开发灵敏度高、重复性好的侧流检验产品---第一部分_中译文
体外诊断试剂 IVD 欧盟EN13612 性能评估部分中英文

3 General requirements for the performance evaluation3.1 Responsibilities and resourcesThe manufacturer takes the responsibility for the initiation and/or the conduct of a performance evaluation study. He shall define the responsibility and the interrelation of all personnel who manageand conduct the performance evaluation of IVD MDs, particularly for personnel who need theorganisational freedom and authority toa) assess the validity of test results and data already available;b) specify performance claims which shall be further examined or confirmed;c) specify and document the evaluation plan and the test procedures;d) prepare the evaluation report.The manufacturer shall appoint a co-ordinator with overall responsibility of the performance evaluationstudy. The co-ordinator shall himself assure that adequate resources are available. The investigatorshall ensure that the evaluation plan is followed at his location and that the study is appropriatelyreviewed from an ethical point of view.3.2 DocumentationThe documentation of the performance evaluation study shall contain the files relating to clauses 3 to7 of this standard and shall be part of the technical documentation of the IVD MD.3.3 Final assessment and reviewThe co-ordinator shall assess and document which performance claims are met, state whether claimsare not met and give recommendations for corrective actions, where necessary.The responsible management of the manufacturer shall make sure that the results of the performanceevaluation study and the recommendations for corrective actions are carefully considered and properlydocumented before issuing a declaration of conformity.4 Organisation of a performance evaluation study 4.1 PreconditionsBefore starting a performance evaluation study it shall be ensured by the co-ordinator thata) the performance claims of the IVD MD which are the subject of the study are specified;b) the IVD MD has been manufactured under controlled production processes and conditions;c) the IVD MD to be evaluated meets the quality control release specifications;d) a sufficient number of samples of the IVD MD can be provided during the entire period of theperformance evaluation study;e) all legal requirements for performance evaluation studies are met;f) the investigator(s) is (are) adequately skilled and trained to conduct the study and the necessaryresources are available.4.2 Evaluation planThe evaluation plan shall state the purpose on scientific, technical or medical grounds, the scope ofthe evaluation, the structure and organization of the study and the number of devices concerned.Defining the objective of the study, the co-ordinator shall have assessed which performance claimsare already verified by data or scientific literature.The evaluation plan shall be designed to minimise the requirements for invasive sampling. In the caseof IVD MDs for self-testing it shall be ensured that the evaluation plan is appropriate and acceptable tousers and the information provided shall be clear and easily understood.The evaluation plan shall specifya) that the investigator(s) is (are) adequately skilled and trained to use the IVD MD;b) the list of laboratories or other institutions taking part in the performance evaluation study; for selftesting,the location and number of lay persons involved;c) the time-table;d) the necessary minimum number of probands from whom specimens are collected by invasiveprocedures in order to adequately assess the performance of the IVD MD;e) instructions for use including a description of the conditions of use;f) the performance claims (e.g. analytical sensitivity, diagnostic sensitivity, analytical specificity,diagnostic specificity, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility) to be validated;g) the format of performance study records.4.3 Sites and resourcesIn general, the performance study procedure(s) shall be carried out under conditions reflecting therelevant intended conditions of use.The co-ordinator shall take the responsibility for the proper conduct of the performance evaluationstudy at all sites. All investigators shall be named.The co-ordinator shall ensure adequate competence and skill at all sites involved and that thenecessary resources are available.Where lay persons are involved in a performance evaluation study of an IVD MD for self-testing, thelocation of the study and the number of persons shall be given. The co-ordinator shall specify thecriteria for the selection of a representative panel.Especially for studies involving lay persons it shall be ensured that these persons do not receiveadditional information on the use of the IVD MD apart from that which is provided with the IVD MDwhen it is placed on the market because the comprehension of the manufacturer's instructions for useis one of the important aspects of the study. lt shall also be ensured that the untrained person(s) donot receive any additional information or help, e. g. from a tutor, other than the training specified andprovided by the manufacturer in the instructions for use.4.4 Basic design informationThe co-ordinator shall provide the investigator(s) with sufficient information in order to understand thefunction and application of the IVD MD and, where necessary, the investigator shall make himselffamiliar with the IVD MD and its application. The information provided shall include a statement thatthe device in question conforms with the requirements of the Directive 98/79/EC apart from those to beevaluated.4.5 Experimental designThe experimental procedures to validate each performance claim subject to the performanceevaluation study shall be documented in the evaluation plan.Special consideration in performance evaluation studies ofreagents/kits shall be given, whereapplicable, to the following:– specification of type (e.g. serum, plasma, urine) and properties (e.g. concentration range, ageand sex of the proband population) of specimens appropriate to the intended use;– probands to be enrolled;– suitability, stability and volume of specimens and specimen exclusion criteria;–blind procedures, where necessary;– reagent stability;– inclusion of common interfering factors, caused by specimen condition or thepathological/physiological status of the specimen donor or treatment; – conditions for use which can be reasonably anticipated; special attention shall be paid to theconditions of use by lay persons;– selection of an appropriate reference measurement procedure and reference material ofhigher order, where available;– determination of the status of specimens (for qualitative tests with a nominal or ordinal scale);– calibration procedures, including traceability, where appropriate;– appropriate means of control;– limitations of the test;– criteria for re-examination and data exclusion;– availability of additional information concerning the specimen or donor if follow-up ofunexpected results is required;– appropriate measures to reduce risk of infection to the user. Where the study is intended to validate the performance claims of an instrument special considerationshall be given additionally to the following:– maintenance and cleaning;– carry-over effects;– software validation.NOTE For the investigation of the technical aspects of instruments, other standards can be relevant.4.6 Performance study recordsThe performance study records shall– refer to the experimental procedures in the evaluation plan;– be unequivocally identifiable;– contain or refer to all results and related relevant data;– be part of the technical documentation of the IVD MD.The protection of all confidential data shall be ensured.4.7 Observations and unexpected outcomesSpecial attention shall be paid to observations and unexpected outcomes, e. g. drop outs, outliers,instability of sample or reagent signal etc., non-reproducibility, non-correlation of results to thereference or to the diagnostic pattern, defects or breakdowns, software errors, or error signals.Any deviation from the defined procedures shall be recorded. In the case of IVD MDs for self-testing,the investigator or tutor shall duly note any difficulty or question a user may have and any deviationfrom the mode of application of the IVD MD as described by the manufacturer.Any such observation shall be properly recorded. The co-ordinator shall, together with the investigator,trace the cause whenever possible. The result shall be recorded and shall be part of the evaluationreport.Where the validity of the examinations already performed may be questionable because of anidentified source of error the tests shall be repeated after exclusion of that cause.Where a misuse or misinterpretation of the instructions for use has been the cause and where anunexpected risk inherent to the product design or the mode of application has been identified this shallbe clearly stated.The proposals of the investigator(s) and the co-ordinator for any improvement of the IVD MD and/or itsapplication shall be recorded.4.8 Evaluation reportThe co-ordinator shall establish an evaluation report. It shall contain a description of the study, ananalysis of the results together with a conclusion on the performance claims investigated.The report shall also discuss any unexpected outcomes which have occurred. It shall identify thecause whenever possible and give recommendations for corrective actions to be taken, wherenecessary.If several studies have been conducted for one IVD MD, a single summarizing report may beestablished.5 Modifications during the performance evaluation studyWhere the manufacturing process has been changed it shall be checked whether the performanceclaims of the IVD MD still conform to those which had been set initially. Otherwise the validity of theexaminations already performed shall be questioned and the evaluation plan shall be revisedaccordingly.Where design changes are introduced, the evaluation plan shall be revised.6 Re-evaluationIn case of changes to the design or manufacturing process of the IVD MD, the performance evaluationstudy shall be repeated as far as necessary, to ensure that the intended use and the performanceclaims of the IVD MD placed on the market are adequately evaluated.This re-evaluation may refer to documented results of a preceding evaluation insofar as these are considered valid and transferable after critical review.7 Protection and safety of probandsThe removal, collection and use of tissues, cells and substances of human origin is governed, inrelation to ethics, by the principles laid down in the Convention of the Council of Europe for theprotection of human rights and dignity of the human being with regard to the application of biology andmedicine and by any national regulations on this matter.In any case, the results obtained from a specimen by means of the IVD MD under evaluation shall notbe used for other purposes than for performance evaluation, unless ethical reasons, fully supported bya responsible medical professional, suggest the contrary. In such a case the medical professionalassumes complete responsibility.3 性能评估的一般要求3.1 责任和谋略生产商负责性能评估研究的开始和/或引导。
PDATR-29清洁验证中英对照(第一章—简介)

1. Introduction介绍1.1 Background背景In recent years, cleaning has achieved a position of increasing importance in the pharmaceutical industry. The current good manufacturing practices (CGMP) regulations recognize that cleaning is a critical issue to ensure product quality. Virtually every aspect of manufacturing involves cleaning, from the initial stages of bulk production to the final dosage form.近年来清洁作业逐渐在制药界占有重要的地位。
现行的GMP法规也指出清洁作业是保证产品质量的关键性工作。
自大宗原料的生产以迄最终剂型的制造作业,几乎每一个制造工序均含有清洁作业。
The CGMPs in the United States, Europe and other parts of the world have provided the pharmaceutical industry with general guidance for cleaning requirements. For example, in the U.S., section 211.67 of part 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) states that "Equipment and utensils shall be cleaned, maintained, and sanitized at appropriate intervals to prevent malfunctions or contamination that would alter the safety, identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug product beyond the official or other established requirements." Section 211.182 of part 21 of the CFR identifies that cleaning procedures must be documented appropriately, and that a cleaning and use log should be established. In addition to CGMPs, various inspectional guideline documents published by the FDA contain expectations regarding cleaning in the pharmaceutical industry. Cleaning is also addressed in the PIC recommendations on cleaning validation and in the SFSTP Commission report "Validation desprocédés de nettoyage."美国、欧洲及全球其他地区均有制药界清洁作业的通则性指南。
NBT 47013无损检测专业词汇中英对照

承压设备无损检测nondestructive testing of pressure equipments涡流检测ET eddy current testing衍射时差法超声检测TOFD ultrasonic time of flight diffraction techniqueX射线数字成像检测standard practice for X-ray digital radiography漏磁检测magnetic flux leakage testing脉冲涡流检测pulsed eddy current testing无损检测NDT nondestructive testing在不损坏检测对象的前提下,以物理或化学方法为手段,借助相应的设备器材,按照规定的技术要求,对检测对象的内部及表面的结构、性质或状态进行检查和测试,并对结果进行分析和评价。
未焊透incomplete penetration焊接时接头根部未完全熔透的现象。
对于对接焊缝,也指熔敷深度未达到设计要求的现象。
未熔合lack of fusion焊缝金属和母材或焊缝金属各焊层之间未结合的部分,可能是如下某种形式:A)侧壁未熔合;B)层间未熔合;C)根部未熔合。
夹渣slag残留在焊缝金属中的熔渣。
根据其形成的情况,这些夹渣可能是:A)线状的;B)孤立的;C)成簇的。
烧穿burn-through焊接过程中,熔化金属自坡口背面流出形成的穿孔。
焊瘤overlap焊接过程中,熔化金属流淌到未熔化的母材或焊缝上所形成的金属瘤。
咬边undercut母材(或前一道熔敷金属)在焊趾处因焊接而产生的不规则缺口。
气孔porosity熔化的金属在凝固时,其中的气体未能逸出而残留下来所形成的空穴。
裂纹crack金属原子的结合遭到破坏而形成的新界面所产生的缝隙。
腐蚀corrosion金属与环境间的物理-化学相互作用(通常为电化学性质),其结果使金属的性能发生变化、并常可导致金属、环境或由他们作为组成部分的技术体系的功能受到损伤。
GBT28004.1《纸尿裤第1部分∶婴儿纸尿裤》新旧标准比对解析

摘要:从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产品分类、技术要求和试验方法、原材料要求、检验规则、标志、包装、运输和贮存等方面介绍了G B/T 28004.1-2021《纸尿裤 第1部分:婴儿纸尿裤》的标准要求,并与老版标准G B/T 28004-2011《纸尿裤(片、垫)》进行了内容比较,对新标准中变更内容进行了着重解读,最后给出了4点新标准实施建议,以帮助相关企业及检测人员更准确、全面理解和应用新标准。
关键词:婴幼儿纸尿裤;质量;检测规则;标准;差异Abstract: The standard requirements of the new standard of GB/T 28004.1-2021 Disposable diapers—Part 1: Disposable diapers for baby were introduced, including the scope of application and normative reference file, terms and definitions, product classification, requirements and test methods, requirements of raw materials, judgement rules, mark, as well as packing, transportation and storage. Meanwhile, the main contents of the old standard of GB/T 28004.1-2011 Disposal diapers were compared. Besides, four suggestions were put forward for the implementation of the new standard, which helping the relative enterprise and testing companies to understand and apply the standard correctly.Key words: disposable diapers for baby; quality; detection rules; standards; differencesGB/T 28004.1《纸尿裤 第1部分:婴儿纸尿裤》新旧标准比对解析⊙ 常生1吴波伟2单学蕾1曾双穗3郭爱莲1(1.天纺标检测认证股份有限公司,天津 300308;2.广州检验检测认证集团有限公司,广州 511447;3.绍兴方圆检测科技有限公司,浙江绍兴 312000)Comparison and Analysis between New and Old Standards of GB/T 28004.1Disposable Diapers—Part 1: Disposable Diapers for Baby⊙ Chang Sheng 1, Wu Bowei 2, Shan Xuelei 1, Zeng Shuangsui 3, Guo Ailian 1(1.Tianfang Standard Testing & Certification Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300308, China; 2.Guangzhou Inspection Testing and Certification Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 511447, China; 3.Shaoxing Fangyuan Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang, China)中图分类号:TS77; TS761.6文献标志码:B 文章编号:1007-9211(2022)10-0014-05常生 先生硕士,工程师;从事纸制品、纺织品、鞋类、皮革检测研究。
APQPPPAP专业术语

APQPPPAP专业术语APQP 和PPAP 过程专业术语 (红色—重点注释;艳红色—评估中;蓝色—新增)DELPHI :在流程图的检验栏有以下四种注释:A = Automatic, or machine inspected (i.e. leak tester) A 代表自动检测或仪器检测(比如耐压、通断、针高等);M = Manually inspected by the operator (i.e. hand gage) M 代表操作工手动检测(比如工人用检测板进行针位检测);V = Visually inspected by the operator V 代表操作工目视检测(比如外观检测);Q = Quality Audit, control plan check Q 代表品质监控(比如IQC 、OQC 、IPQC 、SPC 控制等)AARAppearance Approval Report 外观批准报告ADV Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/开发/验证ADV-DV ADV Design Validation A D V 设计验证A/D/V P&R Analysis/Development/Validation Plan and Report, This from is used to summarize the plan and results for validation testing. Additional informationCan be found in the GP-11procedure. 分析/开发/验证计划和报告AECAdditional Engineering Changes 附加工程更改 ADV-PV ADV product Validation A D V 产品验证AIAGAutomotive Industries Action Group, an organization formed by General Motors,Ford and Daimler Chrysler to develop common standards and expectations for automotive suppliers.汽车工业行动集团APAdvanced Purchasing 先期采购 APO(General Motors) Asian Pacific Operations (通用)亚太分部APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 产品质量先期策划AQE Advanced Quality Engineer 先期质量工程师ASQE Advanced Supplier Quality Engineer 先期供应商质量工程师ANOVA Analysis of Variance 方差分析法ASDE Advanced Supplier Development Engineer 高级供应商开发工程师BOM Bill of Materials 材料清单BOP Bill of Process 过程清单CCAR Concern ed and Corrective Action Report 相关整改报告CARCorrective Action Request 整改需求 CFTCross function T eam 多方论证小组CMM Coordinate Measuring Machine 三坐标测试仪CPV Weekly Production Volume 周产能CPK Capability Index for a Stabile process 过程能力指数CR Customer Requirements 客户要求CM Commodity Manager 产品经理CCM Corporate Commodity Manager 公司产品经理CS Customer Satisfaction 客户满意度CS 1/2 Level 1/2 Controlled Shipping 1/2级受控发运CTS Component T echnical Specifications 零件技术规范DFM/DFA Design for Manufacturability/Design for Assembly 可制造性/可装配性设计DCP Dimension Control Plan (Dynamic Control Plan) 尺寸控制计划(动态控制计划) DOE Design of Experiment 试验设计DPV Daily Production Volume 日产量DVP&R Design Validation Plan and Report 设计验证计划和报告DV Design Validation 设计验证DRE Design Release Engineer设计发放工程师DFMEA Design Failure Mode and Effects Analysis设计失效模式及后果分析EWO Engineering Work Order 工程更改指令EDI Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换FE1,2,3 Functional Evaluations1,2,and 3 功能评估ES Engineering Specification工程规范EPC Early Production Containment 早期生产遏制FAI First Article Inspection 首件检验FCR Field Call of RateFE Function Evaluation 功能评估FTA Failure Tree Analysis 故障树状分析FTC First Time Capability 试生产能力FTQ First Time Quality 直通率(一次合格率)GR&R Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility 量具的重复性与再现性GD&T Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 几何尺寸&公差GM General Motors 通用汽车公司GME General Motors Europe 通用汽车欧洲部分GP General Procedure 总体步骤GPDS Global Product Description System 全球产品描述系统GPS Global Purchasing System 全球采购系统GQTS Global Quality Tracking System 全球质量跟踪系统GVDP Global Vehicle Development Process 全球车辆开发过程ISIR initial Sample Inspection Report 首次样品检验报告IPTV Incidents per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车缺陷数IAA Interim Approval Authorization 临时批准授权ICAL Integral Corrective Action List 整体整改列表ICR Interface Change Request LCL Lower Control Limit 控制下限LSL Lower Specification Limit工程规范下限KCC Key Control Characteristic 关键控制特性KCDS Key Characteristics Designation System 关键特性指示系统KPC (GM)Key Product Characteristic关键产品特性LAO (General Motors) Latin American Operations (通用)拉丁美洲分部LCR Lean Capacity Rate, It is the GM daily capacity requirement 最低生产能力MCR Maximum Capacity Rate, It is the GM maximum capacity requirement 最大生产能力MPP Modified Production Part (Nissan Form) 改良生产零件MOP Make or Purchase 制造/采购MRP Manufacturing / Materials Resource Planning 加工/物料资源计划MRR Material Reject Report 物料拒收报告MPC Material Production Control 物料生产控制MPCE Material Production Control Europe 欧洲物料生产控制MRB Material Review Board物料评审MRD Material Required Date 物料需求日期MSA Measurement Systems Analysis 测量系统分析NAO (General Motors) North American Operations (通用)北美分部NCC Non Conformity Cost不良品成本NBH New Business Hold 停止新业务NDA/O Non Disclosure Agreement/Obligation保密协议/和约N.O.D Notice of Decision 决议通知OEE Operating Equipment Effectiveness 操作装置效率OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer原始设备制造商(整车厂)OTS Off T ooling Sample 正式工装/模具生产样品PPAP Production Part Approval Process 生产件批准程序PAD Production Assembly Documents 生产装配文件PC&L Production Control & Logistics 生产控制&物流PSW Part Submission Warrant 零件提交保证书PDT Product Development Team 项目开发组PFMEA Process Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 过程失效模式及后果分析PPM Parts per Million 每百万PPEI Platform to Powertrain Electrical Interface PSA Potential Supplier Assessment 潜在供应商评审PPK Performance index for a stable process 初试过程能力指数PFC Process Flow Chart 过程流程图PQC Product Quality Characteristic 产品质量特性PFD Process Flow Diagram 过程流程图PTC Pass Through Characteristic 过程特性PTR Production Trial Run 生产试行PVP&R Production Validation Plan and Report 产品验证计划与报告PR/R Problem Reporting & Resolution 问题报告及决策PV Production Validation 生产产品验证PRR Problem Resolution Report 问题决策报告QSA Quality System Assessment 质量系统评审QSA Quality System Base 质量体系基础QSR Quality System Requirement质量体系要求QTC Quotes Tool Capacity 工装报价能力QFD Quality Function Deployment质量功能展开QOS Quality Operating System 质量运行体系QR Quality Reject/Report 质量拒收/报告R@R Run at Rate 产能审核(产能审核指的是按照正常的生产状态进行审核,其中包括人员,设备,工装,材料和工艺。
最全IATF16949中英文专业术语

最全IATF16949中英文专业术语IATF 16949中英文术语(一)CP控制计划,Control PlanSP支持过程,Support ProcessPPM百万分之,Parts Per MillionMP管理过程,Management ProcessCPK过程能力指数,Process CapabilityIndexSPC统计过程控制,Statistical ProcessControlCOP顾客导向过程,Customer OrientedProcessMSA测量系统分析,Measurement SystemsAnalysisPPAP生产件批准程序,Production PartApproval Process APQP产品质量先期策划,Advanced ProductQuality Planning (二)FMEA潜在失效模式及后果分析,Failure Mode andEffects AnalysisDFMEA设计潜在失效模式及后果分析,DesignFailureMode and Effects AnalysisPFMEA过程潜在失效模式及后果分析,ProcessFailureMode and Effects AnalysisPPK初始过程能力指数或过程性能指数,PreliminaryProcess Index或Performance ProcessIndex高级统计方法advanced statisticalmethods可数型数据attributes data均值average认知awareness基本的统计方法basic statistical methods二项分布binomial distribution(三)因果图cause-effect diagram中心线central line普通原因common cause连续的consecutive控制control控制图control limit(charts)质量和生产率持续改进continualimprovement in quality and productivity累计和cesium探测detection分布distribution(四)单值individual位置location平均值mean中位数median移动极差moving range排列图praetor chart正态分布normal distribution可操作的定义operational definition 泊松分布Poisson distribution预防prevention(五)解决问题problem solving过程均值process average过程能力process capability过程控制process control过程性能process performance过程分布宽度process spread随机性randomness二次方程式quadratic随机抽样random sampling极差range链run(六)合理子组rational subgroup链图run chart样本sample形状shape特殊原因special cause规范specification稳定性stability统计值statistic稳定过程stable process标准差standard deviation(七)统计控制statistical control统计过程控制statistical processcontrol子组subgroupI类错误type errorⅡ类错误type error变差variation区域分析zone analysis分配apportionment基准数据benchmark data材料清单bill of material(八)特性矩阵图characteristics matrix设计失效模式及后果分析design failuremode and effects analysis可制造性和装配设计design formanufacturability and assembly设计信息检查表design informationchecklist设计评审design reviews设计确认design validation设计验证design verification耐久性durability失效模式分析failure modes analysis可行性feasibility(九)改善kaizen有限元分析finite element analysis维修性maintainability包装packaging初始材料清单preliminary bill ofmaterial初始过程流程preliminary processflow chart过程失效模式及后果分析process failuremode and effects analysis仿真simulation产品保证计划product assurance plan试生产production trial run(十)质量策划认定quality planningsign-off可靠性reliability特殊特性special characteristics可靠性分配reliabilityapportionment同步工程simultaneous engineering子系统subsystem系统system小组可行性承诺team feasibilitycommitment进度计划timing plan价值工程/价值分析value engineering / value analysis (十一)顾客的呼声voice of the customer过程的呼声voice of the process控制计划control plan设计意图design intent设计寿命design life实验设计DOE防错error /mistake proofing排列图pare to过程更改process change质量功能展开QFD(十二)根本原因root cause过程特殊特性special processcharacteristic车辆召回vehiclecampaign认可的实验室accredited laboratory在用零件active part同意agreement外观项目appearance item批准approved批准的图样approved drawing批准的材料approved materials(十三)批准的货源清单approved source list计数型数据attributes散装材料bulk material数学数据math data散装材料要求检查表bulk materialrequirements checklist 校准calibration测绘图样checker print关键特性critical characteristic设计记录design record顾客产品批准部门customer productapproval activity (十四)环境environment设计预期的稳健范围design intendedrobust range完全批准full approval量具的重复性和再现性gage repeatabilityand reproducibility 首次样品initial sample初始过程研究initial process study临时批准interim sample主要设计特性key designcharacteristics标记过图样marked print主要过程特性key processcharacteristics(十五)主要产品特性key product characteristics实验室laboratory实验室范围laboratory scope易损工装perishable tools测量系统分析研究measurement systemanalysis studies生产件production part零件提交保证书part submissionwarrant过程流程图process flow diagram生产环境production environment生产材料production material(十六)线性linearity生产件批准提交production partapproval submission质量指数quality indices常规生产工装regular production tooling 拒收rejected外部场所remote location安全特性safety characteristics可销售产品salvable production现场site自我认证供方self-certifyingsupplier(十七)重要的生产过程significant production run 提交等级submission level工具tool工装维修tooling maintenance偏倚bias工装重新整修tooling refurbishment确认validation保证书warrant合同contract关键控制点critical control point(十八)关键限值critical limit流程图flow diagram危害hazard危害分析hazard analysis绩效performance初级生产primary production步骤step事故accident事件incident风险risk(十九)职业健康安全occupational health and safety 风险评价risk assessment可容许风险tolerable risk环境因素environmental环境影响environmental impact环境目标environmental objective环境表现environmental performance 环境指标environmental target污染预防prevention of pollution。
MHRA oos翻译

--如果留下的原始样品数量不足以进行进一步的检验,那么重新取样的过程必须讨论,并由QA/合同委托方/与QA相当的人批准。重新取样过程实验室调查中记录。
--重新取样应使用与最初样品相同的合格的方法操作。然而,如果调查确定初始取样方法错误,应该制定、授权、记录一个新的准确的取样方法。
--它包括取用同一批次样品中的新样品。
监管机构批准的标准
作为释放检测的标准。如果没有该标准则使用内部标准。
接受范围
原料药、药品或其生产其他阶段的物料都应满足的要求,包括数值限度,范围或分析程序涉及的其他适当标准
内部标准
也是监管规定范围内的行动限。
指明原因
OOS或异常结果的一个确定的理由
未指明原因
没有确定的理由
无效测试
当调查已经明确了指明原因,这个测试被认为是无效的。
分析员和主管进行调查
5.4.2.2.调查
1分析员和主管使用调查表开始调查
2适当地联系生产/合同委托方/质量受权人/MAH
3对于微生物分析,在可能的情况下,一旦可疑的结果被确定,确保试验失败的所有相关项被保留,如其他环境的测试皿、稀释液、产品的安瓿/小瓶、温度数据、自动吸液管、试剂–培养基。相关联的的环境测试皿应在调查完成之后销毁。
--使用平均值的缺点是会隐藏测试结果个体间的变化。因为这个原因,所有测试结果通常应该单独的报告。当单独测试的平均值在检验方法中被合理地指定的情况下,一个单一的平均结果可作为最终的测试结果。在某些情况下,告结果的可变性需要统计处理。例如,在一个制剂含量均匀度的测试中,标准偏差(或相对标准偏差)和单位剂量的测试结果一起报告。
可报告的结果
是通过检测原始样品而得到的最终分析结果。所使用的方法应是经过书面批准的合适方法,并且该方法完整执行。
(完整版)USP-1092-溶出度试验的开发和验证(中英文对照版).docx

(完整版)USP-1092-溶出度试验的开发和验证(中英文对照版).docx( 1092)溶出度试验的开发和验证【中英文对照版】INTRODUCTION前言Purpose目的The Dissolution Procedure: Developmentand Validation<1092>provides a comprehensive approach covering items to considerfor developing and validating dissolution procedures and the accompanyinganalytical procedures. It addresses the use of automation throughout the testandprovides guidance and criteria for validation.It also addresses thetreatment of the data generated and the interpretation of acceptance criteriafor immediate-and modified-releasesolid oral dosage forms.溶出实验:开发和验证(1092)指导原则提供了在溶出度方法开发和验证过程中以及采用相应分析方法时需要考虑的因素。
本指导原则贯穿溶出度实验的全部过程,并对方法提供了指导和验证标准。
同时它还涉及对普通制剂和缓释制剂所生成的数据和接受标准进行说明。
Scope范围Chapter<1092>addresses the development andvalidationof dissolution procedures,with a focus on solid oral dosage forms.Many of the concepts presented, however, may be applicable to other dosageforms and routes of administration. General recommendations are given with theunderstandingthat modifications of the apparatus and procedures as given in USP general chapters need to be justified.<1092>章节讨论了溶出度实验的开发和验证,重点是口服固体制剂。
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开发灵敏度高开发灵敏度高、、重复性好的重复性好的侧流侧流侧流检验检验检验产产品------第一部第一部分:解决解决老问题的新老问题的新老问题的新途径途径途径译者按:在某些网站发表的中译本似乎是机器翻译输出的,原文的翻译存在一些错误。
因此业为基生物科技有限公司从更专业的角度对原文进行了翻译选择选择材料进行和材料进行和材料进行和采用新方法采用新方法采用新方法的的生产工艺改善生产工艺改善检验检验检验性能性能性能侧流检验是适合在多种POC 场合 或者现场使用的稳定实用技术。
然而,该技术在要求非常灵敏、重复性好或者需要获得定量结果的情况尚未广泛适用。
近年,在各种非传统市场领域对该技术的兴趣与日俱增。
驱动侧流检验技术复兴的综合因素包括:现有技术面临专利压力,其他拥有更好灵敏度、可重复性和定量性的新技术,或者结果的客观记录性;市场需要投入周期短且投资合理的POC 或现场使用的分析技术。
图1 侧流免疫检测技术作为POC 或现场应用的优点侧流免疫检测(lateral-flow immunoassay ,LFIA)系统的优势众所周知(见图1)。
其决定性的优点在于该技术适合POC 或者现场使用,具有投资小、入市快的特点,且应用范围广。
这些优点是其他当前正在开发的推定POC 技术(包括传感器和基于阵列的技术)无法相比的。
侧流检验技术已经在一些子市场内得到引入和发展(见图2)。
然而,生产适合这些子市场需要的侧流检验产品一直面临挑战。
随着应用扩展,增加了对技术的灵敏度、重复性和生产性的要求。
例如,要求定量和客观的读取/记录技术,能与实验室信息系统对接。
除了改进材料、分析技术、读取仪技术和生产工艺外,侧流检验开发也需要更多的学科交叉途径。
图2 在POC 和现场应用的侧流检验免疫检测技术的子市场。
近年,涌现出一批生产侧流检验产品的新途径以适合这些需求。
每种新途径都会促使我们用刷新视角审视IVD 公司如何生产这类产品的基本原理。
这是两部系列中的第一篇文章,阐述了开发和生产高灵敏、重复性好的LFIAs 产品存在的挑战性问题,对克服传统技术局限的革新进行了概述。
本文审视传统生产技术和材料,不仅讨论每个环节的局限,而且讨论克服这些局限的具体步骤。
硝酸纤维素膜硝酸纤维素膜图3 侧流检验生产工艺路线梗概图3描绘了侧流测试条的传统常规生产流程。
IVD 行业内用于该系统的物料和工艺流程基本保持不变。
硝酸纤维素膜(Nitrocellulose , NC)材料被大多数侧流检验产品系统选用。
市场对其他材料的尝试(例如:尼龙膜和PVDF 膜)仅获得有限成功。
究其原因包括成本、使用局限、新的化学和工艺的知识要求和使用NC 膜现有巨大经验积累库的惯性。
虽然NC 膜也不是LFIAs 中分析用膜的理想材料,但它的确具备某些在该应用领域的有用特性。
这些特性包括成本低、真毛细管流动、高蛋白结合容量、上手操作相对容易(有聚酯背衬),具备不同的芯吸速率和表面活性组分的产品唾手可得。
虽有这些积极的特性,NC 膜也有许多的缺点。
后者包括批内批间性能重复性差、保质期问题、易燃性和易损性(无背衬膜),以及随环境条件易变特性,例如湿度。
对于NC 膜的这些问题,检验开发者和IVD 生产商要花费相当多的时间和精力优化化学配方以克服材料内在问题。
他们也优化生产工艺以保证产品在整个保质期内性能合格。
仔细控制关键步骤如分液、浸渍和烘干过程,注意对膜的化学和生物处理,以防在终产品中引入额外变量,这些环节对产品成功至关重要。
膜的试剂分液膜的试剂分液 (划膜划膜))对于标准的LFIAs 产品,NC 膜上至少有一条测试线和一条控制线。
该过程使用分液器在单位长度膜上分配恒量液体。
IVD 生产商使用两种分液方法:接触式和非接触式。
接触分液系统中,喷头拖划膜表面,同时试剂泵驱动从喷头处释放一定量液体到表面上。
该系统简易价廉,然而,该过程喷头与膜表面接触会导致划痕。
另外,由于液体进入膜的过程不仅依靠膜表面与喷头的接触,而且与膜的吸液能力的一致性有关,线条宽度可发生变化。
该变化可成为读条器分析检测的主要问题,因为读取仪输出的结果与线的宽度相关。
该问题可导致检测结果不一致且完全不能定量。
图4 BioDot公司的XYZ 3050分液平台配有 BioJet Quanti 3000 和AirJet Quanti 3000喷头图5 使用接触式和非接触式分液方法对比,分液到膜上的蛋白线条宽度。
另一种选择是非接触式分液系统,例如BioDot Inc.(Irvine, CA)的BioJetQuanti 3000系统(见图4)。
BioJet使用微电磁阀连接高精度步进泵,液体微滴喷到膜上,紧密交迭的液滴点构成连续线条。
试剂在液滴接触处被吸收入膜内,排除了膜表面与喷头的接触影响因素。
因而,非接触喷点的线条宽度比接触喷点更均一。
使用接触和非接触式喷头喷点的线条宽度进行比较如图5所示。
图6 BioDot 公司的RTR 4500连续喷点系统中的连续生产成像与坏段标识系统实时流线处理方式更易控制,因为分液过程与成像系统偶联,能检查分液线条的质量同时标记任何坏的部分(见图6)。
实时在线分液设备能分配出一致的线条宽度,同时成像系统能实时评估线条质量。
膜封闭膜封闭((封膜封膜))在侧流系统中,膜封闭具有多种功能,包括防止和减少样品或配合物对捕获线和整个膜的非特异性吸附。
封闭也被用于控制层析速率和稳定测试、对照线蛋白。
封闭过程包括将制作试纸用膜浸泡在由蛋白、表面活性剂和聚合物组成的水溶液中。
然后将膜取出、划膜、干燥。
封闭处理可采用批处理或连续处理两种模式,使用连续处理流线工艺,可使浸泡和烘干获得最佳一致性。
这两个步骤对合格的产品性能和可重复性都至关重要。
烘炉批次间干燥不均一所造成产品性能的差异可通过使用连续干燥系统得以克服。
例如,干燥塔以相同的方式处理每个部分,容易对比验证烘制批次,不受温度和湿度的差异影响,并可提高效率。
图7 在RTR 4500中质量控制成像系统输出数据。
分液在NC 膜上运行:50 m 分液长度,50 mm/sec,人 IgG,1 mg/ml,0.8 ul/cm。
实时流线式浸泡和干燥可使处理材料更加均一,原因如下:在浸渍槽内单位长度材料的沉湎时间一致;干燥塔中单位长度垫的干燥时间一致;减少了槽内批次溶质拖拽不均的影响,因实时流线式浸泡槽连续地补液并混合,使得溶液浓度保持一致。
很不幸,若使用NC 膜,必然要封闭。
封闭工艺防止产品在保质期内发生变异是必须的,但这会增加成本和生产复杂性。
图8a 和8b 展示了封闭对产品初期和随时间推移性能的影响。
该图对比了浸泡和非浸泡封闭金标产品的定量性能、视觉读条情况。
首先,验证封闭过的试纸,结果显示出更低的信号灵敏度和更高的变异系数(CV),可得出封闭不适合应用在该检测试纸的结论。
然而,当检查移除封闭步骤对系统稳定性的影响时,非封闭的膜对检测产品的重大影响非常明确,原因在于干燥包装储藏后检测时间不同。
IVD 制造商应该细心评估封闭的这些效应。
图8 (a)封闭和未封闭膜在变异系数和线强度方面的比较。
(b)封闭对膜层析速率稳定性的影响。
柱条表示检测试剂流动通过25mm 膜的时间。
DB=浸泡封闭,UB=未封闭。
配合配合垫垫/偶合垫偶合垫((标记垫标记垫)):玻纤、聚酯纤和人造丝在典型的检测系统中,配合垫承载配合物,保证配合物在产品保质期内的稳定性、释放的有效性和重复性。
事实上,配合物分液、干燥和从材料上释放的差异是检测试纸性能差异的主要来源,表现为批内和批间的CVs 值。
配合物混合不均以及配合垫释放均对检测灵敏度产生不利影响。
根据具体系统,尽管配合物的释放快慢可能更重要,但释放必须保持一致性。
由于所使用物料的性质,配合垫应预处理,确保合适的释放和稳定性能。
垫的处理是浸泡在由蛋白、表面活性剂和聚合物构成的水溶液中,然后干燥。
类似膜的浸泡和干燥处理,该工序可应用在手动批次操作模式或连续化流线操作模式,后者能使整个批次材料更加均一。
表I 检测条不同配合物垫上顺磁粒子回收百分率。
(n=10)将配合物添加到已处理垫上的方法要根据测试条的最终性能来评估。
以下两个方法被用来添加配合物:浸泡,将已处理垫浸泡到配合物溶液中;使用定量的非接触分液器,例如使用BioDot 的AirJet Quanti 3000 (见图4)。
配合物定量分液到配合垫上比浸泡工艺有更好的配合物吸附均一性。
配合物分液也影响了配合物从垫上释放的均一性和效率。
另外,配合物分液降低了预处理试剂的洗落,后者在浸泡时出现。
表 I数据展示了在两种不同配合垫上使用配合物浸泡和分液的差异比较。
在该实验中,一定规格的顺磁性颗粒被用于每个垫并使其标准化,因此无论是浸泡法还是分液法,每个垫含有总量相等的颗粒。
干燥过的垫装配到LFIA试纸,使用150 ul缓冲液测试。
配合物释放回收率通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法总铁离子测定总数进行。
图9 (a)样品释放垫上分析物释放比较。
(b)两种样品释放垫材料释放比较。
使用浸泡和分液系统两种不同配合物处理方式,配合物从垫上释放回收情况有显著差异。
分液法处理的配合物与通过浸泡法处理的配合物相比,集中于一个更小区域内,与配合垫的材料接触有限,从而改善粒子从材料上释放。
实验数据进一步证明配合物定量分液能改善测试条的CVs值(见表II)。
该实验用免疫夹心法测试血清中标志物。
比较了饱和法与使用BioDot的AirJet Quanti 3000分液法使用乳胶粒子配合物的情况。
通过标准化使配合物在每个测试条都有同样的量。
结果通过光学读取仪测定。
在重要临床应用范围内应用分液的配合垫,该分析物的CVs值得以改善。
表II 使用不同配合物分液方法在血清配合物测定中的数据比较。
除了配合物体系,标签选择和偶合方法也很重要。
与被动吸附法相比,由于在配体和粒子间具有更稳固的键,共价耦联对于定量分析能力可以是重要的。
新的标签和读取方法将在本系列的第二篇文章中进一步讨论。
样品垫样品垫::纤维素纤维素、、玻璃纤维玻璃纤维、、聚酯膜和其他的过滤介质聚酯膜和其他的过滤介质在LFIAs 中,样品垫承接样品并处理样品使之与检测兼容。
该过程必须在不能对分析物稳定性产生影响的情况下完成,并高效和高重复性地释放到检测的后续部分。
由于多种可用材料的不均一性和材料中包含的粘合剂不同类型,物料选择可影响分析性能。
如果需要,垫预处理方法必须仔细设计,避免缓冲液浓度梯度和干燥中的边缘效应。
流线法对于垫的均一化处理是最好的方式。
通过检测孕酮竞争定量检测中的 CV 值和线性关系展示了选择合适样品垫材料的重要性,证明了改变材料对检测试性能的影响(如图9和9b 所示)。
该系统评估了两种不同的样品垫材料。
两种垫分别是纤维素材料和其他不能判别的材料。