTI,Romania,***********************258 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu ST40M is derived from the PW150A aviation turboprop engine [4]. Its power is the same as the one of the old engine, Rolls Royce Tyne [5], namely 4 MW. However, after the last capital revision of the Tyne engine, the maximum power obtained decreased to less than 3 MW.Fig. 1. T22 frigate to be revamped [6]ST40M is currently being used only on the series of Norwegian small superfast, stealth missile corvettes Skjold, powered by a Combined Gas-and-Gas (CoGaG) propulsion system consisting of four Pratt & Whitney gas turbine engines: two ST18M with output power of 2,000 kW gas turbines for cruise speed, and two larger ST40M turbines of 4,000 kW for sprint speed [7]. These gas turbines have been tailored for marine applications and offer high efficiency and low weight [8].Pratt & Whitney ST18 engines have been used for cogeneration purposes, at Suplacu de Barcău power plant, installed and commissioned by the Romanian Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines COMOTI. The power plant was built with the aim of studying the efficiency in growing oil production with lower costs for the electrical and thermal energy used in oil field. Each line consists of an electrical generator powered by one aero derivative ST18 turbine engine, a heat recovery steam generator with afterburner, and linked installations. The ST18M proved its efficiency and reliability, with 32,000 hours between overhauls. Operating over 55,000 hours from 2004 to 2008, the two lines of the cogeneration plant provided an efficiency of 85% [9]. These gas turbines are tailored for marine applications, with high efficiency and low weight.2. Mathematical model regarding engine operationFrom energetic point of view, a marine propulsion system consists of the power source (main propulsion engine) and the energy consumer (thruster). Among currently used marine thrusters, propellers best cater for current naval technology, most frequently used, and generally most efficient type of marine propulsion [10].Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 259 Pratt & Whitney delivers ST40M power prop engine (Figure 2), without the control electronics. For functioning as cruise engine, this one has to be adapted to the specific type of ship.Fig. 2. Section through the 3D CAD model of ST40M gas turbine engine The characteristic curve of ST40M gas turbine, given in the specifications [11] for natural gas fuel operation, shows the relation between the output power at shaft and the exhaust fuel gas flow. Relying on specified characteristic for power in relation with the fuel gas discharge flow, we extracted the data in Table 1, using the exhaust gas flow (G gT), calculated with the relation:G gT=G c∙(α∙L0+1)(1) where: G c–fuel flow in kg/s; α – air excess; L0 – stoichiometric coefficient iterated determining the excess air α used to calculate the power (3728 kW) from Table 1, using natural gas fuel, for which the stoichiometric coefficient L0 is 17.16.Table 1In Table 2 we determined Q cn (exhaust gas flow injected in the combustion chamber of the turboprop engine) and the maximum shaft power in relation to the experimental fuel flow.260 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuTable 2cnAt a fuel flow Q cn of 19 l/min, a maximum exhaust gas flow of 13.6 kg/s at a power of 3728.7 kW was calculated iteratively using relation (1). For this shaft power, we also determined the acceleration percentage and the fuel flow. Table 3 shows experimental data acquired, the bolded values being used for computations.Table 3Depending on the propulsion turbine speed NTL, the parabolic variation curves for acceleration (Throttle [%]), and fuel flow Q cn) were determined, which allowed to calculate the acceleration percentage at 9900 rpm, namely 81.8%. The values of the free turbine speed and fuel flow required for acceleration of 81.8% and 100% respectively were determined using the universal characteristic of the turbine given by relation (2) hereinafter.W̅̅̅TP=f(G gT,N TP)(2) where: G gT is the exhaust gas flow and N TP is the propulsion turbine speed.Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 261The variation curves and their polynomial approximation equations for propulsion turbine speed and fuel flow in relation with throttle opening percentage are represented on the graphs below.a) b) Fig. 3. a) Propulsion turbine speed and b) Fuel flow, depending on throttle opening percentageHaving the temperatures before and after the propulsion turbine, using the actual diesel fuel flow Q cn in (kg/s), we can obtain the free turbine power W TP :W TP =G gT ∙(H ITT −H 6)∙ηT (3)where: H ITT and H 6 are the exhaust gas enthalpies before and after turbine, depending on exhaust gas temperatures and excess air α, consider ed constant.G gt was determined, considering the stoichiometric coefficient of diesel fuel, L 0 = 14.7. The enthalpies were calculated according to the thermodynamic tables for exhaust gases using the excess air coefficient α = 2.991 [12]. Considering turbine efficiency ηT = 0.86, we obtain the real shaft power, W TP-cor in Table 4, along with the enthalpies for ITT and T 6M , with respect to the temperatures from Table 3. The shaft power is also given according to these parameters.Table 4y = 0.0258x 2+ 70.036x + 3921.2020004000600080001000012000020*********N T P [R P M ]THROTTLE OPENING [%]Propulsion turbine speed vs. throttle opening Throttle vs. NTP y = 0.0006x2 + 0.1408x + 3.2733051015202530020406080100F U E L F L O W [L /M I N ]THROTTLE OPENING [%]Fuel flow vs. throttle opening Throttle vs. fuel flow262 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuThe subsequent graphs show the power variation with throttle opening and with exhaust gas flow respectively, in the experimental data domain.a) b) Fig. 4. Shaft power variation with: a) throttle opening and b) exhaust gas flowFrom the ST40M data [11], the maximum power is 4040 kW, for fuel flow at 100% operation, at a gas flow of 13.88 kg/s (30.6 lb/s). Thus, at an acceleration of 81.8% we would have a theoretical axis power of 3304.72 kW. The difference between the two power values is:δcalculation =(P theoretical@81.8% − W TP−corrected )Ptheoretical@81.8%∙100 =19.1% (4)It has been demonstrated that changing the fuel from natural gas to diesel can modify the parameters with 2-4%, at the same shaft power [13]. Therefore, since the ship uses diesel, the total maximum difference from the theoretical power would be about 21-22%.The propulsion turbine rotation speed NTP at maximum power would be below 12000 rpm (Figure 3), while the theoretical rotation speed is ~14000 rpm[11]. To sum up, because the lifetime of Tyne turboprop engine has shortened, both the acquired data and computations show that we would have a decrease in the maximum theoretical power with ~20%, down to 3100-3200 kW.3. Automation and electronic control system designChoosing a propulsion system for maritime applications supposes the integration of a large number of elements into a limited functional space, choosing its components (propulsion engine, gear transmission and thruster), and adjusting them according to the imposed constraints and available space, as well as arranging the components in such a configuration so as to comply with the required performance [10, 14]. The advantages of electronic control in terms of accuracy and 020406080100050010001500200025003000T h r o t t l e [%]Power [kW]Power vs. throttle opening02468101214050010001500200025003000F l o w [k g /s ]Power [kW]Power vs. Exhaust gas flowAutomation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 263 adaptability to various differing requirements are renowned for a long time. Among the available control systems [15], electronic control currently offers the highest reliability and adaptability, and can easily and rapidly be custom tailored for any arising situation or parameter change [16]. An automated electronic control system with programmable logic controller (PLC) was designed, built, installed and tested together with the ST40 engine for the replacement of the old propulsion system.The gas turbine control is performed from the engines room of the ship, situated on the deck above the hull, where the four propulsion engines of the frigate are installed. The gas turbines control is realized from the Panel PC on the local control cabinet (LCP) interfacing the PLC. This one receives the operator’s command, analyses the cruise mode of the ship, the regimes of the other propulsion systems, and conveys the electronic command to the PLC, which triggers the actuation elements for driving the engines. The PLC also monitors and acquires the parameters for operation in optimum conditions, setting thresholds for a safe and secure operation. The Panel PC offers all the functionalities of a computer, enabling the software program modification on-site, with all sequences and parameter limits.The PLC assembly located in the local control cabinet is connected to the current adapters located in the junction boxes (temperatures – TJB, pressures – PJB, speeds and vibrations– VJB), in close proximity of the engine. The PLC’s central processing unit (CPU) communicates over Ethernet with the Panel PC on the local control cabinet in engines room, and with the control panel and tests computer in the engines control room. Bench tests (Figure 5a) of the engine with the automation system were conducted according to the ones recommended by manufacturer, after which this one was installed in the place of a Tyne on the frigate (Figure 5b).a) b)Fig. 5. ST40M gas turbine: a) on test bench, and b) installed on the ship The block diagram of the automation system hardware physical components is presented in Figure 6 hereinafter. Placing the transducers configuration considered the distance from measured parameter, ease of debugging, and minimizing the environmental influences on the devices (such as a potential salt water penetration inside the ship, humidity, ambient temperature and pressure, etc.).264 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. DediuFig. 6. Block diagram of the automation control systemThe designed automation system enables an integrated engine control and monitoring with programmable logic controller. The programmed sequences implemented in Proficy Machine Edition, the software for VersaMax PLCs, are presented hereinafter.•START-UP. The conditions that must be met for the start-up sequence to begin are: Cool engine (inter turbine temperature ITT<150°C); Fuel pressure >0.8 bar; Engine speed <1000 rpm; Deactivated stop valves (stop valves bypass the fuel tray so that it does not get into the engine); An override button is provided, allowing engine start-up overseeing the above two temperature and pressure conditions. There are three start-up possibilities, presented hereinafter.a)Cold start-up– is performed without fuel ignition, only by gradually opening the air inlet valve and, depending on the pressure attained, it is tried to maintain the engine at a speed of 6000 rpm. During in house tests, we obtained an 8 bar pressure, rendering a speed of ~5000 rpm.b)Deco start-up– when it was just taken out of the warehouse (the fuel valve is opened at 15% and the fuel is cleaned of impurities).Automation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 265 In cold and deco start-up modes, the engine functions for 45 s and then stops.c)Hot start-up–begins with opening the air inlet valve. When the engine reaches 3200 rpm, the speed is maintained constant by controlling the air valve. When reaching this speed, the spark plugs are ignited. The fuel valve is opened progressively. If 15 seconds after it has reached 3200 rpm, the inter-turbine temperature ITT does not increase over 150°C, the engine is automatically shut down, since not reaching this temperature means that the spark plugs did not ignite.If ITT > 150°C, the opening of the fuel valve is continued and, at 1600 rpm, the spark plugs are turned off and the air valve is closed. The opening of the air valve is being carried on. If within 50 seconds after reaching 3200 rpm, from the moment fuel supply has started, the speed has not reached 19000 rpm, the engine is emergency shut down and the bypass valves are opened. The threshold speed between start-up and normal regime operation is 19700 rpm.•NORMAL REGIME OPERATION. Hereinafter, if the hot start-up sequence finished successfully and all conditions are met, after reaching 20000 rpm, no action is taken for the next 3 minutes, as it is an interval reserved for thermal stabilization. In emergency situations that can arise during frigate operation on sea, this condition can be overridden. After these 3 minutes, the speed can be modified both from the power control lever (PCL) situated in engines control room, as well as by pressing the virtual arrows on the touchscreen panel. The only difference is that propeller angle cannot modified from the operator panel. Initially, the angle is 0°, the blades being in the same plane, perpendicular on the engine shaft. From the lever, the angle can be modified, for allowing ship advancing.The command of ST40M gas turbine engine can thus be performed from the local control panel or from the engine control room. The so-called remote control from engines room is realised by means of the power control lever situated on the ship control board. ST40M also has two surge valves after the second compressor stage, namely valve 2.2 and valve 2.7. Valve 2.2 is gradually closed from the fully opened position at 20900 rpm, to completely closed at 23200 rpm. Valve 2.7 is closed at 21500 rpm, being an all or nothing flow control valve.In the speed domain from 20000 rpm to 29500 rpm, the ship is in normal operation, being ab le to be controlled according to captain’s orders.•SHUTDOWNa)Normal shutdown– can be activated either automatically by exceeding the set limits of less important parameters (such as fuel pressure, oil pressure, oil temperature, vibrations etc.), or manually by pushing the shutdown button (usually for the sprint engines to enter regime or for accosting. The engine is decelerated until reaching 20000 rpm, maintaining it at this idle speed for 5 minutes. During this time, while the engine cools down, in case it was shutdown due to exceeding a parameter limit, there is another override button that cancels the shutdown sequence (for unexpected situations during frigate operations on sea). If the engine shutdown266 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu has not been cancelled during these 5 minutes, the stop valve is opened and the fuel valve is closed, the engine stopping completely in about 1 minute (speed 0).b)Emergency shutdown– occurs when one of the important parameters (such as turbines speeds or ITT exceed the prescribed limits. The fuel is cut, the air valves and surge valves are opened, the air valve is closed, and the spark plugs are closed. It is realised by pushing either of the two emergency shutdown (ESD) buttons – one placed on the local control panel near the engine, and one on the remote control box upstairs in engine control room. In this room where the engines control is performed, there is a switch for controls commutation on deck to the ship’s captain.The tests performed on the ship involved a minimal intervention in the automatic control of engines and propellers. The throttle controlling the power of the old engine was used for the new engine so that this signal is acquired, and depending on it, the engine provides the necessary power to the ship (up to around3.5 MW). The high-pressure compressor signal (throttle position) is converted intoa unified 4-20mA signal by the pressure transducer. Its value is converted, by the implemented software program of the PLC, into the corresponding speed of the high-pressure compressor required for the ST40M gas turbine. Relying on this signal, the position or opening of the fuel valve is regulated automatically, for setting the desired speed of the ship. The main screen with ST40M diagram and real time parameter values displayed on the LCP is presented in Figure 7.Fig. 7. Main screen with gas turbine and important parameters during operationAutomation control for revamping the propulsion system of a navy frigate 267The graph in Figure 8, represented with acquired parameters, shows that during tests the engine reached a speed between ~22,000÷28,800 rpm. By using solely this engine, the ship was driven up to a cruise speed of 8 knots (~22 km/h).Fig. 8. Evolution of the acquired values for the speed of the high-pressure compressorThe inter turbine temperature is considered to be at least 800°C by fuel flow decrease condition (ITT lim = 800°C). At every time increment Δt = 0.4 s, this condition is verified.4. ConclusionsThe evolution of the essential parameters recorded and acquired for ST40M gas turbine engine shows the stability of the engine in every functioning regime (idle and loaded). The implemented automated electronic control system has proved reliable, accomplishing the optimum control of the gas turbine, with the functions of monitoring, displaying and acquiring of the values of operation parameters. The operation was performed in good conditions and a safe and smooth engine characteristic was achieved by setting the temperature limiting protection. The touch screen control panels interfacing the PLC provide an easily and safely controlled operation, facilitating the revamp of the frigates by replacing the out-of-date Rolls Royce Tyne engine with Pratt & Whitney ST40M marine gas turbine engine, together with developing and implementing the afferent electronics tailored for this specific application. The chosen configuration of the system has proved its compatibility with the given naval requirements, also being easily adaptable.AcknowledgementThe work presented herein was funded by the Operational Programme Human Capital of the Ministry of European Funds through the Financial Agreement 51675/09.07.2019, SMIS code 125125.S p e e d [r p m ]Time [s]268 F. Niculescu, Claudia Borzea, I. Vlăducă, A. Mitru, Mirela Vasile, Alexandra Țăranu, G. Dediu We would like to thank our colleague Adrian Săvescu, for his essential contribution of elaborating and implementing the PLC software embedding the operation sequences, and for providing important information for the present paper.R E F E R E N C E S[1]Y.G. Li and P. Nilkitsaranont, "Gas Turbine Performance Prognostic for Condition-BasedMaintenance", Applied Energy 86, no. 10 (2009).[2]P. Laskowski, "Damages to Turbine Engine Components", in Scientific Journal of SilesianUniversity of Technology. Series Transport 94 (2017).[3] D. Burnes, A. Camou, "Impact of Fuel Composition on Gas Turbine Engine Performance", inJournal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 141, no. 10 (2019).[4]"PW100-150 - Pratt & Whitney", Pwc.ca, https://www.pwc.ca/en/products-and-services/products/regional-aviation-engines/pw100-150 [Accessed: 28.04.2020]. [5]"Rolls-Royce Engines: Tyne - Graces Guide", , 2019,https:///Rolls-Royce_Engines:_Tyne. [Accessed 29.04.2020].[6] E. Pascu, "Fregata …Regina Maria”, de 15 ani în serviciul Forțelor Navale Român e",Defenseromania.ro, 2020, https://www.defenseromania.ro/fregata-regina-maria-de-15-ani-in-serviciul-for-elor-navale-romane_602768.html. [Accessed 03.05.2020].[7]"Skjold Class" (Archived report), pdf, 2018, , 2013,https:///archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=1014. [8]"P&W to Power Norwegian Navy “Skjold” Patrol Boats", , 2019,/articles-view/release/3/32064/p%26w-turbines-for-%E2%80%98skjold%E2%80%99-boats-(jan.-20).html. [Accessed 30.04.2020].[9]M. Borzea, G. Fetea, R. Codoban, "Implementation and Operation of a Cogeneration Plant forSteam Injection in Oil Field", in Volume 7: Education; Industrial and Cogeneration; Marine;Oil and Gas Applications, 2008.[10]G. Samoilescu, D. Iorgulescu, R. Mitrea, L.D. Cizer, "Propulsion Systems in MarineNavigation", in International Conference Knowledge-based Organization 24, no. 3 (2018). [11]"PW Power Systems ST18/ST40"(Archived report), pdf, 2018, ,2020, https:///archive/disp_pdf.cfm?DACH_RECNO=1327 [Accessed: 28.04.2020].[12]H. Kayadelen, Y. Ust, "Thermodynamic Properties of Engine Exhaust Gas for Different Kindof Fuels", Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 307, pp. 247-259, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03967-1_19.[13]M. Elgohary, I. Seddiek, "Comparison between Natural Gas and Diesel Fuel Oil Onboard GasTurbine Powered Ships", Journal of King Abdulaziz University, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 109-127, 2012. DOI: 10.4197/mar.23-2.7.[14]C.G. Hodge, "The Integration of Electrical Marine Propulsion Systems", in InternationalConference on Power Electronics Machines and Drives, 2002.[15]B. MacIsaac, R. Langton, "Marine Propulsion Systems", in Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems,2011.[16]F. Niculescu, A. Savescu, "Aspects Regarding the Control and Regulation of an IndustrialTurbine", 11th International Symposium on Advanced Topics in Electrical Engineering, 2019.。
qhs海洋石油名词术语
qhs海洋石油名词术语1.油井（Oil well）- A hole drilled into the earth's crust for the purpose of extracting petroleum.2.石油储量（Oil reserves）- The estimated amount of oil that can be extracted from a known deposit using current technology.3.石油勘探（Oil exploration）- The process of searchingfor underground deposits of petroleum through various methods and techniques such as seismic surveys.4.石油开采（Oil extraction）- The process of removing oil from the ground or under the sea.5.石油储运（Oil storage and transportation）- The infrastructure and processes involved in storing and movingoil from production sites to refineries, distribution centers, and consumers.6.石油精炼（Oil refining）- The process of refining crude oil into different products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel by separating its components through various refining processes.7.石油价格（Oil price）- The current market value of a barrel of oil, which is influenced by factors such as supply and demand, geopolitical events, and economic conditions.8.石油消费（Oil consumption）- The amount of oil used for various purposes including transportation, heating, and industrial processes.9.石油进出口（Oil import and export）- The trade of oil between different countries, where some nations import oil to meet their domestic demand while others export their excess production.10.石油产量（Oil production）- The amount of oil extracted and produced within a specific period of time, usually measured in barrels per day (bpd).11.油田（Oil field）- An underground reservoir of oil that can be economically extracted for commercial purposes.12.水平井（Horizontal well）- A well that is drilled horizontally, perpendicular to the vertical shaft, in order to access a larger area of an oil or gas reservoir.13.海上生产平台（Offshore production platform）- A structure installed in the sea to extract oil and gas from offshore reserves.14.石油储备（Strategic petroleum reserve）- A stockpile of crude oil maintained by some countries as a strategic measure to ensure energy security in case of disruptions in supply.15.石油工业（Oil industry）- The entire spectrum of activities related to the exploration, production, refining, and distribution of oil and its by-products.16.煤层气（Coalbed methane）- Natural gas that is foundin coal seams, extracted through drilling and pumping water out of the coal bed.17.天然气（Natural gas）- A colorless and odorless fossil fuel composed primarily of methane, used for heating, power generation, and as a feedstock for various industrial processes.18.石油钻井（Oil drilling）- The process of drilling a hole into the earth's surface to extract petroleum or gas.19.裂缝水压裂桥树（Fracturing hydraulic bridge tree）- A system used in hydraulic fracturing operations to control the flow of fluids and gases between the well and the surrounding rock formation.20.油田开发（Oilfield development）- The process of preparing and optimizing an oilfield for extraction bydrilling wells, installing production facilities, and implementing production strategies.21.沉积岩（Sedimentary rock）- Rock formed by the deposition of minerals, organic matter, or sediments over time, often containing oil and gas reserves.22.高温高压（High temperature-high pressure, HTHP）- Conditions encountered during drilling and production operations where temperatures and pressures exceed normal levels.23.预测地震学（Predictive seismology）- The study of predicting future earthquakes and assessing seismic hazards based on historical data and mathematical models.24.石油环境影响（Environmental impact of oil）- The potential negative effects on the environment caused by oil extraction, transportation, and consumption, including pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change.。
斯伦贝谢油气地质 Petroleum Geology - Schlumberger
Petroleum System
A Petroleum System requires timely convergence of certain geologic factors and geologic events.
These Include: Seal or cap rock Reservoir rock Migration Mature source rock
•Volcanic - glassy in texture due to fast cooling. •Plutonic - slow-cooling, crystalline rocks.
12
Igneous Rocks and Reservoirs
Igneous rocks can be part of reservoirs. Fractured granites form reservoirs in some parts of the world. Volcanic tuffs are mixed with sand in some reservoirs.
IGNEOUS
SEDIMENTARY
METAMORPHIC
Rock-forming Source of process material
Molten materials in deep crust and upper mantle
Crystallization (Solidification of melt)
Millions of years ago
Eon
0
Phanerozoic
1
Era Period
0
Quaternary
Tertiary
50
石油科技英语 -回复
石油科技英语-回复Petroleum Technology in EnglishPetroleum technology is an important area of study in the field of oil and gas exploration and production. It involves the use of advanced technologies and techniques to extract, process, transport and refine crude oil and natural gas.Some important areas of petroleum technology include:1. Drilling technology: This involves the use of drilling rigs, drill bits and other equipment to drill wells to extract oil and gas from the earth. It also involves the use of computer modelling and simulations to optimize drilling processes and improve efficiency.2. Production technology: This involves the use of artificial lift methods, such as pumps or gas injection, to increase the flow of oil and gas from wells. It also includes the use of advanced sensors and monitoring equipment to track and optimize production levels.3. Reservoir engineering: This involves the use of computer modelling and simulations to predict the behavior of oil and gas reservoirs andoptimize production strategies. It also includes the use of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and other techniques to increase the recovery of oil and gas from reserves.4. Refining technology: This involves the use of distillation, cracking, blending and other processes to refine crude oil into usable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel and lubricants. It also involves the use of catalysts and other additives to improve the quality of these products.Overall, petroleum technology is a dynamic and constantly evolving field that plays a critical role in the global energy sector. Researchers, engineers and technicians working in this field continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, developing new technologies and techniques that help to meet the world's growing demand for energy.。
Battery Management Systems
Battery Management Systems Battery Management Systems Battery management systems (BMS) are an essential component of modern energy storage systems, providing crucial functions such as monitoring, balancing, and protecting the battery pack. In this essay, we will explore the importance of BMS in various applications, the key features of an effective BMS, and the future trends in BMS technology. To begin with, BMS plays a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient operation of battery packs in a wide range of applications, including electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and portable electronic devices. In electric vehicles, for example, BMS monitors the state of charge, state of health, and state of power of the battery pack, allowing for optimal energy management and prolonging the lifespan of the batteries. Similarly, in renewable energy systems, BMS helps to maximize the performance and reliability of the energy storage system by preventing overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating of the batteries. Furthermore, an effective BMS should possess several key features to fulfill its functions. Firstly, it should be able to accurately monitor the voltage, current, and temperature of each individual cell within the battery pack, providing real-time data for performance analysis and fault detection. Secondly, BMS should incorporate balancing algorithms to ensure that all cells are charged and discharged evenly, preventing capacity mismatches and prolonging the overall battery life. Additionally, BMS should have built-in safety mechanisms to protect the battery pack from overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent, and short circuits, thereby minimizing the risk of thermal runaway and fire hazards. Looking ahead, the future trends in BMS technology are focused on enhancing the intelligence, connectivity, and scalability of BMS. With the advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning, BMS is expected to become more intelligent in predicting and optimizing battery performance based on historical data and environmental conditions. Moreover, the integration of BMS with the Internet of Things (IoT) enables remote monitoring and control of battery systems, allowingfor proactive maintenance and efficient energy management. Furthermore, the scalability of BMS is crucial for accommodating different battery chemistries and configurations, as well as for facilitating the integration of multiple energystorage sources in a smart grid environment. In conclusion, BMS plays a vital role in the management of battery packs across various applications, ensuring their safety, performance, and longevity. An effective BMS should possess key features such as accurate monitoring, cell balancing, and safety protection. The future trends in BMS technology are focused on enhancing intelligence, connectivity, and scalability, paving the way for more advanced and efficient energy storage solutions. As the demand for energy storage continues to grow, the development of BMS will be crucial in meeting the needs of the evolving energy landscape.。