TEM4语法要求
TEM4语法和词汇(修改版)
语法篇第一部分：应试要求及策略一、测试要求及题型分析1、测试目的及要求：语法测试的目的主要是检查考生运用教学大纲所规定的语法结构及基本语法概念的能力。
要求考生能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一至四级的全部内容，在所给出的选择项中做出正确选择。
2、题型分析：语法在专业四级考试中与词汇共同为一项（GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY）测试内容，题型为多项选择题，每题共有四个选择项，要求考生选择其中正确的一项，共30题，其中语法内容约占12-13题左右。
二、评分标准本题（GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY）为客观题，共30题，原始分30分，占总分比重的15%。
三、解题思路和方法专业四级测试中的语法涵盖教学大纲语法结构表中的全部内容。
按照大纲要求，考生在答题时应体现出这些特点，即语法知识系统、语法概念清晰、形式正确、实际运用熟练。
为能充分备考，在平时的学习过程中，考生要熟悉并掌握大纲所列的语法项目，同时还应学会恰当的解题方法。
下面是我们的几点具体建议：1．充分领会出题意图语法考试题型为多项选择题，命题者通常会将备选项设计得非常相近以干扰考生。
因此在考试时，不要急于答题，首先应有意识地领会命题者的意图，正确判断考题所涉及的语法点，根据语法规则作出正确的选择。
例如在下题（1997年42题）中，考生首先就应该判断出本题是测试反意疑问句中前后对应问题。
When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, ______?A. do youB. will youC. don’t youD. won’t you答案是B。
根据语法规则，在“祈使句+反意疑问”构成的反意疑问句中，反意疑问部分通常用will you，won’t you等。
本题中祈使句是否定形式，故反意疑问句应为肯定形式。
2．注重语法规则的限制和例外考生解题时，在充分领会了出题意图，做出正确判断后，还应考虑其是否涉及语法的限制与例外。
专四语法26条
1 虚拟语气: 动词原形 (1)that从句：（should+)动词原形 (2)条件从句：（should+)动词原形 (3)让步从句：（should+)动词原形 (4)目的从句：（shs necessary/my suggestion that • I suggest/recommend/propose that • If he be found guilty • Whatever be his defense • Though everyone desert you • Whether she be right or wrong • lest, for fear that, in order that, so that (should+动词原形）
• [than] • (4) There are more intelligent monkeys that Herbert.
2 比较结构: something of a N • As much/little of a N as • More/less of a N than
2 比较结构：more/less • many, much, few, little • as many (Adj) N as; as much (Adj) N as • (Adj) N as many as; (Adj) N as much as • I have more books than you. • *I have books more than you.
• 表“意外”的should: • It’s strange that he should have left without saying goodbye; He stepped into a cave and what he should see but a tigress with her baby tigers. • Who would have thought that things should come to such a tragic end.
TEM4便条写作
TEM4便条的基本要求（一）格式具体来说，它应有日期（date）、称呼（salutation）、正文（body）及结尾（ending），结尾包括结尾套语（complimentary close）和签名（signature）。
1．日期指写便条的日期。
一般写在便条的右上角，偶尔也见写在便条的左上角。
例如，2012年4月21日通常写成April 21，2012或April 21 st，20122.称呼称呼是指写便条人对收便条人的称谓，一般都以Dear开头，写在日期下一两行，左侧顶格写。
若便条写给一位不太熟悉的教授或同事，往往用Dear Professor…或Dear Dr.…或Dear Mr.…。
当对方为亲属时，在Dear 后面加上表示亲属关系大写的字眼即可，如Dear Grandpa，Dear Aunt，称呼后面多用逗号。
3.正文正文是写便条人要叙述或谈论的事情，是便条的主要组成部分。
但就TEM4便条而言，一般在称呼的下一行开始写正文便可。
正文的首行左边一般留约3个字母宽的空白，但也可顶格写。
便条的内容简单、字数少，因此，正文一般只需写一段或两段。
若有两段，第二段的首行应与第一段的首行对齐写。
4．结尾结尾包括结尾套语和签名。
（1）结尾套语的位置一般是在正文最后一行的下面，往右顶格写。
开头字母要大写，末尾要用逗号。
结尾套语为写便条人对收便条人的谦称或客套以示礼貌，措辞的变化按照不同的关系而定。
由于TEM4便条写作一般是针对考生日常生活或学习相关的事情，写作的对象一般是其朋友、老师、熟人，因此，TEM4通常只接受Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，Sincerely，或Yours这几种结尾套语。
（2）签名即写便条人署名，位于结尾套语下，偏右顶格写。
TEM4往往指定了写便条人的名字，签名时应采用那个名字。
（二）内容一般而言，一封理想的TEM4便条应包括以下三点：（1）写便条的原因；（2）要告知的事情；（3）有关的希望、建议或要求等。
TEM4重点语法详解
TEM 4重点语法详解1. 集体名词作主语主谓一致1）通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people, cattle, militia, poultry 等，通常作复数，用复数动词。
如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，女口f oliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, 通常作不可数名词,随后的动词用单数。
例如：All the machi nery in the factory is made in Ch ina.3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，女口audienee, committee, class, crew, family, public, government 等，既可作单数，可作复数用。
The city council is meeti ng to set its age nda.4） a committee, etc. of + 数纟如果主语是由"a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。
例如： A committee of five men and three wome n is to con sider the matter.2. 关于used to的意义和用法used to （只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式）表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。
例如：He used to smoke a lot, but he has long give n up smok ing.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用didn' t use to或usedn' t to均可：He didn ' t use to smoke cigarettes.He usedn' t to smoke cigarettes.Didn ' t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Usedn' t Maria to be interested in the theatre?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?3. 关于dare的意义和用法作为情态动词表示“胆敢”，dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。
TEM4 语法 汇总(1)
独立主格结构独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。
若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。
这种结构称为“独立结构”。
其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的代词又是主格，故常称为“独立主格”。
“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。
功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
例如：表示时间The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work being done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
TEM-4语法辅导
(4) 有时，句子没有直接给出假设情况的条件，而 须通过上下文或其他方式来判断。如： I would have come to see you, but I was too busy. 我本该来看你了，然而我太忙了。 But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
TEM语法辅导
独立主格、虚拟语气、 主谓一致、反义疑问句
一、独立主格结构的形式
英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一 类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词 短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主 格结构。 另一类是：介词with / without后接名词或代 词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语 动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。
要是他工作一直努力的话，他现在已进了办公室 了。
(3) 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可省略，而将were, should, had等词置 于句首。如： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果她懂一些电脑知识的话，我们会已经聘用他 来这里工作了。
TEM-4 解题技巧
■ 名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句 ■ 词汇 ■ 主谓一致 ■ 反意疑问句 ■ 固定句型, 固定短语
TEM-4 解题技巧
完型填空 词汇与语法
完型填空
■ 通读全文,掌握大意 ■ 上下联系,前后贯通 ■ 借助语法,形意结合 ■ 展开联想,推测辩识 ■ 仔细推敲,复校全文
一.通读全文,掌握大意
■ 粗读全文,把握文章主旨 :特别留意文章 的第一句
二.上下联系,前后贯通
■ 注意连词的使用,判断句群关系 Eg. While, However, Because
三.借助语法,形意结合
■ 兼顾人称,性,数,语态和时态一致
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 四.展开联想
■ 生单词的猜测 ■ 排除法
五.仔细推敲,复校全文
■ 填空后,通读全文
词汇与语法部分测试焦点
■ 动词时态 :一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完 成时,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时, 过去完成进行时
■ 虚拟语气 :非真实条件句 表示命令要求等 接在wish后
If…
■ 情态动词 :情态动词与完成时的搭配,表示 推测
Should have done Might have done
Must have done
Could have done
■ 非限定动词
-ed
-ing
eg. He noticed the helicopter hovering ov
the field. Then to his astonishment, he a rope ladder out and three men climing down i t . ■ Throwing B. being thrown C. Having thrown D. having been thrown
TEM4词汇语法疯狂恶补
TEM4词汇语法疯狂恶补Test One集体名词作主语主谓一致1)通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如：police, people, cattle, militia, poultry等，通常作复数，用复数动词。
如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，如foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,通常作不可数名词，随后的动词用单数。
例如：All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，如audience, committee, class, crew, family, public, government等，既可作单数，也可作复数用。
The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee, etc. of +复数名词 如果主语是由“a commit tee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。
例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.近义词辨析tired, exhausted, fatigued, weary, worn out这组词均含有“疲惫的”的意思。
tired可指因体力或脑力消耗太多而需要休息，还可指因长期做某事而失去兴趣。
Henry was so tired that he went to bed immediately after he got home.亨利很疲惫，一到家就上床睡觉去了。
exhausted表达的疲惫程度最强，指因劳累过度而精疲力竭。
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I.非谓语动词考点1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法mean to do想要(做某事) mean doing意味(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)forget to do忘记(要做的事) forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事) remember doing记得(做过)go on to do继而(做另一件事) go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔2.不定式的习惯用法句型：cannot help but do、 cannot but do 、cannot choose but do、 can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。
如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.3.动名词的习惯用法句型：be busy/active doing sth.、 have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth. 、It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. 、have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth. 、spend/waste time doing sth. 、There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.、cannot help doing sth.、 There is no doing sth.I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it. There is no use crying over spilt milk.Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.4.there be 非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。
如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。
如：For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be…在句中做目的状语)It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely. (for there to be…在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。
如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。
如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thoughtII. 分词分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。
在概念上应清楚：·现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
·过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。
如：It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interestedin the discussion?(相当于How many of us who will attend...)(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。
如：Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于…recapture of the port which had been announ ced…)Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于…each new phone which is added to…)The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相当于…description which was based on…)(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。
如：an escaped prisoner逃犯 a retired worker退休工人 a faded curtain褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student新来的学生2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式(1)表示时间，多臵于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。
如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生) (2)表示原因，臵于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。
如：He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society,being considered insufficiently popular with all members.There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.(3)表示伴随、方式，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。
如：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world. (4)表示结果，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。
如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.(5)表示补充说明(同位)，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。
如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other. Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task. 3.分词的独立主格结构分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。