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语言学资料(机密级)

语言学资料(机密级)

语言学资料(机密级)定义(Definition) Phonetics: It is the scientific study of speech sounds. It studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted, and received. Phonology: It is the study of how speech sounds function in a language. It studies the ways speech sounds are organized. Morphology: It is the study of the formation of words. It is a branch of linguistics which breaks words into morphemes.***Syntax: It deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction. Semantics: It is a branch of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in all its formal aspects. Words have several types of meaning. A sentence needs to be well formed both syntactically and semantically.Pragmatics: It can be defined as the study of language in use. It deals with how speakers use language in ways which cannot be predicted fromlinguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers.Linguistics: It can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages. It deals with a wide range of linguistic phenomena, analyzes them, and makes general statements about them.1Language: It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.术语翻译(terms translation) linguistics 语言学 philology 语文学phonetics 语音学 phonology 音位学 morphology 形态学 syntax 句法学 semantics 语义学 pragmatics 语用学 sociolinguistics 社会语言学 psycholinguistics 心理语言学 macrolinguistics 宏观语言学 stylistics 文体学text linguistics 文本语言学 computational linguistics 计算语言学cognitive linguistics 认知语言学 applied linguistics 应用语言学 language 语言2arbitrariness 随意性 duality 二重性 productivity 创造性 interchangeability 互换性 displacement 位移性 specialization 特殊性cultural transmission 文化的传递性synchronic linguistics 共时语言学diachronic linguistics 历时语言学langue 语言 parole 言语competence 语言能力 performance 语言行为 psychological construct 心理构建syntagmatic relations 横组合关系paradigmatic relations 纵聚合关系functionalism 功能主义 formalism 形式主义 speech organs 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发声语音学acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 articulators 发音器官 voiced sounds 浊音 voiceless sounds 清音 variations of sounds 音的变体 elision 省音 assimilation 同化 phonemes 音位minimal pairs 最小对立体 minimal sets 最小集合 free variation 自由变体distinctive features 区别特征3syllables 音节consonant clusters 辅音丛 suprasegmental features 超音段特征 stress 重音intonation 语调free morphemes 自由词素 bound morphemes 黏着词素 compounding 合成derivation 派生 conversion 转类 backformation 逆构词 clipping 截短构词法blending 混合acronym 首字母拼音词 initialism 首字母拼写词 word classes 词类structural analysis 结构分析 immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析ideational function 意念功能 interpersonal function 人际功能textual function 语篇功能 naming theory 命名理论 semantic triangle 语义三角 stimulus response theory 刺激反应论 sense 意义 reference 指称conceptual meaning 概念意义 connotative meaning 内涵意义 social meaning 社会意义 affective meaning 情感意义 reflective meaning 反射意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 thematic meaning 主位意义 semantic fields 语义场 componential analysis 成分分析homonymy 同形异义 polysemy 一词多义 homophony 同音异形异义 synonymy 同义关系 antonymy 反义关系4hyponymy 上下义关系 meronymy 整体部分关系 entailment 蕴含关系presupposition 前提关系 inconsistency 矛盾关系 implicature 暗含关系micropragmatics 微观语用学 deixis 指示语 anaphora 回指macropragmatics 宏观语用学 iteratives 重复词语 cleft sentences 断裂句locutionary act 言内行为 illocutionary act 言外行为 perlocutionary act 言后行为 the Cooperative Principle 合作原则conversational implicatures 会话含意the Politeness Principle 礼貌原则given information 已知信息new information 新信息 topic 话题 comment 述题 contrast 对比 cohesion 衔接substitution 替代 ellipsis 省略 conjunction 连词 lexical cohesion 词汇衔接coherence 连贯discourse markers 话语标记 adjacency 相邻对preference structure 优选结构 presequences 前序列 language varieties 语言的变体standard language 标准方言 dialects 方言 registers 语域 pidgins 洋泾浜creoles 克里奥耳语 lingua franca 共通语 language planning 语言规划diglossia 双言 bilingualism 双语制 multilingualism 多语制 code-switching 语码转换 linguistic taboos 语言禁忌 euphemisms 委婉语 categorization 范畴化prototype theory 典型理论 levels of categorization 范畴的层次conceptual metaphor 概念隐喻 conceptual domain 概念域 target domain 目标域source domain 始发域;原域 conceptual metonymy 概念转喻figures and ground 图形与背景 theframeandattentionapproach 框架与注意 iconicity 象似性grammaticalization 语法化 lexicalchangeand5感谢您的阅读,祝您生活愉快。

语言学概论导论优秀课件

语言学概论导论优秀课件
《马氏文通》;《新著国语文法》;《中国文法学初探》 C.方言学研究不断深入和发展 D.拼音化和国际音标出现,音韵学有了新发展
一、语言学的对象和学科性质
❖ 语言研究的内容
1.微观语言学---宏观语言学 2.具体语言学---普通语言学 3.共时语言学---历时语言学 4.理论语言学---应用语言学
区分共时研究与历时研究;
古乔印姆度 斯:基语理义论、的语发音展、:语经索法典理绪论尔; 语言学理论:
1一)、研语究言成学果的彼对此象借和鉴学科性质区分语言与言语;
一、语言学的对象和学科性质
区分内部语言学与外部语言学语言是一个符号系统;
微观语言学---宏观语言学
欧研洲究文 对艺象复由兴文时字期向:口古语希、腊白话-区罗及马分各文地献共方研言时究转、变研民族究语言与研历究 时研究;
For it is part of education to interest ourselves in subjects for which we have no aptitude.
韩礼德语言理论:系统理论;区分内部语言学与外部语言学
古希腊:语言与自然、语言与思维、语言形式与逻辑形式
布拉格学派; ---T.
最简方案 一、语言学的对象和学科性质
一、语言学的对象和学科性质
古印度:语义、语音、语法
语音、语法和语义相生互成关联语,共义时学和历;时不格可语分割法,具体语言研
施莱歇尔;
微1)观满语足言文学化--传-宏承观和语B文.言化功学交能流的语需求言学
韩拼礼音德 化语和言国理际论音:标系出韩统现礼理,论音德;韵学语有言了新理发展论:系统理论;功能理论;层次理论;语域理论
一、语言学的对象和学科性质
❖ 语言学的研究对象是语言,语言学是对语言进行科学研究 的一门科学

语言学整理资料.docx

语言学整理资料.docx

第一章:语言与语言学A语言的特性:一、任意性与规约性1. 任意性:语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系。

2. 规约性:语言的形式和意义是约定俗称的关系。

二、二层性:指拥有两层结构这种特性,上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成,每层都有自身的组合规则。

(有限手段无限使用,人类交际最显著特征)三、创造性:指语言的能产性,这来源于语言的二层性和递归性。

四、移位性:指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间和观点(好处:使得我们有可能用抽象的概念来交流或思考)B与动物语言区别:由于喉部结构的差异,不适合吐字发音。

但可使用手势语言C语言的效用:信息效用人际效用施为效用感情效用寒暄交谈娱乐效用元语言效用D语言学的发展脉络:一、传统语言学:1.从哲学角度思考(名实之争):区分主语、谓、宾等逻辑成分概念、对语言起源问题的讨论2. 语文学习角度研究(梵文):为阅读理解古代经典文献服务的3. 历史比较角度(主要比较印欧语系):试图通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律,拟测它们配合母语(提供了科学的方法)二、现代语言学(20c,结构语言学)语言是一个符号系统,提出语言的线条性、任意性、“能指”(符号可感知)与“所指”(符号所代表的内容)、“组合关系”(两个同一性质的结构单位按照线性顺序组合的关系)与“聚合关系”(某一位置能够互相替代)(区分历时)更强调共时研究,重视排除历史干扰而对语言现状进行现实的描写区分“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”,认为语言学首先要进行语言系统和系统内部各个要素的研究。

E当代语言学三个主要流派的基本思想:生成语言学派:语言是人类内在化的能力,人类语言虽然差别很大但遵循的原则相同。

强调语法的天赋性、自主性,着重探索人类语言的机制、共性,同时探究各个语言的参数差异,即在探索人类语言共性的基础上探究各个语言的特点。

天赋假设:语言是天赋,儿童生下了就有普遍语法,婴儿言语获得过程是先天的“语言习得机制”。

语言学作文 英语

语言学作文 英语

语言学作文英语Language is a crucial aspect of human communication and interaction. It allows us to express our thoughts, feelings, and ideas, and to understand and connect with others. The study of language, known as linguistics, is a fascinating and complex field that encompasses various aspects of language, including its structure, meaning, and use.One of the most important aspects of language is its structure, which refers to the rules and patterns that govern how words and sentences are formed. This includes grammar, syntax, and phonology, which are essential for understanding and producing language. For example, in English, we use subject-verb-object word order in sentences, and we have specific rules for forming plurals and verb tenses. Understanding the structure of language is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to convey our thoughts and ideas clearly and accurately.Another important aspect of language is its meaning,which refers to the relationship between words and the concepts they represent. This includes semantics, which is the study of meaning in language, and pragmatics, which is the study of how meaning is influenced by context andsocial factors. For example, the word "dog" represents the concept of a four-legged, furry animal, and its meaning can be influenced by factors such as tone of voice and body language. Understanding the meaning of language is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to interpret and respond to the messages we receive from others.In addition to structure and meaning, language use is another important aspect of linguistics. This includes the study of language in its social and cultural context, aswell as how it is used in different communicative situations. For example, the way we speak to our friends is often different from the way we speak to our teachers or bosses, and language use can be influenced by factors such as age, gender, and social status. Understanding language use is crucial for effective communication, as it allows us to adapt our language to different situations and audiences.Overall, the study of language is a rich and diverse field that encompasses various aspects of language, including its structure, meaning, and use. By understanding these aspects, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and beauty of language, as well as improve our ability to communicate effectively with others. Whether we are learning a new language, studying the linguistics of our native language, or simply engaging in everyday conversation, language plays a central role in our lives and our interactions with the world around us.。

sociolinguistics语言学定义

sociolinguistics语言学定义

sociolinguistics语言学定义Sociolinguistics is a subfield of linguistics that focuses on the study of language in its social context. It examines how language is used and how it varies across different social groups, communities, and cultures. Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language and society, and how language reflects and shapes social identity, power dynamics, and social interactions.One of the key areas of study in sociolinguistics is language variation. Language variation refers to the fact that language is not uniform but varies in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar across different regions, social classes, age groups, and ethnicities. Sociolinguists investigate how and why these variations occur and what they reveal about social factors such as social class, gender, ethnicity, and age.Another important aspect of sociolinguistics is language attitudes and ideologies. Language attitudes refer to people's opinions and evaluations of different languages or language varieties. Sociolinguists examine how language attitudes are shaped by social factors and how they influence language use and language policies. Language ideologies, on the other hand, refer to the beliefs and values associated with particular languages or language varieties. Sociolinguists analyze howlanguage ideologies influence language choices, language maintenance or shift, and language planning.Sociolinguistics also explores language and identity. Language is a fundamental aspect of individual and group identity, and sociolinguists investigate how language use and language choices contribute to the construction and negotiation of social identities. Language can be a marker of social class, ethnicity, gender, and other social categories, and sociolinguists examine how language is used to express and negotiate these identities.Power and language is another important area of study in sociolinguistics. Language is not only a means of communication but also a tool of power and social control. Sociolinguists investigate how language is used to assert dominance, maintain social hierarchies, and reproduce inequalities. They examine how language choices and language policies can reflect and perpetuate power imbalances and social inequalities.Sociolinguistics also examines language change and language contact. Language is constantly evolving, and sociolinguists study how and why languages change over time. They investigate the social factors thatdrive language change, such as contact with other languages, migration, and social mobility. Sociolinguists also analyze language contact situations, where different languages come into contact and influence each other, leading to the emergence of new linguistic varieties.In addition to these main areas of study, sociolinguistics also explores language and education, language planning and policy, language and globalization, and language and technology. Sociolinguists investigate how language is taught and learned in educational settings, how language policies are formulated and implemented, how language is affected by globalization processes, and how technology impacts language use and communication.Overall, sociolinguistics provides valuable insights into the complex relationship between language and society. It helps us understand how language is used, how it varies, and how it reflects and shapes social identities, power dynamics, and social interactions. By studying sociolinguistics, we can gain a deeper understanding of the role of language in our everyday lives and in the broader social context.。

英语语言学课件WORD格式范本

英语语言学课件WORD格式范本

英语语言学课件WORD格式范本英语语言学课件语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

下面是小编整理的英语语言学课件,欢迎大家阅读参考!英语语言学知识点:定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的`有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

语言学ppt课件

语言学ppt课件
语言不仅是文化的载体,还是文化的传承工具。通过语言的学习和传承,人们可以了解和继 承前人的文化遗产,同时也可以将本民族或社会的文化传承给后代。
文化对语言的影响
文化背景影响语言使用
不同的文化背景会影响人们的语言使用。例如,不同民族或社会对于礼貌、谦虚、尊重等方面的文化价值观 不同,因此在语言使用上也会有所不同。
语言学ppt课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 语言学概述 • 语音学 • 词法学 • 句法学 • 语用学与社会语言学 • 语言与文化的关系
01
语言学概述
语言学的定义与研究对象
定义
语言学是研究人类语言的科学,探 讨语言的性质、结构、演变以及语 言与思维、文化、社会等的关系。
研究对象
语言学的研究对象包括语音、语法、 语义、语用等方面,以及语言在社 会文化背景下的运用和变化。
语言学的研究方法
田野调查法
通过实地观察和记录语言使用情 况,收集第一手语言材料。
文献研究法
利用历史文献和现代语言学著作, 对语言进行系统和深入的研究。
实验法
通过设计和实施语言实验,验证 语言学理论和假设。
比较法
对不同语言或同一语言的不同变 体进行比较,揭示语言的共性和
差异。
语言学的发展历史
结构主义语言学时期
会话含义的推导
通过合作原则、礼貌原则等推导会话含义。
社会语言学的研究对象与内容
社会语言学的研究对象
研究语言在社会中的使用、变化和发展的学科。
社会语言学的研究内容
包括语言变异、语言规划、语言与性别、语言 与年龄等。
社会语言学的研究方法
包括田野调查、语料分析、实验等。
语言变异与语言规划
01

语言学——精选推荐

语言学——精选推荐

语⾔学《英语语⾔学》辅导纲要Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview1.1 The definition of languageLanguage is widely regarded as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.1.2 Features of human languages(i) Creativity (or productivity): the first and foremost striking feature of human language.(ii) Duality: sounds & meanings(iii) Arbitrariness: the relationship between the sounds and meanings is arbitrary.(iv) Displacement: language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.(v) Cultural transmission: the particular language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact. (vi) Interchangeability: all members of a speech community can send and receive messages.(vii) Reflexivity: metalanguage1.3 Functions of language(i) The ideational function:the function that language plays in human cognition, in our conceptualization of the world. (ii) The interpersonal function: language is used as a medium to get along in a community.(iii) The textual function: language is used in a logical way.1.4 Types of language1.4.1 Natural languages and artificial languages1.4.2 Genetic classification of languages1.4.3 The typological classification of languages1.5 The myth of language: language origin1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language1.6.1 Linguistics as a science1.6.2 Branches of linguistics(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions: Sociologists, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics.1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics●Priority is given to spoken language.●Synchronic/diachronic●DescriptiveChapter 2Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds2.1 The study of speech sounds●Phonetics●Articulatory phonetics●Acoustic phonetics2.2 Description of English consonants●Places of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal●Manners of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals●V oicing: voiced, voiceless2.5 Description of English vowels●Monophthongs and diphthongs●Diphthongs: centering diphthongs and closing diphthongs●The description of monophthongs: front, central, back, high, mid, low Chapter 3Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns●The difference between phonology and phonetics3.2 Phonemes and allophones●/l/3.3 Discovering phonemes●minimal pairs and minimal sets●Contrastive distribution●Complimentary distribution●Free Variation●The discovery procedure3.2 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features3.3 Syllable structure: nucleus, onset, coda3.4 Sequence of phonemes●words, accidental gaps and systematic gaps3.5 Features above segments●Stress●Intonation●Tone●The functioning of stress and intonation in EnglishChapter 4Morphology: The Study of Word Structure4.1 Words and word structure●lexicon●morphology4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language●morpheme●allomorphs●suppletive4.3 Classification of morphemes4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes4.4 Formation of English words4.4.1 Derivation: prefixes, suffixes and infixes4.4.2 Compounding4.4.3 Other types of English word formation: conversion, clipping, blending, backformation, acronyms and abbreviations, eponyms, and coinageChapter 5Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure5.1 Grammaticality●Discriminate grammatical and ungrammatical sentences5.2 Different approaches to syntax●Traditional grammar●Structural grammar immediate constituent analysis5.3 Transformational-generative grammar1)The goal of a TG grammar2)Syntactic categories3)Phrase structure rules4)Tree diagrams5)Recursion and the infinitude of language6)Subcategorization of the lexicon7)Transformational rules5.4 Systemic-functional grammar5.4.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice5.4.2 The three metafunctions: ideational function, interpersonal function, textual function 5.4.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experienceMaterial processesRelational processesMental processesVerbal processesBehavioral processesExistential processes5.4.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction●Mood = Subject + Finite●Modality: Modalisation (information) + Modulation (goods & services)●Modalisation (information): probability + usuality●Modulation (goods & services): obligation + inclination5.4.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization ofmessage●Theme and rheme●Unmarked and markedChapter 6Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning6.1 The study of meaning: Natural meaning, conventional meaning and intentional meaning6.2 Reference and senseWhat is reference and what is sense? How are they related?6.3 Classification of lexical meanings6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning6.3.2 Types of associative meaning1)Connotative meaning2)Social meaning3)Affective meaning4)Reflected meaning5)Collocative meaning6.4 Lexical sense relations6.4.1 Synonymy6.4.2 Antonymy1)Complementary antonyms2)Reversal antonbyms3)Reversal antonyms6.4.3 Homonymy6.4.4 Polysemy6.4.5 Hyponymy: Superordinates6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis The advantages of componential analysis6.6 Words and concepts6.6.1 Categorization6.6.2 Prototypes6.6.3 Hierarchies6.7 Semantic relations of sentences1)Tautology2)Contradiction3)Inconsistent4)Synonymous5)Entail6)Presuppose6.8 Metaphors6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device6.8.2 The components of metaphors6.8.3 Features of metaphorsChapter 7Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaningSpeaker meaningContextual meaningInvisible meaning7.2 Deixis and reference1)person deixis2)time deixis3)discourse deixisanaphoracatqphora7.3 Speech Acts●locutionary act●illocutionary act●perlocutionary act7.4 Cooperation and implicature●The maxim of quantity●The maxim of quality●The maxim of relevance●The maxim of manner●Implicature7.5 The politeness principle●Tact maxim●Generosity maxim●Approbation maxim●Modesty maxim●Agreement maxim●Sympathy maxim7.6 The principle of relevance 7.7 Conversational structure●Turn-taking●Back-channel signal●Adjacency pairs●Insertion sequences●Pre-sequences●Preferred second partsChapter 8Language in Social Contexts8.1 Sociolinguistic study of languageThe definition of sociolinguistics8.2 Varieties of a language●The standard variety●Regional (geographical) dialects●Sociolects (social dialects)●Registers (functional varieties): mode, tenor, field8.3 Grades of formality●Frozen●Formal●Consultative●Casual●Intimate8.4 Languages in contact●Pidgin●Creole●Bilingualism: code-switching, code-mixing8.5 Language and cultureSapir-Whorf hypothesis: determinism, relativism8.6 Communicative competence●Linguistic competence●Communicative competenceChapter 9Second Language Acquisition9.1 What is second language acquisition?●Acquisition●learning9.2 Factors affecting SLA●Motivation: instrumental motivation, integrative motivation●Age●Learning strategies: cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies9.3 Analyzing learners' language●Contrastive analysis●Error analysis●Interlanguage9.4 Explaining second language acquisition●Nativist●Environmentalist●Functionalist本章重要概念:Chapter 10Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design10.4 Method as integration of theory and practiceApproach, design, and procedure10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers 本章重要概念:。

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语言学概论4、口语和书面语包括物理现象和心理现象。

5、口头交际活动有两个因素:语言和言语。

6、瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》开创了20世纪现代语言学的新局面。

7、语言系统是由语音系统、语汇系统、语法系统、语义系统组成。

8、在任何语言中,音调变化都是语调的主要构成因素。

9、音强变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。

10、音质是由声波的形式决定的。

11、音质是声音四要素中最重要的。

12、人体的发音器官包括发音的动力源、发音体、共鸣腔。

13、口腔、鼻腔和咽腔是人类共鸣腔。

14、语音的物理属性和生理属性是语音的自然属性。

15、[e][ ε][a][ u ][o ][ ][ ɑ]八个音被称作定位元音或标准元音。

16、辅音的音质决定于发音部位和发音方法。

17、音位变体分条件变体和自由变体。

18、音素之间存在着对立关系和互补关系。

19、韵母分成韵头、韵腹、韵尾。

20、常见的语流音变现象有同化、异化、脱落、弱化、增音。

21、同化又可分顺同化和逆同化。

22、从音位理论的角度看,最小的音段是音位。

音位的组合又可进一步划分为音节、音节组合、语句。

23、汉藏语系包括汉语、藏语、苗语。

印欧语系一般都是非声调语言,包括英语、法语、俄语等。

24、声调可从调值和调位两方面来分析。

25、重音可分为词重音和句重音。

26、语汇学包括语汇的类聚系统和语汇的构造形式。

27、根据音节的数量将词分成单音节词、双音节词和多音节词。

根据包含语素的数量将词分成单纯词和合成词。

28、古语词包括历史词语和文言词语。

根据词的不同来源分成新造词、古语词、方言词和外来词。

29、语法分为词法部分和句法部分。

30、语法单位通常分成语素、词、词组和句子。

31、语法手段分成词法手段和句法手段。

32、语法范畴分成词法范畴和句法范畴。

33、句子的类型包括:句型类、句式类、功能类和简繁类。

34、语言形式包括:语汇形式和语法形式。

35、词义由理性意义和非理性意义组成。

36、同义词可分等义词和近义词。

反义词包括绝对反义词和相对反义词。

37、歧义包括词汇歧义和组合歧义。

38、文字的字符包括意符、音符和记号三大类。

39、文字起源于图画、契刻、结绳。

40、语言的起源说包括神创说和人创说。

41、渐变性和不平衡性是语言演变的两大特点。

42、普通话是汉民族标准语。

二、名词解释:1、口语:口语是语言的有声客观存在形式,是书面语产生的基础,相对于书面语是第一性的。

2、书面语:书面语是语言的客观存在形式之一,在口语的基础上产生,相对于口语是第二性的,是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。

3、语言:语言是从言语中概括出来的,为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。

4、言语:是个人说的行为(说话)和结果(所说的话)。

5、符号:是根据社会的约定俗成使用某种特定的物质实体来表示某种特定的意义而形成的这种实体和意义的结合体。

6、能指:是语言符号的物质实体。

7、所指:是符号所指的意义内容。

8、语言符号的任意性:是指语言符号的物质实体和意义内容之间没有必然的理据关系。

9、语言符号的强制性:指语言符号在同一社会、同一时代,对使用同一种语言的每一个社会成员来说,是不能任意改变的。

10、聚合关系:在同一个位置上可以互相替换出现的各个语言单位处在互相可以联想起来的关系中,因而聚合成为一个类。

11、组合关系:在语言结构的同一层级上组合起来的各个单位之间所形成的关系。

12、普通语言学:指从理论上研究人类各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点的一门语言学分支学科。

13、理论语言学:指从理论上研究人类语言的性质、功能、结构等的语言学分支学科。

以研究对象的不同,可分为个别语言学和一般语言学。

14、应用语言学:指运用语言学的理论知识来解决其他学科领域的各种问题的语言学分支学科,可分为狭义应用语言学和广义应用语言学。

15、传统语言学:一般泛指20世纪以前的语言学,特别是指索绪尔开创的结构主义语言学以前的语言学。

16、结构主义语言学:指索绪尔创立的语言学,它旨在语言系统本身的规律。

17、语音的生理属性:指发音器官发音动作、发音部位和发音方法。

18、语音的物理属性:指物体受外力的作用,发生振动,从而使周围的空气也发生震荡,形成一种音波。

音波传到人的耳朵里,使鼓膜发生相应的振动,刺激听觉神经,于是人们就产生了声音的感觉。

语音的物理属性可从音高、音长、音强、音质四个方面分析。

19、音位:就是从社会功能的角度划分出来的语音单位,它是特定语言或方言中具有区别意义作用的最小的语音单位。

20、音质音位:以音素为材料,通过音质的差别来起辨义作用的音位。

21、非音质音位:通过音高、音强、音长的差别来起辨义作用的音位。

22、音位的条件变体:指出现的语音环境各不相同而又同属一个音位的两个或几个音素。

23、音位的自由变体:指可以在同一语音环境里出现而又不能区别意义的两个或几个音素。

24、区别特征:具有区别音位的作用的语音特征。

26、重位:利用音强等方面的差别来区别意义的非音质音位。

27、时位:利用发音长短来区别意义的非音质音位。

28、音渡:语音单元在前后过渡、相互联接时,会因为自身性质的不同而采取不同的过渡和联接方式,这些方式叫做音渡,又叫音联。

30、声韵调分析法:以“声母”,“韵母”、“声调”为基本分析单位,按照这种分析法,汉语的音节可以分为声母、韵母、声调三个部分。

31、同化:语流里两个不同的音,其中一个因受另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相似的现象。

32、异化:语流中两个相同或相近的音,其中一个因受另一个的影响而变得不相同或不相近的现象。

33、语流音变:在连续的语流中,一个音可能由于邻近音的影响,或自身所处地位的不同,或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化的现象。

34、韵律特征:又叫做“超音质特征”或“超音段特征”,指的是语音中除音质特征之外的音高、音长和音强方面的变化。

35、连续变调:声调语言的两个或两个以上的音节组合在一起时,音节的调值有时会发生变化而与单念时不同的现象。

36、语汇的任意性:指任何语言的词语,特别是意义单一的词,发什么音表什么义在初始阶段大多是任意的。

如汉语管某一种东西叫“书”(shu),英语管书叫“book”这都是任意的。

词语和命名的事物之间没有必然联系。

37、语汇的理据性:指语言中有相当多词语,其音义之间也有一定的联系,特别是“同源词”和“复合词”。

同源词如“帐”“涨”“胀”等与“张”不但语音近似,且意义有某种联系。

复合词如汉语的“雨衣”是“下雨时穿的衣服”,英语的“raincoat”就是“rain”“coat”组合的意义。

它们都是可以论证的。

38、语汇的普遍性:指只要客观事物中有某种概念,语言中就一定会有某个相应的词语来表达它,这是所有的语言都具有的。

如客观事物中有山、河等,各民族的语言中都有相应的词来表现。

39、语汇的民族性:指各民族语言的词语对客观事物的表达与概念对客观事物的反映的不同。

词语往往反映某个民族对事物的独特认识,不同语言的词语不一定反映完全相同的概念,因而可能在对象、范围、褒贬等方面存在极大差异。

40、语汇的活跃性:指随着社会生活的发展变化,旧词语逐渐消失,新词语不断产生。

如汉语在若干年前使用的频率极高的一些词语像“人民公社”,现在已消失殆尽;而像“下海”“上网”等词却是最近才产生的。

从这个角度可以说语汇是语言结构系统要素中最易变和最活跃的。

41、语汇的稳定性:指语汇的变化不是随心所欲的,它要受到社会约定和语汇系统的严格制约,有极强的稳定性。

社会约定的制约指的是很多词语的声音、意义和结构形式一旦形成就基本固定下来,不能随意改变。

语汇系统的制约指的是某些系统性强的基本词语一般都处在一定的语义集合关系即语义场中,不能随意去破坏。

42、新造词:又称新词,指过去没有而新创造出来的词。

新事物不断涌现,会通过新造词表现出来。

各个历史时期、每种语言都会有新造词。

如汉语“苏区”在某个特定时期是新造词,“下海”是这个时期的新造词。

43、古造词:是指古代就已经产生,但又不算基本语汇,现在偶尔还使用的词,也是一般语汇的一部分。

古语词包含两小类:一类是现实生活中已经消失的事物或现象的名称如汉语“状元”;另一类是古代的事物或现象还存在,但已经由别的词语替代,如“余”(我)。

44、常用语汇:指使用频率高的语汇,其中使用频率最高的被称为“最常用词”。

45、非常用语汇:指使用频率低的语汇。

46、通用语汇:指全社会都普遍使用的词语。

基本语汇、常用语汇都是通用语汇,一般语汇中新造词、古语词、方言词、外来词的绝大部分也是通用语汇。

47、专用语汇:指只在某些领域或只是一部分人使用的词语,主要指“科技术语”和“行业语”这两类。

除此之外,某个帮派使用的“隐语”、特定阶级的习惯语和禁忌语也都可以算作某种专用的语汇。

48、简缩词语:简缩名词是由比较长的专有名词或一般词组简缩而成的一种很像词的结构。

各种语言都有大量的简缩词语,如汉语的“北大(北京大学)”等。

有些简缩词久而久之成为凝固形式,就成了词。

49、成词语素:指在某些情形下可以直接形成为词,即可以单用的语素。

如“他走了”中的“走”就是一个成词语素。

50、不成词语素:指不能单独成词,即不能单用的语素。

如“一子(剪子)”就是不成词语素。

51、自由语素:指的是既可以单独成词,有时又可以单独说出来的某种语素如“他最近好吗?—好”,答句中的“好”就是单说形式的自由语素。

56、虚义语素:指一般不具有实在的词汇意义的语素,或者说语素本身不直接负载意义,但与其他成分组合成词或者更大的单位时,才能使词或者更大的单位获得某种新的意义。

如“的(吃一吃的)”。

58、词根语素:有实在意义,既可直接形成名词、动词等实词,又可作为位置不固定的主干成分构成别的词的成词语素。

如英语“BLUE”。

59、构词语素:即在词中位置固定,不作为词的主干成分,但又参与构造不同意义新词的词缀性语素。

如英语“ANTIBODY”K R “ANTI—”。

词缀性语素也有某种意义,但不如词根语素实在,往往是一种抽象的类义。

60、构形语素:即在词中位置固定,但既不是词的主干,也不参与构造新词,并且不改变词的词汇意义和语法类别,只改变词的语法范畴意义的词尾性语素。

61、直接成词:就是由一个语素直接形成单纯词。

当这种成分没有独立使用的时候是语素,独立使用的时候是词。

能够直接成词的语素必须是成词语素。

自由不定位实义语素形成实词,黏着定位虚义语素形成虚词。

62、转化成词:就是由一个或多个语素转化为另一个语素形式再形成单纯词,大致分“变性成词”和“变形成词”两种情况。

63、变性成词:就是语素转变词性而成另一类词。

比如一个成词语素本来表示动作行为,即语法功能上是动词性的,但在形成词的时候,却不但形成动词,也可以形成名词。

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