考研(2)
2020年考研英语(二)真题 试题详细解析
2020年全国硕上研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题解析SectionI Use of EnglishI【答案】[C] tricky【解析】首段首句给出文章话题中心”成为一名好父亲或母亲是每一位父亲或母亲想要做的事情”，但第二句话话锋一转”但是定义什么是好父母无疑很，因为孩子们会对同类型的抚养模式做用不同的回应，“因此可排除p leasant、instructive这两个纯褒义词，tedious"冗长的“感情色彩过于消极，也排除，t ric k"y 复杂的符合语义逻辑要求，故为正确答案！2【答案】[C] for example【解析】上文表明，“孩子们会对抚养模式有不同的回应”，空格处所在句指出，“冷静，遵守规则的孩子，与更年少的孩子相比，对于不同的抚养模式，会做出更好的同应”，这两句话符合抽象具体”的逻辑关系，故for example为正确答案。
3【答案】[A]Fortunately【解析】第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂”，第二段首句指出“另外一种类型的父母很容易“第一段关键词"tricky"与本句中"easier"这两个词形成隐性的转折关系，"fo rtunately"符合逻辑关系的要求，故选为正确答案。
4【答案】[D] describe【解析】空格处所需动词与"parent"形成语义上的动宾关系，而第一段表明“定义合格的父母很复杂＂，第二段首句指出幸运地是，另外一种类型的父母很容易”，这两句话之间话题一致，逻辑关系相反，因此可推测该空格处所填入的动词应该与"define"语义相近，故"describe"描述为正确答案。
5【答案】[D]while【解析】该题考查句间逻辑关系，空格所在句表明“每位父母想变得有耐心”，下一句指山”这不是容易的＂，这两句话存在“一肯－否＂的特征，形成对立关系，因此空格处应该填入表示“让步”概念的词故while为正确答案。
考研英语二历年真题作文范文(热门5篇)
考研英语二历年真题作文范文第1篇47、Directions：Suppose you have to cancel your travel plan and will not be able to visit professor Smith, write him an email to1)apologize and explain the situation and suggest a future meeting.2)You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name; Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write your address(10points).Dear Professor Smith，How have you been recently? I am exceedingly sorry to tell you that although I have promised to visit you this Friday, I have to cancel my travel plan because of the following reason.Two days ago, I suddenly accepted the notice that there would be an academic meeting this Friday night in our department and everyone was asked to attend. I know that my changing plan has definitely caused some inconvenience to you. I am so sorry for my failing to keep the promise of visiting you. Therefore, in order to make up this situation, I wonder if you could give me another chance and spare some time to meet me next Monday.I am so sorry for any inconvenience caused by me. Hope you can accept my apology and arrange a new time for me to visit you. I am looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming考研英语二历年真题作文范文第2篇Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one 4 by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives 5 , people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a greattime. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for 7 Americans. Also, some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are b oring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance th e intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel 18 ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”―perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby ora passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1.[A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring【答案】[C] warning2.[A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty【答案】[A] inequality3.[A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction【答案】[D] prediction4.[A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured【答案】[A] characterized5.[A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom【答案】[B] meaning6.[A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless【答案】[B] Indeed7.[A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated【答案】[C] working8.[A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute【答案】[A] explanation9.[A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among【答案】[D] among10.[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside【答案】[C] worry about11.[A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 【答案】[C] necessarily12.[A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles【答案】[B] downsides13.[A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course【答案】[A] absence14.[A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield【答案】[D] yield15.[A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship【答案】[C] virtue16.[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce【答案】[D] scarce17.[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats【答案】[A] demands18.[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved【答案】[B] tired19.[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into【答案】[D] into20.[A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal 【答案】[B] professionalSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times rang e from Andrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, byn early 2 million in the run―up to ―but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to “inspire a generation.” The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally “grassroots”, concept as community sports associations. If there i s a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods―making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has .[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C] strengthened community ties[D] become an official festival【答案】[A] gained great popularity22. The author believes that London’s Olympic“legacy” has failed to .[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C] improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools【答案】[B] promote sport participation23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it .[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass competition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers【答案】[C] does not emphasize elitism24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should .[A] organize “grassroots” sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in public sports facilities【答案】[D] invest in public sports facilities25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is .[A] tolerant[B] critical[C] uncertain[D] sympathetic【答案】[B] criticalText 2With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. ”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if t hose faces are blank and unresponsive―as they often are when absorbed in a device―it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. “Parents don’t have to be exqu isitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it―particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.[A] simplify routine matters[B] absorb user attention[C] better interpersonal relations[D] increase work efficiency【答案】[B] absorb user attention27. Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______.[A] takes away babies’ appetite[B] distracts children’s attention[C] slows down babies’ verbal development[D] reduces mother-child communication【答案】[D] reduces mother-child communication28. Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______.[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs【答案】[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year[C] ensure constant interaction with their children[D] remain concerned about kid’s use of screens【答案】[C] ensure constant interaction with their children30. According to Tronick, kid’s use of screens may_______.[A] give their parents some free time[B] make their parents more creative[C] help them with their homework[D] help them become more attentive【答案】[A] give their parents some free timeText 3Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completelyoverlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it? And after going t o school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic.But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the social ly perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits―in fact, it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes―all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that .[A] they think it academically misleading[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college[C] it feels strange to do differently from others[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses【答案】[C] it feels strange to do differently from others32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps .[A] keep students from being unrealistic[B] lower risks in choosing careers[C] ease freshmen’s financial burdens[D] relieve freshmen of pressures【答案】[D] relieve freshmen of pressures33. The word “acclimation” (Line 8, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to .[A] adaptation考研英语二历年真题作文范文第3篇(1)背单词：一定要重视^v^背明白^v^单词。
2024考研英语(二)真题和参考答案
2024考研英语（二）真题和参考答案2024年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Reading the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) Your social life is defined as the activities you do with other people,for pleasure,when you are notworking.It is important to have a social life,but what is right for one person wont be right for another.Some of us feel energized by spending lots of time with others,_1_some of us may feel drained,even ifits doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a__2_in your social life is key.Spending too much time on your own,not__3_others,can make you feel lonely and_4_.lomeliness is known to impact on your mental health and_5_a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,__6__,you are workingfrom home and you are __7__on the social conversations that happen in the office.Other life changes also_8_periods of loneliness too,such as retirement,changing a job or becoming a parent.Its important to recognize feelings or loneliness.There are ways to __9___a social life.But it can feeloverwhelming __10.You can then find groups and activities related to those where you will be abletomeet__11__people.There are groups aimed at new parents,at those who want to_12_a new sport forthe first time or networking events for those in the same profession to meet up and __13_ideas.On the other hand,it is__14_possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like youre alwaysdoing something and there is never any __15_in your calendar for downtime,you could suffer socialbunout or social _16_.We all have our own social limit and its important to recognize when yourefeeling like its all too much.Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be_17ofpoor social health.Make sure you _18__some time in your diary when youre _19_for socialising anduse this time to relax,__20__and recover.1.A.becauseB.unlessC.whereasD.until2.A.contrastB.balanceC,linkD.gap3.A.secingB.pleasingC.judgingD.teaching4.A.misguidedB.surprisedC.spoiledD.disconnected5.A.contribute toB.rely onC.interfere withD.go against6.A.in factB.of courseC.for examplsD,on average7.A.cutting backB.missing outC.breaking inD.looking down8.A.shortenB.triggerC.followD.interrupt9.A.assessB,interprelC,providsD.regain10.at firstB.in turnC.on timeD.by chance11.far-sightedB.strong-willedC.kind-heartedD.like-minded12.A.tnyB.promoteC.watchD.describe13.A.testB.shareC,acceptD.revise14.A.alreadyB.thusC.alsoD.only15.A.visitB,orderC.spaceD,boundary16.A.[atigueB.criticismC.injusticeD.dilemma17.A.sourcesB.standardsC.signsD.scores18.A.take overB.wipe offC,add upD.mark out19.A.ungratefu]B.unavailsblgC.responsiblkD.regretful20.A.reactB.repeatC,retunD.restSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points) Text 1Anger over AIs role in exacerbating inequality could endanger the technologys future.In her new bookCogs and Monsters:What Economics Is,and What It Should Be,Diane Coyle,an economist at CambridgeUnivcrsity,argues that the digital economy requires new ways of thinking about progress."Whatever wemean by the economy growing,by things getting better,the gains will have to be more evenly shared than inthe recentpast,"she writes."An economy of tech millionaires or billionaires and gig workers,withmiddle-income jobs undercut by automation,will not be politically sustainable."Improving living standards and increasing prosperity for more people will require greater use of digitaltechnologies to boost productivity in various sectors,including health care and construction,saysCoyle.Butpeople cant be expected to embrace the changes if theyre not seeing the benefits—if theyre just seeinggood jobs being destroyed.In a recent interview with MIT Technology Review,Coyle said she fears that techs inequality problemcould be a roadblock to deploying AI."Were talking about disruption,"she says."These are transformative technologies that change the ways we spend our time every day,that change business models that succeed.”To make such tremendous changes,"she adds,you need social buy-in.Instead,says Coyle,resentment is simmering among many as the benefits are perceived to go to elites ina handful of prosperous cities.According to the Brookings Institution,a short list of eight American cities that included San Francisco,San Jose,Boston,and Seattle had roughly 38%of all tech jobs by 2019.New AI technologies areparticularly concentrated:Brookingss Mark Muro and Sifan Liu estimate that just 15 cities account fortwo-thirds of the AI assets and capabilities in the United States(San Francisco and San Jose alone accountfor aboutone-quarter).The dominance of a few cities in the invention and commercialization of AI means that geographicaldisparities in wealth will continue tosoar.Not only will this foster political and social unrest,but it could,asCoyle suggests,hold back the sorts of AI technologies needed for regional economies to grow.Part of the solution could lie in somehow loosening the stranglehold that Big Tech has on defining theAI agenda.That will likely take increased federal funding for research independent of the tech giants.Muroand others have suggested hefty federal funding to help create US regional innovation centers,for example.A more immediate response is to broaden our digital imaginations to conceive of AI technologies thatdont simply replace jobs but expand opportunities in the sectors that different parts of the country care mostabout,like health care,education,and manufacturing.21.Coyle argues that economie growth should_A.give rise to innovationsB.diversity career choicesC.benefit people equallyD.be promoted forcedly22.In Paragraph 2,digital technologies should be used to.A.bring about instant prosperityB.reduce peoples workloadC.raisc ovcrall work cfficicncyD.enhance cross-sector cooperation23.What does Coyle fear about transformative technologics?A.They may affect work-life balance.B.They may be impractical to deploy.C.They may incur huge expenditure.D.They may unwelcome to public.24.Several cities are mentioned toA.the uneven distribution of Al technology in USB.disappointing prospect of jobs in USC.fast progress of US regional economicsD.increasing significance of US AI assets25.With regard to concern,the author suggest________.A.raising funds to start new AI projectsB.encouraging collaboration in AI researchC.guarding against side effectsD.redefine the role ofAIText 2The UK is facing a future construction crisis because of a failure to plant trees to produce wood,Conforhas warned.The forestry and wood trade body has called for urgent action to reduce the countrys relianceontimber imports and provide a stable supply of wood for future generations.Currently only 20 percent ofthe UKs wood requirement is home-grown while it remains the sccond-largest net importer of timber in theworld.Coming at a time of fresh incentives from the UK government for landowners to grow more trees,thetrade body says these dont go far enough and fail to promote the benefits of planting them to boost timbersupplies.“Not only are we facing a carbon crisis now,but we will also be facing a future construction crisisbecause of failure to plant trees to produce wood."said Stuart Goodall,chief executive of Confor."Fordecades we have not taken responsibility for investing in our domestic woodsupply,leaving us exposed tofluctuating prices and fighting for future supplies of wood as global demand rises and our own supplies fall."The UK has ideal conditions for growing wood to build low-carbon homes and is a global leader incertifying that its forests are sustainably managed,Confor says.While around three quarters of Scottishhomes are built from Scottish timber,the use of home-grown wood in England is only around 25 percent.While productive tree planting can deliver real financial benefits to rural economies and contribute to theUKs net-zero strategy,the focus of government support continues to be on food production and therewinding and planting of native woodland solely for biodiversity.Goodall add:“While food productionand biodiversity are clearly of critical importance,we need our land to also provide secure supplies of woodfor construction,manufacturing and contribute to net zero.“While the UK govemment has stated its ambition for more tree planting,there has been little action onthe ground."Confor is now calling for much greater impetus bchind those aspirations to ensure we haveenough wood to meet increasing demand."26.It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that UK need to____.A.increase domestic wood supplyB.reduce demand for timberC.lower wood production costsD.lift control on timber imports27.According to Confor,UK government fresh incentives______.A.can hardly address construction crisisB.are believed to come at wrong timeC.seem to be misleadingD.too costly to put into practice28.The UK exposure to fuctuating wood prices is the result of________.ernments inaction on timber importB.inadequate investment for woodCpetition among traders at homeD.wood producersmotive to maximize profits29.Which of following causes the shortage of wood supply?A.excessive timber consumption in constructionB.unfavorable conditions in UKC.outdated technology for wood productionD.farmersunwillingness to plan trees30.What does Goodall think US government should do?A.Subsidize the buildingB.Pay attention to rural economyC.Provide support for tree plantingD.Give priority to pursue net-zero strategyText 3One big challenge in keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road is convincing them that it is time to tumover the key.It is a complete life-changer when someone stops-or is forced to stop -driving,said formerrisk manager Anne M.Menke.The American Medical Association advises physicians that in situation where clear evidence ofsubstantial driving impairment implies a strong threat to patient and public safety,and where the physiciansadvice to discontinue driving privileges is ignored,it is desirable and ethical to notify the Department ofMotor Vehicles,Menke wrote."Some states require physicians to report,others allow but do not mandatereports,while a few consider a report breach of confidentiality.There could be liability and penalties if aphysician does not act in accordance with state laws on reporting and confidentiality "she counseled.Part of the problem in keeping older drivers safe is that the difficulties are addressed piccemeal bydifferent professions with different focuses,including gerontologists,highway administration officials,automotive engineers and others,said gerontologist Elizabeth Dugan."Theres not a National Institute ofOlder Driver Studies,"she said."We need better evidence on what makes drivers unsafe"and what can help,said DuganOne thing that does seem to work is requiring drivers to report in person for license renewal.Mandatoryin-person renewal was associated with a 31 percent reduction in fatal crashes involving drivers 85 or older,according to one study.Passing vision tests also produced a similar decline in fatal crashes for those drivers,although there appeared to be no benefit from combining the two.Many old drivers dont see eye doctors or cant afford to.Primary care providers have their hands fulland may not be able to follow through with patients who have trouble driving because they cant turn theirheads or remember where they are going—or have gotten shorter and havent changed their seat settingssufficiently to reach car pedals easily, As long as there are other cars on the roads,self-driving cars wont solve the problems of crashes,saidDugan.Avoiding dangers posed by all those human drivers would require to many algorithms,she said.Butwe need to do more to improve safety,said Dugan."If were going to have 100-year lives,we need cars thata 90-year-old can drive comfortably."31.Aecording to Paragraphl,keeping unsafe aging drivers off the road_ .A.is a ncw safety measureB.has become a disputed issueC.can be a tough task to completeD.will be beneficial to their health32.The American medical associations advice_ .A.has won support from driversB.is generally considered unrealisticC.is wide dismissed as unnecessaryD.has met with different responses33.According to Dugan,efforts to keep older drivers safe.A.have brought about big changesB.necd to be well coordinatedChave gained public concermD.call for relevant legal support34.Some older drivers have trouble driving because they tend to_ .A.stick with bad driving habitsB.have a weakened memoryC.suffer from chronic painsD.neglect car maintenance35.Dugan thinks that the solution to the problems of crashes may lie in__A.npgrading self-driving vehicleB.developing senior-friendly carsC.renovating transport facilitiesD.adjusting the age limit for driversText 4The miracle of the Chesapeake Bay lies not in its depths,but in the complexity of its naturalconstruction,the interaction of fresh and saline waters,and the mix of land and water.The shallowsprovide homes for hundreds of species while storing floodwaters,filtering pollutants from water,and protecting nearby communities from potentially destructive storm surges.All this was put at great risk late last month,when the U.S.Supreme Court issued a ruling in anidaho case that provides the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)far less authority toregulate wetlands and waterways.Specifically,a 5-4 majority decided that wetlands protected bythe EPA under its Clean Water Act authority must have a "continuous surface connection"to bodiesof water.This narrowing of the regulatory scope was a victory for builders,mining operators andother commereial interests often at odds with environmental rules.And it carries "significantrepereussions for water quality and flood control throughout the United States,"as Justice BrettKavanaugh observed.In Maryland,the good news is that there are many state laws in place that provide wetlandsprotections.But thats a very shortsightedview,particularly when it comes to the Chesapeake Bay.The reality is that water,and the pollutants that so often come with it,dont respeet stateboundaries.The Chesapeake draws from a 64,000-square-mile watershed that extends into Virginia,Pennsylvania,New York,West Virginia,the District of Columbia and Delaware.Will thosejurisdictions extend the same protections now denied under Sackettv.EPA?Perhaps some,but all?That seems unlikely.It is too easy,and misleading,to see such court rulings as merely standing up for the rights ofland owners when the consequences can be so dire for their neighbors.And its a reminder that theEPAs involvement in the ChesapeakeBay Program has long been crucial as the means to transcendthe influence of deep-pocketed special interests in neighboring states.Pennsylvania farmers,to useone telling example,arent thinking about next years blue erab harvest in Maryland when theydecide whether to sprend animal waste on their fields,yet the runoff into nearby creeks can haveenormous impact downstream.And so we would eall on state lawmakers from Richmond to Albany to consider reviewing theirown wetlands protections and see for themselves the enormous stakes involved.We can offer thema visit to Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in Dorchester County where bald engles fly overtidal marshes so shallow you could not paddle a boat across them but teaming with aquatie life.Itsworth the scenic drive.36.A.the prevalence of health apps37.A.Its coverage needs to be extended.38.Before sharing its usershealth information,Flo Health is required to___.A.seek the approval of the FTCB.find qualified third partiesC.remove irrelevant personal dataD.obtain their explicit permission39.What challenges is the FTC currently faced with?A.The complexity of health information.B.The rapid increase in new health apps.C.The subtle deceptiveness of health apps.D.The difficulty in assessing consumer harm.40.D.has gained legislative support in some statesPart BDirections;Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its correspondinginformation in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.(10 points)High school students eager to stand out in the college application process often participate in a litany ofextracurricular activities hopingto bolster their chances of admission a selective undergraduate institution.However,college admissions experts say that the quality of a college hopefuls extracurricular activitiesmatter more than the number of activities.he or she participates in.Sue Rexford,the director of college guidance at the Charles.E.Smith Jewish Day School,says it is notnecessary for a student,filling out the Common Application to list lo activities in the application.“No”college will expect that a students has a huge laundry list of extracurriculars that they have beenpassionately involved in each for an tended period of time,"Rexfon d wrote in an email.Experts say it is toughen to distinguish oneself in aschool-affiliated extracurricular activity that iscommon among high school students than it is to stand out while doing an uncommon activity.The competition to stand out and make an impact is going to be much stiffer,and so if they re going todo a popular activity,Id say,be the best at it."says Sara Harherson,a college admission consultant.High school students who have an impressive personal project they are working on independently oftenimpress colleges,experts say."For example,a student with an interest in entrepreneurship could demonstrate skills and potential bystarting a profitable small business."Olivia Valdes,the founder or Zen Admissions consulting firm,wrote inan emailJosoph Adegboyega—Edun,a Maryland High school guidance counselor,says unconventional,extracurricular activities can help students,impress college admissions offices,assuming they demonstrated,serious commitment."Again,since one of the big question.high school seniors muse consider is"Whatmakes you unique?"having an uncommon,extracurricular activity,a conventional one is an advantage,"hewrote in an email.Experts say demonstrating talent in at lcast one extracurricular activity can help in the collegeadmissions process,especially at top-tier undergraduate institutions."Distinguishing yourself in one focused type of extracurricular activity can be a positive in theadmissions process,especially for highly selective institutions,where having top grades and test scores isnot enough,"Katie Kelley admissions counselor at Ivy Wise admissions consullancy,wrote in anemail.“Students need to have that quality or hook that will appeal to admissions officers and allow them tovisualize how the student might come and enrich their campus community."Extracurricular activities related to the college major declared on a college application are beneficial,experts suggest."If you already know your major,having an extracurricular that fits into that major can be abig plus,"says Mayghin Levine,the manager of educational opportunities with The Cabhage PatchSettlement House,a Louisville,Kentucky,nonprofit community center.High school students who have had a strong positive influence on their community through anextracurricular activity may impress a college and win a scholarship,says Erica Gwyn,a former math andscience magnet programassistant at a publie high school who is now executive director of the KaleidoscopeCareers Academy in Atlanta,a nonprofit organization.41.Sue Rexford42.Sara Harberson43.Katie Kelley44.Mayghin Levine45.Erica Gwyn口EABA.Students who stand out in a specific extracurricular activity will be favored by top-tier institutions.B.Students whose extracurricular activity has benefited their community are likely to win a scholarship.C.Undertaking too many extracurricular activities will hardly be seen as a plus by colleges.D.Student who exhibits activity in doing business can impress colleges.E.High school students participating in popular activity should excel in it.F.Engaging in uncommon activity can demonstrate Studentsdetermination and dedication.G.It is advisable for students to choose an extracurricular activity that is related to their future study atcollege.Section III Translation46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translationon the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points) With the smell of coffee and fresh bread floating in the air,stalls bursting with colourful vegetables andtempting cheese,and the buzz of friendly chats,farmersmarkets are a feast for the senses.They alsoprovide an opportunity to talk to the people responsible for growing or raising your food,support your localeconomy and pick up fresh seasonal produce …-all at the same time.Farmersmarkets are usually weekly or monthly events,most often with outdoor stalls,which allowsfarmers or producers to sell their food directly to customers.The size or regularity of markets can vary fromseason to season,depending on the areas agriculture calendar,and you are likely to find different produceon sale at diferent times of the year.By cutting out the middlemen,the farmers secure more profit for theirproduce.Shoppers also benefit from seeing exactly where---and to who their money is going.参考译文·空气中弥漫着咖啡和新鲜面包的香味，摊位上摆满了五颜六色的蔬菜和诱人的奶酪，人们友好地聊天，农贸市场完全是一场感官盛宴。
历年考研英语(二)考试大纲
2020年考研英语(二)考试大纲2020年英语（二）考研大纲会在2019年秋季发布，近几年英语（二）考研大纲没有太大变化，参加2020年研究生考试（非英语专业）的同学可以先参考这份大纲进行复习。
I. 考试性质英语(二)考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II .考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：(1)名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法;(2)动词时态、语态的构成及其用法;(3)形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法;(4)常用连接词的词义及其用法;(5)非谓语动词(不定式、动名词、分词)的构成及其用法;(6)虚拟语气的构成及其用法;(7)各类从句(定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等)及强调句型的结构及其用法;(8)倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。
2. 词汇考生应能较熟练地掌握5 500个左右常用英语词汇以及相关常用词组(详见附录相关部分)。
考生应能根据具体语境、句子结构或上下文理解一些非常用词的词义。
(二)语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂不同题材和体裁的文字材料。
题材包括经济、管理、社会、文化、科普等，体裁包括说明文、议论文和记叙文等。
根据阅读材料，考生应能：(1)理解主旨要义;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解语篇的结构和上下文的逻辑关系;(4)根据上下文推断重要生词或词组的含义;(5)进行一定的判断和推理;(6)理解作者的意图、观点或态度。
2. 写作考生应能根据所给的提纲、情景或要求完成相应的短文写作。
短文应中心思想明确、切中题意、结构清晰、条理清楚、用词恰当、无明显语言错误。
考研英语2试题及答案
考研英语2试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?A) The importance of a balanced dietB) The benefits of regular exerciseC) The impact of technology on daily lifeD) The role of sleep in maintaining health答案：C2. According to the text, which of the following is a key factor in successful aging?A) Financial stabilityB) A strong social networkC) Regular medical check-upsD) A positive attitude towards life答案：B3. What can be inferred from the article about the future of the publishing industry?A) It will be dominated by digital formatsB) It will continue to rely on print mediaC) It will face a decline in salesD) It will merge with the film industry答案：A4. The author suggests that the best way to improve one's memory is by:A) Taking memory-enhancing supplementsB) Engaging in regular physical activityC) Practicing mindfulness meditationD) Consuming a diet rich in antioxidants答案：B5. What is the main purpose of the passage?A) To persuade readers to adopt a healthier lifestyleB) To inform readers about the latest medical researchC) To describe the symptoms of a particular diseaseD) To analyze the causes of a social issue答案：A二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In a world where technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, it is essential to stay informed about the latest developments. However, with so much information available, it can be challenging to keep up. Here are some tips to help you stay informed without becoming overwhelmed.1. Limit your sources. It is impossible to read everything, so choose a few reliable sources that cover a wide range of topics.2. Use technology to your advantage. There are numerous apps and tools that can help you stay organized and up-to-date.3. Set aside time each day to read and learn. Even if it is just for a few minutes, making it a habit will help you stay informed.4. Don't be afraid to ask for help. If you are struggling to understand a concept, reach out to experts or friends who may be able to explain it to you.5. Stay curious. The more you learn, the more you will want to learn.1. In the first sentence, the word "unprecedented" most closely means:A) UnforeseenB) UnprecedentedC) UnmatchedD) Unpredictable答案：C2. The purpose of the second sentence is to:A) Emphasize the importance of technologyB) Suggest a method for staying informedC) Criticize the overwhelming amount of informationD) Highlight the difficulty of keeping up with technology答案：B3. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a tip for staying informed?A) Reading a variety of sourcesB) Utilizing technologyC) Ignoring social mediaD) Setting aside time for reading答案：C4. The word "overwhelmed" in the first sentence suggests that:A) The reader should feel anxious about technologyB) There is too much information to processC) Technology is a burdenD) Information is easily accessible答案：B5. The author encourages readers to:A) Be passive learnersB) Ask questionsC) Avoid technologyD) Only read from a single source答案：B三、翻译（共20分，每题10分）1. 随着互联网的普及，人们越来越依赖于网络来获取信息。
历年考研英语二真题及答案
考研英语二真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantage of electronic money, you might think that we should move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically _1 , a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2_ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon “revolutionize the very 3_ of money itself”， only to 4_ itself several years later. Why has the movement to cashless society been so 5_ in coming1. A moreover B however C therefore D otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B history C concept D sole4. A reverse B resist C resume D reward5. A silent B slow C sudden D steadySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,” in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。
2019考研英语(二)真题答案解析(完整版)
2019考研英语(二)真题答案解析(完整版) SectionⅠ Use of English1. [答案] 【D】 However[解析] 此处是逻辑关系考点。
空格前面说到定期称重能够协助我们注重自身体重的明显变化，这是正面描述，但是空格后面说的是负面描述，我们能够从词汇hurt上面感觉到语气的转变，所以，我们这里选择D,However(不过). 所给的答案中[A]Besides(除此之外)，[B] Therefore(所以)， [D]Otherwise(否则)，意思都不符合题意。
2. [答案] 【A】helps[解析] 此处是考查词义复现。
空格所在的句子的意思是说：这种习惯的坏处有时候要比...多，很明显想表达的意思是弊大于利，所以空格处应该写表示利的同义词，这里所给的答案中，A helps(有协助)复合题意，其他[B]cares(关心)，[C] warns(警告),[D] reduces(减少)带入句中都不符合题意。
3. [答案] 【B】solely[解析] 此处是词汇考查。
空格所在的句子的意思是：每天称重会让我转译注意力到体重的数值上，而不是宽泛的身体健康上。
此处和后面的4题的数值也很匹配，所以答案是B solely表示仅仅。
而其他答案[A] initially(最初地)[B]solely(仅仅地)[C]occasionally(偶尔地) [D] formally(正式地)都不合题意。
4. [答案] 【B】lowering[解析] 此处是词义辨析题。
空格所在的句子的意思和上文3空格的意思想对应，我虽然体重增加是因为肌肉的增强，但是我所想的是体重秤上的数字增大了，所以会注重怎样把数字降下来，所以这里应该选择是B (lowering)降低的意思。
其他选项[A]recording(记录) [C]explaining(解释) [D]accepting(接受)都不能表达此意。
5. [答案] 【D】reach[解析] 此处是固定搭配题。
考研数学二重点
高等数学部分第一章函数、极限与连续1、函数的有界性2、极限的定义(数列、函数)3、极限的性质(有界性、保号性)4、极限的计算(重点)(四则运算、等价无穷小替换、洛必达法则、泰勒公式、重要极限、单侧极限、夹逼定理及定积分定义、单调有界必有极限定理)5、函数的连续性6、间断点的类型7、渐近线的计算第二章导数与微分1、导数与微分的定义(函数可导性、用定义求导数)2、导数的计算(“三个法则一个表”：四则运算、复合函数、反函数，基本初等函数导数表;“三种类型”：幂指型、隐函数、参数方程;高阶导数)3、导数的应用(切线与法线、单调性(重点)与极值点、利用单调性证明函数不等式、凹凸性与拐点、方程的根与函数的零点、曲率(数一、二))第三章中值定理1、闭区间上连续函数的性质(最值定理、介值定理、零点存在定理)2、三大微分中值定理(重点)(罗尔、拉格朗日、柯西)3、积分中值定理4、泰勒中值定理5、费马引理第四章一元函数积分学1、原函数与不定积分的定义2、不定积分的计算(变量代换、分部积分)3、定积分的定义(几何意义、微元法思想(数一、二))4、定积分性质(奇偶函数与周期函数的积分性质、比较定理)5、定积分的计算6、定积分的应用(几何应用：面积、体积、曲线弧长和旋转面的面积(数一、二)，物理应用：变力做功、形心质心、液体静压力)7、变限积分(求导)8、广义积分(收敛性的判断、计算)第五章空间解析几何(数一)1、向量的运算(加减、数乘、数量积、向量积)2、直线与平面的方程及其关系3、各种曲面方程(旋转曲面、柱面、投影曲面、二次曲面)的求法第六章多元函数微分学1、二重极限和二元函数连续、偏导数、可微及全微分的定义2、二元函数偏导数存在、可微、偏导函数连续之间的关系3、多元函数偏导数的计算(重点)4、方向导数与梯度5、多元函数的极值(无条件极值和条件极值)6、空间曲线的切线与法平面、曲面的切平面与法线第七章多元函数积分学(除二重积分外，数一)1、二重积分的计算(对称性(奇偶、轮换)、极坐标、积分次序的选择)2、三重积分的计算(“先一后二”、“先二后一”、球坐标)3、第一、二类曲线积分、第一、二类曲面积分的计算及对称性(主要关注不带方向的积分)4、格林公式(重点)(直接用(不满足条件时的处理：“补线”、“挖洞”)，积分与路径无关，二元函数的全微分)5、高斯公式(重点)(不满足条件时的处理(类似格林公式))6、斯托克斯公式(要求低;何时用：计算第二类曲线积分，曲线不易参数化，常表示为两曲面的交线)7、场论初步(散度、旋度)第八章微分方程1、各类微分方程(可分离变量方程、齐次方程、一阶线性微分方程、伯努利方程(数一、二)、全微分方程(数一)、可降阶的高阶微分方程(数一、二)、高阶线性微分方程、欧拉方程(数一)、差分方程(数三))的求解2、线性微分方程解的性质(叠加原理、解的结构)3、应用(由几何及物理背景列方程)第九章级数(数一、数三)1、收敛级数的性质(必要条件、线性运算、“加括号”、“有限项”)2、正项级数的判别法(比较、比值、根值，p级数与推广的p级数)3、交错级数的莱布尼兹判别法4、绝对收敛与条件收敛5、幂级数的收敛半径与收敛域6、幂级数的求和与展开线性代数部分第一章行列式1、行列式的定义2、行列式的性质3、特殊行列式的值4、行列式展开定理5、抽象行列式的计算第二章矩阵1、矩阵的定义及线性运算2、乘法3、矩阵方幂4、转置5、逆矩阵的概念和性质6、伴随矩阵7、分块矩阵及其运算8、矩阵的初等变换与初等矩阵9、矩阵的等价10、矩阵的秩第三章向量1、向量的概念及其运算2、向量的线性组合与线性表出3、等价向量组4、向量组的线性相关与线性无关5、极大线性无关组与向量组的秩6、内积与施密特正交化7、n维向量空间(数学一)第四章线性方程组1、线性方程组的克莱姆法则2、齐次线性方程组有非零解的判定条件3、非齐次线性方程组有解的判定条件4、线性方程组解的结构第五章矩阵的特征值和特征向量1、矩阵的特征值和特征向量的概念和性质2、相似矩阵的概念及性质3、矩阵的相似对角化4、实对称矩阵的特征值、特征向量及其相似对角矩阵第六章二次型1、二次型及其矩阵表示2、合同变换与合同矩阵3、二次型的秩4、二次型的标准型和规范型5、惯性定理6、用正交变换和配方法化二次型为标准型7、正定二次型及其判定概率论与数理统计部分第一章随机事件和概率1、随机事件的关系与运算2、随机事件的运算律3、特殊随机事件(必然事件、不可能事件、互不相容事件和对立事件)4、概率的基本性质5、随机事件的条件概率与独立性6、五大概率计算公式(加法、减法、乘法、全概率公式和贝叶斯公式)7、全概率公式的思想8、概型的计算(古典概型和几何概型)第二章随机变量及其分布1、分布函数的定义2、分布函数的充要条件3、分布函数的性质4、离散型随机变量的分布律及分布函数5、概率密度的充要条件6、连续型随机变量的性质7、常见分布(0-1分布、二项分布、几何分布、超几何分布、泊松分布、均匀分布、指数分布、正态分布)8、随机变量函数的分布(离散型、连续型)第三章多维随机变量及其分布1、二维离散型随机变量的三大分布(联合、边缘、条件)2、二维连续型随机变量的三大分布(联合、边缘和条件)3、随机变量的独立性(判断和性质)4、二维常见分布的性质(二维均匀分布、二维正态分布)5、随机变量函数的分布(离散型、连续型)第四章随机变量的数字特征1、期望公式(一个随机变量的期望及随机变量函数的期望)2、方差、协方差、相关系数的计算公式3、运算性质(期望、方差、协方差、相关系数)4、常见分布的期望和方差公式第五章大数定律和中心极限定理1、切比雪夫不等式2、大数定律(切比雪夫大数定律、辛钦大数定律、伯努利大数定律)3、中心极限定理(列维—林德伯格定理、棣莫弗—拉普拉斯定理)第六章数理统计的基本概念1、常见统计量(定义、数字特征公式)2、统计分布3、一维正态总体下的统计量具有的性质4、估计量的评选标准(数学一)5、上侧分位数(数学一)第七章参数估计1、矩估计法2、最大似然估计法3、区间估计(数学一)第八章假设检验(数学一)1、显着性检验2、假设检验的两类错误3、单个及两个正态总体的均值和方差的假设检验最后冲刺很多同学在做模拟题，提醒大家要学会思考着去做题。
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一省略结构1. 并列结构中的省略(1) 在并列句中，后面的分句往往省略和上文重合的部分。
I think you’ll win the race; indeed we all think so. (so 代替you’ll win the race)(2)and 的省略要学会It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in 30-minute surgical procedure. (2003, text4)据说，在英国死亡是迫在眉睫的，在加拿大死亡是不可避免的，在加州死亡是可以选择的。
这种说法并不奇怪。
在过去的一个世纪里，美国人的寿命几乎增长了一倍。
髋骨坏了可以换，临床忧郁得到了控制，白内障通过30分钟的手术便可以切除。
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationship, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. (1995, text3)随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
2. 状语从句中的省略结构，省略从句中的主语和系动词If ( it is ) necessary, we can do it once again.He lay there an hour ago as if (he was) dead.Be sure not to lose confident when ( you are ) confronted with difficulties.The success he achieved in sports is greater than ( it was )expected.The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health as the united states does.演讲者声称没有其他现代国家像美国这样在公共援助和卫生方面投入这么少的财富。
（so 代替devotes its wealth to public assistance and health)3.名词从句中的省略在名词从句中，常见的省略方式是使用不定式，在主动表达中省略动词的施动者，在被动表达中省略助动词、情态动词。
Not knowing what appropriate measures to be taken to cope with the situation, he wrote to his lawyer for advice.不知道采取什么恰当的措施来应对这种情况，于是他写信给律师寻求建议。
（what appropriate measures to be taken= what appropriate measures should be taken)Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.去哪里寻求专家信息，如何决定接受哪些专家建议，这是现在许多人面临的问题。
（Where to turn for expert information = where they turn for expert information; which expert advice to accept=which expert advice they will accept)4.定语从句中的省略当用as 引导定语从句时，常省略系动词。
He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.他的回答如前。
I hope all the precautions against air pollution, as (are) suggested by the local government, willbe seriously considered here.我希望政府提出的所有对于空气污染的预防措施在这里都将得到认真考虑。
二倒装结构部分倒装1. only + 状语（状语从句）位于句首时的部分倒装Only in this way can you come up with a solution to the problem.只有这样，你才能想出解决这个问题的办法。
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.直到最近，语言学家才开始研究与自己母语不同的语言。
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the in conduct of the institution.人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品。
而人们把这种效果当成是机构运作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。
2. 含有否定意义的状语位于句首时的部分倒装Seldom in all my life have I met such a brave man.我一生很少见过这么勇敢的人。
Never before has television served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.电视之前从没有像在欧洲近来发生的事件中那样连接着不同的民族和国家。
at no point 在任何时候都不not only…but also…at no time 在任何时候都不not until 直到…才by no means 绝不in no case 在任何情况下都不in no way 绝不in no sense绝不hardly… when…一…就…no sooner…than…一…就…scarcely…when…一…就…3. 以某些副词和短语开头的句子的部分倒装当often, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time等这些表示程度或频率的副词位于句首时，句子要倒装。
Often did we ask her not to be late for school.我们经常告诉她上学不要迟到。
Many a time has he given me good advice.他曾是多次给我提出了非常好的建议。
4. so 或as 位于句首时的部分倒装。
（1）当前一句是肯定表达，后一句表达的情况与前一句相同时，后一句可用so 或者as 开头，构成部分倒装。
The world’s three top central bankers are all close to the top of alphabet. As are the world’s five richest men.世界三大央行行长姓氏的首字母都接近字母表的开头部分，世界五大富豪也是如此。
（2）当so表示对上一句的认同和强调，理解为“地球”、“一定”时，尽管位于句首，也不构成倒装。
You say he is diligent. And so he is.你说他很勤奋。
确实如此。
（3）用于as…so…结构，表示“像……那样，也…..”，后一句常用倒装。
Just as first impressions are memorable, so are last impressions.正如第一印象令人难忘一样，最后的印象也同样令人难忘。
5. neither 或者nor位于句首时的部分倒装当前一句为否定表达，后一句也表示否定意义时，后一句可以用neither 或者nor开头，构成部分倒装。
They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we.他们现在没有为期末考试做准备，我们也没有。
Americans no longer expect public figures to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.美国人不再期望公众人物对英语的运用技巧娴熟，文采飞扬，他们也不希望自己把英语掌握到这种程度。
6. 比较状语从句的部分倒装as, than 引导的比较状语从句中，如果从句主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构。
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.总体而言，和没有抱负的学生相比，有抱负的学生在学业上成功的可能性更大。