2014年广东财经大学考研真题613普通语言学硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷2018年613-英语水平考试(自命题)
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2018年考试科目代码及名称：613-英语水平考试(自命题)适用专业：050201 英语语言文学［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］一、Cloze 完形填空（30题，每题1分，共30分）Passage OneDear Miss Brown,Thank you for your letter of 5 October, concerning faulty goods purchased in our store in Basingstoke.I am very sorry indeed that you were not satisfied with the celebration chocolates that you bought from our store. I can 1 ┄┄your disappointment when you discovered that the chocolates were not as shown on the 2 ┄┄and were, in 3 ┄┄, all the same shape.Our company is always trying to improve the 4 ┄┄of its merchandise, and we are very unhappy when one of our products does not 5 ┄┄satisfaction.The manufacturers of our chocolates have 6 ┄┄guidelines for production, which should 7 ┄┄instances such as this from happening. Obviously our checking and packing procedures were not 8 ┄┄, and we will discuss this with the manufacturers. In the 9 ┄┄, I regret the disappointment you were 10 ┄┄. As a gesture of goodwill, I have pleasure in refunding the 11 ┄┄of the chocolates, and enclose a gift voucher that you can 12 ┄┄in our Basingstoke branch.Thank you for bringing this matter to our 13 ┄┄. I hope any future purchases you may 14 ┄┄at our stores will be up to our 15 ┄┄high standards.Yours sincerely,A N FergusonA N FergusonCustomer Relations1. A. know B. distinguish C. understand D. recognise2. A. packaging B. layer C. parcel D. envelope3. A. point B. fact C. honesty D. detail4. A. worth B. goodness C. quality D. grade5. A. meet B. supply C. present D. give6. A. straight B. pure C. immediate D. clear7. A. prevent B. avoid C. forbid D. contain8. A. followed B. admitted C. confirmed D. engaged9. A. while B. meantime C. period D. space10. A. brought B. caused C. effected D. produced11. A. cost B. money C. amount D. bill12. A. employ B. operate C. apply D. use13. A. view B. attention C. sight D. regard14. A. move B. have C. make D. do15. A. ordinary B. usual C. common D. natural Passage TwoDuring the last year, we announced the significant expansion of our plastic sheeting plant in Malaysia, which, together with the acquisition of the Indonesian factory, will approximately double the Group’s manufacturing 16…. The cost of this development is within 17… and will be approximately $5.6m, of which $2.7m was incurred during the previous year. It is on schedule to 18…… increasing volumes from October this year. Following the 19…… of plastic tubing manufacture from Germany to Thailand, we have effectively doubled the capacity of this facility at an 20…………cost of $12m. The project is set to cost less than the original 21……… and is on target for increased production by June next year. In February, we announced our 22……… to sell our factory in Ireland. This decision is in line with the Group’s strategy of 23…… on our core categories of branded products. In June, we announced investment in a new state-of-the-art UK manufacturing facility for specialist plastic components. This facility will be 24……by the middle of next year and will increase the Group’s capacity to manufacture products efficiently in-house. At the same time it will 25… about 200 new jobs in an area of high unemployment. The factory is to cost approximately $24m, towards which government 26…of up to $4m are already available. Sadly, as part of this move, we announced the 27… of our Blackburn facility, which is due to take place in the early part of next year.As part of our commitment to effective external communications with all our stakeholders, in October we 28… the corporate website, which is now providingup-to-date information on the Group, and we look forward to receiving 29…from users of the site. Existing product websites are now in the 30…of being redesigned as part of the global rebranding strategy.16 A output B yield C total D mass17 A budget B income C account D fund18 A forward B transfer C advance D deliver19 A replacement B rearranging C relocation D redistribution20. A aimed B imagined C accepted D expected21. A guess B judgment C estimate D conviction22 A focus B object C intention D purpose23 A concentrating B planning C attending D directing24 A running B implementing C executing D organizing25 A appoint B result C employ D create26 A scholarships B grants C allocations D gifts27 A finish B closure C ending D conclusion28 A dispatched B prompted C launched D effected29 A attitude B approach C outlook D feedback30 A practice B progress C process D procedure二、Proofreading and error correction 改错题(15题，每题2分，共30分)Market Research1. Market research involves in collecting and sorting facts and opinions from specific groups2. of people. The purpose of research can vary from discover the popularity of a political3. party to assessing whether is a product needs changing or replacing. Most work in4. consumer research involves interviewers employing by market research agencies, but5. certain industrial and social research is carried out by any specialist agencies. Interviews6. may be with individuals or groups and can last anything as from a few minutes to an houror7. more. In some interviews, people may be asked to examine or try out products after8. giving up their opinion. Successful interviewers tend to like meeting people and should not9. only be shy of addressing strangers. Interviewers are usually expected to work10. unsupervised, organizing their own workload. Self-discipline is absolutely essential, and11. as are motivation and energy. There are no specific age limits for such a work, though12. many agencies prefer to employ older applicants with experience of meeting people.13. Market research agencies which frequently organize training, where trainees learn how to14. recognize socio-economic groups and practice approaching to the public. For information15. on market research training and qualifications, contract the Market Research Association.三、Gap-filling 选词填空题（15题，每题2分，共30分）It isn't just the beer that 1 to beer bellies. It could also be the extra calories，fat and unhealthy eating choices that may come with 2 drinking.A recent study found that men consume an 3 433 calories (equivalent to a McDonald's double cheeseburger) on days they drink a moderate amount of alcohol. About 61% of the caloric 4 comes from the alcohol itself. Men also report eating higher amounts of saturated fats and meat，and less fruit and milk, on those days than on days when they aren't drinking, the study showed.Women fared a bit better，taking in an extra 300 calories on moderate-drinking days，from the alcohol and eating fattier foods. But women's increase in calories from additional eating wasn't statistically significant，the study said.'Men and women 5 less healthily on days they drank alcohol, 'said Rosalind Breslow, an epidemiologist with the federal National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and lead author of the study. 'Poorer food choices on drinking days have public-health 6，' she said.The findings dovetail with controlled lab studies in which 7 generally eat more food after consuming alcohol. Researchers suggest that alcohol may enhance 'the short-term rewarding effects' of consuming food，according to a 2010 report in the journal Physiology & Behavior that reviewed previous studies on alcohol，appetite and obesity.But other studies have pointed to a different trend. Moderate drinkers gain less 8 weight over time than either heavy drinkers or people who abstain from alcohol, particularly women，this research has shown. Moderate drinking is 9 having about two drinks a day for men and one for women.'People who gain the least weight are moderate drinkers，regardless of [alcoholic] beverage choice，' said Eric Rimm, an associate professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard Medical School and chairman of the 2010 review of alcohol in the federal dietary 10. The weight-gain difference is modest，and 'starting to drink is not a weight-loss diet，' he said.The various research efforts form part of a long-standing 11 about how alcohol affects people's appetites，weight and overall health. Researchers say there aren't simple answers，and suggest that individuals' metabolism, drinking patterns and gender may play a role.Alcohol is 'a real wild card when it comes to weight management, ' said Karen Miller-Kovach，chief scientific officer of Weight Watchers International. At seven calories per gram, alcohol is closer to fat than to carbohydrate or protein in caloric content, she said. Alcohol tends to lower restraint，she notes，causing a person to become more 12 with what they're eating.Research bolstering the role of moderate drinking in helping to control weight gain was published in 2004 in the journal Obesity Research. That study followed nearly 50，000 women over eight years. An earlier study，published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 1994，followed more than 7，000 people for 10 years and found that moderate drinkers gained less weight than nondrinkers. Studies comparing changes in waist circumference among different groups have yielded similar results.Dr. Rimm said it isn't clear why moderate drinking may be 13 against typical weight gain，but it could have to do with metabolic 14. After people drink alcohol，their heart rate increases so they burn more calories in the following hour.'It's a modest amount，' he said. 'But if you take an individual that eats 100 calories instead of a glass of wine，the person drinking the glass of wine will have a 15 increase in the amount of calories burned.'A：indulgent B：participantsC：debate D：consideredE：contributes F：contestG：guidelines H：protectiveI：moderate J：indexK：implications L：considerateM：additional N：experiencedO：owes P：increaseQ：decrease R：ateS：weight T：adjustmentsU：great V：slight四、Reading Comprehension 阅读理解（30题，每题2分，共60分）Passage OneI don’t ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never found them interesting. What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the classroom. But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. My every achievement—jobs, research papers, awards—was viewed through the lens of gender (性别) politics. So were my failures. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about thatanymore. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didn’t want to deal with gender issues. Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? After all, I don’t study sociology or political theory.Today I research and teach at Barnard, a women’s college in New York City. Recently, someone asked me how many of the 45 students in my class were women. You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientific research and a desire for children. And I don’t dismiss those concerns. Still, I don’t tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments. And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And that’s a sight worth talking about.1. Why doesn’t the author want to talk about being a woman scientist again?A) She feels unhappy working in male-dominated fields.B) She is fed up with the issue of gender discrimination.C) She is not good at telling stories of the kind.D) She finds space research more important.2. From Paragraph 2, we can infer that people would attribute the author’s failures to ________.A) the very fact that she is a womanB) her involvement in gender politicsC) her over-confidence as a female astrophysicistD) the burden she bears in a male-dominated society3. What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph.D. andpost-doctoral research?A) Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.B) Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.C) People’s stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.D) Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.4. Why does the author feel great satisfaction when talking about her class?A) Female students no longer have to bother about gender issues.B) Her students’ performance has brought back her confidence.C) Her female students can do just as well as male students.D) More female students are pursuing science than before.5. What does the image the author presents to her students suggest?A) Women students needn’t have the concerns of her generation.B) Women have more barriers on their way to academic success.C) Women can balance a career in science and having a family.D) Women now have fewer problems pursuing a science career.Passage TwoI’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.6. When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” (Line 4, Para. 1) in the writing process, he means ________.A) no one can be both creative and criticalB) they cannot be regarded as equally importantC) they are in constant conflict with each otherD) one cannot use them at the same time7. What prevents people from writing on is ________.A) putting their ideas in raw form B) attempting to edit as they writeC) ignoring grammatical soundness D) trying to capture fleeting thoughts8. What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A) To organize one’s thoughts logically.B) To choose an appropriate topic.C) To get one’s ideas down.D) To collect raw materials.9. One common concern of writers about “free writing” is that ________.A) it overstresses the role of the creative mindB) it takes too much time to edit afterwardsC) it may bring about too much criticismD) it does not help them to think clearly10. In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A) It refines his writing into better shape.B) It helps him to come up with new ideas.C) It saves the writing time available to him.D) It allows him to sit on the side and observe.Passage threeOne aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need to attend meetings. Research indicates that managers will spend between a third and a half of their working lives in meetings. Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative to meetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions, their length and frequency can cause problems with the workload of even the best-organized executives.Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter of routine. One example of this is the discussion of personal or career matters between members of staff and their line and personnel managers. Another is during the early stages of a project when the team managing needs to learn to understand and trust one another.Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken about who will attend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should only be invited to attend if they are directly involved in the matters under discussion and the agenda should be distributed well in advance. An agenda is vital because it acts as a road map to keep discussion focused and within the time limited allocated. This is also the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting, who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to say from talking too much.At the end of a well organized meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been a success and be pleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisions were made but also the reasons for these decisions. Unfortunately, at the end of a badly organized meeting those present will leave feeling that they have wasted their time and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.Much together has been given over the years to ways of keeping meeting short. One man who has no intention of spending half his working life in meeting is Roland Winterson, chief executive of a large manufacturing company. He believes that meetings should be short, sharp and infrequent. “I try to hold no more than two or three meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people for no longer than half an hour,” he says. “They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective, such as making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation. Idraw up the agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending are expected to study it carefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions. Managers are best employed carrying out tasks directly connected with their jobs not attending endless meetings. In business, time is money and spending it in needless meetings that don’t achieve anything can be very costly. Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time and then decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.”11. What do most managers think about meetings?A. Meetings take up most of their working life.B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making.C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine.D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.12. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one whichA. allows colleagues to achieve a better working relationship.B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel.C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team.D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management.13. According to the writer the agenda is important because itA. is seen by everybody before the meeting.B. helps to give direction to the discussions.C. contains items of interest to all those present.D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting.14. The writer says that people leaving a well organized meeting will understandA. the reason for their invitation to attend.B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them.C. the importance of proposals under discussion.D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon.15. What does Roland Winterson say about the meetings that he organizes?A. He aims to hold them on a regular basis.B. He ensures they have a definite purpose.C. He requires his managers to draw up the agenda.D. He uses them to make decisions about strategy.Passage fourWorking an eight-hour day is a luxury for most professional people. Nowadays, the only way to guarantee an eight-hour working day is to have the kind of job where you clock on and off. Those professionals who have managed to limit their hours to what was, 20 years ago, the average do not wish to identify themselves. “I can quite easily achieve my work within a normal day, but I don’t like to draw attention to it,”says one sales manager. “People looked at me when I left at 5 o’clock. Now, I put paperwork in my bag. People assume I’m doing extra hours at home.”But more typical is Mark, who works as an account manager. He says, “My contract says I work from 9 until 5 with extra hours as necessary. It sounds as if the extra hours are exceptional. In fact, my job would be enough not only for me, but also for someone else part-time. The idea of an eight-hour day makes me laugh!” He says he has thought about going freelance but realizes that this doesn’t guarantee better working hours.Professors Cary Cooper, occupational psychologist at the University of Manchester, is the author of the annual Quality of Working Life survey. The most recent survey found that 77% of managers in Britain work more than their contracted hours, and that this is having a damaging effect on their health, relationships and productivity. Professor Cooper is critical of the long-hours culture. He says that while bosses believe long hours lead to greater efficiency, there is no evidence to support this. “In fact, the evidence shows that long hours make you ill.”There are, he says, steps that can be taken. One is to accept that the in-tray will never be empty. “There are always things to do. You just have to make the rule that on certain days you go home early.” Prioritizing work and doing essential tasks first helps, he says. He also thinks it’s time to criticize bad employers and unreasonable terms of employment. “By all means, show commitment where necessary but whenexpectations are too high, people have to begin saying openly that they have a life outside of work.”Personal development coach Mo Shapiro agrees that communication is important. Staff need to talk to managers about the working practices within a company. Both parties should feel that the expectations are realistic and allow them to have responsibilities and interests outside work. She recognizes, however, that in many organizations the response might well be, “If you want more interests outside work, then find another job.”She believes that senior staff have a duty to set an example. “I recently worked for a firm of solicitors where the partners started at 7.30am. What kind of message is that to send to the staff?” She believes there is no shame in working sensible hours –in fact quite the reserve. “Some people might be in at 7.30am but will be doing very little. You can work really hard from 9 to 5 and achieve the same. If you find it difficult to achieve an eight-hour day, there is, as a last resort, the old trick of leaving your jacket on your chair and your computers switched on, even after you have left the building.”16. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about people who work an eight-hour day?A. They are reluctant to admit to this.B. They are disliked by their colleagues.C. They are limited to certain professions.D. They often catch up on work in the evenings.17. What does Mark say about his work?A. His main concern is job security.B. Too much of his time at work is wasted.C. The terms of his contract are misleading.D. He objects to being given other people’s work.18. What does Cary Cooper say about recent trends in the workplace?A. He believes that a long working day is counter-productive.B. He has doubts about the results of the Quality of Working Life survey.C. He says that employers should accept the link between working hours and safety.D. He argues that further research is needed into the relationship between work and health.19. How does Cary Cooper think people should deal with the requirements of the workplace?A. Obtain help in negotiating terms of employment.B. Let people know when demands are unreasonable.C. Delegate the less important work to other staff.D. Accept that the modern workplace is a competitive place.20. What does Mo Shapiro see as a problem for employees today?A. They lack the communication skills that modern business requires.B. Many employers would not regard requests for shorter hours favorably.C. Most employers do not want to be responsible for the professional development of staff.D. They have difficulties adapting to the rapid changes occurring in working practices..Passage Five“The organizational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every day would cause the managers of a mature company to panic.” Andrew Bidden wrote recently in Boston Business Review. This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must be unlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of a specialized body of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not much worth reading about managing the entrepreneurial or small business has been written, and the leaders of such businesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or small businesses that are so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges faced by management in big business. In part this is because those involved in gathering expertise about business and in selling advice to businesses havehistorically been more interested in the needs of big business. In part, in the UK at least, it is also because small businesses have always preferred to adapt to changing circumstances.The organizational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forced upon the individuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the old saying is true – that people, particularly those who make the important decisions, are a business’s most important asset. The research that does exist shows that neither money nor the ability to access more of it is the major factor determining growth. The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing is the lack of management and leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give an entrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time. Getting the team, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects their businesses. They have to cope with continuous change yet have always been suspicious about the latest “management solution”. They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date even before they leave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultants when they arrive in the hands of young, inexperienced graduates. But such impatience with “management solutions”does not mean that problems can be left to solve themselves. However, the leaders of growing businesses are still left with the problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: Leaders of small businesses can ask each other. The collective knowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solving the specific problems of individuals. One leader’s problems have certainly been solved already by someone else. There is an organization called KITE which enables those responsible for small businesses to meet. Its members, all of whom are chief executives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group of other chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and each offers a different corporate history. Each group is led by a “moderator”, an independently selected businessman or woman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it in turn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, group discussions are kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problems and increases the possibility of solutions being discovered.21. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.。
2017年广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试613-英语水平考试试题
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2017年 考试科目代码及名称：613-英语水平考试 适用专业：050201 英语语言文学［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］I. Cloze 完形填空（30题，每题1分，共30分）Direction : There are 3 passages below. Read each of them and choose the proper word from the word list to fill in each of the blanks in the passages. Each word can be used only once.Passage 1Two of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost and getting stuck in traffic. While the computer revolution is (1)_____to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact. Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from (2)____satellites can locate your car (3)_____at any moment and warn of traffic jams. We already have twenty-four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. They make it possible to determine your(4)_______on the earth to within about a hundred feet. At any (5)______time, there are several GPS satellites orbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. Each satellite cont ains four “atomic clocks,” which (6)_____ at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory.As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio (7)___that can be detected by a receiver in a car’s computer. The car’s computer can then (8)___how far the satellite is by (9)____how long it took for the signal to arrive. Since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receivin g the satellite’s signal can be (10)_____into a distance.Passage 2More than 30 million cars and trucks nationwide are (1) with dangerously(2)____air bags, congressional officials say, a number that raises questions about whether the US (3)____industry can handle what could become the largest recall in history.Federal safety (4)____have recalled only 7.8 million vehicles over the defect in a few states, a limited action that (5)____said Thursday was vastly insufficient to(6)____what they deemed “a public safety threat”.Two senators demanded a much (7)____recall that would cover everyaffectedvehicle nationwide. (8)_____a recall of that magnitude ---- including best-selling models from Honda, Toyota, GM, Chrysler and six other companies (9)____ 2002 to 2007 ---- could prove far (10)_____than the industry has ever managed.Passage 3Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several (1) __ parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural (2) __. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to (3) __ to "England" because their inhabitants are not (4) __ "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is (5) __ to the others.These cultural minorities(少数民族) have been Britain’s original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to (6) __ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more true of the (7) __ areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the (8)__ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots could rather (9) __ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic (10)__ as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Burns, and the Welsh Dylan Thomas, to mention but a few.II. Proofreading and error correction 改错题 (15题，每题2分，共30分)Directions:The following passage contains 15 errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Correct the errors and write the answers on your answer sheet.What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like (1) ____the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things aredone around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. (2)_____ Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique (3) _____personality or character of a particular company or organization,and include such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate (4) _____ ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can express (5) _____in the company’s mission statement and other communications,in the architectural style or interior decoration, by what people wearto work, by how people address to each other, and in the titles given (6) _____ various employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of (7) _____a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really knowthe corporate culture after you have worked at the company for a (8)______ number of months, but you can get close to them through research (9)______and observation. Understanding culture is a two-steps process, (10) _____ starting with the research before the interview and ending (11)______ with observation at the interview. The bottom line is thatyou are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment-(12)______ and to be happy, success, and productive, you will want to (13)______be in a place where you fit for the culture, a place where you (14)______ can have voice, be respected, and have opportunities for (15)______ growth.III. Gap-filling 选词填空题（15题，每题2分，共30分）Directions: Fill in the following blanks with the correct words given according to the meanings of the sentences.1. Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to ________ theimpact of the oil spill.A. minimizeB. belittleC. rejectD. reclaim2. T opics for conversation should be ________ to the experiences and interests of thestudents.A. satisfiedB. relevantC. concernedD. concentrated3. T hey said the operation had been successful and they expected his wife to________.A. bring aboutB. pull throughC. carry onD. put up4. W e could tell that she was still ________ something and it was our job to find outwhat.A. cancelingB. shelteringC. concealingD. settling5. Y ou are legally ________ to take faulty goods back to the store where you boughtthem.A. assignedB. entitledC. acclaimedD. remained6. H is knowledge of English is ________ for the job, although he is not fluent in thelanguage.A. justifiedB. reliableC. adequateD. assured7. T he scientists have been ________ the necessary funds for their research program.A. desiredB. neglectedC. declinedD. denied8. T here is always a ________ that the legal system is designed to suit lawyers ratherthan to protect the public.A. confidenceB. faithC. deceptionD. suspicion9. A spokesman of Ministry of Agriculture said that a series of policies would beimplemented to ________ the development of agriculture.A. demoteB. promoteC. decreaseD. increase10. A dark suit is ________ to a light one for evening wear.A. favorableB. suitableC. properD. preferable11. The foreign company has been ________ running this factory for decades.A. enormouslyB. effectivelyC. infinitelyD. extremely12. I’m not sick; ________, I’m in the peak of health.A. to be honestB. on the contraryC. to my delightD. on all sides13. By a ________ of good luck, Gene, who had been buried in the rubble for morethan 26 hours, came out alive.A. strokeB. hitC. strikeD. blow14. A dvertising is an intensely ________ business.A. competitiveB. aggressiveC. adventurousD. lucrative15. She was _______ upset to find that she failed in the final examination.A. somehowB. somewayC. somewhatD. somewhereIV. Reading Comprehension 阅读理解（30题，每题2分，共60分）Directions: In this section, there six reading passages followed by a total of thirty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then choose the correct answer.Passage 1 The Birth of Photography【1】Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.【2】Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.【3】A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.【4】The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.【5】One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.【6】Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.【7】In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case thiscompromised their professional standing.【8】The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. The accidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.1.What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting?A. Photography did not significantly change the way people looked at reality.B. Most painters used the images of the camera obscura in preference to those of the daguerreotype.C. Painters who were concerned with realistic or naturalistic representation were particularly influenced by photography.D. Artists used the long-awaited invention of photography in just the ways they had expected to.2. According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have in common?A. They were equally useful for artists.B. They could be reproduced.C. They produced a permanent imageD. They were produced on treated paper.3. The word "authenticity" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA. improvement.B. practicality.C. genuineness.D. repetition.4.What point does the author make in paragraph 6?A. Paintings became less expensive because of competition with photography.B. Photography, unlike painting, was a type of portraiture that even ordinary people could afford.C. Every style of painting was influenced by the invention of photography.D. The daguerreotype was more popular than the calotype.5.It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that itA.provided painters with new insights into how humans and animals actually move.B.showed that representing movement could be as interesting as portrait art.C.increased the appeal of painted portraiture among the wealthy.D.influenced artists to improve techniques for painting faster.Passage 2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia【1】The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.【2】Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.【3】Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about 300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.【4】The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nutharvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps. 【5】Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.6. The word "momentous" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA. numerous.B. regular.C. very important.D. very positive.7. Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPTA. temperate regions of Asia.B. southwestern Asia.C. North America.D. Europe.8. Why does the author mention "seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian" in paragraph 2?A. To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies.B. To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate.C. To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized.D. To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations.9. Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement becauseA. the inhabitants had cleared all the trees from the forests.B. wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests.C. people wanted to explore new areas.D. lack of rain caused food shortages.10. According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPTA. the domestication of animals.B. the intensive hunting of gazelle.C. the size of the settlement.D. the design of the dwellings.Passage 3 Children and Advertising【1】Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.【2】General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.【3】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.【4】The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animated figuresfrom popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.【5】Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?A. How big the toys are?B. How much the toys cost?C. What the toys can do?D. How the toys are made?12. The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. establish the truth of.B. approve of.C. understand.D. criticize.13. Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest thatA. the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast.B. the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients.C. cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are.D. the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal.14. The word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is cl osest in meaning toA. responsible.B. skillful.C. patient.D. curious.15. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?A. To help explain what is meant by th e term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to children.B. To explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host selling.C. To compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children.D. To indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on children.Passage 4 Methods of Studying Infant Perception In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to the introduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following the stimulus. The difference between the two measures provides the researcher with an indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur. The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to over-generalize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. Numerical。
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：年考试科目代码及名称：出版综合素质和能力适用专业：出版硕士［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］一、选择题（每小题分，共分）.我国最早出现的出版物是（）.报纸.图书.期刊.音像制品.最早在文章中使用“出版学”这个词的中国人是（）.张元济.梁启超.鲁迅.杨家骆.西汉末年刘向、刘歆奉命校书时创立的我国最早的书籍分类系统，将书籍分为（）.经、史、子、集四部.六艺、诸子、诗赋、兵书、术数、方技六类.经典、记传、子兵、文集、木伎、佛法、仙道七录.礼、乐、射、御、书、数六艺.中国共产党成立初期的机关刊物是（）.《新青年》.《少年先锋》.《红旗》.《新生活周刊》.下列句子中，计量单位用法不规范的是（）.我国城乡居民每天消费食用植物油万吨，蛋万吨，酒万吨，布万千米，煤万吨以上。
.白炽灯照明距桌面的最佳高度：瓦为公分，瓦为公分，瓦为公分，瓦为公分。
.厦门海沧投资区距高雄港海里，距香港海里，距上海多海里。
.海南农业开发综合试验区，占地多公顷。
.诗句“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”所用的修辞方式是（）.比喻.对比.夸张.比拟.按照传统的四部分类法，我国的佛教典籍应归入（）.经部.史部.子部.集部（以下为多项选择）.下列说法，符合推理形式的有（）.凡是具有高级职称的人都很有水平，张三具有高级职称，所以他很有水平.这篇稿子或者在报纸上发，或者在期刊上发，报纸版面已满，所以在期刊上发.正月十五月是圆的，二月十五月是圆的，三月十五月是圆的，所以每月十五日月都是圆的.这七部书的作者，或者是张三，或者是李四；其中三部的作者为张三，所以其余四部的作者为李四.今天，要么是小李值班，要么是小王值班，小李来值班了，所以小王不会来值班.下列句子中，用了“革”的本义的有（）.故坚革利兵不足以为胜，高城深池不足以为固。
.此自未有纪载之前，革衣石斧之民所采撷践踏者。
.是当前之所见，经廿年卅年而革焉可也，更二万年三万年而革也亦可。
广东财经大学 F518财务与会计综合 2014年硕士研究生考研真题
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2014年考试科目代码及名称：F518-2-财务与会计综合适用专业：120201会计学［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］（1）名词解释（5题，每题3分，共15分）1．交易性金融资产2．持有至到期投资3．实际利率法4．年金5．剩余股利政策（2）简答题（3题，每题5分，共15分）1.简述留存收益的性质及其构成的具体项目。
2.资产的可收回金额应如何确定？确定资产预计未来现金流量的现值应考虑的因素是什么？3.简述现金流量表的平衡关系。
（3）实务题（4题，每题10分，共40分）1．某公司目前拥有资金2000万元，其中，长期借款800万元，年利率10%；普通股1200万元，上年支付的每股股利2元，预计股利增长率为5%，发行价格20元，目前价格也为20元，该公司计划筹集资金100万元，企业所得税率为25%，有两种筹资方案：方案1：增加长期借款100万元，借款利率上升到12%，假设公司其他条件不变。
方案2：增发普通股40000股，普通股市价增加到每股25元，假设公司其他条件不变。
要求：根据以上资料（1）计算该公司筹资前加权平均资金成本。
（2）用比较资金成本法确定该公司最佳的资金结构。
2．某公司2012年有关资料如下：总资产平均余额3000万元，平均资产负债率60%，公司现有普通股600万股，负债全部为长期债务，平均利率为9%。
营业收入4200万元，净利润336万元，分配现金股利134.4万元。
适用所得税率为25%。
要求：（1）计算公司的营业净利率、资产周转率、权益乘数指标；（2）利用杜邦分析体系计算净资产收益率；（3）计算2013年财务杠杆系数3．某公司6月初，结存原材料的计划成本为20000元，材料成本差异为节约差异7000元。
6月份，企业用银行存款支付购进原材料的实际成本为247000元，应交税费41990元，材料已验收入库，材料的计划成本为230000元；本月领用原材料的计划成本为250000元，其中，生产领用235000元，车间一般消耗12000元，管理部门耗用3000元。
2014年广东财经大学考研真题805-管理信息系统
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2014年考试科目代码及名称：805-管理信息系统适用专业：087100 管理科学与工程［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］一、名词解释（6题，每题5分，共30分）1.DSS2.BSP方法3.MRP II4.业务流程图5.企业过程6.数字化企业二、判断说明（8题，每题5分，共40分）1．管理信息系统实施阶段的主要工作内容是就切换和试运行新系统。
2. 给事物设计代码是为了便于记忆。
3. 在管理信息系统开发时，把系统划分为子系统是为了便于工作任务安排。
4．管理信息系统切换只能用直接切换方法进行新系统切换。
5.在诺兰模型中，建成完全一体化数据库是控制阶段的标志。
6.信息系统开发风险的评价是规模大结构稳定的系统，较规模小结构不稳定的系统风险小。
7.管理信息系统的结构化开发方法的认知基础是系统观点+功能结构+业务流程再造。
8.识别企业过程的三种主要资源不包括产品/服务资源。
三、设计和分析（2题，每题20分，共40分）1．某企业订货处理流程描述：采购员从仓库收到缺货通知单后，查阅订货合同单，若已订货，则向供货单位发出催货请求，否则，填写订货单送供货单位。
供货单位发出货物后，立即向采购员发出取货通知单。
(1) 请根据订货业务处理过程画出订货管理业务流程图。
（10分）(2) 分析订货管理业务处理系统中的实体，列出实体名称。
（10分）2．假设某物流公司货物货运收费标准为：若收货地点在本省以内，快件每公斤6元，慢件每公斤4元。
若收货地点在外省，且货物重量小于或等于15公斤，快件每公斤8元，慢件每公斤6元；若货物重量大于15公斤，超重部分每公斤加收1.5元。
（1）请将决策处理过程用决策树表示出来。
（10分）（2）请将决策处理过程用决策表表示出来。
（10分）四、案例研究题（2题，每题20分，共40分）1.某企业用质数法设计代码校验位方案说明：原代码共7位，从左到右取权3，5，7，13，17，19，23，以11为模。
广东财经大学《613英语水平考试(自命题)》考研专业课真题试卷
B. picture
C. impression D. figure
(12) A.by
B. with
C. in
D. to
(13) A.emerge B. happen
C. appear
D. expose
(14) A.associated B. related
C. bond
D. afflicted
(15) A.changed into B. expanded into C. decreased into D. increased into
(18)____medicine, for instance. No one can deny that medical progress has enriched our lives tremendously. Because of medical (19) ____, we eat better, live easier and are able to take care of ourselves more efficiently. We can cure disease with no more than one injection (20)____a pill. If we have a serious accident, surgeons can put us (21)____together again. If we are born (22)____something defective, they can repair it. They can make us happy, restore our sanity, ease our pain, replace (23)____parts and give us children. They can even bring us back from the dead. These are wonderful achievements, but there is a (24) ____we have to pay.
广东财经大学252-法语专业课考研真题(2013年-2021年)
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2021年考试科目代码及名称：252-法语(自命题)适用专业：050201 英语语言文学［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］一、词语选择（10题，每题1分，共10分）1, ____ de nouveau dans le journal d’aujourd’hui ?A QueB QuelC QuoiD Comment2, Qu’est-ce ____ se passe ?A quiB queC quoiD ce que3, Je ne sais pas ____ mon frère a passé l’examen écrit.A est-ce queB queC siD comme4, - As-tu lu les actualités aujourd’hui ?- Oui, je ____.A les ai luesB leur ai luesC les ai luD leur ai lu5, ____ cinq mois, il a réussi à perdre six kilos !A PendantB DurantC EnD Dans6 Le soleil ____ à l’Est.A lèveB se lèveC est levéD a levé7, Pour ouvrir un compte, Pierre est allé à la ____.A bibliothèqueB librairieC piscineD banque8, Dans un boulangerie,- Madame, vous____ ?- Deux croissants, s’il vous plaît .A voulezB désirezC aimezD souhaitez9, Marie et Jacque ont ____ de vous inviter à un cocktail pour le mariage de leur fille.A le douleurB la gentillesseC le plaisirD l’amabilité10, En France, le ____ du présidant de la République est de 5 ans.A tempsB momentC jourD mandat二、句法结构（10题，每题1分，共10分）用动词的合适形式填空Le week-end de Madame CognetEh bien，moi, je (passer) _____ un très bon week-end! Samedi matin, mon mari (préparer)____ un petit déjeuner délicieux. Et ensuite, il (faire) ____le ménage et les courses pendant que (être) je_____chez le coiffeur. Quand je (rentrer) _____à la maison, la maison (être)____très belle. Samedi soir, nous (aller)_____au cinéma voir La Reine Margot . Ce (être)____un film intéressant. Quand nous (rentrer) ____ le soir, nous (être) _____fatigués mais très contents de notre journée.三、阅读理解（10题，每题2分，共20分）Daddy-sittingUn centre commercial de Batley, en Angleterre, a ouvert une garderie pour hommes. Ce service s’adresse aux hommes qui détestent faire les courses avec leurs compagnes. Dans cet endroit, les hommes peuvent faire du karting, du train électrique ou jouer à des jeux vidéo en sirotant des rafraîchissements.1, Ce centre commercial se situeA en FranceB aux Etats-UnisC au Royaume-UniD au Japon2, Quand les hommes se reposent à la garderie, leur femmesA s’occupent des enfantsB font du sportC travaillent dans le centre commercialD font des achats3, Ici, le rafraîchissement estA une boisson alcooliséeB une boisson rafraîchissanteC un rafraîchissoirD un baume essentielQu’est-ce que c’est le végétarismeC’est en réalité un peu plus compliqué que le simple fait de ne pas manger de viande, car il existe différents “types”de régimes végétariens.L’ovo-lacto-végétarien. C’est le plus répandu : on ne mange aucun produit animal, excepté les œufs et les produits laitiers.Le lacto-végétarien : on ne consomme aucun produit animal excepté les produits laitiers.L’ovo-végétairen : on ne consomme toujours aucun produit animal, mais les œufs sont mangés.Et puis il y a le régime végétalien. Là, tous les produits d’origine animale sont prosc rits, quel qu’ils soient.4, D’après ce texte, il existe combien de régimes du végétarisme ?A TroisB QuatreC DeuxD Cinq5, Selon le régime lacto-végétarien,A on ne consomme aucun produit animal.B on consomme des œuf s.C on consomme des produits laitiers.D on ne consomme pas les œufs ni les produits laitiers.6, Il existe un cas commun pour tous les différents types de régimes végétariens, c’estA qu’on ne mange pas d’œufs.B qu’on ne mange pas de produits laitiers.C qu’on ne mange pas les œufs ni les produits laitiers.D qu’on ne mange pas de viande.Qu’est-ce que le bonheur ?Beaucoup de choses et d’activités me plaisent, par exemple discuter au téléphone, regarder la télévision, et naturellement, manger du chocolat. Pourtant, je crois que ce qu’on dit est vrai: le plaisir n’est pas le bonheur. Le plaisir touche le corps ou l’esprit, mais le bonheur touche l’âme.Dans mon pays, le Zimbabwe, tout devient de plus en plus cher. Souvent, je rêve d’être si riche que je pourrais acheter tout ce que je veux, même un avion ! Ainsi, je serais heureuse. Mais est-ce que c’est vrai ? Plusieurs millionnaires ont déclaré que, malgré leur richesse, ils étaient toujours insatisfaits.Quand j’étais plus jeune, je souhaitais la même chose que la plupart des filles - je voulais devenir vedette (明星). Mais j’ai entendu dire qu’un grand nombre de vedettes étaient vraiment misérables ! On dit qu’il est difficile de trouver le bonheur. Moi, j’ai décidé que si l’on peut partager sa joie avec d’autres, si l’on peut expliquer tous ses problèmes aux autres, au membres de sa famille et à ses amies, on peut être vraiment content de vivre. Voilà le bonheur pour moi.7, D’après l’auteur,A regarder la télévision est un bonheur.B discuter au téléphone est un bonheur.C manger du chocolat est un plaisir.D le bonheur est le plaisir.8, Quel est l’idéal de l’auteur quand elle est plus jeune ?A Devenir riche.B Devenir vedette.C Devenir millionnaire.D Devenir heureuse.9, Le pays natal de l’auteur se situeA en Amérique.B en Afrique.C en AsieD en Europe.10, D’ap rès ce texte, on peut dire queA le bonheur est décidé par la richesse.B c’est aussi le bonheur de partager ses joies avec d’autres selon l’auteur.C les millionnaires n’ont pas de bonheur.D les pauvres sont privés de bonheur.四、法汉互译（法译汉15分，汉译法15分，共30分）法译汉La famille françaiseLa famille française est basée d’abord sur le couple, uni par le mariage civil et complété dans la plupart des cas par un mariage religieux. Le père, le « chef de famille » n’a pas entièrem ent perdu son autorité et son prestige. La mère, surtout si elle est sans emploi, reste le centre et l’âme de la famille dont le principal souci sera de « bien élever les enfants ». Les parents entretiennent avec leurs enfants des rapports très étroits. La famille française est un milieu fermé.汉译法Thème1, 我的邻居买了一辆新车, 对我来说这辆车太贵了。
广东财经大学613-英语水平考试2017--2020年考研真题汇编
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2017年 考试科目代码及名称：613-英语水平考试 适用专业：050201 英语语言文学［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］I. Cloze 完形填空（30题，每题1分，共30分）Direction : There are 3 passages below. Read each of them and choose the proper word from the word list to fill in each of the blanks in the passages. Each word can be used only once.Passage 1Two of the most frustrating things about driving a car are getting lost andgetting stuck in traffic. While the computer revolution is (1)_____to cure these problems, it will have a positive impact. Sensors in your car tuned to radio signals from (2)____satellites can locate your car (3)_____at any moment and warn of traffic jams. We already have twenty-four Navstar satellites orbiting the earth, making up what is called the Global Positioning System. They make it possible to determine your(4)_______on the earth to within about a hundred feet. At any (5)______time, there are several GPS satellites orbiting overhead at a distance of about 11,000 miles. Each satellite cont ains four “atomic clocks,” which (6)_____ at a precise frequency, according to the laws of the quantum theory.As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio (7)___that can be detected bya receiver in a car’s computer. The car’s computer can then (8)___how far the satellite is by (9)____how long it took for the signal to arrive. Since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receivin g the satellite’s signal can be (10)_____into a distance.Passage 2More than 30 million cars and trucks nationwide are (1) with dangerously(2)____air bags, congressional officials say, a number that raises questions about whether the US (3)____industry can handle what could become the largest recall in history.Federal safety (4)____have recalled only 7.8 million vehicles over the defect in afew states, a limited action that (5)____said Thursday was vastly insufficient to(6)____what they deemed “a public safety threat”.Two senators demanded a much (7)____recall that would cover everyaffectedvehicle nationwide. (8)_____a recall of that magnitude ---- including best-selling models from Honda, Toyota, GM, Chrysler and six other companies (9)____ 2002 to 2007 ---- could prove far (10)_____than the industry has ever managed.Passage 3Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several (1) __ parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural (2) __. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to (3) __ to "England" because their inhabitants are not (4) __ "English". They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is (5) __ to the others.These cultural minorities(少数民族) have been Britain’s original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to (6) __ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even more true of the (7) __ areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the (8)__ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots could rather (9) __ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic (10)__ as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the Scottish Robert Burns, and the Welsh Dylan Thomas, to mention but a few.II. Proofreading and error correction 改错题 (15题，每题2分，共30分)Directions:The following passage contains 15 errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. Correct the errors and write the answers on your answer sheet.What is corporate culture? At its most basic, it’s described like (1) ____the personality of an organization, or simply as “how things aredone around here.” It guides what employees think, act, and feel. (2)_____ Corporate culture is a wide term used to define the unique (3) _____personality or character of a particular company or organization,and include such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate (4) _____ ethics, and rules of behavior. Corporate culture can express (5) _____in the company’s mission statement and other communications,in the architectural style or interior decoration, by what people wearto work, by how people address to each other, and in the titles given (6) _____ various employees. How do you uncover the corporate culture of (7) _____a potential employer? The truth is that you will never really knowthe corporate culture after you have worked at the company for a (8)______ number of months, but you can get close to them through research (9)______and observation. Understanding culture is a two-steps process, (10) _____ starting with the research before the interview and ending (11)______ with observation at the interview. The bottom line is thatyou are going to spend a lot of time on the work environment-(12)______ and to be happy, success, and productive, you will want to (13)______be in a place where you fit for the culture, a place where you (14)______ can have voice, be respected, and have opportunities for (15)______ growth.III. Gap-filling 选词填空题（15题，每题2分，共30分）Directions: Fill in the following blanks with the correct words given according to the meanings of the sentences.1. Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to ________ theimpact of the oil spill.A. minimizeB. belittleC. rejectD. reclaim2. T opics for conversation should be ________ to the experiences and interests of thestudents.A. satisfiedB. relevantC. concernedD. concentrated3. T hey said the operation had been successful and they expected his wife to________.A. bring aboutB. pull throughC. carry onD. put up4. W e could tell that she was still ________ something and it was our job to find outwhat.A. cancelingB. shelteringC. concealingD. settling5. Y ou are legally ________ to take faulty goods back to the store where you boughtthem.A. assignedB. entitledC. acclaimedD. remained6. H is knowledge of English is ________ for the job, although he is not fluent in thelanguage.A. justifiedB. reliableC. adequateD. assured7. T he scientists have been ________ the necessary funds for their research program.A. desiredB. neglectedC. declinedD. denied8. T here is always a ________ that the legal system is designed to suit lawyers ratherthan to protect the public.A. confidenceB. faithC. deceptionD. suspicion9. A spokesman of Ministry of Agriculture said that a series of policies would beimplemented to ________ the development of agriculture.A. demoteB. promoteC. decreaseD. increase10. A dark suit is ________ to a light one for evening wear.A. favorableB. suitableC. properD. preferable11. The foreign company has been ________ running this factory for decades.A. enormouslyB. effectivelyC. infinitelyD. extremely12. I’m not sick; ________, I’m in the peak of health.A. to be honestB. on the contraryC. to my delightD. on all sides13. By a ________ of good luck, Gene, who had been buried in the rubble for morethan 26 hours, came out alive.A. strokeB. hitC. strikeD. blow14. A dvertising is an intensely ________ business.A. competitiveB. aggressiveC. adventurousD. lucrative15. She was _______ upset to find that she failed in the final examination.A. somehowB. somewayC. somewhatD. somewhereIV. Reading Comprehension 阅读理解（30题，每题2分，共60分）Directions: In this section, there six reading passages followed by a total of thirty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then choose the correct answer.Passage 1 The Birth of Photography【1】Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.【2】Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the "daguerreotype," was announced in 1839.【3】A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's "calotype" was the first negative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This "negative," as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.【4】The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.【5】One of the things that most impressed the original audience for photography was the idea of authenticity. Nature now seemed able to speak for itself, with a minimum of interference. The title Talbot chose for his book, The Pencil of Nature (the first part of which was published in 1844), reflected this feeling. Artists were fascinated by photography because it offered a way of examining the world in much greater detail. They were also afraid of it, because it seemed likely to make their own efforts unnecessary.【6】Photography did indeed make certain kinds of painting obsolete—the daguerreotype virtually did away with the portrait miniature. It also made the whole business of making and owning images democratic. Portraiture, once a luxury for the privileged few, was suddenly well within the reach of many more people.【7】In the long term, photography's impact on the visual arts was far from simple. Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor. Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it, in case thiscompromised their professional standing.【8】The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment, and of new emulsions that coated photographic plates, film, and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences. Scientific experiments made by photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904) and Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904) demonstrated that the movements of both humans and animals differed widely from the way they had been traditionally represented in art. Artists, often reluctantly, were forced to accept the evidence provided by the camera. The new candid photography—unposed pictures that were made when the subjects were unaware that their pictures were being taken—confirmed these scientific results, and at the same time, thanks to the radical cropping (trimming) of images that the camera often imposed, suggested new compositional formats. The accidental effects obtained by candid photographers were soon being copied by artists such as the French painter Degas.1.What can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 about the effect of photography on nineteenth-century painting?A. Photography did not significantly change the way people looked at reality.B. Most painters used the images of the camera obscura in preference to those of the daguerreotype.C. Painters who were concerned with realistic or naturalistic representation were particularly influenced by photography.D. Artists used the long-awaited invention of photography in just the ways they had expected to.2. According to paragraphs 2 and 3 which of the following did the daguerreotype and the calotype have in common?A. They were equally useful for artists.B. They could be reproduced.C. They produced a permanent imageD. They were produced on treated paper.3. The word "authenticity" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA. improvement.B. practicality.C. genuineness.D. repetition.4.What point does the author make in paragraph 6?A. Paintings became less expensive because of competition with photography.B. Photography, unlike painting, was a type of portraiture that even ordinary people could afford.C. Every style of painting was influenced by the invention of photography.D. The daguerreotype was more popular than the calotype.5.It can be inferred from paragraph 8 that one effect that photography had on painting was that itA.provided painters with new insights into how humans and animals actually move.B.showed that representing movement could be as interesting as portrait art.C.increased the appeal of painted portraiture among the wealthy.D.influenced artists to improve techniques for painting faster.Passage 2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia【1】The universal global warming at the end of the Ice Age had dramatic effects on temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America. Ice sheets retreated and sea levels rose. The climatic changes in southwestern Asia were more subtle, in that they involved shifts in mountain snow lines, rainfall patterns, and vegetation cover. However, these same cycles of change had momentous impacts on the sparse human populations of the region. At the end of the Ice Age, no more than a few thousand foragers lived along the eastern Mediterranean coast, in the Jordan and Euphrates valleys. Within 2,000 years, the human population of the region numbered in the tens of thousands, all as a result of village life and farming. Thanks to new environmental and archaeological discoveries, we now know something about this remarkable change in local life.【2】Pollen samples from freshwater lakes in Syria and elsewhere tell us forest cover expanded rapidly at the end of the Ice Age, for the southwestern Asian climate was still cooler and considerably wetter than today. Many areas were richer in animal and plant species than they are now, making them highly favorable for human occupation. About 9000 B.C., most human settlements lay in the area along the Mediterranean coast and in the Zagros Mountains of Iran and their foothills. Some local areas, like the Jordan River valley, the middle Euphrates valley, and some Zagros valleys, were more densely populated than elsewhere. Here more sedentary and more complex societies flourished. These people exploited the landscape intensively, foraging on hill slopes for wild cereal grasses and nuts, while hunting gazelle and other game on grassy lowlands and in river valleys. Their settlements contain exotic objects such as seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian (volcanic glass), all traded from afar. This considerable volume of intercommunity exchange brought a degree of social complexity in its wake.【3】Thanks to extremely fine-grained excavation and extensive use of flotation methods (through which seeds are recovered from soil samples), we know a great deal about the foraging practices of the inhabitants of Abu Hureyra in Syria's Euphrates valley. Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C, a small village settlement of cramped pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights. For the next 1,500 years, its inhabitants enjoyed a somewhat warmer and damper climate than today, living in a well-wooded steppe area where wild cereal grasses were abundant. They subsisted off spring migrations of Persian gazelles from the south. With such a favorable location, about 300 to 400 people lived in a sizable, permanent settlement. They were no longer a series of small bands but lived in a large community with more elaborate social organization, probably grouped into clans of people of common descent.【4】The flotation samples from the excavations allowed botanists to study shifts in plant-collecting habits as if they were looking through a telescope at a changing landscape. Hundreds of tiny plant remains show how the inhabitants exploited nutharvests in nearby pistachio and oak forests. However, as the climate dried up, the forests retreated from the vicinity of the settlement. The inhabitants turned to wild cereal grasses instead, collecting them by the thousands, while the percentage of nuts in the diet fell. By 8200B.C., drought conditions were so severe that the people abandoned their long-established settlement, perhaps dispersing into smaller camps. 【5】Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.6. The word "momentous" in the passage (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning toA. numerous.B. regular.C. very important.D. very positive.7. Major climatic changes occurred by the end of the Ice Age in all of the following geographic areas EXCEPTA. temperate regions of Asia.B. southwestern Asia.C. North America.D. Europe.8. Why does the author mention "seashells, stone bowls, and artifacts made of obsidian" in paragraph 2?A. To give examples of objects obtained through trade with other societies.B. To illustrate the kinds of objects that are preserved in a cool climate.C. To provide evidence that the organization of work was specialized.D. To give examples of the artistic ability of local populations.9. Paragraph 4 suggests that the people of Abu Hureyra abandoned their long-established settlement becauseA. the inhabitants had cleared all the trees from the forests.B. wild cereal grasses took over pistachio and oak forests.C. people wanted to explore new areas.D. lack of rain caused food shortages.10. According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPTA. the domestication of animals.B. the intensive hunting of gazelle.C. the size of the settlement.D. the design of the dwellings.Passage 3 Children and Advertising【1】Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers' use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.【2】General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as "the best" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser's opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast." However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase "when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.【3】Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults. In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play. Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children's attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.【4】The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience's mind. In children's advertising, the "celebrities" are often animated figuresfrom popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children's show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children's ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.【5】Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children's perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.11. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?A. How big the toys are?B. How much the toys cost?C. What the toys can do?D. How the toys are made?12. The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning toA. establish the truth of.B. approve of.C. understand.D. criticize.13. Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest thatA. the cereal is a desirable part of a healthful, balanced breakfast.B. the cereal contains equal amounts of all nutrients.C. cereal is a healthier breakfast than other foods are.D. the cereal is the most nutritious part of the breakfast meal.14. The word “adept”(Paragraph 3)in the passage is cl osest in meaning toA. responsible.B. skillful.C. patient.D. curious.15. In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?A. To help explain what is meant by th e term "host selling” and why it can be misleading to children.B. To explain why the role of celebrities in advertising aimed at children has often been confused with host selling.C. To compare the effectiveness of using animated figures with the effectiveness of using celebrities in advertisements aimed at children.D. To indicate how Kunkel first became interested in studying the effects of host selling on children.Passage 4 Methods of Studying Infant Perception In the study of perceptual abilities of infants, a number of techniques are used to determine infants' responses to various stimuli. Because they cannot verbalize or fill out questionnaires, indirect techniques of naturalistic observation are used as the primary means of determining what infants can see, hear, feel, and so forth. Each of these methods compares an infant's state prior to the introduction of a stimulus with its state during or immediately following the stimulus. The difference between the two measures provides the researcher with an indication of the level and duration of the response to the stimulus. For example, if a uniformly moving pattern of some sort is passed across the visual field of a neonate (newborn), repetitive following movements of the eye occur. The occurrence of these eye movements provides evidence that the moving pattern is perceived at some level by the newborn. Similarly, changes in the infant's general level of motor activity —turning the head, blinking the eyes, crying, and so forth — have been used by researchers as visual indicators of the infant's perceptual abilities.Such techniques, however, have limitations. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred. Second, responses are difficult to quantify. Often the rapid and diffuse movements of the infant make it difficult to get an accurate record of the number of responses. The third, and most potent, limitation is that it is not possible to be certain that the infant's response was due to the stimulus presented or to a change from no stimulus to a stimulus. The infant may be responding to aspects of the stimulus different than those identified by the investigator. Therefore, when observational assessment is used as a technique for studying infant perceptual abilities, care must be taken not to over-generalize from the data or to rely on one or two studies as conclusive evidence of a particular perceptual ability of the infant.Observational assessment techniques have become much more sophisticated, reducing the limitations just presented. Film analysis of the infant's responses, heart and respiration rate monitors, and nonnutritive sucking devices are used as effective tools in understanding infant perception. Film analysis permits researchers to carefully study the infant's responses over and over and in slow motion. Precise measurements can be made of the length and frequency of the infant's attention between two stimuli. Heart and respiration monitors provide the investigator with the number of heartbeats or breaths taken when a new stimulus is presented. Numerical。
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欢迎报考广东财经大学硕士研究生，祝你考试成功！（第 1 页共 1 页）
广东财经大学硕士研究生入学考试试卷
考试年度：2014年 考试科目代码及名称：613-普通语言学
适用专业：050201 英语语言文学
［友情提醒：请在考点提供的专用答题纸上答题，答在本卷或草稿纸上无效！］
一、名词解释（10题，每题3分，共30分）
1. pragmatics
2. diachronic linguistics
3. allophones
4. morpheme
5. cohesion
6. cognitive linguistics
7. hyponymy 8. contrastive analysis
9. American structuralism 10. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
二、判断题（5题，每题8分，共40分）
1. The Cooperative Principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by P. Grice, aims to explain how we mean more than we say.
2. Phonetics studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
3. [m] is a “bilabial lateral”, [j] a “palatal approximant”, and [h] a “glottal fricative”.
4. Relevance is a matter of degree. The larger effect produced, the greater the relevance; the smaller effort cost, the greater the relevance.
5. Exocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre or head.
三、简答题（5题，每题8分，共40分）
1. What is the major difference between Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?
2. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/or DA (derivational affix).
e.g. transformations: trans (DA)- form (Root) –ation (DA) -s (IA)
1) unconscious2) earthquakes 3) misled 4) geese
3. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more complicated examinations” by means of IC analysis.
4. Draw a tree diagram according to PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence: The kid broke a vase yesterday.
5. Which of the Conversational Maxims is being violated in the following conversation?
A: So you like icecream. What are your favourite flavours?
B: Hamburger … fish and chips.
四、论述题（2题，每题20分，共40分）
1. What are the main differences between pragmatics and semantics?
2. Explain the following remark with examples or make some comments:
Each language articulates or organises the world differently. Languages do not simply name existing categories; they articulate their own.
1。