operational amplifie
Operational Amplifier and Applications
1．Good morning everyone. The topic of my report isoperational amplifier and applications。
大家早晨好，我的报告主题是运算放大器及其应用。
2、It mainly include the following five parts:Introduction, The Ideal Op Amp, Two kinds of input,Applications and conclusions.主要包括以下五个部分：介绍，理想运算放大器，2种输入，应用和结论3、Now let’s learn the first part: Introduction.The operational amplifier was first introduced in the early 1940s. Primary usage of these vacuum tube forerunners of the ideal gain block was in computational circuits. But it’s expensive and extremely bulky. the operational amplifier found limited use until new technology brought about the integrated version, solving both size and cost drawbacks.现在让我们学习第一部分：绪论。
运算放大器是首次推出早在20世纪40年代。
这些真空管最先的理想增益块主要用途是计算电路，但它是昂贵的和非常笨重的。
运算放大器发现了新技术所带来的集成版本，解决大小和成本的缺点是有限的使用。
4.This is a historical timeline of the operational amplifier这是运算放大器的历史时间表5、 With the development of semiconductor technology, most of the op-amp in the form of single chip. The Operational Amplifier (OPAMP) is a key building block in analog integrated circuit design. The OP-AMP is composed by several transistors and passive elements (resistors and capacitors) and arranged such that its low frequency voltage gain is very high.随着半导体技术的发展，大部分的运算放大器以单片机的形式发展。
Operational Amplifiers
operational amplifier 运算放大器 input resistance 输入电阻 output resistance 输出电阻 high-gain 高增益 linear 线性的 feedback 反馈 network 网络 vacuum tube 电子管 external 外部的 compensate 补偿 nonideal 非理想的 behavior 行为 inverting input 反相输入端 non-inverting input 同相输入端 minus sign 减号 plus sign 加号 dc voltage 直流电压 supply voltage 电源电压 regulated dc power supplies 直流稳压电源 output load 输出负载
Two shorthand notations for op-amps are shown in Figure 5.16(b)and 5.16(c). In Figure5.16(b), the reference node is presumed; proper connections to supplies are presumed, and inputs and outputs are labeled with the appropriate node-toreference voltages. Often the supply, terminals are left off, as in Figure 5.16(c). However, this streamlined notation can be confusing, as explained below.
voltage gain 电压增益 voltage-controlled voltage source 电压控制电压源
问题
1.What is a Operational Amplifier？The operational amplifier ("amplifier") is a high magnification circuit unit.运算放大器（简称“运放”）是具有很高放大倍数的电路单元。
2.为什么称为运算放大器而不是普通放大器？Op amp is an amplifier with a special coupling circuit and feedback. 运算放大器是一种带有特殊耦合电路及反馈的放大器。
3.运算放大器的特点？1.MCS-51怎么读？2.The time of the first generation of single chip microcomputer?第一代单片机的时间？3.AC alternating current[ˈkʌrənt] 交流DC direct current 直流1.问时间2.每层的作用3.What is a solar cell？4.太阳能电池前后级为什么不同？5.What is the function of auto-reflection coating?Guide light into the photovolatic cell.1.what is displacement sensors?1.What is Nanometrdogy?2.Precision:The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results.精度:重复测量的程度不变条件下显示相同的结果。
3.Accuracy:The degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to that quantity is true value.准确度：量的测量值的接近度为真值。
Chapter 5 Operational Amplifiers
Contents Previous Return Next End
5.1 A First Look at Operational Amplifiers (5)
For the simplified notations of op-amps, Op-amps can be treated as a "big" node, and the KCL is valid.
Contents Previous Return Next End
5.1 A First Look at Operational Amplifiers (2)
5.1.2 Op-Amp Notation
Before discussing the property and application of op-amps, let's give the symbol of op-amps. Op-amp have several connection terminals. An ideal op-amp has 5 terminals: inverting input v_ 反相输入端 non-inverting input v+ 同相输入端 output v0 输出端 positive supply V+ 正电源输入端 negative supply V_ 负电源输入端 In the circuit analysis we usually accept a 3 terminals symbol (supply terminals removed) in the right figure above.
v+ v < 1milivolt,
+
v0 ≈ VCC
电路分析第五章-放大器
1. Definition and Symbol
(a) An op amp is an active circuit element
designed to perform mathematical operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
1 Rf
1 Rf un2
)un2 =
= Vi R1
−+_VA0RVo1
Vi +_
R1 1
+ V1 Ri
_
Rf
R0 +_ -AV1
2
+
V0 _
Use nodal analysis, we obtain
⎜⎛ 1 ⎜⎝ R1
+
1 Ri
+
1 Rf
⎟⎟⎠⎞un1 −
1 Rf
un2
=
Vi R1
−1 Rf
un1
V1
_
V0= -AV1
+
V0
(b) Noninverting input
_
V2
+
V0= AV2
V0
(c) Difference input
V1
_
+
V2
V0
V0= A(V2-V1)=AVd
5. Op-amp characteristics
V0(V) VCC
Positive saturation
-ε 0 ε
V1
V2 V3
R1 i1
i
Rf
R2 i2 i
_
a
R3 i3
+
专业英语演讲稿
INTRODUCTIONThe operational [ˌɔpəˈreiʃənəl] amplifier[ˈæmpləˌfaɪə] is an extremely efficient and versatile [ˈvə:sətail]通用device. Its applications span the broad electronic industry filling requirements for signal conditioning, special transfer functions, analog [ˈænəˌlɔ:g]模拟instrumentation, analog computation, and special systems design. The analog assets [ˈæset ] of simplicity[simˈplisiti] and precision characterize circuits[ˈsə:kit]utilizing[ˈju:tilaiz] operational amplifiers.运算放大器是一个非常有效和通用设备。
它的应用范围广泛的电子工业，信号调理，专项转移功能，模拟仪表，模拟计算，及特殊系统设计的灌装要求。
简单性和精确度是使用运算放大器的模拟电路特点The Feedback TechniqueThe precision and flexibility of the operational amplifier is a direct result of the use of negative feedback. Generally speaking, amplifiers employing feedback will have superior operating characteristics at a sacrifice [ˈsækrifais]of gain.在运算放大器的精度和灵活性是利用负反馈的直接结果。
Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier（Operational Amplifier,简称OP、OPA、OPAMP）是一种直流耦合﹐差模（差动模式）输入、通常为单端输出（Differential-in,single-ended output）的高增益（gain）电压放大器，因为刚开始主要用于加法，乘法等运算电路中，因而得名。
一个理想的运算放大器必须具备下列特性：无限大的输入阻抗、等于零的输出阻抗、无限大的开回路增益、无限大的共模排斥比的部分、无限大的频宽。
最基本的运算放大器如图1-1。
一个运算放大器模组一般包括一个正输入端(OP_P)、一个负输入端(OP_N)和一个输出端(OP_O)。
通常使用运算放大器时，会将其输出端与其反相输入端（inverting input node）连接，形成一负反馈（negative feedback）组态。
原因是运算放大器的电压增益非常大，范围从数百至数万倍不等，使用负反馈方可保证电路的稳定运作。
但是这并不代表运算放大器不能连接成正回馈（positive feedback），相反地，在很多需要产生震荡讯号的系统中，正回馈组态的运算放大器是很常见的组成元件。
开环回路运算放大器如图1-2。
当一个理想运算放大器采用开回路的方式工作时，其输出与输入电压的关系式如下：Vout=(V+-V-)*Aog其中Aog代表运算放大器的开环回路差动增益（open-loop differential gai 由于运算放大器的开环回路增益非常高，因此就算输入端的差动讯号很小，仍然会让输出讯号「饱和」（saturation），导致非线性的失真出现。
因此运算放大器很少以开环回路出现在电路系统中，少数的例外是用运算放大器做比较器（comparator），比较器的输出通常为逻辑准位元的「0」与「1」。
闭环负反馈将运算放大器的反向输入端与输出端连接起来，放大器电路就处在负反馈组态的状况，此时通常可以将电路简单地称为闭环放大器。
电气工程专业英语section 2-4
Section 4
Operational Amplifiers
The analog amplifier consists of a basic difference amplifier, implemented by feedback and other compensating amplifying circuits to give linear response, stability, freedom from drift, and other desirable properties.
由于 开始增益是如此大,从l05到l06,所以仅仅 是几微伏的电压差将产生相当大的输 出电压. 由于运算放大器是一种差分放大器,因此, 在两个输入端必须都连接电压才 能使之正常 工作.
Fig.2-5 A symbol for an operational amplifier
Section 4
Operational Amplifiers
Now operational amplifiers are used to make high-quality, low-power analog amplifier, and it is possible to avoid designing individual transistor amplifier stages for many application.
Section 4
Operational Amplifiers
The open-circuit gain is so large, l05 to l06, that a voltage difference of only a few microvolts will give an appreciable output. Because the operational amplifier is a difference amplifier, connections must always be made to both input terminals for proper operation.
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operational amplifier
An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1]An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.[2]
Operational amplifiers had their origins in analog computers where they were used in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent circuits. Characteristics of a circuit using an op-amp are set by external components with little dependence on temperature changes or manufacturing variations in the op-amp itself, which makes op-amps popular building blocks for circuit design.
Op-amps are among the most widely used electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume; however some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance specifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities.[citation
needed]Op-amps may be packaged as components, or used as elements of more complex integrated circuits.
The op-amp is one type of differential amplifier. Other types of differential amplifier include the fully differential amplifier (similar to the op-amp, but with two outputs), the instrumentation amplifier(usually built from three op-amps), the isolation amplifier (similar to the instrumentation amplifier, but with tolerance to common-mode voltages that would destroy an ordinary op-amp), and negative feedback amplifier (usually built from one or more op-amps and a resistive feedback network).
The power supply pins (V S+ and V S−) can be labeled in different ways (See IC power supply pins). Despite different labeling, the function remains the same – to provide additional power for amplification of the signal. Often these pins are left out of the diagram for clarity, and the power configuration is described or assumed from the circuit.。