宏观经济学第23章作业
宏观经济学(初级 第23章)

导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学内容分类及研究的主要问题
内容分类
宏观经济理论:包括国民收入决定理论、消费理论、投资理论、 货币理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、开 放经济理论等。
宏观经济政策:包括经济政策目标、经济政策工具、经济政策机制、 经济政策效应与运用。
宏观经济计量模型:用于理论验证、经济预测、政策制定,以及政 策效应检验。
4.所有的:新增的产品和劳务;存量GDP的衍生服务(如存 量住房服务的市场价值,国外更适合,因为租房住;写字楼GDP)
能够统计的有限的“所有”。家务劳动、黑市交易、非法交 易等在实际中都没有办法统计进入GDP。
家庭生产中雇主跟雇员的婚姻:减少GDP。经济活动从市场 交易变成家务劳动。
2014-5-28
2014-5-28
税收
拉弗曲线
税率
导言
什么是宏观经济学
宏观经济学主要流派及观点
5. 理性预期学派
代表人物:卢卡斯、萨金特、华莱士、巴罗、泰勒和普雷斯科特等。 理论特征:在引入理性预期假说的基础上,全面恢复新古典经济学的 传统反对凯恩斯主义的宏观经济理论和政策主张。 基本理论观点:理性预期假说:理性预期是有效利用一切信息而进行 的预期;自然率假说:任何一个社会都存在一个自然失业率,长期而言, 经济总是趋向于自然失业率,尽管短期内,经济政策能够使得实际失业率 不同于自然失业率;李嘉图等价定理:举债与征税等价。 政策主张: 宏观经济政策无效论、政策目标单一论、信誉重于规则
导言
什么是宏观经济学
现代经济学两大分支之一
经济学的两个分支:微观经济学和宏观经济学。
微观经济学(Microeconomics)(“微观”是希腊文 “ μικρο ”的意译,原意是“小")又称个体经济学,小经济学, 主要以单个经济单位(单个生产者、单个消费者、单个市场经 济活动)作为研究对象的一门学科。价格分析是微观经济学的 核心,故微观经济学又被称为价格理论。
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第7版)章节题库-第二十三章至第二十七章【圣才出品】

第二部分章节题库第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量一、名词解释1.国民收入答:国民收入即NI,是一国生产要素所有者在一定时期内,因从事生产和提供劳务,按生产要素所得的报酬,是劳动、资本和土地等生产要素所获得的全部收入,NI可由NDP 减去间接税和企业转移支付再加上政府补助金得到。
这里的国民收入,实际上是按要素费用计算的国民净收入。
在西方国家,有时简称为(狭义的)国民收入。
国民收入的核算公式为:NI=NDP-企业间接税-企业转移支付+政府补助金2.实际人均GDP答:实际人均GDP指标是指,实际GDP除以人口数量,是每个人的平均实际GDP。
实际人均GDP在某些情况下是一个比较有用的指标,例如,它可以用于比较不同国家的劳动生产率。
然而,它本身并不足以作为政策目标,因为它没有表明一个国家会如何使用这些产量来提高社会生活水平。
二、判断题1.GDP度量一个国家的社会福利水平。
()【答案】×【解析】GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。
它不能度量一个国家的社会福利水平,GDP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标也是有局限性的:①它不能反映社会成本。
②它不能反映经济增长方式付出的代价。
③它不能反映人们的生活质量。
④不能反映社会收入和财富分配的状况。
例如,即使两国人均GDP水平相同,但一国贫富差距比另一国大得多,显然,前一国的社会总福利要比后一国低的多。
基于GDP在度量社会福利水平上存在的诸多不足,经济学家们纷纷构建了一些新的指标来衡量社会福利水平,比如经济净福利指标、绿色GDP等。
2.购买100股苹果公司股票是宏观经济学中投资支出的一个例子。
()【答案】×【解析】宏观经济学中的投资是指一定时期内增加到资本存量中的资本流量,包括房屋建筑、机器制造,以及企业存货的增加等。
购买股票是个人与个人之间重新配置资产时发生的购买,不属于经济学中的投资。
3.如果有人在中国购买了澳大利亚生产的柑桔,那么这个支出就会计入中国GDP中的消费部分,也会计入中国GDP中的进口部分。
宏观经济学第二十三章习题答案

第二十三章 西方经济学与中国西方经济学与中国南方医科大学2010级经济学(医药贸易与管理方向)W 洋1.你认为西方经济学是科学吗?为什么?你认为西方经济学是科学吗?为什么?解答:西方经济学的整个理论体系在科学性上存在不少问题。
西方经济学的整个理论体系在科学性上存在不少问题。
第一,西方经济学的理论体系尚未通过实践的检验,因此西方学者目前还只是把西方经济学的理论体系称为“共同认可的理论结构”或“模式”。
第二,西方经济学还缺乏科学应有的内部一致性,在理论体系中同时存在两种或两种以上相互抵触的说法。
上相互抵触的说法。
第三,西方经济学在发展演变中所取得的成果缺乏积累性,新理论往往完全排斥旧学说,新旧学说之间不是相互补充而是相互排斥。
新旧学说之间不是相互补充而是相互排斥。
第四,西方经济学理论体系的假设条件常常是异常苛刻的,往往难以应用于现实生活。
第五,一些西方学者自己也承认,西方经济学不完全是科学。
第五,一些西方学者自己也承认,西方经济学不完全是科学。
当然,说西方经济学并不完全是科学,并不是全盘否定它。
当然,说西方经济学并不完全是科学,并不是全盘否定它。
2.举出三个西方经济学宣传资本主义的事例。
举出三个西方经济学宣传资本主义的事例。
解答:西方经济学是西方经济学家的一整套关于西方市场经济运行与发展的理论。
西方经济学是西方经济学家的一整套关于西方市场经济运行与发展的理论。
西方西方国家的市场经济制度就是资本主义经济制度,国家的市场经济制度就是资本主义经济制度,因此,因此,西方经济学必然要宣传资本主义,西方经济学必然要宣传资本主义,这样这样的事例可谓数不胜数。
的事例可谓数不胜数。
例如,例如,西方经济学家总说资本主义经济制度是永恒的制度,西方经济学家总说资本主义经济制度是永恒的制度,资本主义资本主义经济是最有效率的,资本主义的经济危机是可以用政策加以消除的等。
经济是最有效率的,资本主义的经济危机是可以用政策加以消除的等。
(NEW)克鲁格曼《宏观经济学》(第2版)课后习题详解

答:税后平均个人收入的增长率为:(33705-6517)/6517=4.17。
学费、住宿费以及生活费总数的增长率为:(135892038)/2038=5.67。
由此可知,学费的增长率大于税后平均收入的增长率,学费的上升使得 学生支付大学学费更困难了。
11每年5月,《经济学家》杂志会刊登巨无霸汉堡包在不同国家的价格 以及汇率数据。下表列出了2003年和2007年的部分数据。请利用这些信 息回答下面的问题。
全景综览第23章宏观经济学循迹第24章失业和通货膨胀第11部分长期经济增长第25章长期经济增长第26章储蓄投资和金融系统第12部分短期经济第27章收入和支出第27章附录乘数的代数推导第28章总供给和总需求第13部分稳定政策第29章财政政策第29章附录税收与乘数第30章货币银行业和美国联邦储备体系第31章货币政策第32章通货膨胀通货膨胀减缓和通货紧缩第14部分事件和思想第33章宏观经济学
b.这个问题属于宏观经济学的研究范围。因为它考虑了消费者的总支 出与经济衰退之间的关系。
c.这个问题属于微观经济学的研究范围。它研究了单一市场上价格的 影响因素。
曼昆经济学原理(宏观分册)第23章课后习题答案(英文版)

Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone in theeconomy and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of final goods and services.It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in the economy ends up assomeone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a pound ofhamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price of apound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measure ofeconomic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer and aseller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economy carbecause the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order formilitary aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Many otherexamples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being because realGDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts beingproduced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused by increasedproduction or higher prices.7.405The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake is anundesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investmentdecreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment gooduntil it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plussales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were sold morethan once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced in one yearand resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) = $400 Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDP deflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This means that thepercentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but not in2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise but prices did.5. a. C alculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. C alculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. T he growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentage changein the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure the percentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This is thevalue of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that is notincluded in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure, itwould not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficult to measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350 –$100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。
曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(第23章 一国收入的衡量)

巴罗《宏观经济学:现代观点》第一部分导论第1章思考宏观经济学复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
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第8篇宏观经济学的数据第23章一国收入的衡量23.1 复习笔记1.经济的收入与支出在一国的宏观经济中,收入必定等于支出。
这是因为,在每一次交易中,卖者的收入必定等于买者的支出。
国内生产总值(GDP)衡量经济中的总收入或总产量。
由于收入等于支出,可以把经济中赚到的收入(工资、租金和利润)加总起来衡量,也可以用经济中生产的物品和劳务的支出衡量,也就是说,收入等于支出等于GDP。
2.国内生产总值的衡量国内生产总值(GDP)指在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。
(1)GDP是一个市场价值的概念。
各种最终产品的价值都是用货币加以衡量的。
产品市场价值就是用这些最终产品的单位价格乘以产量获得的。
(2)GDP测度的是最终产品的价值,中间产品价值不计入GDP,否则会造成重复计算。
(3)GDP是指一定时期内(往往为一年)所生产而不是所卖掉的最终产品价值。
(4)GDP是计算期内(如2013年)生产的最终产品价值,因而是流量而不是存量。
流量是一定时期内发生的变量,存量是一定时点上存在的变量。
(5)GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值,从而是一个地域概念,而与此相联系的国民生产总值(GNP)则是一个国民概念,乃指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素所生产的最终产品的市场价值。
两者的关系是:GNP=GDP+[本国生产要素在其他国家获得的收入(投资利润、劳务收入)-外国居民从本国获得的收入]。
23章课后习题答案

1.这个观点是错误的。
如果向下倾斜的外汇供给曲线比外汇需求曲线更陡峭,那么外汇市场依然是均衡的。
只有在向下倾斜的外汇供给曲线比外汇需求曲线更平坦的情况下,才会导致外汇市场不稳定。
2.这个观点也是不正确的。
如果外汇需求曲线是向上倾斜的,而外汇供给曲线是正常的向上倾斜,在外汇供给曲线比需求曲线陡峭的情况下,外汇市场同样是不均衡的。
但是这种情况极少出现。
3.根据马歇尔—勒纳条件,只有在进口需求弹性和出口需求弹性之和大于1的情况下,贬值才能改善经常项目收支。
在本题中,进口需求弹性等于{(790 - 810)/[(790 + 810)/2]}/0.10 = - 0.25,而出口需求弹性等于{(1,025 - 975)/[(1,025 + 975)/2]}/(-0.10) = - 0.50。
两者之和是0.75,小于1。
因此A国货币贬值后,其经常账户收支是恶化的。
4.这种现象可以通过J曲线效应加以解释。
如果贸易商品的短期供需曲线是缺乏弹性的(即向后弯曲的供给曲线和非常陡峭的需求曲线,不能满足马歇尔-勒纳条件),因此短期的外汇市场是不稳定的,汇率的上升(美元的贬值)反而导致美国贸易收支的恶化。
当然,当时美国的收入增长和日本的经济衰退更加强了这种效应。
5.通常,消费者的短期反应和长期反应是不同的,即短期弹性小于长期弹性。
如果所有的消费者都存在反应时滞,那么将会导致J曲线现象的产生。
在出现J曲线现象的情况下,本币的贬值导致短期经常项目的恶化,但是随着时间的流逝,经常项目收支会好转起来。
6.一个国家如果人为地压低本国币值,那么将减少对国外商品的需求,同时刺激对外国对本国商品的购买需求,这样将促进出口,而抑制进口。
然而,要真正通过这种办法来实现盈余的增加,则必须满足马歇尔—勒纳条件。
7. (a)美元/英镑的汇率为$40/£20 或$2/£1。
假定交易成本为一盎司黄金1美元,那么黄金的输出点为$41/£20 = $2.05/£,而黄金的输入点为$39/£20 = $1.95/£。
曼昆宏观经济学 23章英文答案

405WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There is a new In the News box on ―Beyond Gross Domestic Product.‖LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:why an economy’s total income equ als its total expenditure.how gross domestic product (GDP) is defined and calculated.the breakdown of GDP into its four major components.the distinction between real GDP and nominal GDP.whether GDP is a good measure of economic well-being.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 10 is the first chapter in the macroeconomic section of the text. It is the first of a two-chapter sequence that introduces students to two vital statistics that economists use to monitor themacroeconomy —GDP and the consumer price index. Chapter 10 develops how economists measure production and income in the macroeconomy. The following chapter, Chapter 11, develops howeconomists measure the level of prices in the macroeconomy. Taken together, Chapter 10 concentrates on the quantity of output in the macroeconomy while Chapter 11 concentrates on the price of output in the macroeconomy.The purpose of this chapter is to provide students with an understanding of the measurement and the use of gross domestic product (GDP). GDP is the single most important measure of the health of the macroeconomy. Indeed, it is the most widely reported statistic in every developed economy.MEASURING A NATION’SINCOME406 ❖Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeKEY POINTS:∙ Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.∙ Gross domestic product (GDP) measures an economy’s total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income earned from the production of these goods and services. More precisely, GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.∙ GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports. Consumption includes spending on goods and services by households, with the exception of purchases of new housing. Investment includes spending on new equipment and structures, including households’ pur chases of new housing. Government purchases include spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments. Net exports equal the value of goods and services produced domestically and sold abroad (exports) minus the value of goods and services produced abroad and sold domestically (imports).∙ Nominal GDP uses current prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. Real GDP uses constant base-year prices to value the economy’s production of goods and services. The GDP defla tor―calculated from the ratio of nominal to real GDP―measures the level of prices in theeconomy.∙ GDP is a good measure of economic well-being because people prefer higher incomes to lower incomes. But it is not a perfect measure of well-being. For example, GDP excludes the value ofleisure and the value of a clean environment.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Review of the Definitions of Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsA. Definition of microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisionsand how they interact in markets.B. Definition of macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena includinginflation, unemployment, and economic growth.II. The Economy’s Income and ExpenditureA. To judge whether or not an economy is doing well, it is useful to look at Gross Domestic Product(GDP).Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4071. GDP measures the total income of everyone in the economy.2. GDP measures total expenditure on an economy’s output of goods and services.B. For an economy as a whole, total income must equal total expenditure.1. If someone pays someone else $100 to mow a lawn, the expenditure on the lawn service($100) is exactly equal to the income earned from the production of the lawn service ($100).2. We can also use the circular-flow diagram from Chapter 2 to show why total income and totalexpenditure must be equal.a. Households buy goods and services from firms; firms use this money to pay for resourcespurchased from households.b. In the simple economy described by this circular-flow diagram, calculating GDP could bedone by adding up the total purchases of households or summing total income earned by households.408 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Incomec. Note that this simple diagram is somewhat unrealistic as it omits saving, taxes,government purchases, and investment purchases by firms. However, because atransaction always has a buyer and a seller, total expenditure in the economy must be equal to total income.III. The Measurement of Gross Domestic ProductA. Definition of gross domestic product (GDP): the market value of all final goods andservices produced within a country in a given period of time .B. ―GDP Is the Market Value . . .‖ 1. To add together different items, market values are used. 2. Market values are calculated by using market prices.C. ―. . . Of All . . .‖1. GDP includes all items produced and sold legally in the economy.2. The value of housing services is somewhat difficult to measure.a. If housing is rented, the value of the rent is used to measure the value of the housingservices. b. For housing that is owned (or mortgaged), the government estimates the rental valueand uses this figure to value the housing services. 3. GDP does not include illegal goods or services or items that are not sold in markets. a. When you hire someone to mow your lawn, that production is included in GDP.b. If you mow your own lawn, that production is not included in GDP.D. ―. . . Final . . .‖ 2. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the value of the final good.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income❖4093. Goods that are placed into inventory are considered to be ―final‖ and included in GDP as afirm’s inventory investment.a. Goods that are sold out of inventory are counted as a decrease in inventory investment.b. The goal is to count the production when the good is finished, which is not necessarilythe same time that the product is sold.E. ―. . . Goods and Services . . .‖1. GDP includes both tangible goods and intangible services.F. ―. . . Produced . . .‖1. Only current production is counted.2. Used goods that are sold do not count as part of GDP.G. ―. . . Within a Country . . .‖1. GDP measures the production that takes place within the geographical boundaries of aparticular country.2. If a Canadian citizen works temporarily in the United States, the value of his output isincluded in GDP for the United States. If an American owns a factory in Haiti, the value of the production of that factory is not included in U.S. GDP.H. ―. . . in a Given Period of Time.‖1. The usual interval of time used to measure GDP is a quarter (three months).2. When the government reports GDP, the data are generally reported on an annual basis.3. In addition, data are generally adjusted for regular seasonal changes (such as Christmas).I. In addition to summing expenditure, the government also calculates GDP by adding up totalincome in the economy.1. The two ways of calculating GDP almost exactly give the same answer.2. The difference between the two calculations of GDP is called the statistical discrepancy.410 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s IncomeJ. FYI: Other Measures of IncomeA. Gross National Product (GNP) is the total income earned by a nation’s permanent residents.1. GNP includes income that American citizens earn abroad.2. GNP excludes income that foreigners earn in the United States.B. Net National Product (NNP) is the total income of a nation’s residents (GNP) minus losses fromdepreciation (wear and tear on an economy’s stock of equipment and structures).C. Nati onal income is the total income earned by a nation’s residents in the production of goods andservices.1. National income differs from NNP by excluding indirect business taxes and including businesssubsidies.2. NNP and national income also differ due to ―statistical discrepancy.‖ D. Personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses receive.E. Disposable personal income is the income that households and noncorporate businesses have leftafter taxes and other obligations to the government.IV. The Components of GDPA. GDP (Y ) can be divided into four components: consumption (C ), investment (I ), governmentpurchases (G ), and net exports (NX ).B. Definition of consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with theexception of purchases of new housing . C. Definition of investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures,including household purchases of new housing .1. GDP accounting uses the word ―investment‖ differently from how w e use the term ineveryday conversation.2. When a student hears the word ―investment,‖ he or she thinks of financial instruments suchas stocks and bonds.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 4113. In GDP accounting, investment means purchases of investment goods such as capitalequipment, inventories, or structures.D. Definition of government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state,and federal governments .1. Salaries of government workers are counted as part of the government purchases componentof GDP. 2. Transfer payments are not included as part of the government purchases component of GDP.E. Definition of net exports: spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports) minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents (imports).F. Case Study: The Components of U.S. GDP1. Table 1 shows these four components of GDP for 2009.2. The data for GDP come from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is part of theDepartment of Commerce. V. Real Versus Nominal GDPA. There are two possible reasons for total spending to rise from one year to the next.1. The economy may be producing a larger output of goods and services.2. Goods and services could be selling at higher prices.B. When studying GDP over time, economists would like to know if output has changed (not prices).C. Thus, economists measure real GDP by valuing output using a fixed set of prices.D. A Numerical Example412 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income1. Two goods are being produced: hot dogs and hamburgers.2. Definition of nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at currentprices .Nominal GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Nominal GDP for 2011 = ($2 × 150) + ($3 × 100) = $600. Nominal GDP for 2012 = ($3 × 200) + ($4 × 150) = $1,200.3. Definition of real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constantprices .Let’s assume that the base year is 2008.Real GDP for 2010 = ($1 × 100) + ($2 × 50) = $200. Real GDP for 2011 = ($1 × 150) + ($2 × 100) = $350. Real GDP for 2012 = ($1 × 200) + ($2 × 150) = $500. E. Because real GDP is unaffected by changes in prices over time, changes in real GDP reflectchanges in the amount of goods and services produced.Chapter 23/Measuring a Natio n’s Income ❖ 413F. The GDP Deflator1. Definition of GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio ofnominal GDP to real GDP times 100.2. Example CalculationsGDP Deflator for 2010 = ($200 / $200) × 100 = 100. GDP Deflator for 2011 = ($600 / $350) × 100 = 171. GDP Deflator for 2012 = ($1200 / $500) × 100 = 240.G. Case Study: Real GDP over Recent History1. Figure 2 shows quarterly data on real GDP for the United States since 1965.2. We can see that real GDP has increased over time.414 ❖ Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation’s Income3. We can also see that there are times when real GDP declines. These periods are calledrecessions. VI. Is GDP a Good Measure of Economic Well-Being?A. GDP measures both an economy’s total income and its total expenditure on goods and services.B. GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure level of the average person in the economy.C. GDP, however, may not be a very good measure of the economic well-being of an individual.1. GDP omits important factors in the quality of life including leisure, the quality of theenvironment, and the value of goods produced but not sold in formal markets.2. GDP also says nothing about the distribution of income.3. However, a higher GDP does help us achieve a good life. Nations with larger GDP generallyhave better education and better health care.D. In the News: The Underground Economy1. The measurement of GDP misses many transactions that take place in the undergroundeconomy.2. This article compares the underground economies of the United States and several othercountries.E. Case Study: International Differences in GDP and the Quality of Life1. Table 3 shows real GDP per person, life expectancy, adult literacy rates, and Internet usagefor 12 countries.2. In rich countries, life expectancy is higher and adult literacy and Internet usage rates arealso high. 3. In poor countries, people typically live only into their 50s, only about half of the adultpopulation is literate, and Internet usage is very rare.F. In the News: Beyond Gross Domestic Product1. Some economists wonder if we need a better measure of economic well-being.2. This is an article from The New York Times describing some criticisms of using GDP solely tomeasure economic well-being.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes:1. Gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyone inthe economy and (2) the total exp enditure on the economy’s output of final goods andservices. It can measure both of these things at once because all expenditure in theeconomy ends up as someone’s income.2. The production of a pound of caviar contributes more to GDP than the production of a poundof hamburger because the contribution to GDP is measured by market value and the price ofa pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. The four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption; (2) investment; (3) governmentpurchases; and (4) net exports. The largest component is consumption, which accounts formore than 70 percent of total expenditure.4. Real GDP is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. Nominal GDP isthe production of goods and services valued at current prices. Real GDP is a better measureof economic well-being because changes in real GDP reflect changes in the amount of outputbeing produced. Thus, a rise in real GDP means people have produced more goods andservices, but a rise in nominal GDP could occur either because of increased production orbecause of higher prices.5. Although GDP is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger GDP means that a nation can afford better healthcare, better educationalsystems, and more of the material necessities of life.Questions for Review:1. An economy's income must equal its expenditure, because every transaction has a buyer anda seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.2. The production of a luxury car contributes more to GDP than the production of an economycar because the luxury car has a higher market value.3. The contribution to GDP is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that issold.4. The sale of used records does not affect GDP at all because it involves no current production.5. The four components of GDP are consumption, such as the purchase of a DVD; investment,such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an orderfor military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of American wheat to Russia. (Manyother examples are possible.)6. Economists use real GDP rather than nominal GDP to gauge economic well-being becausereal GDP is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amountsbeing produced. You cannot determine if a rise in nominal GDP has been caused byincreased production or higher prices.7.The percentage change in nominal GDP is (600 – 200)/200 x 100% = 200%. The percentagechange in real GDP is (400 – 200)/200 x 100% = 100%. The percentage change in the deflator is (150 – 100)/100 x 100% = 50%.8. It is desirable for a country to have a large GDP because people could enjoy more goods andservices. But GDP is not the only important measure of well-being. For example, laws thatrestrict pollution cause GDP to be lower. If laws against pollution were eliminated, GDP wouldbe higher but the pollution might make us worse off. Or, for example, an earthquake wouldraise GDP, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. But an earthquake isan undesirable event that lowers our welfare.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.b. Investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a goodto the public.f. Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but netexports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2. With transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to GDP.3. If GDP included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year,plus sales of goods produced in a previous year. It would double-count goods that were soldmore than once and would count goods in GDP for several years if they were produced inone year and resold in another.4. a. Calculating nominal GDP:2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($2 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$800Calculating real GDP (base year 2010):2010: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 50 qts. honey) = $2002011: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$4002012: ($1 per qt. of milk ⨯ 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ⨯ 100 qts. honey) =$400Calculating the GDP deflator:2010: ($200/$200) ⨯ 100 = 1002011: ($400/$400) ⨯ 100 = 1002012: ($800/$400) ⨯ 100 = 200b. Calculating the percentage change in nominal GDP:Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in nominal GDP in 2012 = [($800 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Calculating the percentage change in real GDP:Percentage change in real GDP in 2011 = [($400 – $200)/$200] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Percentage change in real GDP in 2012 = [($400 – $400)/$400] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Calculating the percentage change in GDP deflator:Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2011 = [(100 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 0%.Percentage change in the GDP deflator in 2012 = [(200 – 100)/100] ⨯ 100% = 100%.Prices did not change from 2010 to 2011. Thus, the percentage change in the GDPdeflator is zero. Likewise, output levels did not change from 2011 to 2012. This meansthat the percentage change in real GDP is zero.c. Economic well-being rose more in 2010 than in 2011, since real GDP rose in 2011 but notin 2012. In 2011, real GDP rose but prices did not. In 2012, real GDP did not rise butprices did.5. a. Calculating Nominal GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $5) = $20Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $6) = $30b. Calculating Real GDP:Year 1: (3 bars ⨯ $4) = $12Year 2: (4 bars ⨯ $4) = $16Year 3: (5 bars ⨯ $4) = $20c. Calculating the GDP delator:Year 1: $12/$12 ⨯ 100 = 100Year 2: $20/$16 ⨯ 100 = 125Year 3: $30/$20 ⨯ 100 = 150d. The growth rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (16 – 12)/12 ⨯ 100% = 4/12 ⨯ 100% = 33.3%e. The inflation rate from Year 2 to Year 3 = (150 – 125)/125 ⨯ 100% = 25/125 ⨯ 100% =20%.f. To calculate the growth rate of real GDP, we could simply calculate the percentagechange in the quantity of bars. To calculate the inflation rate, we could measure thepercentage change in the price of bars.6.a. The growth rate of nominal GDP = 100% ⨯ [($14,256/$9,353)0.10– 1] = 4.3%b. The growth rate of the deflator = 100% ⨯ [(109.886.8)0.10– 1] = 2.4%c. Real GDP in 1999 (in 2005 dollars) is $9,353/(86.8/100) = $10,775.35.d. Real GDP in 2009 (in 2005 dollars) is $14,256/(109.8/100) = $12,983.61.e. The growth rate of real GDP = 100% ⨯ [($12,983.61/$10,775.35)0.10– 1] = 1.9%f. The growth rate of nominal GDP is higher than the growth rate of real GDP because ofinflation.7. Many answers are possible.8. a. GDP is the market value of the final good sold, $180.b. Value added for the farmer: $100.Value added for the miller: $150 – $100 = $50.Value added for the baker: $180 – $150 = $30.c. Together, the value added for the three producers is $100 + $50 + $30 = $180. This isthe value of GDP.9. In countries like India, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in GDP. So GDP per person in India and the United States will differ by more than their comparative economic well-being.10. a. The increased labor-force participation of women has increased GDP in the United States,because it means more people are working and production has increased.b. If our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and taking leisure,it would not rise as much as GDP, because the rise in women's labor-force participationhas reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.c. Other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in women's increased labor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women in theworkforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spent with children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. Such aspects would be quite difficultto measure.11. a. GDP equals the dollar amount Barry collects, which is $400.b. NNP = GDP – depreciation = $400 – $50 = $350.c. National income = NNP = $350.d. Personal income = national income – retained earnings – indirect business taxes = $350– $100 – $30 = $220.e. Disposable personal income = personal income – personal income tax = $220 – $70 =$150.。
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第23章
一、判断正误题
1.对整个经济来说,收入等于支出,因为卖者的收入必定等于买者的支出。
2.一个苹果的生产对GDP的贡献大于一只金戒指的生产,因为食物本身是生活的必需品。
3.如果木场把1000美元木材出售给木匠,木匠用这些木材盖了一座以5000美元出售的房子,则对GDP的贡献是6000美元。
4.一个人均GDP高的国家通常生活水平或生活质量都高于人均GDP低的国家。
5.如果2010年的名义GDP大于2009年的名义GDP,真实产量必定增加了。
6.如果美国的GDP大于美国的GNP,那么外国人在美国的生产大于美国居民在世界其他国家的生产。
7.工资是转移支付的一个例子,因为是从企业到工人的转移支付。
8.在美国,投资是GDP中最大的组成部分。
9.名义GDP用现期价格去评价产量,而真实GDP用不变的基年价格去评价产量(物品与劳务的生产)。
10.在2009年生产但在2010年第一次出售的一辆新汽车,应该计人2010
年的GDP,因为当它第一次出售时才作为一种最终物品。
11.当芝加哥市购买了一座新教学楼时,GDP的投资组成部分增加了。
12.当真实GDP减少时便出现了衰退。
13.折旧是经济中设备和建筑物磨损的价值。
14.尽管香烟的税收是1美元,但香烟在GDP中应该按每包5.5美元的价格评价,因为买者为每包香烟支付了5.5美元。
15.国民生产净值总是大于一国的总收入,因为有折旧和税收。
二、单项选择题
1.转移支付的例子是
a.工资。
b.利润。
c.租金。
d.政府购买。
e.失业补助。
2.在制造物品和劳务的过程中,工厂和设备磨损的价值用以下哪一项来衡堕?
a.消费。
b.折旧。
c.国民生产净值。
d.投资。
e.中间物品。
3.以下哪一项的销售不包括在2009年的GDP中?
a.2009年在田纳西州生产的本田车。
/
e.国民生产净值、国民生产总值和个人可支配收入。
5.美国的国内生产总值(与国民生产总值相比)衡量以下哪一项的生产和收入?
a.美国人及其工厂的生产和收入,无论它们在世界上什么地方。
b.美国境内的人和工厂的生产和收入。
c.只包括国内劳务部门的生产和收入。
d.只包括国内制造业部门的生产和收入。
e.以上各项都不是。
6.国内生产总值是以下哪一项市场价值之和?
a.中间物品。
b.制成品。
c.正常物品和劳务。
d.低档物品和劳务。
e.最终物品和劳务。
7.如果2010年的名义GDP大于2007年的名义GDP,那么产量必定a.增加了。
b.减少了。
c.保持不变。
d.增加或减少,因为没有充分的信息用以确定真实产量发生了什么变动。
8.如果一个鞋匠购买了100美元的皮革和50美元的线,并用它们制作成鞋,向消费者出售的价格为500美元,那么对GDP的贡献是
a.50美元。
b.100美元。
c.500美元。
d.600美元。
e.650美元。
9.GDP应该包括以下哪一项?
a.家务劳动。
b.毒品销售。
c.中间物品销售。
d.咨询劳务。
e.一天不工作的价值。
10.真实GDP是用_____价格衡量,而名义GDP是用_____价格衡量。
a.现期,基年。
b.基年,现期。
c.中间物品,最终物品。
d.国内物品,国外物品。
e.国外物品,国内物品。
下表包含了一个只生产笔和书的经济的信息。
基年是2007年。
用这些信息回答第11---16题。
笔的价格(美元)笔的数量(支)书的价格(美
年份元)
20073
20083
20094100
120
12010
12
14书的数量(本)507070
11.2006年名义GDP的值是多少?
a.800美元
b.1060美元
c.1200美元
d.1460美元
e.以上各项都不对。
12.2008年真实GDP的值是多少?
a.800美元。
b.1060美元。
c.1200美元
d.1460美元
e.以上各项都不对。
13.2008年GDP平减指数的值是多少?
a.100
b.113
c.116
d.119
e.138
14.从2007年到2008年,物价上升的百分比是多少?
a. O
b.13%
c.16%
d.22%
e.38%
15.从2008年到2009年,物价上升的百分比接近于多少?
a. O
b.13%
c.16%
d.22%
e.38%
16.从2008年到2009年,真实GDP增加的百分比是多少?
a. O
b.7%
c.22%
d.27%
e.32%
17.如果美国的GDP大于GNP,那么
a.外国人在美国生产的多于美国人在外国生产的。
b.美国人在外国生产的多于外国人在美国生产的。
c.真实GDP大于名义GDP。
d.真实GNP大于名义GNP。
e.中间物品大于最终物品。
18.美国的GDP不应该包括哪一项?
a.由国内买者购买的律师劳务。
b.由国内买者购买的维护草坪劳务。
c.由得克萨斯州购买的一座新桥。
d.由Lee牛仔裤厂购买的棉花。
e.购买了一辆在伊利诺伊州生产的新马自达汽车。
19.你购买了一辆完全在德国生产的价值4万美元的宝马车。
这项交易在美国GDP账户中应该如何记录?
a.投资增加4万美元,净出口增加4万美元。
b.消费增加4万美元,净出口减少4万美元。
c.净出口减少4万美元。
d.净出口增加4万美元。
e.没有影响,因为这项交易并不涉及国内生产。
20.如果你祖父买了一所新的退休住房,这项交易将影响
a.消费。
b.投资。
c.政府购买。
d.净出口。
e.以上各项都不是。